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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Understanding Success Criterion 1.3.6: Identify Purpose | WAI | W3C</title>
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<header class="box-h ">Page Contents</header>
<div class="box-i">
<ul>
<li><a href="#brief">In Brief</a></li>
<li><a href="#intent">Intent</a></li>
<li><a href="#benefits">Benefits</a></li>
<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a href="#resources">Related Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="#techniques">Techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="#key-terms">Key Terms</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</aside>
<main id="main" class="standalone-resource__main">
<h1><span class="standalone-resource__type-of-guidance">Understanding
SC 1.3.6:</span>Identify Purpose (Level AAA)
</h1>
<aside class="box">
<header class="box-h box-h-icon">Success Criterion (SC) </header>
<div class="box-i">
<p>In content implemented using markup languages, the purpose of <a href="#dfn-user-interface-component">user interface components</a>, icons, and <a href="#dfn-region">regions</a> can be <a href="#dfn-programmatically-determined">programmatically determined</a>.
</p>
</div>
</aside>
<div class="excol-all"></div>
<section id="brief">
<h2>In Brief</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Goal</dt>
<dd>It is easier to operate and navigate content.</dd>
<dt>What to do</dt>
<dd>Use code to indicate the meaning of all controls and other key information, where
available.
</dd>
<dt>Why it's important</dt>
<dd>Some people with cognitive disabilities may not understand a control's purpose from
the name alone.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="intent">
<h2>Intent</h2>
<p>The intent of this Success Criterion is to ensure that the purpose of many elements
on a page can be programmatically determined, so that user agents can extract and
present that purpose to users using different modalities.
</p>
<p>Many users with limited vocabularies rely on familiar terms or symbols in order to
use the web. However, what is familiar to one user may not be familiar to another.
When authors indicate the purpose, users can take advantage of personalization and
user preferences to load a set of symbols or vocabulary familiar to them.
</p>
<p>This Success Criterion requires the author to programmatically associate the purpose
of icons, regions and components (such as buttons, links, and fields) so that user
agents can determine the purpose of each and adapt indicators or terminology to make
them understandable for the user. It is achieved by adding semantics or metadata that
provide this context. It is similar to adding role information (as required by 4.1.2)
but instead of providing information about what the UI component is (such as an image)
it provides information about what the component represents (such as a link to the
home page).
</p>
<p>Identifying regions of the page allows people to remove or highlight regions with
their user agent.
</p>
<p>Products for people who are non-vocal often use symbols to help users communicate.
These symbols are in fact people's language. Unfortunately, many of these symbols
are both subject to copyright and not interoperable. That means end users can only
use one device, and cannot use content, apps, or assistive technologies that have
not been made by a single company.
</p>
<p>This Success Criterion enables symbols to be interoperable so that symbol users can
understand different content that was not just made by one company. When users' symbols
are mapped to the same nodes, then user agents can load the user-understandable symbol.
People can then buy the symbols and use them across different devices or applications.
(Note that the symbols would still be proprietary, but they could then be interoperable.)
</p>
</section>
<section id="benefits">
<h2>Benefits</h2>
<p>People who benefit have many different cognitive disabilities including:</p>
<ul>
<li>Memory</li>
<li>Focus and attention</li>
<li>Language-related</li>
<li>Executive function and decision making.</li>
</ul>
<p>Meeting this Success Criterion helps users who need extra support or a familiar interface,
including the need for:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Symbols and graphics with which users are familiar</li>
<li>Fewer features and less cognitive overload</li>
<li>Keyboard shortcuts</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<ul>
<li>A website uses <a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/practices/landmark-regions/">ARIA landmarks</a> to identify the regions of the page, and users can hide areas that do not have a
role of <code>main</code>.
</li>
<li>The links in the navigation of a website are marked up so that users can add their
own icons.
</li>
<li>Icons on a website are marked up so that users can substitute their own icon sets
into the page.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="resources">
<h2>Related Resources</h2>
<p>Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rawgit.com/w3c/coga/master/issue-papers/personalization-preferences.html">Issue-papers on personalization and preferences</a></li>
<li>An <a href="https://github.com/ayelet-seeman/coga.personalisation/tree/ExampleWebPage/">example of adaptive page</a></li>
<li><a href="https://w3c.github.io/wcag/coga/user-research.html">Background research document</a></li>
<li><a href="https://w3c.github.io/personalization-semantics/">Semantics for adaptive interfaces</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="techniques">
<h2>Techniques</h2>
<p>Each numbered item in this section represents a technique or combination of techniques
that the WCAG Working Group deems sufficient for meeting this Success Criterion. However,
it is not necessary to use these particular techniques. For information on using other
techniques, see <a href="understanding-techniques">Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria</a>, particularly the "Other Techniques" section.
