BIORBD is a library to analyze biomechanical data. It provides several useful functions for the direct and inverse flow including rigid body (based on Feathestone equations implemented in RBDL) and muscle elements.
Biomechanical data are often analyzed using similar flow, that is inverse or direct. BIORBD implements these common analyses providing high-level and easy to use Python and MATLAB interfaces of an efficient C++ implementation.
So, without further ado, let's begin our investigation of BIORBD!
You can get the online version of the paper for BIORBD here:
Futhermore, anyone can play with bioptim with a working (but slightly limited in terms of graphics) MyBinder by clicking the following badge
There are two main ways to install BIORBD on your computer: installing the binaries from Anaconda (easiest, but limited to C++ and Python3) or compiling the source code yourself (more versatile and up to date; for C++, Python3 and MATLAB).
The easiest way to install BIORBD is to download the binaries from Anaconda (https://anaconda.org/) repositories (binaries are not available though for MATLAB). The project is hosted on the conda-forge channel (https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/biorbd).
After having installed properly an anaconda client [my suggestion would be Miniconda (https://conda.io/miniconda.html)] and loaded the desired environment to install BIORBD in, just type the following command:
conda install -c conda-forge biorbdThe binaries and includes of the core of BIORBD will be installed in bin and include folders of the environment respectively. Moreover, the Python3 binder will also be installed in the environment.
Please note that because of the way Ipopt is compiled on conda-forge, it was not possible to link it with biorbd. Therefore, the MODULE_STATIC_OPTIM was set to OFF for this particular OS.
The current building status for Anaconda release is as follow.
| License | Name | Downloads | Version | Platforms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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The main drawback with downloading the pre-compiled version from Anaconda is that this version may be out-of-date (even if I do my best to keep the release versions up-to-date). Moreover, since it is already compiled, it doesn't allow you to modify BIORBD if you need to. Therefore, a more versatile way to enjoy BIORBD is to compile it by yourself.
The building status for the current BIORBD branches is as follow
| Name | Status |
|---|---|
| master | |
| Code coverage |  |
| DOI |  |
BIORBD relies on several libraries (namely eigen ([http://eigen.tuxfamily.org]) or CasADi ([https://web.casadi.org/]), rbdl-casadi (https://github.com/pyomeca/rbdl-casadi), tinyxml(http://www.grinninglizard.com/tinyxmldocs/index.html) and Ipopt (https://github.com/coin-or/Ipopt)) that one must install prior to compiling. Fortunately, all these dependencies are also hosted on the conda-forge channel of Anaconda. Therefore the following command will install everything you need to compile BIORBD:
conda install -c conda-forge rbdl [tinyxml] [ipopt] [pkgconfig] [cmake] [scipy]Please note:
tinyxmlis optional, but is required for reading VTP files;ipoptis optional, but is required for the Static optimization module;pkgconfigandcmakeare very useful tools that can prevents lot of headaches when compiling;
Additionnally, for the Python3 interface requires numpy (https://numpy.org/) and SWIG (http://www.swig.org/). Again, one can easily install these dependencies from Anaconda using the following command:
conda install -c conda-forge numpy swigFinally, the MATLAB interface (indeed) requires MATLAB to be installed.
If ones is interested in developping BIORBD, the googletest suite is required to test your modifications. Fortunately, the CMake should download and compile the test suite for you!
BIORBD comes with a CMake (https://cmake.org/) project. If you don't know how to use CMake, you will find many examples on Internet. The main variables to set are:
CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIXWhich is thepath/to/installBIORBD in. If you compile the Python3 binder, a valid installation of Python with Numpy should be installed relatived to this path.
BUILD_SHARED_LIBSIf you wan to build BIORBD in a sharedTRUEor staticFALSElibrary manner. Default isTRUE. Please note that due to the dependencies, on Windows BIORBD must be statically built.
CMAKE_BUILD_TYPEWhich type of build you want. Options areDebug,RelWithDebInfo,MinSizeRelorRelease. This is relevant only for the build done using themakecommand. Please note that you will experience a slow BIORBD library if you compile it without any optimization (i.e.Debug), especially for all functions that requires linear algebra.
MATH_LIBRARY_BACKENDChoose between the two linear algebra backends, eitherEigen3orCasadi. Default isEigen3.
BUILD_EXAMPLEIf you want (TRUE) or not (FALSE) to build the C++ example. Default isTRUE.
