Added diagnostic tracing of leave sync case

[AlexeyBarabash]

Resolves brave/brave-browser#35609

This PR adds diagnostic info for the leave sync chain case. Info is saved into profile preferences. It must help to understand why some iOS devices randomly by themselves leave the sync chain.

Submitter Checklist:

• I confirm that no security/privacy review is needed and no other type of reviews are needed, or that I have requested them
• There is a ticket for my issue
• Used Github auto-closing keywords in the PR description above
• Wrote a good PR/commit description
• Squashed any review feedback or "fixup" commits before merge, so that history is a record of what happened in the repo, not your PR
• Added appropriate labels (QA/Yes or QA/No; release-notes/include or release-notes/exclude; OS/...) to the associated issue
• Checked the PR locally:
  • npm run test -- brave_browser_tests, npm run test -- brave_unit_tests wiki
  • npm run lint, npm run presubmit wiki, npm run gn_check, npm run tslint
• Ran git rebase master (if needed)

Reviewer Checklist:

• A security review is not needed, or a link to one is included in the PR description
• New files have MPL-2.0 license header
• Adequate test coverage exists to prevent regressions
• Major classes, functions and non-trivial code blocks are well-commented
• Changes in component dependencies are properly reflected in gn
• Code follows the style guide
• Test plan is specified in PR before merging

After-merge Checklist:

• The associated issue milestone is set to the smallest version that the
  changes has landed on
• All relevant documentation has been updated, for instance:
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Deviations-from-Chromium-(features-we-disable-or-remove)
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Proxy-redirected-URLs
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Fingerprinting-Protections
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%E2%80%99s-Use-of-Referral-Codes
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Web-Compatibility-Exceptions-in-Brave
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/QA-Guide
  • https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/P3A

Test Plan:

1. Open brave://sync-internals/, find Leave chain details section, ensure it is empty
2. Create sync chain
3. Leave sync chain
4. at brave://sync-internals/, find Leave chain details, ensure it contains info about time and functions used to leave the sync chain.

[AlexeyBarabash]

Converted to draft after consultation with @soner-yuksel and @Brandon-T . on iOS users cannot see brave://prefs-internals, but they can see sync-internals, which seems fits more to store this information