GH-44898: [C++] Fix compilation error on GCC 8 (#44899)

### Rationale for this change

The `span` implementation featured a complicated SFINAE construct to enable the `span(range...)` constructor, which failed compiling on gcc 8.x.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Replace this complicated SFINAE with a much simpler one that avoids the recursive `span` template dependency while keeping the intended semantics.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by existing tests.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #44898

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <[email protected]>

cpp/src/arrow/util/span.h

@@ -28,28 +28,6 @@ namespace arrow::util {
 template <class T>
 class span;
 
-// This trait is used to check if a type R can be used to construct a span<T>.
-// Specifically, it checks if std::data(R) and std::size(R) are valid expressions
-// that may be passed to the span(T*, size_t) constructor. The reason this trait
-// is needed rather than expressing this directly in the relevant span constructor
-// is that this check requires instantiating span<T>, which would violate the
-// C++ standard if written directly in the constructor's enable_if clause
-// because span<T> is an incomplete type at that point. By defining this trait
-// instead, we add an extra level of indirection that lets us delay the
-// evaluation of the template until the first time the associated constructor
-// is actually called, at which point span<T> is a complete type.
-//
-// Note that most compilers do support the noncompliant construct, but nvcc
-// does not. See https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/40252
-template <class T, class R, class Enable = void>
-struct ConstructibleFromDataAndSize : std::false_type {};
-
-template <class T, class R>
-struct ConstructibleFromDataAndSize<
-    span<T>, R,
-    std::void_t<decltype(span<T>{std::data(std::declval<R>()),
-                                 std::size(std::declval<R>())})>> : std::true_type {};
-
 /// std::span polyfill.
 ///
 /// Does not support static extents.
@@ -81,14 +59,12 @@ writing code which would break when it is replaced by std::span.)");
   constexpr span(T* begin, T* end)
       : data_{begin}, size_{static_cast<size_t>(end - begin)} {}
 
-  template <
-      typename R,
-      std::enable_if_t<ConstructibleFromDataAndSize<span<T>, R>::value, bool> = true,
-      typename DisableUnlessSimilarTypes = std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<
-          std::decay_t<std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(std::data(std::declval<R>()))>>,
-          std::decay_t<T>>>>
+  template <typename R, typename RD = decltype(std::data(std::declval<R>())),
+            typename RS = decltype(std::size(std::declval<R>())),
+            typename E = std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible_v<T*, RD> &&
+                                          std::is_constructible_v<size_t, RS>>>
   // NOLINTNEXTLINE runtime/explicit, non-const reference
-  constexpr span(R&& range) : span{std::data(range), std::size(range)} {}
+  constexpr span(R&& range) : data_{std::data(range)}, size_{std::size(range)} {}
 
   constexpr T* begin() const { return data_; }
   constexpr T* end() const { return data_ + size_; }