Source Models

Sources are representations of earthquakes that occur with some rate. They can be well defined faults with a specific geometry, or point sources derived from historic earthquake catalogs for which planar pseudo-fault representations are used. In either case, there may be multiple earthquake sizes associated with a given source.

Outline

• Source File Structure
  • Sample file structure
  • Configuration
• Common Source Elements
  • Magnitude-Frequency Distributions (MFDs)
  • Rupture-Scaling Relations
• Source Files & Types
  • Area Sources
  • Cluster Sources
  • Fault Sources
  • Fault System Sources
  • Grid Sources
  • Subduction Interface Sources
  • Subduction Intraslab Sources

Source File Structure

An earthquake source model, or HazardModel (source), is specified using XML files grouped in folders by source type. The currently supported source types are:

[ Area, Cluster, Fault, Grid, Interface, Slab, System ]

One level of nested folders is permitted to facilitate logical source groups and the use of different ground motion models (GMMs). Source files, except those for Fault System Sources, and nested source group folders may be given any name. Ground motions are computed using the models defined in the gmm.xml file in each source directory. If a source group does not contain gmm.xml, one is required in the parent source type folder.

Sample file structure:

/ModelDirectory
    config.json
    /Fault                         <---------- source type
        faultSources1.xml
        faultSources2.xml
        ...
        gmm.xml
        /FaultGroup                <--------- source group
            otherFaultSources.xml
            gmm.xml
    /Grid
        gridSources.xml
        ...
        gmm.xml                    <-- uses parent GMMs --
        /GridGroup1                                      |
            otherGridSources.xml                    ------
        /GridGroup2
            otherGridSources.xml
            gmm.xml
    ...

Common Source Elements

Magnitude-Frequency Distributions (MFDs)

A source requires a description of the sizes and rates of all earthquakes it is capable of generating, otherwise known as a magnitude-frequency distribution. For conciseness, all source files may supply default MFDs so that individual sources need only specify those attributes that are different from the default. Types:

• Single
• Gutenberg-Richter
• Tapered Gutenberg-Richter
• Incremental

<!-- Single magnitude MFD
        - Used to represent the rupture of a specific size event on a
          fault; historically this may have been referred to as a
          'characteristic' rupture.
        - Can float on or fill source. -->
<IncrementalMfd type="SINGLE"
    a="1.0" floats="[true | false]" m="6.5" weight="0.25" />

<!-- Gutenberg-Richter MFD
        - Used to represent a range of evenly discretized magnitude events
          with systematically varying rates.
        - Always floats when used for a fault source; never floats for grid
          sources.
        - 'a' is the incremental log10(number of M=0 events). -->
<IncrementalMfd type="GR"
    a="1.0" b="1.0" dMag="0.1" mMin="5.0" mMax="7.0" weight="0.25" />

<!-- Tapered Gutenberg-Richter MFD
        - Same as Gutenberg-Richter, above, but with an exponential taper
          applied to the cumulative number of events with seismic moment
          greater than M.
        - Only used for grid sources. -->
<IncrementalMfd type="GR_TAPER"
    a="1.0" b="1.0" dMag="0.1" mCut="6.5" mMin="5.0" mMax="7.0" weight="0.25" />

<!-- Incremental MFD
        - General purpose MFD that consists of varying magnitudes and rates. -->
<IncrementalMfd type="INCR" 
    mags="[5.05, 5.15, ...]" rates="[1.0e-2, 0.9e-2, ...]" 
    floats="[true | false]"  weight="0.25" />

Rupture Scaling Relations

Fault-based sources commonly require a model that describes the geometry of partial (or floating) ruptures. Likewise, grid sources require a model of fault-length or -area when building pseudo-faults or performing point source distance corrections that consider magnitude-dependent rupture sizes with unkown strike. Such models are composed of published magnitude-length or -area relations and restrictions on aspect-ratio and/or maximum rupture width that are independent of the published model.

See the API Docs for details on specific model combinations and implementations. A rupture scaling model is always sepcified as an attribute of <SourceProperties />; see examples below.

Rupture Floating Models

A rupture floating model manages how partial ruptures are floated across a fault source surface. See the API Docs for details on specific models. A rupture floating model is currently applied as a model configuration property.

Source Files & Types

Source files are written in plain old XML. All attributes present in the examples below are required. Exception: MFD's for specific sources may omit those attributes for which a reference, or default, MFD has been supplied; see examples below.

A note on value types: Most attribute values or element content are parsed as a String, Double, Double[] (array) or Boolean; those attribute values in ALL_CAPS are parsed as enum types and are case sensitive.

A note on using default MFDs: Default MFDs, if present, must be fully specified. Any MFD encountered in a source will map all missing attributes from the default of the same type. If no default for an MFD type is present, the source MFD must be fully specified.

TODO: source builders

Next: Configuration Files