BUILD_TESTSIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the tests of the project. Please note that this will automatically download gtest (https://github.com/google/googletest). Default isOFF.
BUILD_DOCIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the documentation of the project. Default isOFF.
BINDER_CIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the low level C binder. Default isOFF. Please note that this binder is very light and will not contain most of BIORBD features.
BINDER_PYTHON3If you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the Python binder. Default isOFF.
SWIG_EXECUTABLEIfBINDER_PYTHON3is set toONthen this variable should point to the SWIG executable. This variable should be found automatically.
BINDER_MATLABIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the MATLAB binder. Default isOFF. Pleaes note thatBINDER_MATLABcan't be set toONalonside toCasADibackend.
Matlab_ROOT_DIRIfBINDER_MATLABis set toONthen this variable should point to the root path of MATLAB directory. Please note that the MATLAB binder is based on MATLAB R2018a API and won't compile on earlier versions. This variable should be found automatically, except on Mac where the value should manually be set to the MATLAB in the App folder.
Matlab_biorbd_INSTALL_DIRIfBINDER_MATLABis set toONthen this variable should point to the path where you want to install BIORBD. Typically, this is{MY DOCUMENTS}/MATLAB. The default value is the toolbox folder of MATLAB. Please note that if you leave the default value, you will probably need to grant administrator rights to the installer. In all cases, after the installation, you will have to add the path to the MATLAB search path by typing the following command in the MATLAB's prompt (or to add it to thestartup.m)addpath(genpath($Matlab_biorbd_INSTALL_DIR)), and replacingMatlab_biorbd_INSTALL_DIRby your own path.
MODULE_ACTUATORSIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build with the actuators module. Default isON. This allows to use exotic joint torques.
MODULE_KALMANIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the Kalman filter module. Default isON. The main reason to skip Kalman is that inDebugmodeEigen3will perform this very slowly andCasADiwill always perform this slowly.
MODULE_MUSCLESIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build with the muscle module. Default isON. This allows to read and interact with models that include muscles.
MODULE_STATIC_OPTIMIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build the Static optimization module. Default isON(ifipoptis found).
MODULE_VTP_FILES_READERIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to build with the vtp files reader module. Default isON(iftinyxmlis found). This allows to read mesh files produced byOpenSim.
SKIP_ASSERTIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to skip the asserts in the functions (e.g. checks for sizes). Default isOFF. Putting this toOFFreduces the risks of Segmentation Faults, it will however slow down the code when usingEigen3backend.
SKIP_LONG_TESTSIf you want (ON) or not (OFF) to skip the tests that are long to perform. Default isOFF. This is useful when debugging.
BIORBD provides as much as possible explicit names for the filter so one can intuitively find what he wants from the library. Still, this is a C++ library and it can be sometimes hard to find what you need. Due to the varity of functions implemented in the library, minimal examples are shown here. One is encourage to have a look at the example and test folders to get a better overview of the possibility of the API. For an in-depth detail of the API, the Doxygen documentation (to come) is the way to go.
The core code is written in C++, meaning that you can fully use BIORBD from C++. Moreover, the linear algebra is using the Eigen library which makes it fairly easy to perform further computation and analyses. The informations that follows is a basic guide that should allow you to perform everything you want to do.
To create a new valid yet empty model, just call the biorbd::Model class without parameter.
#include "biorbd.h"
int main()
{
biorbd::Model myModel;
}This model can thereafter be populated using the biorbd add methods. Even if this is not the prefered way of loading a model, one can have a look at the src/ModelReader.cpp in order to know what functions that must be called to populate the model manually.
The prefered method to load a model is to read the in-house .bioMod format file. To do so, one must simply call the biorbd::Model constructur with a valid path to the model. Afterward, one can modify manually the model and write it back to a new file.
#include "biorbd.h"
int main()
{
biorbd::Model myModel myModel("path/to/mymodel.bioMod");
// Do some changes...
biorbd::Writer::writeModel(myModel, "path/to/newFile.bioMod");
return 0;
}Please note that on Windows, the path must be / or \\ separated (and not only\), for obvious reasons.
BIORBD is made to work with the RBDL functions (the doc can be found here https://rbdl.bitbucket.io/). Therefore, every functions available in RBDL is also available on BIORBD. Additionnal are of course also made available, for example the whole muscle module.
