diff --git a/baseapp/baseapp.go b/baseapp/baseapp.go
index 955a45d22ec4..cb712c8d3fe2 100644
--- a/baseapp/baseapp.go
+++ b/baseapp/baseapp.go
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func (app *BaseApp) loadStore() error {
 	for _, opt := range app.storeOpts {
 		opt(&config, latest)
 	}
-	app.store, err = multi.NewStore(app.db, config)
+	app.store, err = multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(app.db, config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load store: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/baseapp/baseapp_test.go b/baseapp/baseapp_test.go
index ad57a1886e26..86ccba7a7ad4 100644
--- a/baseapp/baseapp_test.go
+++ b/baseapp/baseapp_test.go
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func initStore(t *testing.T, db dbm.DBConnection, storeKey string, k, v []byte)
 	opts := multi.DefaultStoreParams()
 	opts.Pruning = stypes.PruneNothing
 	require.NoError(t, opts.RegisterSubstore(key, stypes.StoreTypePersistent))
-	rs, err := multi.NewStore(db, opts)
+	rs, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, opts)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(0), rs.LastCommitID().Version)
 
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ func checkStore(t *testing.T, db dbm.DBConnection, ver int64, storeKey string, k
 	opts.Pruning = stypes.PruneNothing
 	key := sdk.NewKVStoreKey(storeKey)
 	require.NoError(t, opts.RegisterSubstore(key, stypes.StoreTypePersistent))
-	rs, err := multi.NewStore(db, opts)
+	rs, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, opts)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, ver, rs.LastCommitID().Version)
 
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ func TestLoadVersionPruning(t *testing.T) {
 	// CacheMultiStoreWithVersion returned no error on missing version (?)
 	for _, v := range []int64{1, 2, 4} {
 		_, err = app.Store().GetVersion(v)
-		require.Error(t, err, "version=%v", v)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "version=%v", v)
 	}
 
