[drake_ament_cmake_installed] Failing tests do not show up in CI

[nicolecheetham]

When bugs or errors are introduced in one of the tests, the build output will state test failures occurred but the job in CI will still pass. Failing tests should cause the job to fail and result in the PR having a red X.

Moreover, the ament_cmake_installed runs tests via an executable. This approach does not explicitly mention which tests passed or failed.

--- stderr: drake_ament_cmake_installed
Errors while running CTest
Output from these tests are in: /__w/drake-external-examples/drake-external-examples/drake_ament_cmake_installed/build/drake_ament_cmake_installed/Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log
Use "--rerun-failed --output-on-failure" to re-run the failed cases verbosely.
---
Finished <<< drake_ament_cmake_installed [0.70s]	[ with test failures ]

Full build log