The most obvious and probably the most used function is the forward kinematics, where one knows the configuration of the body and is interested in the resulting position of skin markers. The following code performs that task.
#include "biorbd.h"
int main()
{
// Load the model
biorbd::Model model("path/to/model.bioMod");
// Prepare the model
biorbd::rigidbody::GeneralizedCoordinates Q(model);
Q.setOnes()/10; // Set the model position
// Perform forward kinematics
std::vector<biorbd::rigidbody::NodeBone> markers(model.markers(Q));
// Print the results
for (auto marker : markers)
std::cout << marker.name() << " is at the coordinates: " << marker.transpose() << std::endl;
return 0;
}Another common analysis to perform is to compute the effect of the muscles on the acceleration of the model. Assuming that the model that is loaded has muscles, the following code perform this task.
#include "biorbd.h"
int main()
{
// Load the model
biorbd::Model model("path/to/model.bioMod");
// Prepare the model
biorbd::rigidbody::GeneralizedCoordinates Q(model), Qdot(model); // position, velocity
Q.setOnes()/10; // Set the model position
Qdot.setOnes()/10; // Set the model velocity
// Muscles activations
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<biorbd::muscles::StateDynamics>> states(model.nbMuscleTotal());
for (auto& state : states){
state = std::make_shared<biorbd::muscles::StateDynamics>();
state->setActivation(0.5); // Set the muscle activation
}
// Compute the joint torques based on muscle
biorbd::rigidbody::GeneralizedTorque muscleTorque(
model.muscularJointTorque(states, true, &Q, &Qdot));
// Compute the acceleration of the model due to these torques
biorbd::rigidbody::GeneralizedCoordinates Qddot(model);
RigidBodyDynamics::ForwardDynamics(model, Q, Qdot, muscleTorque, Qddot);
// Print the results
std::cout << " The joints accelerations are: " << Qddot.transpose() << std::endl;
return 0;
}There are many other analyses and filters that are available. Please refer to the BIORBD and RBDL Docs to see what is available.
MATLAB (https://www.mathworks.com/) is a prototyping langage largely used in industry and fairly used by the biomechanical scientific community. Despite the existence of Octave as an open-source and very similar language or the growing popularity of Python as a free and open-source alternative, MATLAB remains an important player as a programming languages. Therefore BIORBD comes with a binder for MATLAB (that can theoretically used with Octave as well with some minor changes to the CMakeLists.txt file).
Most of the functions available in C++ are also available in MATLAB. Still, they were manually binded, therefore it may happen that some important one (for you) are not there. If so, do not hesitate to open an issue on GitHub to required the add of that particular function. The philosophy behind the MATLAB binder is that you open a particular model and a reference to that model is gave back to you. Thereafter, the functions can be called, assuming the pass back that model reference. That implies, however, that ones must himself deallocate the memory of the model when it is no more needed. Failing to do so results in an certain memory leak.
Please find here the same tasks previously described for the C++ interface done in the MATLAB interface. Notice that the MATLAB interface takes advantage of the matrix nature of MATLAB and therefore can usually perform the analyses on multiple frames at once.
Forward kinematics can be performed as follow
nFrames = 10; % Set the number of frames to simulate
% Load the model
model = biorbd('new', 'path/to/model.bioMod');
% Prepare the model
Q = ones(biorbd('nQ', model), nFrames)/10; % Set the model position
% Perform the forward kinematics
markers = biorbd('markers', model, Q);
% Print the results
disp(markers);
% Deallocate the model
biorbd('delete', model);The joint accelerations from muscle activations can be performed as follow
nFrames = 10; % Set the number of frames to simulate
% Load the model
model = biorbd('new', 'path/to/model.bioMod');
% Prepare the model
Q = ones(biorbd('nQ', model), nFrames)/10; % Set the model position
Qdot = ones(biorbd('nQdot', model), nFrames)/10; % Set the model velocity
activations = ones(biorbd('nMuscles', model), nFrames)/2; % Set muscles activations
% Compute the joint torques based on muscle
jointTorque = biorbd('jointTorqueFromActivation', model, activations, Q, Qdot);
% Compute the acceleration of the model due to these torques
Qddot = biorbd('forwardDynamics', model, Q, Qdot, jointTorque);
% Print the results
disp(Qddot);
% Deallocate the model
biorbd('delete', model);One can print all the available functions by type the help command
biorbd('help')Please note that it seems that on Windows, the command returns nothing. One must therefore look in the source code (biorbd/binding/matlab/Matlab_help.h) what should the command have returned.
