Add rule and field value to violations (#224)

Adds the ability to access the captured rule and field value from a
`Violation`.

**This is a breaking change.** The API changes in the following ways:
- `ValidationError` has changed:
    - Old accesses to `ValidationError.violations` should call
`ValidationError.to_proto()` instead, to get a `buf.validate.Violations`
message.
    - `ValidationError.errors` was removed. Switch to using
`ValidationError.violations` instead.
    - `ValidationError.violations` provides a list of the new `Violation`
wrapper type instead of a list of `buf.validate.Violation`.
    - The new `Violation` wrapper type contains the `buf.validate.Violation`
message under the `proto` field, as well as `field_value` and
`rule_value` properties that capture the field and rule values,
respectively.
- `Validator.collect_violations` now operates on and returns
`list[Violation]` instead of the protobuf `buf.validate.Violations`
message.

This API mirrors the changes being made in protovalidate-go in
bufbuild/protovalidate-go#154.

protovalidate/internal/constraints.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import dataclasses
 import datetime
 import typing
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, name):
         return super().__getitem__(name)
 
 
-def _msg_to_cel(msg: message.Message) -> dict[str, celtypes.Value]:
+def _msg_to_cel(msg: message.Message) -> celtypes.Value:
     ctor = _MSG_TYPE_URL_TO_CTOR.get(msg.DESCRIPTOR.full_name)
     if ctor is not None:
         return ctor(msg)
@@ -230,43 +231,56 @@ def _set_path_element_map_key(
         raise CompilationError(msg)
 
 
+class Violation:
+    """A singular constraint violation."""
+
+    proto: validate_pb2.Violation
+    field_value: typing.Any
+    rule_value: typing.Any
+
+    def __init__(self, *, field_value: typing.Any = None, rule_value: typing.Any = None, **kwargs):
+        self.proto = validate_pb2.Violation(**kwargs)
+        self.field_value = field_value
+        self.rule_value = rule_value
+
+
 class ConstraintContext:
     """The state associated with a single constraint evaluation."""
 
-    def __init__(self, fail_fast: bool = False, violations: validate_pb2.Violations = None):  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    def __init__(self, fail_fast: bool = False, violations: typing.Optional[list[Violation]] = None):  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
         self._fail_fast = fail_fast
         if violations is None:
-            violations = validate_pb2.Violations()
+            violations = []
         self._violations = violations
 
     @property
     def fail_fast(self) -> bool:
         return self._fail_fast
 
     @property
-    def violations(self) -> validate_pb2.Violations:
+    def violations(self) -> list[Violation]:
         return self._violations
 
-    def add(self, violation: validate_pb2.Violation):
-        self._violations.violations.append(violation)
+    def add(self, violation: Violation):
+        self._violations.append(violation)
 
     def add_errors(self, other_ctx):
-        self._violations.violations.extend(other_ctx.violations.violations)
+        self._violations.extend(other_ctx.violations)
 
     def add_field_path_element(self, element: validate_pb2.FieldPathElement):
-        for violation in self._violations.violations:
-            violation.field.elements.append(element)
+        for violation in self._violations:
+            violation.proto.field.elements.append(element)
 
     def add_rule_path_elements(self, elements: typing.Iterable[validate_pb2.FieldPathElement]):
-        for violation in self._violations.violations:
-            violation.rule.elements.extend(elements)
+        for violation in self._violations:
+            violation.proto.rule.elements.extend(elements)
 
     @property
     def done(self) -> bool:
         return self._fail_fast and self.has_errors()
 
     def has_errors(self) -> bool:
-        return len(self._violations.violations) > 0
+        return len(self._violations) > 0
 
     def sub_context(self):
         return ConstraintContext(self._fail_fast)
@@ -277,55 +291,67 @@ class ConstraintRules:
 
     def validate(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, message: message.Message):  # noqa: ARG002
         """Validate the message against the rules in this constraint."""
-        ctx.add(validate_pb2.Violation(constraint_id="unimplemented", message="Unimplemented"))
+        ctx.add(Violation(constraint_id="unimplemented", message="Unimplemented"))
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class CelRunner:
+    runner: celpy.Runner
+    constraint: validate_pb2.Constraint
+    rule_value: typing.Optional[typing.Any] = None
+    rule_cel: typing.Optional[celtypes.Value] = None
+    rule_path: typing.Optional[validate_pb2.FieldPath] = None
 
 
 class CelConstraintRules(ConstraintRules):
     """A constraint that has rules written in CEL."""
 
