diff --git a/src/auto/injector.js b/src/auto/injector.js
index b4995af8f6f6..c1cea832acde 100644
--- a/src/auto/injector.js
+++ b/src/auto/injector.js
@@ -70,12 +70,8 @@ var FN_ARG = /^\s*(_?)(\S+?)\1\s*$/;
 var STRIP_COMMENTS = /((\/\/.*$)|(\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\/))/mg;
 var $injectorMinErr = minErr('$injector');
 
-function stringifyFn(fn) {
-  return Function.prototype.toString.call(fn);
-}
-
 function extractArgs(fn) {
-  var fnText = stringifyFn(fn).replace(STRIP_COMMENTS, ''),
+  var fnText = Function.prototype.toString.call(fn).replace(STRIP_COMMENTS, ''),
       args = fnText.match(ARROW_ARG) || fnText.match(FN_ARGS);
   return args;
 }
@@ -914,19 +910,6 @@ function createInjector(modulesToLoad, strictDi) {
       return args;
     }
 
-    function isClass(func) {
-      // Support: IE 9-11 only
-      // IE 9-11 do not support classes and IE9 leaks with the code below.
-      if (msie || typeof func !== 'function') {
-        return false;
-      }
-      var result = func.$$ngIsClass;
-      if (!isBoolean(result)) {
-        result = func.$$ngIsClass = /^class\b/.test(stringifyFn(func));
-      }
-      return result;
-    }
-
     function invoke(fn, self, locals, serviceName) {
       if (typeof locals === 'string') {
         serviceName = locals;
@@ -938,14 +921,9 @@ function createInjector(modulesToLoad, strictDi) {
         fn = fn[fn.length - 1];
       }
 
-      if (!isClass(fn)) {
-        // http://jsperf.com/angularjs-invoke-apply-vs-switch
-        // #5388
-        return fn.apply(self, args);
-      } else {
-        args.unshift(null);
-        return new (Function.prototype.bind.apply(fn, args))();
-      }
+      // http://jsperf.com/angularjs-invoke-apply-vs-switch
+      // #5388
+      return fn.apply(self, args);
     }
 
 
diff --git a/src/ng/compile.js b/src/ng/compile.js
index e8bd8ca01668..5dd5e4ff90da 100644
--- a/src/ng/compile.js
+++ b/src/ng/compile.js
@@ -2788,10 +2788,6 @@ function $CompileProvider($provide, $$sanitizeUriProvider) {
           };
         }
 
-        if (controllerDirectives) {
-          elementControllers = setupControllers($element, attrs, transcludeFn, controllerDirectives, isolateScope, scope, newIsolateScopeDirective);
-        }
-
         if (newIsolateScopeDirective) {
           // Initialize isolate scope bindings for new isolate scope directive.
           compile.$$addScopeInfo($element, isolateScope, true, !(templateDirective && (templateDirective === newIsolateScopeDirective ||
@@ -2807,53 +2803,69 @@ function $CompileProvider($provide, $$sanitizeUriProvider) {
           }
         }
 
-        // Initialize bindToController bindings
-        for (var name in elementControllers) {
-          var controllerDirective = controllerDirectives[name];
-          var controller = elementControllers[name];
-          var bindings = controllerDirective.$$bindings.bindToController;
+        if (controllerDirectives) {
+          elementControllers = createMap();
+          for (var name in controllerDirectives) {
+            var directive = controllerDirectives[name];
+            var locals = {
+              $scope: directive === newIsolateScopeDirective || directive.$$isolateScope ? isolateScope : scope,
+              $element: $element,
+              $attrs: attrs,
+              $transclude: transcludeFn
+            };
 
-          controller.instance = controller();
-          $element.data('$' + controllerDirective.name + 'Controller', controller.instance);
-          controller.bindingInfo =
-            initializeDirectiveBindings(controllerScope, attrs, controller.instance, bindings, controllerDirective);
-          }
+            var controllerConstructor = directive.controller;
+            if (controllerConstructor === '@') {
+              controllerConstructor = attrs[name];
+            }
 
