Remove list argument broadcasting and simplify transpile() (Qiskit/qi…

…skit#10291)

* Remove list argument broadcasting and simplify transpile()

This commit updates the transpile() function to no longer support
broadcast of lists of arguments. This functionality was deprecated in
the 0.23.0 release. As part of this removal the internals of the
transpile() function are simplified so we don't need to handle
broadcasting, building preset pass managers, parallel dispatch, etc
anymore as this functionality (without broadcasting) already exists
through the transpiler API. Besides greatly simplifying the transpile()
code and using more aspects of the public APIs that exist in the
qiskit.transpiler module, this commit also should fix the overhead we
have around parallel execution due to the complexity of supporting
broadcasting. This overhead was partially addressed before in Qiskit/qiskit#7789
which leveraged shared memory to minimize the serialization time
necessary for IPC but by using `PassManager.run()` internally now all of
that overhead is removed as the initial fork will have all the necessary
context in each process from the start.

Three seemingly unrelated changes made here were necessary to support our
current transpile() API without building custom pass manager
construction.

The first is the handling of layout from intlist. The
current Layout class is dependent on a circuit because it maps Qubit
objects to a physical qubit index. Ideally the layout structure would
just map virtual indices to physical indices (see Qiskit/qiskit#8060 for a similar
issue, also it's worth noting this is how the internal NLayout and QPY
represent layout), but because of the existing API the construction of
a Layout is dependent on a circuit. For the initial_layout argument when
running with multiple circuits to avoid the need to broadcasting the
layout construction for supported input types that need the circuit to
lookup the Qubit objects the SetLayout pass now supports taking in an
int list and will construct a Layout object at run time. This
effectively defers the Layout object creation for initial_layout to
run time so it can be built as a function of the circuit as the API
demands.

The second is the FakeBackend class used in some tests was constructing
invalid backends in some cases. This wasn't caught in the previous
structure because the backends were not actually being parsed by
transpile() previously which masked this issue. This commit fixes that
issue because PassManagerConfig.from_backend() was failing because of
the invalid backend construction.

The third issue is a new _skip_target private argument to
generate_preset_pass_manager() and PassManagerConfig. This was necessary
to recreate the behavior of transpile() when a user provides a BackendV2
and either `basis_gates` or `coupling_map` arguments. In general the
internals of the transpiler treat a target as higher priority because it
has more complete and restrictive constraints than the
basis_gates/coupling map objects. However, for transpile() if a
backendv2 is passed in for backend paired with coupling_map and/or
basis_gates the expected workflow is that the basis_gates and
coupling_map arguments take priority and override the equivalent
attributes from the backend. To facilitate this we need to block pulling
the target from the backend This should only be needed for a short
period of time as when Qiskit/qiskit#9256 is implemented we'll just build a single
target from the arguments as needed.

Fixes Qiskit/qiskit#7741

* Fix _skip_target logic

* Fix InstructionScheduleMap handling with backendv2

* Fix test failure caused by exception being raised later

* Fix indentation error

* Update qiskit/providers/fake_provider/fake_backend.py

Co-authored-by: John Lapeyre <[email protected]>

* Fix standalone dt argument handling

* Remove unused code

* Fix lint

* Remove duplicate import in set_layout.py

A duplicate import slipped through in the most recent rebase.
This commit fixes that oversight and removes the duplicate.

* Update release notes

Co-authored-by: Jake Lishman <[email protected]>

* Adjust logic for _skip_transpile to check if None

* Simplify check cmap code

* Only check backend if it exists

---------

Co-authored-by: John Lapeyre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Jake Lishman <[email protected]>

qiskit_ibm_runtime/fake_provider/fake_1q.py

@@ -89,11 +89,3 @@ def __init__(self):
             general=[],
         )
         super().__init__(configuration)
-
-    def defaults(self):
-        """defaults == configuration"""
-        return self._configuration
-
-    def properties(self):
-        """properties == configuration"""
-        return self._configuration

qiskit_ibm_runtime/fake_provider/fake_backend.py

@@ -474,6 +474,8 @@ def _setup_sim(self):
     def properties(self):
         """Return backend properties"""
         coupling_map = self.configuration().coupling_map
+        if coupling_map is None:
+            return None
         unique_qubits = list(set().union(*coupling_map))
 
         properties = {