-    _runners: list[
-        tuple[
-            celpy.Runner,
-            validate_pb2.Constraint,
-            typing.Optional[celtypes.Value],
-            typing.Optional[validate_pb2.FieldPath],
-        ]
-    ]
-    _rules_cel: celtypes.Value = None
+    _cel: list[CelRunner]
+    _rules: typing.Optional[message.Message] = None
+    _rules_cel: typing.Optional[celtypes.Value] = None
 
     def __init__(self, rules: typing.Optional[message.Message]):
-        self._runners = []
+        self._cel = []
         if rules is not None:
+            self._rules = rules
             self._rules_cel = _msg_to_cel(rules)
 
     def _validate_cel(
         self,
         ctx: ConstraintContext,
-        activation: dict[str, typing.Any],
         *,
+        this_value: typing.Optional[typing.Any] = None,
+        this_cel: typing.Optional[celtypes.Value] = None,
         for_key: bool = False,
     ):
+        activation: dict[str, celtypes.Value] = {}
+        if this_cel is not None:
+            activation["this"] = this_cel
         activation["rules"] = self._rules_cel
         activation["now"] = celtypes.TimestampType(datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc))
-        for runner, constraint, rule, rule_path in self._runners:
-            activation["rule"] = rule
-            result = runner.evaluate(activation)
+        for cel in self._cel:
+            activation["rule"] = cel.rule_cel
+            result = cel.runner.evaluate(activation)
             if isinstance(result, celtypes.BoolType):
                 if not result:
                     ctx.add(
-                        validate_pb2.Violation(
-                            rule=rule_path,
-                            constraint_id=constraint.id,
-                            message=constraint.message,
+                        Violation(
+                            field_value=this_value,
+                            rule=cel.rule_path,
+                            rule_value=cel.rule_value,
+                            constraint_id=cel.constraint.id,
+                            message=cel.constraint.message,
                             for_key=for_key,
                         ),
                     )
             elif isinstance(result, celtypes.StringType):
                 if result:
                     ctx.add(
-                        validate_pb2.Violation(
-                            rule=rule_path,
-                            constraint_id=constraint.id,
+                        Violation(
+                            field_value=this_value,
+                            rule=cel.rule_path,
+                            rule_value=cel.rule_value,
+                            constraint_id=cel.constraint.id,
                             message=result,
                             for_key=for_key,
                         ),
@@ -339,19 +365,32 @@ def add_rule(
         funcs: dict[str, celpy.CELFunction],
         rules: validate_pb2.Constraint,
         *,
-        rule: typing.Optional[celtypes.Value] = None,
+        rule_field: typing.Optional[descriptor.FieldDescriptor] = None,
         rule_path: typing.Optional[validate_pb2.FieldPath] = None,
     ):
         ast = env.compile(rules.expression)
         prog = env.program(ast, functions=funcs)
-        self._runners.append((prog, rules, rule, rule_path))
+        rule_value = None
+        rule_cel = None
+        if rule_field is not None and self._rules is not None:
+            rule_value = _proto_message_get_field(self._rules, rule_field)
+            rule_cel = _field_to_cel(self._rules, rule_field)
+        self._cel.append(
+            CelRunner(
+                runner=prog,
+                constraint=rules,
+                rule_value=rule_value,
+                rule_cel=rule_cel,
+                rule_path=rule_path,
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class MessageConstraintRules(CelConstraintRules):
     """Message-level rules."""
 
     def validate(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, message: message.Message):
-        self._validate_cel(ctx, {"this": _msg_to_cel(message)})
+        self._validate_cel(ctx, this_cel=_msg_to_cel(message))
 
 
 def check_field_type(field: descriptor.FieldDescriptor, expected: int, wrapper_name: typing.Optional[str] = None):
@@ -445,7 +484,7 @@ def __init__(
                             env,
                             funcs,
                             cel,
-                            rule=_field_to_cel(rules, list_field),
+                            rule_field=list_field,
                             rule_path=validate_pb2.FieldPath(
                                 elements=[
                                     _field_to_element(list_field),
@@ -465,13 +504,14 @@ def validate(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, message: message.Message):
         if _is_empty_field(message, self._field):
             if self._required:
                 ctx.add(
-                    validate_pb2.Violation(
+                    Violation(
                         field=validate_pb2.FieldPath(
                             elements=[
                                 _field_to_element(self._field),
                             ],
                         ),
                         rule=FieldConstraintRules._required_rule_path,
+                        rule_value=self._required,
                         constraint_id="required",
                         message="value is required",
                     ),
@@ -485,15 +525,15 @@ def validate(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, message: message.Message):
             return
         sub_ctx = ctx.sub_context()
         self._validate_value(sub_ctx, val)
-        self._validate_cel(sub_ctx, {"this": cel_val})
+        self._validate_cel(sub_ctx, this_value=_proto_message_get_field(message, self._field), this_cel=cel_val)
         if sub_ctx.has_errors():
             element = _field_to_element(self._field)
             sub_ctx.add_field_path_element(element)
             ctx.add_errors(sub_ctx)
 
     def validate_item(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, val: typing.Any, *, for_key: bool = False):
         self._validate_value(ctx, val, for_key=for_key)
-        self._validate_cel(ctx, {"this": _scalar_field_value_to_cel(val, self._field)}, for_key=for_key)
+        self._validate_cel(ctx, this_value=val, this_cel=_scalar_field_value_to_cel(val, self._field), for_key=for_key)
 