-        // Bind the required controllers to the controller, if `require` is an object and `bindToController` is truthy
-        forEach(controllerDirectives, function(controllerDirective, name) {
-          var require = controllerDirective.require;
-          if (controllerDirective.bindToController && !isArray(require) && isObject(require)) {
-            extend(elementControllers[name].instance, getControllers(name, require, $element, elementControllers));
+            var instance = $controller(controllerConstructor, locals, directive.controllerAs);
+
+            $element.data('$' + name + 'Controller', instance);
+
+            // Initialize bindToController bindings
+            var bindings = directive.$$bindings.bindToController;
+            var bindingInfo = initializeDirectiveBindings(controllerScope, attrs, instance, bindings, directive);
+
+            elementControllers[name] = { instance: instance, bindingInfo: bindingInfo };
           }
-        });
 
-        // Handle the init and destroy lifecycle hooks on all controllers that have them
-        forEach(elementControllers, function(controller) {
-          var controllerInstance = controller.instance;
-          if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onChanges)) {
-            try {
-              controllerInstance.$onChanges(controller.bindingInfo.initialChanges);
-            } catch (e) {
-              $exceptionHandler(e);
+          // Bind the required controllers to the controller, if `require` is an object and `bindToController` is truthy
+          forEach(controllerDirectives, function(controllerDirective, name) {
+            var require = controllerDirective.require;
+            if (controllerDirective.bindToController && !isArray(require) && isObject(require)) {
+              extend(elementControllers[name].instance, getControllers(name, require, $element, elementControllers));
             }
-          }
-          if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onInit)) {
-            try {
-              controllerInstance.$onInit();
-            } catch (e) {
-              $exceptionHandler(e);
+          });
+
+          // Handle the init and destroy lifecycle hooks on all controllers that have them
+          forEach(elementControllers, function(controller) {
+            var controllerInstance = controller.instance;
+            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onChanges)) {
+              try {
+                controllerInstance.$onChanges(controller.bindingInfo.initialChanges);
+              } catch (e) {
+                $exceptionHandler(e);
+              }
             }
-          }
-          if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$doCheck)) {
-            controllerScope.$watch(function() { controllerInstance.$doCheck(); });
-            controllerInstance.$doCheck();
-          }
-          if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onDestroy)) {
-            controllerScope.$on('$destroy', function callOnDestroyHook() {
-              controllerInstance.$onDestroy();
-            });
-          }
-        });
+            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onInit)) {
+              try {
+                controllerInstance.$onInit();
+              } catch (e) {
+                $exceptionHandler(e);
+              }
+            }
+            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$doCheck)) {
+              controllerScope.$watch(function() { controllerInstance.$doCheck(); });
+              controllerInstance.$doCheck();
+            }
+            if (isFunction(controllerInstance.$onDestroy)) {
+              controllerScope.$on('$destroy', function callOnDestroyHook() {
+                controllerInstance.$onDestroy();
+              });
+            }
+          });
+        }
 
         // PRELINKING
         for (i = 0, ii = preLinkFns.length; i < ii; i++) {
@@ -2981,34 +2993,6 @@ function $CompileProvider($provide, $$sanitizeUriProvider) {
       return value || null;
     }
 
-    function setupControllers($element, attrs, transcludeFn, controllerDirectives, isolateScope, scope, newIsolateScopeDirective) {
-      var elementControllers = createMap();
-      for (var controllerKey in controllerDirectives) {
-        var directive = controllerDirectives[controllerKey];
-        var locals = {
-          $scope: directive === newIsolateScopeDirective || directive.$$isolateScope ? isolateScope : scope,
-          $element: $element,
-          $attrs: attrs,
-          $transclude: transcludeFn
-        };
-
-        var controller = directive.controller;
-        if (controller === '@') {
-          controller = attrs[directive.name];
-        }
-
-        var controllerInstance = $controller(controller, locals, true, directive.controllerAs);
-
-        // For directives with element transclusion the element is a comment.
-        // In this case .data will not attach any data.
-        // Instead, we save the controllers for the element in a local hash and attach to .data
-        // later, once we have the actual element.
-        elementControllers[directive.name] = controllerInstance;
-        $element.data('$' + directive.name + 'Controller', controllerInstance.instance);
-      }
-      return elementControllers;
-    }
-
     // Depending upon the context in which a directive finds itself it might need to have a new isolated
     // or child scope created. For instance:
     // * if the directive has been pulled into a template because another directive with a higher priority
diff --git a/src/ng/controller.js b/src/ng/controller.js
index 3b8d6196449b..8148307bd431 100644
--- a/src/ng/controller.js
+++ b/src/ng/controller.js
@@ -81,16 +81,11 @@ function $ControllerProvider() {
      * It's just a simple call to {@link auto.$injector $injector}, but extracted into
      * a service, so that one can override this service with [BC version](https://gist.github.com/1649788).
      */
-    return function $controller(expression, locals, later, ident) {
+    return function $controller(expression, locals, ident) {
       // PRIVATE API:
-      //   param `later` --- indicates that the controller's constructor is invoked at a later time.
-      //                     If true, $controller will allocate the object with the correct
-      //                     prototype chain, but will not invoke the controller until a returned
-      //                     callback is invoked.
       //   param `ident` --- An optional label which overrides the label parsed from the controller
       //                     expression, if any.
       var instance, match, constructor, identifier;
-      later = later === true;
       if (ident && isString(ident)) {
         identifier = ident;
       }
@@ -116,41 +111,6 @@ function $ControllerProvider() {
         assertArgFn(expression, constructor, true);
       }
 
