diff --git a/packages/core/src/mergeConfig.ts b/packages/core/src/mergeConfig.ts
index ac1a8264b4..625c75ffc4 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/mergeConfig.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/mergeConfig.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { type RsbuildConfig, castArray } from '@rsbuild/shared';
+import { type RsbuildConfig, castArray, cloneDeep } from '@rsbuild/shared';
 import { isFunction, isPlainObject } from './helpers';
 
 const OVERRIDE_PATHS = [
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ const merge = (x: unknown, y: unknown, path = '') => {
 
   // ignore undefined property
   if (x === undefined) {
-    return y;
+    return isPlainObject(y) ? cloneDeep(y) : y;
   }
   if (y === undefined) {
-    return x;
+    return isPlainObject(x) ? cloneDeep(x) : x;
   }
 
   const pair = [x, y];
diff --git a/packages/core/src/plugins/moduleFederation.ts b/packages/core/src/plugins/moduleFederation.ts
index 27583b37c7..4fbcf0d193 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/plugins/moduleFederation.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/plugins/moduleFederation.ts
@@ -88,54 +88,51 @@ export function pluginModuleFederation(): RsbuildPlugin {
     name: 'rsbuild:module-federation',
 
     setup(api) {
-      api.modifyRsbuildConfig({
-        order: 'post',
-        handler: (config) => {
-          /**
-           * Currently, splitChunks will take precedence over module federation shared modules.
-           * So we need to disable the default split chunks rules to make shared modules to work properly.
-           * @see https://github.com/module-federation/module-federation-examples/issues/3161
-           */
-          if (
-            config.moduleFederation?.options &&
-            config.performance?.chunkSplit?.strategy === 'split-by-experience'
-          ) {
-            config.performance.chunkSplit = {
-              ...config.performance.chunkSplit,
-              strategy: 'custom',
-            };
-          }
-
-          return config;
-        },
+      api.modifyEnvironmentConfig((config) => {
+        /**
+         * Currently, splitChunks will take precedence over module federation shared modules.
+         * So we need to disable the default split chunks rules to make shared modules to work properly.
+         * @see https://github.com/module-federation/module-federation-examples/issues/3161
+         */
+        if (
+          config.moduleFederation?.options &&
+          config.performance?.chunkSplit?.strategy === 'split-by-experience'
+        ) {
+          config.performance.chunkSplit = {
+            ...config.performance.chunkSplit,
+            strategy: 'custom',
+          };
+        }
       });
 
-      api.modifyBundlerChain(async (chain, { CHAIN_ID, target }) => {
-        const config = api.getNormalizedConfig();
+      api.modifyBundlerChain(
+        async (chain, { CHAIN_ID, target, environment }) => {
+          const config = api.getNormalizedConfig({ environment });
 
-        if (!config.moduleFederation?.options || target !== 'web') {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        const { options } = config.moduleFederation;
+          if (!config.moduleFederation?.options || target !== 'web') {
+            return;
+          }
 
-        chain
-          .plugin(CHAIN_ID.PLUGIN.MODULE_FEDERATION)
-          .use(rspack.container.ModuleFederationPlugin, [options]);
+          const { options } = config.moduleFederation;
 
-        if (options.name) {
           chain
-            .plugin('mf-patch-split-chunks')
-            .use(PatchSplitChunksPlugin, [options.name]);
-        }
+            .plugin(CHAIN_ID.PLUGIN.MODULE_FEDERATION)
+            .use(rspack.container.ModuleFederationPlugin, [options]);
 
-        const publicPath = chain.output.get('publicPath');
+          if (options.name) {
+            chain
+              .plugin('mf-patch-split-chunks')
+              .use(PatchSplitChunksPlugin, [options.name]);
+          }
 
