Add proposal for isomorphic pattern matching in response to opencyphe…

…r#174

cip/1.accepted/CIP2017-01-18-isomorphic-matching.adoc

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+= CIP2017-01-18 - Isomorphic Matching Semantics
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+*Author:* Stefan Plantikow <stefan[email protected]>
+
+This proposal is a response to CIR-2017-174.
+
+=== Proposal: Add new uniqueness modes
+
+It is proposed to add the capability to select one of three uniqueness modes for a uniqueness scope:
+
+* `MATCH ALL`: Impose no uniqueness requirements on candidate matches
+* `MATCH UNIQUE RELATIONSHIPS`: Only consider candidate matches that are relationship-unique
+* `MATCH UNIQUE NODES`: Only consider candidate matches that are node-unique
+
+The default uniqueness mode used by `MATCH` (without a further specification of the preferred uniqueness mode) is relationship-unique matching.
+
+`MATCH ALL` does not reject any paths - not even paths containing cycles - and hence can lead to infinite result sets for the whole query.
+It is recommended that implementations generate at least a warning when static analysis is not able to proof query termination due to the chosen uniqueness mode.
+
+It is conceivable that this approach for the specification of uniqueness is extensible by adding further ways to restrict uniqueness.
+
+=== Proposal: Specifying the uniqueness mode of a subquery
+
+Changing the uniqueness mode of a sub query recursively changes the default uniqueness mode for all contained `MATCH` clauses unless it is overridden again. Examples:
+
+* `MATCH <uniqueness-modes> { MATCH ... } ...`
+* `DO <uniqueness-modes> { MATCH ... } ...`
+
+=== Proposal: Default uniqueness mode
+
+Additionally, it is proposed that a conforming implementation should provide a pre-parser option for defining a default uniqueness level for use with regular pattern matching.
+
+* `unique=nodes` for configuring node-uniqueness as the default for `MATCH`
+* `unique=relationships` for configuring relationship-uniqueness as the default for `MATCH`
+
+=== Proposal: Path classes
+
+Graph theory has defined various classes of paths.
+Cypher so far only supports a single notion of path.
+
+To improve expressivity and to help preventing the generation of infinite result sets when working with non-unique matches, it is proposed to introduce additional predicates for testing paths:
+
+* `open(p)`: true if the start and the end node of `p` are not the same node
+* `closed(p)`: true if the start and the end node of `p` are the same node
+* `trail(p)`: true if `p` contains no duplicate relationships
+* `simple(p)`: true if `p` contains no duplicate relationships and either no duplicate nodes at all or the start node and the end node are the same node
+* `trek(p)`: true if `p` contains two identical consecutive relationships
+* `repetetive(p)`: true if `p` contains any closed subpath `q` of `size > 1` that is immediately repeated after itself in `p`
+
+Using `repetetive` allows ensuring variable length path matching under no-uniqueness yields a finite result set:
+
+[source, Cypher]
+----
+MATCH ALL p=(a)-[*]->(b), (b)-[*2..4]->(c) WHERE NOT repetetive(p)
+RETURN p
+----
+
+Note that these functions naturally extend to lists.
+
+Path predicates may be used to further restrict which paths are enumerated by pattern matching.
+All uniqueness modes naturally correspond to default path classes:
+
+* Non-uniqueness implies no restrictions on the path class.
+* Relationship-uniqueness implies that all matched paths are trails.
+* Node-uniqueness implies that all matched paths are simple paths.
+
+== Benefits to this proposal
+
+Cypher is able to express more general classes of patterns.
+
+== Caveats to this proposal
+
+Non-uniqueness allows for non-terminating queries.
+
+A moderate increase in language complexity.