Python (https://www.python.org/) is a scripting language that has taken more and more importance over the past years. So much that now it is one of the preferred language of the scientific community. Its simplicity yet its large power to perform a large variety of tasks makes it a certainty that its popularity won't decrease for the next years.
To interface the C++ code with Python, SWIG is a great tool. It creates very rapidly an interface in the target language with minimal code to write. However, the resulting code in the target language can be far from being easy to use. In effect, it gives a mixed-API not far from the original C++ language, which may not comply to best practices of the target language. When this is useful to rapidly create an interface, it sometime lacks of user-friendliness and expose the user to the possibility of the C++ such as segmentation fault (unlike the MATLAB API which won't suffer from this devil problem).
BIORBD interfaces the C++ code using SWIG. While it has some inherent limit as discussed previously, it has the great advantage of providing almost for free the complete API. Because of that, much more of the C++ API is interfaced in Python than the MATLAB one. Again, if for some reason, part of the code which is not accessible yet is important for you, don't hesitate to open an issue asking for that particular feature!
Please find here the same tasks previously described for the C++ interface done in the Python3 interface. Please note that the interface usually takes advantage of the numpy arrays in order to interact with the user while a vector is needed.
Forward kinematics can be performed as follow
import numpy as np
import biorbd
# Load the model
model = biorbd.Model('path/to/model.bioMod')
# Prepare the model
Q = np.ones(model.nbQ())/10 # Set the model position
# Perform the forward kinematics
markers = model.markers(Q)
# Print the results
for marker in markers:
print(marker.to_array())The joint accelerations from muscle activations can be performed as follow
import numpy as np
import biorbd
# Load the model
model = biorbd.Model('path/to/model.bioMod')
# Prepare the model
Q = np.ones(model.nbQ())/10 # Set the model position
Qdot = np.ones(model.nbQ())/10 # Set the model velocity
states = model.stateSet()
for state in states:
state.setActivation(0.5) # Set muscles activations
# Compute the joint torques based on muscle
joint_torque = model.muscularJointTorque(states, Q, Qdot)
# Compute the acceleration of the model due to these torques
Qddot = model.ForwardDynamics(Q, Qdot, joint_torque)
# Print the results
print(Qddot.to_array())The preferred method to load a model is by using a .bioMod file. This type of file is an in-house language that describes the segments of the model, their interactions and additionnal elements attached to them. The following section describe the structure of the file and all the tags that exists so far.
Comments can be added to the file in a C-style way, meaning that everything a on line following a // will be considered as a comment and everything between /* and */ will also be ignored.
Please note that the bioMod is not case dependent, so Versionand version are for instance fully equivalent. The bioMod reader also ignore the tabulation, which is therefore only aesthetic.
When a tag waits for multiple values, they must be separate by a space, a tabulation or a return of line. Also, anytime a tag waits for a value, it is possible to use simple equations (assuming no spaces are used) and/or variables. For example, the following snippet is a valid way to set the gravity parameter to
variables
$my_useless_variable 0
endvariables
gravity 2*(1-1) -2*$my_useless_variable
-9.81The very first tag that must appear at the first line in file is the version of the file. The current version of the .bioMod files is
version 4From that point, the order of the tags is not important, header can even be at the end of the file. For simplicity though we suggest to put everything related to the header at the top of the file.
The gravity tag is used to reorient and/or change the magnitude of the gravity. The default value is
// Restate the default value
gravity 0 0 -9.81The variables / endvariables tag pair allows to declare variables that can be used within the file. This allows for example to template the bioMod file by only changing the values in the variables. Please note that contrary to the rest of the file, the actual variables are case dependent.
The \$ sign is mandatory and later in the file, everything with that sign followed by the same name will be converted to the values specified in the tag.
// Restate the default value
variables
$my_first_variable_is_an_int 10
$my_second_variable_is_a_double 10.1
$myThirdVariableIsCamelCase 1
$myLastVariableIsPi pi
endvariablesAs you may have noticed, the constant PI is defined as
A BIORBD model consists of a chain of segment, linked by joints with up to six DoF (3 translations, 3 rotations). It is imperative when attaching something to a segment of the model that particular segment must have been previously defined. For instance, if the thorax is attached to the pelvis, then the latter must be defined before the former in the file.