-        // set the default publicPath to 'auto' to make MF work
-        if (publicPath === DEFAULT_ASSET_PREFIX) {
-          chain.output.set('publicPath', 'auto');
-        }
-      });
+          const publicPath = chain.output.get('publicPath');
+
+          // set the default publicPath to 'auto' to make MF work
+          if (publicPath === DEFAULT_ASSET_PREFIX) {
+            chain.output.set('publicPath', 'auto');
+          }
+        },
+      );
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/__snapshots__/moduleFederation.test.ts.snap b/packages/core/tests/__snapshots__/moduleFederation.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6df4f6334f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/tests/__snapshots__/moduleFederation.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
+
+exports[`plugin-module-federation > should set environment module federation config correctly 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "optimization": {
+      "splitChunks": {
+        "cacheGroups": {},
+        "chunks": "all",
+        "enforceSizeThreshold": 50000,
+      },
+    },
+    "plugins": [
+      ModuleFederationPlugin {
+        "_options": {
+          "exposes": {
+            "Button": "src/Button",
+          },
+          "filename": "remoteEntry.js",
+          "name": "remote",
+          "shared": {
+            "react": {
+              "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+              "singleton": true,
+            },
+            "react-dom": {
+              "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+              "singleton": true,
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+      PatchSplitChunksPlugin {
+        "name": "remote",
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "optimization": {
+      "splitChunks": {
+        "cacheGroups": {
+          "lib-axios": {
+            "name": "lib-axios",
+            "priority": 0,
+            "reuseExistingChunk": true,
+            "test": /\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]node_modules\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]\\(axios\\|axios-\\.\\+\\)\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]/,
+          },
+          "lib-lodash": {
+            "name": "lib-lodash",
+            "priority": 0,
+            "reuseExistingChunk": true,
+            "test": /\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]node_modules\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]\\(lodash\\|lodash-es\\)\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]/,
+          },
+          "lib-polyfill": {
+            "name": "lib-polyfill",
+            "priority": 0,
+            "reuseExistingChunk": true,
+            "test": /\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]node_modules\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]\\(tslib\\|core-js\\|@babel\\\\/runtime\\|@swc\\\\/helpers\\)\\[\\\\\\\\/\\]/,
+          },
+        },
+        "chunks": "all",
+        "enforceSizeThreshold": 50000,
+      },
+    },
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`plugin-module-federation > should set module federation and environment chunkSplit config correctly 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "optimization": {
+      "splitChunks": {
+        "cacheGroups": {},
+        "chunks": "all",
+        "enforceSizeThreshold": 50000,
+      },
+    },
+    "plugins": [
+      ModuleFederationPlugin {
+        "_options": {
+          "exposes": {
+            "Button": "src/Button",
+          },
+          "filename": "remoteEntry.js",
+          "name": "remote",
+          "shared": {
+            "react": {
+              "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+              "singleton": true,
+            },
+            "react-dom": {
+              "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+              "singleton": true,
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+      PatchSplitChunksPlugin {
+        "name": "remote",
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "optimization": {
+      "splitChunks": false,
+    },
+    "plugins": [
+      ModuleFederationPlugin {
+        "_options": {
+          "exposes": {
+            "Button": "src/Button",
+          },
+          "filename": "remoteEntry.js",
+          "name": "remote",
+          "shared": {
+            "react": {
+              "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+              "singleton": true,
+            },
+            "react-dom": {
+              "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+              "singleton": true,
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+      PatchSplitChunksPlugin {
+        "name": "remote",
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`plugin-module-federation > should set module federation config 1`] = `
+{
+  "optimization": {
+    "splitChunks": {
+      "cacheGroups": {},
+      "chunks": "all",
+      "enforceSizeThreshold": 50000,
+    },
+  },
+  "plugins": [
+    ModuleFederationPlugin {
+      "_options": {
+        "exposes": {
+          "Button": "src/Button",
+        },
+        "filename": "remoteEntry.js",
+        "name": "remote",
+        "shared": {
+          "react": {
+            "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+            "singleton": true,
+          },
+          "react-dom": {
+            "requiredVersion": "^18.2.0",
+            "singleton": true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    PatchSplitChunksPlugin {
+      "name": "remote",
+    },
+  ],
+}
+`;
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/moduleFederation.test.ts b/packages/core/tests/moduleFederation.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51e644d1ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/tests/moduleFederation.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import { createStubRsbuild } from '@scripts/test-helper';
+import { pluginModuleFederation } from '../src/plugins/moduleFederation';
+import { pluginSplitChunks } from '../src/plugins/splitChunks';
+
+describe('plugin-module-federation', () => {
+  it('should set module federation config', async () => {
+    const rsbuild = await createStubRsbuild({
+      plugins: [pluginSplitChunks(), pluginModuleFederation()],
+      rsbuildConfig: {
+        performance: {
+          chunkSplit: {
+            strategy: 'split-by-experience',
+          },
+        },
+        moduleFederation: {
+          options: {
+            name: 'remote',
+            exposes: {
+              './Button': './src/Button',
+            },
+            filename: 'remoteEntry.js',
+            shared: {
+              react: {
+                singleton: true,
+                requiredVersion: '^18.2.0',
+              },
+              'react-dom': {
+                singleton: true,
+                requiredVersion: '^18.2.0',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const config = await rsbuild.unwrapConfig();
+    expect(config).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  it('should set environment module federation config correctly', async () => {
+    const rsbuild = await createStubRsbuild({
+      plugins: [pluginSplitChunks(), pluginModuleFederation()],
+      rsbuildConfig: {
+        performance: {
+          chunkSplit: {
+            strategy: 'split-by-experience',
+          },
+        },
+        environments: {
+          web: {
+            moduleFederation: {
+              options: {
+                name: 'remote',
+                exposes: {
+                  './Button': './src/Button',
+                },
+                filename: 'remoteEntry.js',
+                shared: {
+                  react: {
+                    singleton: true,
+                    requiredVersion: '^18.2.0',
+                  },
+                  'react-dom': {
+                    singleton: true,
+                    requiredVersion: '^18.2.0',
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          web1: {},
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const configs = await rsbuild.initConfigs();
+    expect(configs).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  it('should set module federation and environment chunkSplit config correctly', async () => {
+    const rsbuild = await createStubRsbuild({
+      plugins: [pluginSplitChunks(), pluginModuleFederation()],
+      rsbuildConfig: {
+        moduleFederation: {
+          options: {
+            name: 'remote',
+            exposes: {
+              './Button': './src/Button',
+            },
+            filename: 'remoteEntry.js',
+            shared: {
+              react: {
+                singleton: true,
+                requiredVersion: '^18.2.0',
+              },
+              'react-dom': {
+                singleton: true,
+                requiredVersion: '^18.2.0',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+        environments: {
+          web: {
+            performance: {
+              chunkSplit: {
+                strategy: 'split-by-experience',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          web1: {
+            performance: {
+              chunkSplit: {
+                strategy: 'all-in-one',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const configs = await rsbuild.initConfigs();
+    expect(configs).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/plugin-assets-retry/src/index.ts b/packages/plugin-assets-retry/src/index.ts
index bf4cceb871..39fa471126 100644
--- a/packages/plugin-assets-retry/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/plugin-assets-retry/src/index.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export const pluginAssetsRetry = (
   setup(api) {
     api.modifyBundlerChain(
       async (chain, { CHAIN_ID, HtmlPlugin, isProd, environment }) => {
-        const config = api.getNormalizedConfig();
+        const config = api.getNormalizedConfig({ environment });
 
         const htmlPaths = api.getHTMLPaths({ environment });
         if (!options || Object.keys(htmlPaths).length === 0) {