diff --git a/packages/core/src/createRsbuild.ts b/packages/core/src/createRsbuild.ts
index b9f849c72d..a028365bc8 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/createRsbuild.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/createRsbuild.ts
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ export const pickRsbuildConfig = (
     'security',
     'performance',
     'moduleFederation',
+    'environments',
     '_privateMeta',
   ];
   return pick(rsbuildConfig, keys);
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/__snapshots__/environments.test.ts.snap b/packages/core/tests/__snapshots__/environments.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71412f61ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/tests/__snapshots__/environments.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
+
+exports[`environment config > should print environment config when inspect config 1`] = `
+{
+  "ssr": {
+    "source": {
+      "entry": {
+        "index": "src/index.server.js",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  "web": {
+    "source": {
+      "entry": {
+        "index": "src/index.client.js",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`environment config > should support modify environment config by api.modifyRsbuildConfig 1`] = `
+{
+  "ssr": {
+    "source": {
+      "entry": {
+        "index": "src/index.server.js",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  "web": {
+    "source": {
+      "alias": {
+        "@common1": "src/common1",
+      },
+      "entry": {
+        "index": "src/index.client.js",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  "web1": {
+    "source": {
+      "alias": {
+        "@common1": "src/common1",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/environments.test.ts b/packages/core/tests/environments.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e5c969034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/tests/environments.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import { createRsbuild } from '../src';
+
+describe('environment config', () => {
+  it('should support modify environment config by api.modifyRsbuildConfig', async () => {
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development';
+    const rsbuild = await createRsbuild({
+      rsbuildConfig: {
+        source: {
+          alias: {
+            '@common': './src/common',
+          },
+        },
+        environments: {
+          web: {
+            source: {
+              entry: {
+                index: './src/index.client.js',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          ssr: {
+            source: {
+              entry: {
+                index: './src/index.server.js',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    rsbuild.addPlugins([
+      {
+        name: 'test-environment',
+        setup: (api) => {
+          api.modifyRsbuildConfig((config, { mergeRsbuildConfig }) => {
+            return mergeRsbuildConfig(config, {
+              environments: {
+                web: {
+                  source: {
+                    alias: {
+                      '@common1': './src/common1',
+                    },
+                  },
+                },
+                web1: {
+                  source: {
+                    alias: {
+                      '@common1': './src/common1',
+                    },
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+            });
+          });
+        },
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    const {
+      origin: { rsbuildConfig },
+    } = await rsbuild.inspectConfig();
+
+    expect(rsbuildConfig.environments).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  it('should print environment config when inspect config', async () => {
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development';
+    const rsbuild = await createRsbuild({
+      rsbuildConfig: {
+        source: {
+          alias: {
+            '@common': './src/common',
+          },
+        },
+        environments: {
+          web: {
+            source: {
+              entry: {
+                index: './src/index.client.js',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          ssr: {
+            source: {
+              entry: {
+                index: './src/index.server.js',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const {
+      origin: { rsbuildConfig },
+    } = await rsbuild.inspectConfig();
+
+    expect(rsbuildConfig.environments).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/shared/src/types/config/index.ts b/packages/shared/src/types/config/index.ts
index 2fdd157a4e..3d77f79b4e 100644
--- a/packages/shared/src/types/config/index.ts
+++ b/packages/shared/src/types/config/index.ts
@@ -27,14 +27,9 @@ export type RsbuildConfigMeta = {
 };
 
 /**
- * The shared Rsbuild config.
- * Can be used with both Rspack and Webpack.
+ * The Rsbuild config to run in the specified environment.
  * */
-export interface RsbuildConfig {
-  /**
-   * Options for local development.
-   */
-  dev?: DevConfig;
+export interface EnvironmentConfig {
   /**
    * Options for HTML generation.
    */
@@ -47,19 +42,10 @@ export interface RsbuildConfig {
    * Options for source code parsing and compilation.
    */
   source?: SourceConfig;
-  /**
-   * Options for the Rsbuild Server,
-   * will take effect during local development and preview.
-   */
-  server?: ServerConfig;
   /**
    * Options for build outputs.
    */
   output?: OutputConfig;
-  /**
-   * Configure Rsbuild plugins.
-   */
-  plugins?: RsbuildPlugins;
   /**
    * Options for Web security.
    */
@@ -72,6 +58,31 @@ export interface RsbuildConfig {
    * Options for module federation.
    */
   moduleFederation?: ModuleFederationConfig;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Rsbuild config.
+ * */
+export interface RsbuildConfig extends EnvironmentConfig {
+  /**
+   * Options for local development.
+   */
+  dev?: DevConfig;
+  /**
+   * Options for the Rsbuild Server,
+   * will take effect during local development and preview.
+   */
+  server?: ServerConfig;
+  /**
+   * Configure Rsbuild plugins.
+   */
+  plugins?: RsbuildPlugins;
+  /**
+   * Configure rsbuild config by environment.
+   */
+  environments?: {
+    [name: string]: EnvironmentConfig;
+  };
   /**
    * Used to switch the bundler type.
    */
@@ -95,6 +106,9 @@ export type NormalizedConfig = DeepReadonly<{
   moduleFederation?: ModuleFederationConfig;
   provider?: unknown;
   _privateMeta?: RsbuildConfigMeta;
+  environments?: {
+    [name: string]: EnvironmentConfig;
+  };
 }>;
 
 export * from './dev';