Rollup merge of rust-lang#67268 - estebank:assoc-types, r=oli-obk

Tweak errors for missing associated types and type parameters

* On `dyn Trait` missing associated types, provide a structured suggestion for them
* On missing type parameters, provide structured suggestion for them
* Point at trait definition when missing required type parameter
* Tweak output of E0658
* Tweak wording of E0719
* Account for `Trait1 + Trait2` case

Fix rust-lang#66380, fix rust-lang#60595. CC rust-lang#63711.

src/librustc_error_codes/error_codes.rs

@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ E0211: include_str!("./error_codes/E0211.md"),
 E0214: include_str!("./error_codes/E0214.md"),
 E0220: include_str!("./error_codes/E0220.md"),
 E0221: include_str!("./error_codes/E0221.md"),
+E0222: include_str!("./error_codes/E0222.md"),
 E0223: include_str!("./error_codes/E0223.md"),
 E0225: include_str!("./error_codes/E0225.md"),
 E0229: include_str!("./error_codes/E0229.md"),
@@ -456,8 +457,6 @@ E0745: include_str!("./error_codes/E0745.md"),
 //  E0217, // ambiguous associated type, defined in multiple supertraits
 //  E0218, // no associated type defined
 //  E0219, // associated type defined in higher-ranked supertrait
-//  E0222, // Error code E0045 (variadic function must have C or cdecl calling
-           // convention) duplicate
     E0224, // at least one non-builtin train is required for an object type
     E0226, // only a single explicit lifetime bound is permitted
     E0227, // ambiguous lifetime bound, explicit lifetime bound required

src/librustc_error_codes/error_codes/E0222.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+An attempt was made to constrain an associated type.
+For example:
+
+```compile_fail,E0222
+pub trait Vehicle {
+    type Color;
+}
+
+pub trait Box {
+    type Color;
+}
+
+pub trait BoxCar : Box + Vehicle {}
+
+fn dent_object<COLOR>(c: dyn BoxCar<Color=COLOR>) {} // Invalid constraint
+```
+
+In this example, `BoxCar` has two super-traits: `Vehicle` and `Box`. Both of
+these traits define an associated type `Color`. `BoxCar` inherits two types
+with that name from both super-traits. Because of this, we need to use the
+fully qualified path syntax to refer to the appropriate `Color` associated
+type, either `<BoxCar as Vehicle>::Color` or `<BoxCar as Box>::Color`, but this
+syntax is not allowed to be used in a function signature.
+
+In order to encode this kind of constraint, a `where` clause and a new type
+parameter are needed:
+
+```
+pub trait Vehicle {
+    type Color;
+}
+
+pub trait Box {
+    type Color;
+}
+
+pub trait BoxCar : Box + Vehicle {}
+
+// Introduce a new `CAR` type parameter
+fn foo<CAR, COLOR>(
+    c: CAR,
+) where
+    // Bind the type parameter `CAR` to the trait `BoxCar`
+    CAR: BoxCar,
+    // Further restrict `<BoxCar as Vehicle>::Color` to be the same as the
+    // type parameter `COLOR`
+    CAR: Vehicle<Color = COLOR>,
+    // We can also simultaneously restrict the other trait's associated type
+    CAR: Box<Color = COLOR>
+{}
+```

src/librustc_passes/ast_validation.rs

@@ -736,9 +736,13 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
 
         for predicate in &generics.where_clause.predicates {
             if let WherePredicate::EqPredicate(ref predicate) = *predicate {
-                self.err_handler()
-                    .span_err(predicate.span, "equality constraints are not yet \
-                                               supported in where clauses (see #20041)");
+                self.err_handler().struct_span_err(
+                    predicate.span,
+                    "equality constraints are not yet supported in where clauses",
+                )
+                    .span_label(predicate.span, "not supported")
+                    .note("for more information, see #20041")
+                    .emit();
             }
         }