MINOR: [CI][Java] Speed up JNI build

[pitrou]

Currently, Java JNI builds on Github Actions can take one hour due to a very long Arrow C++ build phase
(example: https://github.com/apache/arrow/runs/7881918943?check_suite_focus=true#step:6:3512).

Disable unused Arrow C++ components so as to make the C++ build faster.

[pitrou]

cc @assignUser @lwhite1 @davisusanibar

[pitrou]

Passing build here: https://github.com/pitrou/arrow/runs/7885171489?check_suite_focus=true#step:6:2511
Note how the C++ build phase is down to 21 minutes without cache, while it could take 50 minutes before.

[pitrou]

Will merge.

[assignUser]

Nice 🚀

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 4fa4007 and contender = 8474ee5. 8474ee5 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed ⬇️1.12% ⬆️0.37%] test-mac-arm
[Failed ⬇️1.1% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️1.89% ⬆️0.18%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] 8474ee5a ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] 8474ee5a test-mac-arm
[Failed] 8474ee5a ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 8474ee5a ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] 4fa40072 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] 4fa40072 test-mac-arm
[Failed] 4fa40072 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 4fa40072 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java

[ursabot]

['Python', 'R'] benchmarks have high level of regressions.
ursa-i9-9960x