[Dev] Add language aliases to clang-format (introduce language specific reformatting)

[hiroyuki-sato]

Describe the enhancement requested

The pre-commit command has the feature format the source.
It will be more useful if the pre-commit commands support reformatting the code for specific languages only.

Current behavior.

For example,
There are three wrong format files.

% git status .
On branch pre-commit
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   c_glib/arrow-glib/basic-data-type.cpp
	modified:   cpp/src/arrow/type.cc
	modified:   r/src/dataset.cpp
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

pre-commit run --color=always --all-files check and reformat codes in all sub directories.

pre-commit run --color=always --all-files
Release Audit Tool.......................................................Passed
Docker Format............................................................Failed
- hook id: hadolint-docker
- exit code: 125

docker: Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock. Is the docker daemon running?.
See 'docker run --help'.

Python Format............................................................Passed
cython-lint..............................................................Passed
C++ Format...............................................................Failed
- hook id: clang-format
- files were modified by this hook
C++ Lint.................................................................Passed
C/GLib Format............................................................Failed
- hook id: clang-format
- files were modified by this hook
MATLAB (C++) Format......................................................Passed
Python (C++) Format......................................................Passed
R (C++) Format...........................................................Failed
- hook id: clang-format
- files were modified by this hook
CMake Format.............................................................Passed
Sphinx Lint..............................................................Passed

The tree files have been reformated by the pre-commit command.

% git status .
On branch pre-commit
nothing to commit, working tree clean

New commands

For example, the following command reformat codes in c_glib directory only.

% pre-commit run --color=always --all-files c-glib-cpp-format
C/GLib Format............................................................Failed
- hook id: clang-format
- files were modified by this hook

r and cpp directories don't change the code.

% git status .
On branch pre-commit
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   cpp/src/arrow/type.cc
	modified:   r/src/dataset.cpp

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

This command reformat codes in the r subdirectory only.

pre-commit run --color=always --all-files r-format
R (C++) Format...........................................................Failed
- hook id: clang-format
- files were modified by this hook

git status .
On branch pre-commit
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   c_glib/arrow-glib/basic-data-type.cpp
	modified:   cpp/src/arrow/type.cc

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

Component(s)

Developer Tools

[kou]

Issue resolved by pull request 44529
#44529