GH-43874: [CI][Integration][Go] Use apache/arrow-go

[kou]

Rationale for this change

The Go implementation is moving to apache/arrow-go from go/ in apache/arrow.

What changes are included in this PR?

Use apache/arrow-go for integration test.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [Go][CI] Use apache/arrow-go for integration test #43874

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #43874 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[raulcd]

The changes LGTM, I suppose we remove the integration verification once we remove all go related from our Release scripts:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh#L1297

[kou]

Ah, we can remove the integration verification before we remove go/ from apache/arrow.
Because we don't release go/ in the next release.

I've opened #44152 for it.

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit 3f514f2.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 8 possible false positives for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.