23.3 Backport of #55119 - Fix deadlock in LDAP assigned role update

[Enmk]

Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fix deadlock in LDAP assigned role update for non-existing ClickHouse roles (ClickHouse#55119 by @jmaicher, ClickHouse#56544 by @jmaicher)

[altinity-robot]

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Check name	Description	Status
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Stateful tests	Runs stateful functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	✅ success

Check name	Description	Status
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Stateless tests	Runs stateless functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	❌ failure