Improve partial parsing docs (astronomer#898)

Improves docs to highlight the limitation of the parsing parsing
approach (introduced in astronomer#800), following up on the feedback on astronomer#722 and the changes introduced in astronomer#904

docs/configuration/index.rst

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Cosmos offers a number of configuration options to customize its behavior. For m
    Scheduling <scheduling>
    Testing Behavior <testing-behavior>
    Selecting & Excluding <selecting-excluding>
+   Partial Parsing <partial-parsing>
    Operator Args <operator-args>
    Compiled SQL <compiled-sql>
    Logging <logging>

docs/configuration/partial-parsing.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.. _partial-parsing:
+
+Partial parsing
+===============
+
+Starting in the 1.4 version, Cosmos tries to leverage dbt's partial parsing (``partial_parse.msgpack``) to speed up both the task execution and the DAG parsing (if using ``LoadMode.DBT_LS``).
+
+This feature is bound to `dbt partial parsing limitations <https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/parsing#known-limitations>`_.
+As an example, ``dbt`` requires the same ``--vars``, ``--target``, ``--profile``, and ``profile.yml`` environment variables (as called by the ``env_var()`` macro) while running dbt commands, otherwise it will reparse the project from scratch.
+
+Profile configuration
+---------------------
+
+To respect the dbt requirement of having the same profile to benefit from partial parsing, Cosmos users should either:
+* If using Cosmos profile mapping (``ProfileConfig(profile_mapping=...``), disable using mocked profile mappings by setting ``render_config=RenderConfig(enable_mock_profile=False)``
+* Declare their own ``profiles.yml`` file, via ``ProfileConfig(profiles_yml_filepath=...)``
+
+If users don't follow these guidelines, Cosmos will use different profiles to parse the dbt project and to run tasks, and the user won't leverage dbt partial parsing.
+Their logs will contain multiple ``INFO`` messages similar to the following, meaning that Cosmos is not using partial parsing:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    13:33:16  Unable to do partial parsing because profile has changed
+    13:33:16  Unable to do partial parsing because env vars used in profiles.yml have changed
+
+dbt vars
+--------
+
+If the Airflow scheduler and worker processes run in the same node, users must ensure the dbt ``--vars`` flag is the same in the ``RenderConfig`` and ``ExecutionConfig``.
+
+Otherwise, users may see messages similar to the following in their logs:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    [2024-03-14, 17:04:57 GMT] {{subprocess.py:94}} INFO - Unable to do partial parsing because config vars, config profile, or config target have changed
+
+
+Caching
+-------
+
+If the dbt project ``target`` directory has a ``partial_parse.msgpack``, Cosmos will attempt to use it.
+
+There is a chance, however, that the file is stale or was generated in a way that is different to how Cosmos runs the dbt commands.
+
+Therefore, Cosmos also caches the most up-to-date ``partial_parse.msgpack`` file after running a dbt command in the `system temporary directory <https://docs.python.org/3/library/tempfile.html#tempfile.gettempdir>`_.
+With this, unless there are code changes, each Airflow node should only run the dbt command with a full dbt project parse once, and benefit from partial parsing from then onwards.
+
+
+Caching is enabled by default.
+It is possible to disable caching or override the directory that Cosmos uses caching with the Airflow configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: cfg
+
+    [cosmos]
+    cache_dir = path/to/docs/here  # to override default caching directory (by default, uses the system temporary directory)
+    enable_cache = False  # to disable caching (enabled by default)
+
+Or environment variable:
+
+.. code-block:: cfg
+
+    AIRFLOW__COSMOS__CACHE_DIR="path/to/docs/here"  # to override default caching directory (by default, uses the system temporary directory)
+    AIRFLOW__COSMOS__ENABLE_CACHE="False"  # to disable caching (enabled by default)
+
+Disabling
+---------
+
+To switch off partial parsing in Cosmos, use the argument ``partial_parse=False`` in the ``ProjectConfig``.

docs/configuration/project-config.rst

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ variables that should be used for rendering and execution. It takes the followin
   env vars is only supported when using ``RenderConfig.LoadMode.DBT_LS`` load mode.
 - ``partial_parse``: (new in v1.4) If True, then attempt to use the ``partial_parse.msgpack`` if it exists. This is only used
   for the ``LoadMode.DBT_LS`` load mode, and for the ``ExecutionMode.LOCAL`` and ``ExecutionMode.VIRTUALENV``
-  execution modes.
+  execution modes. Due to the way that dbt `partial parsing works <https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/parsing#known-limitations>`_, it does not work with Cosmos profile mapping classes. To benefit from this feature, users have to set the ``profiles_yml_filepath`` argument in ``ProfileConfig``.
 
 Project Config Example
 ----------------------

docs/getting_started/execution-modes.rst

@@ -56,8 +56,10 @@ The ``local`` execution mode assumes a ``dbt`` binary is reachable within the Ai
 If ``dbt`` was not installed as part of the Cosmos packages,
 users can define a custom path to ``dbt`` by declaring the argument ``dbt_executable_path``.
 
-By default, if Cosmos sees a ``partial_parse.msgpack`` in the target directory of the dbt project directory when using ``local`` execution, it will use this for partial parsing to speed up task execution.
-This can be turned off by setting ``partial_parse=False`` in the ``ProjectConfig``.
+.. note::
+    Starting in the 1.4 version, Cosmos tries to leverage the dbt partial parsing (``partial_parse.msgpack``) to speed up task execution.
+    This feature is bound to `dbt partial parsing limitations <https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/parsing#known-limitations>`_.
+    Learn more: :ref:`partial-parsing`.
 
 When using the ``local`` execution mode, Cosmos converts Airflow Connections into a native ``dbt`` profiles file (``profiles.yml``).