 	for _, v := range []int64{3, 5, 6, 7} {
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ func TestInitChainer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	app.Commit()
 	res = app.Query(query)
-	require.True(t, res.IsOK())
+	require.True(t, res.IsOK(), res.Log)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(1), app.LastBlockHeight())
 	require.Equal(t, value, res.Value)
 	require.NoError(t, app.CloseStore())
diff --git a/internal/db/legacy_adapter.go b/internal/db/legacy_adapter.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1b6f5b7d81e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/db/legacy_adapter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package db
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	dbm "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/db"
+
+	tmdb "github.com/tendermint/tm-db"
+)
+
+// An adapter used to wrap objects supporting cosmos-sdk/db interface so that they support
+// the tm-db interface.
+//
+// This serves as a transitional step in introducing the new DB interface while maintaining
+// compatibility with existing code that expects the old interface.
+type tmdbAdapter struct {
+	dbm.DBReadWriter
+	db dbm.DBConnection
+}
+type tmdbBatchAdapter struct {
+	*tmdbAdapter
+	written bool
+}
+
+var (
+	_ tmdb.DB = (*tmdbAdapter)(nil)
+)
+
+// ConnectionAsTmdb returns a tmdb.DB which wraps a DBConnection.
+func ConnectionAsTmdb(db dbm.DBConnection) *tmdbAdapter { return &tmdbAdapter{db.ReadWriter(), db} }
+
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) Close() error { return d.db.Close() }
+
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) sync() error {
+	err := d.DBReadWriter.Commit()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	d.DBReadWriter = d.db.ReadWriter()
+	return nil
+}
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) DeleteSync(k []byte) error {
+	err := d.DBReadWriter.Delete(k)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return d.sync()
+}
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) SetSync(k, v []byte) error {
+	err := d.DBReadWriter.Set(k, v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return d.sync()
+}
+
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) Iterator(s, e []byte) (tmdb.Iterator, error) {
+	it, err := d.DBReadWriter.Iterator(s, e)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return DBToStoreIterator(it), nil
+}
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) ReverseIterator(s, e []byte) (tmdb.Iterator, error) {
+	it, err := d.DBReadWriter.ReverseIterator(s, e)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return DBToStoreIterator(it), nil
+}
+
+// NewBatch returns a tmdb.Batch which wraps a DBWriter.
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) NewBatch() tmdb.Batch {
+	return &tmdbBatchAdapter{d, false}
+}
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) Print() error             { return nil }
+func (d *tmdbAdapter) Stats() map[string]string { return nil }
+
+func (d *tmdbBatchAdapter) Set(k, v []byte) error {
+	if d.written {
+		return errors.New("Batch already written")
+	}
+	return d.tmdbAdapter.Set(k, v)
+}
+func (d *tmdbBatchAdapter) Delete(k []byte) error {
+	if d.written {
+		return errors.New("Batch already written")
+	}
+	return d.tmdbAdapter.Delete(k)
+}
+func (d *tmdbBatchAdapter) WriteSync() error {
+	if d.written {
+		return errors.New("Batch already written")
+	}
+	d.written = true
+	return d.sync()
+}
+func (d *tmdbBatchAdapter) Write() error {
+	if d.written {
+		return errors.New("Batch already written")
+	}
+	return d.WriteSync()
+}
+func (d *tmdbBatchAdapter) Close() error { return nil }
diff --git a/store/v2/multi/v1asv2.go b/store/v2/multi/v1asv2.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..97008270529f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/store/v2/multi/v1asv2.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package multi
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/db"
+	dbutil "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/internal/db"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/rootmulti"
+	v1 "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
+	v2 "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	_ v2.CommitMultiStore = store1as2{}
+	_ v2.Queryable        = store1as2{}
+	_ v2.CacheMultiStore  = cacheStore1as2{}
+)
+
+type store1as2 struct {
+	*rootmulti.Store
+}
+
+type cacheStore1as2 struct {
+	v1.CacheMultiStore
+}
+
+// NewV1MultiStoreAsV2 constructs a v1 CommitMultiStore from v2.StoreParams
+func NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(database db.DBConnection, opts StoreParams) (v2.CommitMultiStore, error) {
+	cms := rootmulti.NewStore(dbutil.ConnectionAsTmdb(database))
+	for name, typ := range opts.StoreSchema {
+		switch typ {
+		case v2.StoreTypePersistent:
+			typ = v1.StoreTypeIAVL
+		}
+		skey, err := opts.storeKey(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		cms.MountStoreWithDB(skey, typ, nil)
+	}
+	cms.SetPruning(opts.Pruning)
+	err := cms.SetInitialVersion(int64(opts.InitialVersion))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	err = cms.LoadLatestVersionAndUpgrade(opts.Upgrades)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for skey, ls := range opts.listeners {
+		cms.AddListeners(skey, ls)
+	}
+	cms.SetTracer(opts.TraceWriter)
+	cms.SetTracingContext(opts.TraceContext)
+	return store1as2{cms}, nil
+}
+
+func WrapStoreAsV2CommitMultiStore(s *rootmulti.Store) v2.CommitMultiStore {
+	return store1as2{s}
+}
+
+func WrapCacheStoreAsV2CacheMultiStore(cs v1.CacheMultiStore) v2.CacheMultiStore {
+	return cacheStore1as2{cs}
+}
+
+// commit store
+
+func (s store1as2) CacheWrap() v2.CacheMultiStore {
+	return cacheStore1as2{s.CacheMultiStore()}
+}
+func (s store1as2) GetVersion(ver int64) (v2.MultiStore, error) {
+	ret, err := s.CacheMultiStoreWithVersion(ver)
+	return cacheStore1as2{ret}, err
+}
+func (s store1as2) Close() error { return nil }
+func (s store1as2) SetInitialVersion(ver uint64) error {
+	return s.Store.SetInitialVersion(int64(ver))
+}
+
+func (s store1as2) SetTracer(w io.Writer)                { s.SetTracer(w) }
+func (s store1as2) SetTracingContext(tc v2.TraceContext) { s.SetTracingContext(tc) }
+
+// cache store
+
+func (s cacheStore1as2) CacheWrap() v2.CacheMultiStore {
+	return cacheStore1as2{s.CacheMultiStore.CacheMultiStore()}
+}
+
+func (s cacheStore1as2) SetTracer(w io.Writer)                { s.SetTracer(w) }
+func (s cacheStore1as2) SetTracingContext(tc v2.TraceContext) { s.SetTracingContext(tc) }
diff --git a/testutil/context.go b/testutil/context.go
index 781f73f8aa53..b2eb0f4d1996 100644
--- a/testutil/context.go
+++ b/testutil/context.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func DefaultContext(key, tkey stypes.StoreKey) (ret sdk.Context) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	rs, err := multi.NewStore(db, opts)
+	rs, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/x/group/keeper/invariants_test.go b/x/group/keeper/invariants_test.go
index 8809aa9f5730..519dace8b994 100644
--- a/x/group/keeper/invariants_test.go
+++ b/x/group/keeper/invariants_test.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (s *invariantTestSuite) SetupSuite() {
 	db := memdb.NewDB()
 	config := multi.DefaultStoreParams()
 	s.Require().NoError(config.RegisterSubstore(key.Name(), storetypes.StoreTypePersistent))
-	ms, err := multi.NewStore(db, config)
+	ms, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, config)
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	sdkCtx := sdk.NewContext(ms, tmproto.Header{}, false, log.NewNopLogger())
 
