Auto merge of #124780 - Mark-Simulacrum:lockless-cache, r=lcnr

Improve VecCache under parallel frontend

This replaces the single Vec allocation with a series of progressively larger buckets. With the cfg for parallel enabled but with -Zthreads=1, this looks like a slight regression in i-count and cycle counts (~1%).

With the parallel frontend at -Zthreads=4, this is an improvement (-5% wall-time from 5.788 to 5.4688 on libcore) than our current Lock-based approach, likely due to reducing the bouncing of the cache line holding the lock. At -Zthreads=32 it's a huge improvement (-46%: 8.829 -> 4.7319 seconds).

try-job: i686-gnu-nopt
try-job: dist-x86_64-linux