Add project_from_id provider-defined function

[modular-magician]

To be merged after GoogleCloudPlatform/magic-modules#10013 Edit: done!

This PR:

• adds the new project_from_id function to the providers
• adds documentation for the Registry
• adds unit tests to test reusable logic that will be used by other X_from_id functions
• adds unit tests for function calls to the project_from_id function specifically - test good vs bad input
• adds acceptance tests that demonstrate the function is usable with the provider and can be used in a single apply alongside provisioning a resource

Release Note Template for Downstream PRs (will be copied)

provider: added provider-defined function `project_from_id` for retrieving the project id from a resource's self link or id

Derived from GoogleCloudPlatform/magic-modules#10021

[conventional-commit-lint-gcf]

🤖 I detect that the PR title and the commit message differ and there's only one commit. To use the PR title for the commit history, you can use Github's automerge feature with squashing, or use automerge label. Good luck human!

-- conventional-commit-lint bot
https://conventionalcommits.org/