-      if (later) {
-        // Instantiate controller later:
-        // This machinery is used to create an instance of the object before calling the
-        // controller's constructor itself.
-        //
-        // This allows properties to be added to the controller before the constructor is
-        // invoked. Primarily, this is used for isolate scope bindings in $compile.
-        //
-        // This feature is not intended for use by applications, and is thus not documented
-        // publicly.
-        // Object creation: http://jsperf.com/create-constructor/2
-        var controllerPrototype = (isArray(expression) ?
-          expression[expression.length - 1] : expression).prototype;
-        instance = Object.create(controllerPrototype || null);
-
-        if (identifier) {
-          addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, constructor || expression.name);
-        }
-
-        return extend(function $controllerInit() {
-          var result = $injector.invoke(expression, instance, locals, constructor);
-          if (result !== instance && (isObject(result) || isFunction(result))) {
-            instance = result;
-            if (identifier) {
-              // If result changed, re-assign controllerAs value to scope.
-              addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, constructor || expression.name);
-            }
-          }
-          return instance;
-        }, {
-          instance: instance,
-          identifier: identifier
-        });
-      }
-
       instance = $injector.instantiate(expression, locals, constructor);
 
       if (identifier) {
diff --git a/src/ngMock/angular-mocks.js b/src/ngMock/angular-mocks.js
index fd3041d3ac8d..fc8f5d543cbf 100644
--- a/src/ngMock/angular-mocks.js
+++ b/src/ngMock/angular-mocks.js
@@ -2332,14 +2332,11 @@ angular.mock.$RootElementProvider = function() {
  */
 function createControllerDecorator() {
   angular.mock.$ControllerDecorator = ['$delegate', function($delegate) {
-    return function(expression, locals, later, ident) {
-      if (later && typeof later === 'object') {
-        var instantiate = $delegate(expression, locals, true, ident);
-        var instance = instantiate();
-        angular.extend(instance, later);
-        return instance;
-      }
-      return $delegate(expression, locals, later, ident);
+    return function(expression, locals, bindings, ident) {
+      if (angular.isString(bindings)) ident = bindings;
+      var instance = $delegate(expression, locals, ident);
+      angular.extend(instance, bindings);
+      return instance;
     };
   }];
 
diff --git a/test/auto/injectorSpec.js b/test/auto/injectorSpec.js
index 7f5254e201e6..7189c95de5f7 100644
--- a/test/auto/injectorSpec.js
+++ b/test/auto/injectorSpec.js
@@ -482,25 +482,6 @@ describe('injector', function() {
           expect(instance).toEqual(new Clazz('a-value'));
           expect(instance.aVal()).toEqual('a-value');
         });
-
-        they('should detect ES6 classes regardless of whitespace/comments ($prop)', [
-          'class Test {}',
-          'class Test{}',
-          'class //<--ES6 stuff\nTest {}',
-          'class//<--ES6 stuff\nTest {}',
-          'class {}',
-          'class{}',
-          'class //<--ES6 stuff\n {}',
-          'class//<--ES6 stuff\n {}',
-          'class/* Test */{}',
-          'class /* Test */ {}'
-        ], function(classDefinition) {
-          // eslint-disable-next-line no-eval
-          var Clazz = eval('(' + classDefinition + ')');
-          var instance = injector.invoke(Clazz);
-
-          expect(instance).toEqual(jasmine.any(Clazz));
-        });
       }
     });