</p>
<section id="sufficient">
<h3>Sufficient Techniques</h3>
<ul>
<li>Programmatically indicating the purpose of icons, regions and user interface components</li>
<li><a class="aria" href="https://w3c.github.io/wcag/techniques/aria/ARIA11">ARIA11: Using ARIA landmarks to identify regions of a page</a> AND
</li>
<li>Using microdata to markup user interface components (future link)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="advisory">
<h3>Advisory Techniques</h3>
<p>Although not required for conformance, the following additional techniques should
be considered in order to make content more accessible. Not all techniques can be
used or would be effective in all situations.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Enabling user agents to find the version of the content that best fits their needs</li>
<li>Using semantics to identify important features (e.g., <code>coga-simplification="simplest"</code>)
</li>
<li>Using <code>aria-invalid</code> and <code>aria-required</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="key-terms">
<details>
<summary>
<h2>Key Terms</h2>
</summary>
<dt id="dfn-assistive-technology">assistive technology</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">hardware and/or software that acts as a <a href="#dfn-user-agent">user agent</a>, or along with a mainstream user agent, to provide functionality to meet the requirements
of users with disabilities that go beyond those offered by mainstream user agents
</p>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>Functionality provided by assistive technology includes alternative presentations
(e.g., as synthesized speech or magnified content), alternative input methods (e.g.,
voice), additional navigation or orientation mechanisms, and content transformations
(e.g., to make tables more accessible).
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>Assistive technologies often communicate data and messages with mainstream user agents
by using and monitoring APIs.
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>The distinction between mainstream user agents and assistive technologies is not absolute.
Many mainstream user agents provide some features to assist individuals with disabilities.
The basic difference is that mainstream user agents target broad and diverse audiences
that usually include people with and without disabilities. Assistive technologies
target narrowly defined populations of users with specific disabilities. The assistance
provided by an assistive technology is more specific and appropriate to the needs
of its target users. The mainstream user agent may provide important functionality
to assistive technologies like retrieving Web content from program objects or parsing
markup into identifiable bundles.
</p>
</div>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Assistive technologies that are important in the context of this document include
the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>screen magnifiers, and other visual reading assistants, which are used by people with
visual, perceptual and physical print disabilities to change text font, size, spacing,
color, synchronization with speech, etc. in order to improve the visual readability
of rendered text and images;
</li>
<li>screen readers, which are used by people who are blind to read textual information
through synthesized speech or braille;
</li>
<li>text-to-speech software, which is used by some people with cognitive, language, and
learning disabilities to convert text into synthetic speech;
</li>
<li>speech recognition software, which may be used by people who have some physical disabilities;</li>
<li>alternative keyboards, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities
to simulate the keyboard (including alternate keyboards that use head pointers, single
switches, sip/puff and other special input devices.);
</li>
<li>alternative pointing devices, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities
to simulate mouse pointing and button activations.
</li>
</ul>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-programmatically-determined">programmatically determined</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">determined by software from author-supplied data provided in a way that different
<a href="#dfn-user-agent">user agents</a>, including <a href="#dfn-assistive-technology">assistive technologies</a>, can extract and present this information to users in different modalities
</p>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Determined in a markup language from elements and attributes that are accessed directly
by commonly available assistive technology.
</p>
</aside>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Determined from technology-specific data structures in a non-markup language and exposed
to assistive technology via an accessibility API that is supported by commonly available
assistive technology.
</p>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-region">region</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">perceivable, programmatically determined section of content</p>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>In HTML, any area designated with a landmark role would be a region.</p>
</div>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-user-agent">user agent</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">any software that retrieves and presents Web content for users</p>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>Web browsers, media players, plug-ins, and other programs — including <a href="#dfn-assistive-technology">assistive technologies</a> — that help in retrieving, rendering, and interacting with Web content.
</p>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
<dt id="dfn-user-interface-component">user interface component</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">a part of the content that is perceived by users as a single control for a distinct
function
</p>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>Multiple user interface components may be implemented as a single programmatic element.
"Components" here is not tied to programming techniques, but rather to what the user
perceives as separate controls.
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>User interface components include form elements and links as well as components generated
by scripts.
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>What is meant by "component" or "user interface component" here is also sometimes
called "user interface element".
</p>
</div>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>An applet has a "control" that can be used to move through content by line or page
or random access. Since each of these would need to have a name and be settable independently,
they would each be a "user interface component."
</p>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
</details>
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<p><strong>Date:</strong> Updated 14 February 2024.
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<p><strong>Developed by</strong> <a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/ag/participants">Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (AG WG) Participants</a> (Co-Chairs: Alastair Campbell, Charles Adams, Rachael Bradley Montgomery. W3C Staff
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