GH-45206: [C++][CMake] Add sanitizer presets

[zanmato1984]

Rationale for this change

See #45206

What changes are included in this PR?

Add base presets for ASAN/TSAN/UBSAN. And cross product such base presets by ninja-debug which is, IMO, the config just enough necessary and likely to need sanitizers' aid.

Are these changes tested?

No need.

Are there any user-facing changes?

None.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][CMake] Consider adding cmake presets for sanitizer builds #45206

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #45206 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[zanmato1984]

Hi @kou @pitrou @mapleFU , does this make sense to you? Thanks.

[zanmato1984]

I think this might improve the chance to reveal issues that are hidden by jemalloc/mimalloc being enabled before.

[kou]

+1

[zanmato1984]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: d575a47

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-764caeec7d

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-20.04-cuda-11.2.2
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-22.04-cuda-11.7.1
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer

[zanmato1984]

The CI failures are unrelated. Merging.