kv: attach txn to error from detectIntentMissingDueToIntentResolution

Fixes #53189.
Fixes #53282.
Fixes #53285.
Fixes #53469.

3dcb6f1 improved the detection of missing intents during parallel commit
attempts to distinguish between certain classes of ambiguous errors and
transaction aborted errors. This was a nice improvement, as it
dramatically reduced the number of situations where we returned
ambiguous errors during normal operation (see #52566).

However, in introducing a new location where transaction retry errors
could be generated, it accidentally violated the invariant that all
transaction retry errors have transaction protos attached to them. This
was causing panics in TPC-C roachtests. This commit fixes this issue by
properly attaching transaction protos to these new errors, along with
any others returned from `detectIntentMissingDueToIntentResolution`.

Release justification: bug fix

pkg/kv/kvclient/kvcoord/dist_sender.go

@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ func (ds *DistSender) divideAndSendParallelCommit(
 			// to intent resolution and can be safely ignored.
 			ignoreMissing, err = ds.detectIntentMissingDueToIntentResolution(ctx, br.Txn)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, roachpb.NewError(err)
+				return nil, roachpb.NewErrorWithTxn(err, br.Txn)
 			}
 		}
 		if !ignoreMissing {

pkg/kv/kvclient/kvcoord/dist_sender_test.go

@@ -2906,6 +2906,11 @@ func TestParallelCommitsDetectIntentMissingCause(t *testing.T) {
 				if !testutils.IsPError(pErr, regexp.QuoteMeta(test.expErr)) {
 					t.Fatalf("expected error %q; found %v", test.expErr, pErr)
 				}
+				expErr := txn.Clone()
+				expErr.Status = roachpb.STAGING
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(expErr, pErr.GetTxn()) {
+					t.Fatalf("expected txn %v on error, found %v", expErr, pErr.GetTxn())
+				}
 			}
 		})
 	}