[feat][consumer] Support parse broker metadata

[hezhangjian]

Motivation

pulsar-client-cpp doesn't support parse broker metadata. Which will error whiling connect to enabledbrokerMetada pulsar.
This PR makes pulsar-client-cpp can consume messages well, but haven't exposing index interface yet.

See also

apache/pulsar-client-go#745
https://github.com/apache/pulsar/blob/e38091044c428af002b16110531497e2abc897d2/pulsar-client/src/main/java/org/apache/pulsar/client/impl/ConsumerImpl.java#L1289

Documentation

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[hezhangjian]

I'm experiencing some difficulties when running make format and could use some assistance, please.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/akka/code/cpp/pulsar-client-cpp/build-support/run_clang_format.py", line 61, in <module>
    output = subprocess.check_output([CLANG_FORMAT, '-output-replacements-xml']
  File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/subprocess.py", line 424, in check_output
    return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
  File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/subprocess.py", line 505, in run
    with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
  File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/subprocess.py", line 951, in __init__
    self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
  File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/subprocess.py", line 1821, in _execute_child
    raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'CLANG_FORMAT_BIN-NOTFOUND'
make[3]: *** [CMakeFiles/check-format] Error 1
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/check-format.dir/all] Error 2
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/check-format.dir/rule] Error 2
make: *** [check-format] Error 2

[RobertIndie]

This PR seems more like a fix. Overall looks good to me.
Could you add some tests to verify it?

[hezhangjian]

@RobertIndie Would it be possible for you to provide me with some examples? I am not familiar with cpp and this repo. I would really appreciate your guidance.

[BewareMyPower]

I think we can easily test this feature by configuring brokerEntryMetadataInterceptors in https://github.com/apache/pulsar-client-cpp/blob/main/test-conf/standalone-ssl.conf. But then the default configs won't be tested.

A better way is to add a test with a custom config like #249. We can add a separated test with a separated Pulsar standalone service.