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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>Understanding Success Criterion 2.4.12: Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced) | WAI | W3C</title>
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<aside class="box nav-hack sidebar standalone-resource__sidebar ">
<nav>
<header class="box-h ">Page Contents</header>
<div class="box-i">
<ul>
<li><a href="#brief">In Brief</a></li>
<li><a href="#intent">Intent</a></li>
<li><a href="#benefits">Benefits</a></li>
<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a href="#techniques">Techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="#key-terms">Key Terms</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</aside>
<main id="main" class="standalone-resource__main">
<h1><span class="standalone-resource__type-of-guidance">Understanding
SC 2.4.12:</span>Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced) (Level AAA)
</h1>
<aside class="box">
<header class="box-h box-h-icon">Success Criterion (SC) </header>
<div class="box-i">
<p>When a <a href="#dfn-user-interface-component">user interface component</a> receives keyboard focus, no part of the component is hidden by author-created content.
</p>
</div>
</aside>
<div class="excol-all"></div>
<section id="brief">
<h2>In Brief</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Goal</dt>
<dd>Don't cover any part of the item with focus.</dd>
<dt>What to do</dt>
<dd>Ensure when an item gets keyboard focus, it is fully visible.</dd>
<dt>Why it's important</dt>
<dd>People who can't use a mouse need to see what has keyboard focus.</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="intent">
<h2>Intent</h2>
<p>The intent of this Success Criterion is to ensure that the item receiving keyboard
focus is always visible in the user's viewport. For sighted people who rely on a keyboard
(or on a device that operates through the keyboard interface, such as a switch or
voice input), knowing the current point of focus is critical. The component with focus
signals the interaction point on the page. Where users cannot see the item with focus,
they may not know how to proceed, or may even think the system has become unresponsive.
</p>
<p>Typical types of content that can overlap focused items are sticky footers, sticky
headers, and non-modal dialogs. As a user tabs through the page, these layers of content
can hide the item receiving focus, along with its focus indicator.
</p>
<p>A notification implemented as sticky content, such as a cookie banner, will fail this
Success Criterion if it partially covers a component receiving focus. Ways of passing
include making the banner modal so the user has to dismiss the banner before navigating
through the page, or using <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-scroll-snap/#propdef-scroll-padding">scroll padding</a> so the banner does not overlap other content. Notifications that do not require user
action could also meet this criterion by closing on loss of focus.
</p>
<p>Another form of obscuring can occur where light boxes or other semi-opaque effects
overlap the item with focus. This form of obscuring is <em>not</em> in scope for this Success Criterion. While less than 100 percent opacity is not causing
the component to be <q>visually hidden</q>, such semi-opaque overlaps may cause a failure of <a href="../understanding/focus-appearance.html">2.4.11 Focus Appearance</a>. When a focus indicator can be covered by a semi-opaque component, the the focus
indicator should be assessed against 2.4.11. The intention in both situations is that
the component receiving focus should never be obscured to the point a user cannot
tell which item has focus.
</p>
</section>
<section id="benefits">
<h2>Benefits</h2>
<ul>
<li>Sighted users who rely on a keyboard interface to operate the page will be able to
see the component which gets keyboard focus. Such users include those who rely on
devices which use the keyboard interface, including speech input, sip-and-puff software,
on-screen keyboards, scanning software, and a variety of assistive technologies and
alternate keyboards.
</li>
<li>People with limited or low vision but who rely upon a pointing device (for viewport
orientation and repositioning) benefit from a clearly visible indication of the current
point of keyboard interaction, especially where magnification reduces the overall
useable portion of content.
</li>
<li>People with attention limitations, short term memory limitations, or limitations in
executive processes benefit by being able to more easily discover where the focus
is located.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<ul>
<li>A page has a sticky footer (attached to the bottom of the viewport). When tabbing
down the page the focused item is not at all obscured by the footer because content
in the viewport scrolls up to always display the item with keyboard focus using <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-scroll-snap/#propdef-scroll-padding" rel="nofollow">scroll padding</a>.
</li>
<li>A page has a large (30% wide) cookie approval dialog. The dialog is modal, preventing
access to the other controls in the page until it has been dismissed. Focus is not
obscured because the cookie approval dialog (including the focus indicator) remains
on screen until selections are made and submitted.
</li>
<li>A notification is implemented as a sticky header and the keyboard focus is moved to
the notification. The notification disappears when it loses focus, and does not obscure
any other controls (including the focus indicator visible prior to the notification).
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="techniques">
<h2>Techniques</h2>
<p>Each numbered item in this section represents a technique or combination of techniques
that the WCAG Working Group deems sufficient for meeting this Success Criterion. However,
it is not necessary to use these particular techniques. For information on using other
techniques, see <a href="understanding-techniques">Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria</a>, particularly the "Other Techniques" section.
</p>
<section id="sufficient">
<h3>Sufficient Techniques</h3>
<ol>
<li> <a href="https://w3c.github.io/wcag/techniques/css/C43">C43: Using CSS scroll-padding to un-obscure content</a></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="failure">
<h3>Failures</h3>
<p>The following are common mistakes that are considered failures of this Success Criterion
by the WCAG Working Group.
</p>
<ul>
<li>An interaction that causes content to appear over the component with keyboard focus,
visually covering part of the focus indicator. This behavior might be encountered
with advertising or promotional material meant to provide more information about a
product as the user navigates through a catalogue.
</li>
<li>A page has a sticky footer (attached to the bottom of the viewport). When tabbing
down the page, a focused item is partially obscured by the footer because content
in the viewport scrolls without sufficient <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-scroll-snap/#propdef-scroll-padding" rel="nofollow">scroll padding</a>.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="key-terms">
<details>
<summary>
<h2>Key Terms</h2>
</summary>
<dt id="dfn-user-interface-component">user interface component</dt>
<dd>
<definition xmlns="">
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">a part of the content that is perceived by users as a single control for a distinct
function
</p>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>Multiple user interface components may be implemented as a single programmatic element.
"Components" here is not tied to programming techniques, but rather to what the user
perceives as separate controls.
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>User interface components include form elements and links as well as components generated
by scripts.
</p>
</div>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="note">
<p class="note-title marker">Note</p>
<p>What is meant by "component" or "user interface component" here is also sometimes
called "user interface element".
</p>
</div>
<aside xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="example">
<p>An applet has a "control" that can be used to move through content by line or page
or random access. Since each of these would need to have a name and be settable independently,
they would each be a "user interface component."
</p>
</aside>
</definition>
</dd>
</details>
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