The segment xxx / endsegmenttag pair is the core of a bioMod file. It describes a segment of the model with the name xxx, that is most of the time a bone of the skeleton. For internal reasons, the name cannot be root. The xxx must be present and consists of
segment default_segment
parent ROOT
rtinmatrix 0
rt 0 0 0 xyz 0 0 0
translation xyz
rotations xyz
com 0 0 0
inertia
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
endsegment
segment second_segment
parent default_segment
endsegmentThe parent tag is the name of the segment that particular segment is attached to. If no segment parent is provided, it is considered to be attached to the environment. The parent must be defined earlier in the file and is case dependent. This tag is waits for
The homogeneous matrix of transformation (rototranslation) of the current segment relative to its parent. If rtinmatrix is defined to 1, rt waits for a 4 by 4 matrix (the 3 x 3 matrix of rotation and the 4th column being the translation and the last row being 0 0 0 1); if it is defined to 0 it waits for the 3 rotations, the rotation sequence and the translation. The default value is the identity matrix.
The tag that defines if the rt is in matrix or not. If the version of the file is higher or equal than
The translations tag specifies the number of degrees-of-freedom in translation and their order. The possible values are x, y and/or z combined whatever fits the model. Please note that the vector of generalized coordinate will comply the the order wrote in this tag. If no translations are provided, then the segment has no translation relative to its parent. This tag waits for
The rotations tag specifies the number of degrees-of-freedom in rotation and their order. The possible values are x, y and/or z combined whatever fits the model. Please note that the vector of generalized coordinate will comply the the order wrote in this tag. If no rotations are provided, then the segment has no rotation relative to its parent. This tag waits for
The mass tag specifies the mass of the segment in kilogram. This tag waits for
The center of mass relative to the local reference of the segment. The default values are 0 0 0.
The inertia tag allows to specify the matrix of inertia of the segment ( computed with respect to the center of mass of the segment ). It waits for identity matrix
When calculating the inverse dynamics, if force plates are used, this tag dispatch the force plates, the first force plate being
Warning: this tag MUST be added to a segment that has a translation and/or a rotation (i.e. that possesses at least one degree of freedom). Otherwise, it will simply be ignored
The path of the meshing .bioBone, .ply, .stl file respectively. It can be relative to the current running folder or absolute (relative being preferred) and UNIX or Windows formatted (/ vs \\, UNIX being preferred).
If the mesh is not written in a file, it can be written directly in the segment. If so, the mesh tag stands for the vertex. Therefore, there are as many mesh tags as vertex. It waits for
The color of the segment mesh given in RGV values [0, 1]. Default is 0.89, 0.855, 0.788, that is bone color-ish.
The scaling to apply to the provided mesh, given in X Y Z values. Default is 1 1 1.
The RT to apply to the provided mesh, given in RX RY RZ seq TX TY TZ as for RT. The default value is 0 0 0 xyz 0 0 0.
The patches to define the orientation of the patches of the mesh. It waits for mesh.
The marker with a unique name attached to a body segment.
marker my_marker
parent segment_name
position 0 0 0
technical 1
anatomical 0
endmarkerThe parent tag is the name of the segment that particular segment is attached to. The parent must be defined earlier in the file and is case dependent. This tag is waits for
The position of the marker in the local reference frame of the segment.
If the marker will be taged as technical (will be returned when asking technical markers). Default value is true (
If the marker will be taged as anatomical (will be returned when asking anatomical markers). Default value is false (
It is possible to project the marker onto some axes, if so, write the name of the axes to project onto here. Waits for the axes in a string.
Same as a marker, but for inertial measurement unit.
imu my_imu
parent segment_parent
rtinmatrix 0
rt 0 0 0 xyz 0 0 0
technical 1
anatomical 0
endimuThe parent tag is the name of the segment that particular segment is attached to. The parent must be defined earlier in the file and is case dependent. This tag is waits for
The homogeneous matrix of transformation (rototranslation) of the current segment relative to its parent. If rtinmatrix is defined to 1, rt waits for a 4 by 4 matrix (the 3 x 3 matrix of rotation and the 4th column being the translation and the last row being 0 0 0 1); if it is defined to 0 it waits for the 3 rotations, the rotation sequence and the translation. The default value is the identity matrix.