diff --git a/x/params/types/subspace_test.go b/x/params/types/subspace_test.go
index 068ee3026a11..6039f26bfc18 100644
--- a/x/params/types/subspace_test.go
+++ b/x/params/types/subspace_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (suite *SubspaceTestSuite) SetupTest() {
 	config := multi.DefaultStoreParams()
 	suite.NoError(config.RegisterSubstore(key.Name(), storetypes.StoreTypePersistent))
 	suite.NoError(config.RegisterSubstore(tkey.Name(), storetypes.StoreTypeTransient))
-	ms, err := multi.NewStore(db, config)
+	ms, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, config)
 	suite.NoError(err)
 
 	encCfg := simapp.MakeTestEncodingConfig()
diff --git a/x/upgrade/types/storeloader.go b/x/upgrade/types/storeloader.go
index 2d533c7f045d..0c918e3ef3f3 100644
--- a/x/upgrade/types/storeloader.go
+++ b/x/upgrade/types/storeloader.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func UpgradeStoreOption(upgradeHeight uint64, storeUpgrades *storetypes.StoreUpg
 		// Check if the current commit version and upgrade height matches
 		if upgradeHeight == loadHeight+1 {
 			if len(storeUpgrades.Renamed) > 0 || len(storeUpgrades.Deleted) > 0 || len(storeUpgrades.Added) > 0 {
-				par.Upgrades = append(par.Upgrades, *storeUpgrades)
+				par.Upgrades = storeUpgrades
 			}
 		}
 		return nil
diff --git a/x/upgrade/types/storeloader_test.go b/x/upgrade/types/storeloader_test.go
index 8305337c47fd..898c20e16725 100644
--- a/x/upgrade/types/storeloader_test.go
+++ b/x/upgrade/types/storeloader_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func defaultLogger() log.Logger {
 
 func initStore(t *testing.T, db dbm.DBConnection, config multi.StoreParams, storeKey string, k, v []byte) {
 	key := sdk.NewKVStoreKey(storeKey)
-	rs, err := multi.NewStore(db, config)
+	rs, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, config)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	rs.SetPruning(storetypes.PruneNothing)
 	require.Equal(t, int64(0), rs.LastCommitID().Version)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func initStore(t *testing.T, db dbm.DBConnection, config multi.StoreParams, stor
 
 func checkStore(t *testing.T, db dbm.DBConnection, config multi.StoreParams, ver int64, storeKey string, k, v []byte) {
 	key := sdk.NewKVStoreKey(storeKey)
-	rs, err := multi.NewStore(db, config)
+	rs, err := multi.NewV1MultiStoreAsV2(db, config)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	rs.SetPruning(storetypes.PruneNothing)
 	require.Equal(t, ver, rs.LastCommitID().Version)