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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>Understanding Guideline 1.1: Text Alternatives | WAI | W3C</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://w3.org/WAI/assets/css/style.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="base.css" />
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<body dir="ltr"><a href="#main" class="button button--skip-link">Skip to content</a><div class="minimal-header-container default-grid">
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<header class="box-h ">Page Contents</header>
<div class="box-i">
<ul>
<li><a href="#intent">Intent</a></li>
<li><a href="#success-criteria">Success Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="#key-terms">Key Terms</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</aside>
<main id="main" class="standalone-resource__main">
<!-- 日本語訳されるまでの一時的な注記 -->
<div class="untranslated-note"><p>このWCAG 2.2 解説書の日本語訳は作業中となっています。WCAG 2.1 解説書の日本語訳をご利用いただけます。<br>[ <a href="https://waic.jp/translations/WCAG21/Understanding/">WCAG 2.1 解説書</a> ]</p></div>
<h1><span class="standalone-resource__type-of-guidance">Understanding
Guideline 1.1:</span>Text Alternatives
</h1>
<aside class="box">
<header class="box-h box-h-icon">Guideline </header>
<div class="box-i">
<p>Provide text alternatives for any non-text content so that it can be changed into
other forms people need, such as large print, braille, speech, symbols or simpler
language.
</p>
</div>
</aside>
<div class="excol-all"></div>
<section id="intent">
<h2>Intent</h2>
<p>The purpose of this guideline is to ensure that all non-text content is also available
in
<a href="#dfn-text">text</a>. "Text" refers to electronic text, not an image of text. Electronic text has the
unique advantage that it is presentation neutral. That is, it
can be rendered visually, auditorily, tactilely, or by any combination. As a result,
information rendered in electronic text can be presented in whatever form best meets
the needs of the user. It can also be easily enlarged, spoken aloud so that it is
easier for people with reading disabilities to understand, or rendered in whatever
tactile form best meets the needs of a user.
</p>
<div class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<div>
<p>While changing the content into symbols includes changing it into graphic symbols
for people with developmental disorders and speech comprehension difficulties, it
is not limited to this use of symbols.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="success-criteria">
<h2>Success Criteria for this Guideline</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="non-text-content">1.1.1 Non-text Content</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="key-terms">
<details>
<summary>
<h2>Key Terms</h2>
</summary>
<dt id="dfn-assistive-technology">assistive technology</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">hardware and/or software that acts as a <a href="#dfn-user-agent">user agent</a>, or along with a mainstream user agent, to provide functionality to meet the requirements
of users with disabilities that go beyond those offered by mainstream user agents
</p>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>Functionality provided by assistive technology includes alternative presentations
(e.g., as synthesized speech or magnified content), alternative input methods (e.g.,
voice), additional navigation or orientation mechanisms, and content transformations
(e.g., to make tables more accessible).
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>Assistive technologies often communicate data and messages with mainstream user agents
by using and monitoring APIs.
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>The distinction between mainstream user agents and assistive technologies is not absolute.
Many mainstream user agents provide some features to assist individuals with disabilities.
The basic difference is that mainstream user agents target broad and diverse audiences
that usually include people with and without disabilities. Assistive technologies
target narrowly defined populations of users with specific disabilities. The assistance
provided by an assistive technology is more specific and appropriate to the needs
of its target users. The mainstream user agent may provide important functionality
to assistive technologies like retrieving Web content from program objects or parsing
markup into identifiable bundles.
</p>
</div>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Assistive technologies that are important in the context of this document include
the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>screen magnifiers, and other visual reading assistants, which are used by people with
visual, perceptual and physical print disabilities to change text font, size, spacing,
color, synchronization with speech, etc. in order to improve the visual readability
of rendered text and images;
</li>
<li>screen readers, which are used by people who are blind to read textual information
through synthesized speech or braille;
</li>
<li>text-to-speech software, which is used by some people with cognitive, language, and
learning disabilities to convert text into synthetic speech;
</li>
<li>speech recognition software, which may be used by people who have some physical disabilities;</li>
<li>alternative keyboards, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities
to simulate the keyboard (including alternate keyboards that use head pointers, single
switches, sip/puff and other special input devices.);
</li>
<li>alternative pointing devices, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities
to simulate mouse pointing and button activations.
</li>
</ul>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-human-language">human language</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">language that is spoken, written or signed (through visual or tactile means) to communicate
with humans
</p>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>See also <a href="#dfn-sign-language">sign language</a>.
</p>
</div>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-programmatically-determined">programmatically determined</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">determined by software from author-supplied data provided in a way that different
<a href="#dfn-user-agent">user agents</a>, including <a href="#dfn-assistive-technology">assistive technologies</a>, can extract and present this information to users in different modalities
</p>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Determined in a markup language from elements and attributes that are accessed directly
by commonly available assistive technology.
</p>
</aside>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Determined from technology-specific data structures in a non-markup language and exposed
to assistive technology via an accessibility API that is supported by commonly available
assistive technology.
</p>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-sign-language">sign language</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">a language using combinations of movements of the hands and arms, facial expressions,
or body positions to convey meaning
</p>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-text">text</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">sequence of characters that can be <a href="#dfn-programmatically-determined">programmatically determined</a>, where the sequence is expressing something in <a href="#dfn-human-language">human language</a>
</p>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-user-agent">user agent</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">any software that retrieves and presents Web content for users</p>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Web browsers, media players, plug-ins, and other programs — including <a href="#dfn-assistive-technology">assistive technologies</a> — that help in retrieving, rendering, and interacting with Web content.
</p>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
</details>
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<p><strong>Developed by</strong> <a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/ag/participants">Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (AG WG) Participants</a> (Co-Chairs: Alastair Campbell, Charles Adams, Rachael Bradley Montgomery. W3C Staff
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