The tag that defines if the rt is in matrix or not. If the version of the file is higher or equal than
If the marker will be taged as technical (will be returned when asking technical markers). Default value is true (
If the marker will be taged as anatomical (will be returned when asking anatomical markers). Default value is false (
The position of a non acceleration point while computing the forward dynamics.
contact my_contact
parent parent_segment
position 0 0 0
axis xyz
endcontactThe parent tag is the name of the segment that particular segment is attached to. The parent must be defined earlier in the file and is case dependent. This tag is waits for
The position of the marker in the local reference frame of the segment.
The name of the axis that the contact acts on. If the version of the file is
The normal that the contact acts on. This tags waits for x, y and z axes, one must therefore define three separate contacts.
The constant acceleration of the contact point. The default values are 0, 0, 0.
The Actuators specifies the different parameters used to express the torque generated by a particular movement at a joint. These different parameters were described by M. Jackson (The mechanics of the table contact phase of gymnastics vaulting, 2019).
Different types of actuator can be defined with the type tag : Constant, Linear, Gauss3p, Gauss6p, Sigmoidgauss3p.
In function of the type of actuator the parameters are different.
The dof tag defines the degree of fredoom of the segment. It can be a rotation (Rot) or a translation (Trans) on one
of the 3 axis (x, y, z). This argument is not required.
The direction of the torque can be positive or negative. This argument is not required.
Tmax is the maximum eccentric torque.
The tag T0 defines the maximum concentric torque.
The values of wmax is the maximum angular velocity above which torque cannot be produced.
The wc tag specifies the angular velocity of the vertical asymptote of the concentric hyperbola based of the relation between tetanic torque and contractile component angular velocity.
The amin tag allows to specify the plateau low activation level (values between 0.5 and 0.99) based of the differential activation-velocity velocity relationship.
The tag wr is the angular velocity range over which the ramp occurs based of the differential activation-velocity velocity relationship.
w1 represents the angular velocity of the midpoint between the maximum and the low plateau activation level based of the differential activation-velocity velocity relationship.
The qopt tag allows to specify the optimum angle for torque production. This argument is required, the default value is 0.
The tag r represented the width of the curve based of the torque-angle relationship. This argument is required, the default value is 0.
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You are very welcome to contribute to the project! There are to main ways to contribute.
The first way is to actually code new features for BIORBD. The easiest way to do so is to fork the project, make the modifications and then open a pull request to the main project. Don't forget to add your name to the contributor in the documentation of the page if you do so!
The second way is to open issues to report bugs or to ask for new features. I am trying to be as reactive as possible, so don't hesitate to do so!
For now, there is no GUI for the C++ interface and the MATLAB one is so poor I decided not to release it. However, there is a Python interface that worths to have a look at. Installation procedure and documentation can be found at the GitHub repository (https://github.com/pyomeca/biorbd-viz).
The documentation is automatically generated using Doxygen (http://www.doxygen.org/). You can compile it yourself if you want (by setting BUILD_DOC to ON). Otherwise, you can access a copy of it that I try to keep up-to-date in the Documentation project of pyomeca (https://pyomeca.github.io/Documentation/) by selecting biorbd.
Despite my efforts to make a bug-free library, BIORBD may fails sometimes. If it does, please refer to the section below to know what to do. I will fill this section with the issue over time.
If you experience a slow BIORBD, you are probably using a non optimized version, that is compiled with debug level. Please use at least RelWithDebInfo level of optimization while compiling BIORBD.
If you actually are using a released level of optimization, you may actually experiencing a bug. You are therefore welcomed to provide me with a minimal example of your slow code and I'll see how to improve the speed!
If you use BIORBD, we would be grateful if you could cite it as follows:
@article{michaudBiorbd2021,
title = {Biorbd: {{A C}}++, {{Python}} and {{MATLAB}} Library to Analyze and Simulate the Human Body Biomechanics},
shorttitle = {Biorbd},
author = {Michaud, Benjamin and Begon, Mickaël},
date = {2021-01-19},
journaltitle = {Journal of Open Source Software},
volume = {6},
pages = {2562},
issn = {2475-9066},
doi = {10.21105/joss.02562},
url = {https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.02562},
urldate = {2021-01-19},
abstract = {Michaud et al., (2021). biorbd: A C++, Python and MATLAB library to analyze and simulate the human body biomechanics. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(57), 2562, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02562},
langid = {english},
number = {57}
}