     def _validate_value(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, val: typing.Any, *, for_key: bool = False):
         pass
@@ -546,17 +586,19 @@ def _validate_value(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, value: any_pb2.Any, *, for_key
         if len(self._in) > 0:
             if value.type_url not in self._in:
                 ctx.add(
-                    validate_pb2.Violation(
+                    Violation(
                         rule=AnyConstraintRules._in_rule_path,
+                        rule_value=self._in,
                         constraint_id="any.in",
                         message="type URL must be in the allow list",
                         for_key=for_key,
                     )
                 )
         if value.type_url in self._not_in:
             ctx.add(
-                validate_pb2.Violation(
+                Violation(
                     rule=AnyConstraintRules._not_in_rule_path,
+                    rule_value=self._not_in,
                     constraint_id="any.not_in",
                     message="type URL must not be in the block list",
                     for_key=for_key,
@@ -603,13 +645,14 @@ def validate(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, message: message.Message):
             value = getattr(message, self._field.name)
             if value not in self._field.enum_type.values_by_number:
                 ctx.add(
-                    validate_pb2.Violation(
+                    Violation(
                         field=validate_pb2.FieldPath(
                             elements=[
                                 _field_to_element(self._field),
                             ],
                         ),
                         rule=EnumConstraintRules._defined_only_rule_path,
+                        rule_value=self._defined_only,
                         constraint_id="enum.defined_only",
                         message="value must be one of the defined enum values",
                     ),
@@ -742,7 +785,7 @@ def validate(self, ctx: ConstraintContext, message: message.Message):
         if not message.WhichOneof(self._oneof.name):
             if self.required:
                 ctx.add(
-                    validate_pb2.Violation(
+                    Violation(
                         field=validate_pb2.FieldPath(
                             elements=[_oneof_to_element(self._oneof)],
                         ),

protovalidate/validator.py

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import typing
+
 from google.protobuf import message
 
 from buf.validate import validate_pb2  # type: ignore
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@
 
 CompilationError = _constraints.CompilationError
 Violations = validate_pb2.Violations
+Violation = _constraints.Violation
 
 
 class Validator:
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ def validate(
             ValidationError: If the message is invalid.
         """
         violations = self.collect_violations(message, fail_fast=fail_fast)
-        if violations.violations:
+        if len(violations) > 0:
             msg = f"invalid {message.DESCRIPTOR.name}"
             raise ValidationError(msg, violations)
 
@@ -63,8 +66,8 @@ def collect_violations(
         message: message.Message,
         *,
         fail_fast: bool = False,
-        into: validate_pb2.Violations = None,
-    ) -> validate_pb2.Violations:
+        into: typing.Optional[list[Violation]] = None,
+    ) -> list[Violation]:
         """
         Validates the given message against the static constraints defined in
         the message's descriptor. Compared to validate, collect_violations is
@@ -84,12 +87,12 @@ def collect_violations(
             constraint.validate(ctx, message)
             if ctx.done:
                 break
-        for violation in ctx.violations.violations:
-            if violation.HasField("field"):
-                violation.field.elements.reverse()
-            if violation.HasField("rule"):
-                violation.rule.elements.reverse()
-            violation.field_path = field_path.string(violation.field)
+        for violation in ctx.violations:
+            if violation.proto.HasField("field"):
+                violation.proto.field.elements.reverse()
+            if violation.proto.HasField("rule"):
+                violation.proto.rule.elements.reverse()
+            violation.proto.field_path = field_path.string(violation.proto.field)
         return ctx.violations
 
 
@@ -98,15 +101,25 @@ class ValidationError(ValueError):
     An error raised when a message fails to validate.
     """
 
-    violations: validate_pb2.Violations
+    _violations: list[_constraints.Violation]
 
-    def __init__(self, msg: str, violations: validate_pb2.Violations):
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, violations: list[_constraints.Violation]):
         super().__init__(msg)
-        self.violations = violations
+        self._violations = violations
+
+    def to_proto(self) -> validate_pb2.Violations:
+        """
+        Provides the Protobuf form of the validation errors.
+        """
+        result = validate_pb2.Violations()
+        for violation in self._violations:
+            result.violations.append(violation.proto)
+        return result
 
-    def errors(self) -> list[validate_pb2.Violation]:
+    @property
+    def violations(self) -> list[Violation]:
         """
-        Returns the validation errors as a simple Python list, rather than the
+        Provides the validation errors as a simple Python list, rather than the
         Protobuf-specific collection type used by Violations.
         """
-        return list(self.violations.violations)
+        return self._violations

tests/conformance/runner.py

@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ def run_test_case(tc: typing.Any, result: typing.Optional[harness_pb2.TestResult
         result = harness_pb2.TestResult()
     # Run the validator
     try:
-        protovalidate.collect_violations(tc, into=result.validation_error)
+        violations = protovalidate.collect_violations(tc)
+        for violation in violations:
+            result.validation_error.violations.append(violation.proto)
         if len(result.validation_error.violations) == 0:
             result.success = True
     except celpy.CELEvalError as e: