diff --git a/jest/create-jest-config.cjs b/jest/create-jest-config.cjs
index 3ab2429e19..63e9394dbe 100644
--- a/jest/create-jest-config.cjs
+++ b/jest/create-jest-config.cjs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ module.exports = function createJestConfig(root, options) {
   return Object.assign(
     {
       rootDir: root,
-      setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>../../jest/custom-matchers.ts', ...setupFilesAfterEnv],
+      setupFilesAfterEnv: [
+        '<rootDir>../../jest/custom-matchers.ts',
+        '<rootDir>../../jest/polyfills.ts',
+        ...setupFilesAfterEnv,
+      ],
       transform: {
         '^.+\\.(t|j)sx?$': '@swc/jest',
         ...transform,
diff --git a/jest/polyfills.ts b/jest/polyfills.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f928491855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jest/polyfills.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// JSDOM Doesn't implement innerText yet: https://github.com/jsdom/jsdom/issues/1245
+// So this is a hacky way of implementing it using `textContent`.
+// Real implementation doesn't use textContent because:
+// > textContent gets the content of all elements, including <script> and <style> elements. In
+// > contrast, innerText only shows "human-readable" elements.
+// >
+// > — https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Node/textContent#differences_from_innertext
+Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, 'innerText', {
+  get() {
+    return this.textContent
+  },
+  set(value) {
+    this.textContent = value
+  },
+})
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-react/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/@headlessui-react/CHANGELOG.md
index c43fe32125..e0e3ba571e 100644
--- a/packages/@headlessui-react/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-react/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 - Ensure `FocusTrap` is only active when the given `enabled` value is `true` ([#2456](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2456))
 - Stop `<Transition appear>` from overwriting classes on re-render ([#2457](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2457))
+- Improve control over `Menu` and `Listbox` options while searching ([#2471](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2471))
 
 ## [1.7.14] - 2023-04-12
 
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/listbox/listbox.tsx b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/listbox/listbox.tsx
index ad60c66b5e..db4652252d 100644
--- a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/listbox/listbox.tsx
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/listbox/listbox.tsx
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ import { useEvent } from '../../hooks/use-event'
 import { useControllable } from '../../hooks/use-controllable'
 import { useLatestValue } from '../../hooks/use-latest-value'
 import { useTrackedPointer } from '../../hooks/use-tracked-pointer'
+import { useTextValue } from '../../hooks/use-text-value'
 
 enum ListboxStates {
   Open,
@@ -934,12 +935,13 @@ function OptionFn<
 
   let selected = data.isSelected(value)
   let internalOptionRef = useRef<HTMLLIElement | null>(null)
+  let getTextValue = useTextValue(internalOptionRef)
   let bag = useLatestValue<ListboxOptionDataRef<TType>['current']>({
     disabled,
     value,
     domRef: internalOptionRef,
     get textValue() {
-      return internalOptionRef.current?.textContent?.toLowerCase()
+      return getTextValue()
     },
   })
   let optionRef = useSyncRefs(ref, internalOptionRef)
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/menu/menu.tsx b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/menu/menu.tsx
index 0ed50af190..24769a528a 100644
--- a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/menu/menu.tsx
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/components/menu/menu.tsx
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ import { useResolveButtonType } from '../../hooks/use-resolve-button-type'
 import { useOwnerDocument } from '../../hooks/use-owner'
 import { useEvent } from '../../hooks/use-event'
 import { useTrackedPointer } from '../../hooks/use-tracked-pointer'
+import { useTextValue } from '../../hooks/use-text-value'
 
 enum MenuStates {
   Open,
@@ -636,14 +637,19 @@ function ItemFn<TTag extends ElementType = typeof DEFAULT_ITEM_TAG>(
     /* We also want to trigger this when the position of the active item changes so that we can re-trigger the scrollIntoView */ state.activeItemIndex,
   ])
 
-  let bag = useRef<MenuItemDataRef['current']>({ disabled, domRef: internalItemRef })
+  let getTextValue = useTextValue(internalItemRef)
+
+  let bag = useRef<MenuItemDataRef['current']>({
+    disabled,
+    domRef: internalItemRef,
+    get textValue() {
+      return getTextValue()
+    },
+  })
 
   useIsoMorphicEffect(() => {
     bag.current.disabled = disabled
   }, [bag, disabled])
-  useIsoMorphicEffect(() => {
-    bag.current.textValue = internalItemRef.current?.textContent?.toLowerCase()
-  }, [bag, internalItemRef])
 
   useIsoMorphicEffect(() => {
     dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.RegisterItem, id, dataRef: bag })
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/hooks/use-text-value.ts b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/hooks/use-text-value.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69777f545b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/hooks/use-text-value.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { useRef, MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+import { getTextValue } from '../utils/get-text-value'
+import { useEvent } from './use-event'
+
+export function useTextValue(element: MutableRefObject<HTMLElement | null>) {
+  let cacheKey = useRef<string>('')
+  let cacheValue = useRef<string>('')
+
+  return useEvent(() => {
+    let el = element.current
+    if (!el) return ''
+
+    // Check for a cached version
+    let currentKey = el.innerText
+    if (cacheKey.current === currentKey) {
+      return cacheValue.current
+    }
+
+    // Calculate the value
+    let value = getTextValue(el).trim().toLowerCase()
+    cacheKey.current = currentKey
+    cacheValue.current = value
+    return value
+  })
+}
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/utils/get-text-value.test.ts b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/utils/get-text-value.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d1269d323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/utils/get-text-value.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { getTextValue } from './get-text-value'
+
+let html = String.raw
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from an element', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerText = 'Hello World'
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Hello World')
+})
+
+it('should strip out emojis when receiving the text from the element', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerText = '🇨🇦 Canada'
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Canada')
+})
+
+it('should strip out hidden elements', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerHTML = html`<div><span hidden>Hello</span> world</div>`
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('world')
+})
+
+it('should strip out aria-hidden elements', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerHTML = html`<div><span aria-hidden>Hello</span> world</div>`
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('world')
+})
+
+it('should strip out role="img" elements', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerHTML = html`<div><span role="img">°</span> world</div>`
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('world')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the aria-label', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Hello World')
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Hello World')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the aria-label (even if there is content)', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Hello World')
+  element.innerHTML = 'Hello Universe'
+  element.innerText = 'Hello Universe'
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Hello World')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using `aria-label`)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar" aria-label="Actual value of bar">Contents of bar</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual('Actual value of bar')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using its contents)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar">Contents of bar</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual('Contents of bar')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using `aria-label`, multiple)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar baz">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar" aria-label="Actual value of bar">Contents of bar</div>
+      <div id="baz" aria-label="Actual value of baz">Contents of baz</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual(
+    'Actual value of bar, Actual value of baz'
+  )
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using its contents, multiple)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar baz">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar">Contents of bar</div>
+      <div id="baz">Contents of baz</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual('Contents of bar, Contents of baz')
+})
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-react/src/utils/get-text-value.ts b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/utils/get-text-value.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59685d86c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-react/src/utils/get-text-value.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+let emojiRegex =
+  /([\u2700-\u27BF]|[\uE000-\uF8FF]|\uD83C[\uDC00-\uDFFF]|\uD83D[\uDC00-\uDFFF]|[\u2011-\u26FF]|\uD83E[\uDD10-\uDDFF])/g
+
+function getTextContents(element: HTMLElement): string {
+  // Using innerText instead of textContent because:
+  //
+  // > textContent gets the content of all elements, including <script> and <style> elements. In
+  // > contrast, innerText only shows "human-readable" elements.
+  // >
+  // > — https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Node/textContent#differences_from_innertext
+  let currentInnerText = element.innerText ?? ''
+
+  // Remove all the elements that shouldn't be there.
+  //
+  // [hidden]       — The user doesn't see it
+  // [aria-hidden]  — The screen reader doesn't see it
+  // [role="img"]   — Even if it is text, it is used as an image
+  //
+  // This is probably the slowest part, but if you want complete control over the text value, then
+  // it is better to set an `aria-label` instead.
+  let copy = element.cloneNode(true)
+  if (!(copy instanceof HTMLElement)) {
+    return currentInnerText
+  }
+
+  let dropped = false
+  // Drop the elements that shouldn't be there.
+  for (let child of copy.querySelectorAll('[hidden],[aria-hidden],[role="img"]')) {
+    child.remove()
+    dropped = true
+  }
+
+  // Now that the elements are removed, we can get the innerText such that we can strip the emojis.
+  let value = dropped ? copy.innerText ?? '' : currentInnerText
+
+  // Check if it contains some emojis or not, if so, we need to remove them
+  // because ideally we work with simple text values.
+  //
+  // Ideally we can use the much simpler RegEx: /\p{Extended_Pictographic}/u
+  // but we can't rely on this yet, so we use the more complex one.
+  if (emojiRegex.test(value)) {
+    value = value.replace(emojiRegex, '')
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+export function getTextValue(element: HTMLElement): string {
+  // Try to use the `aria-label` first
+  let label = element.getAttribute('aria-label')
+  if (typeof label === 'string') return label.trim()
+
+  // Try to use the `aria-labelledby` second
+  let labelledby = element.getAttribute('aria-labelledby')
+  if (labelledby) {
+    // aria-labelledby can be a space-separated list of IDs, so we need to split them up and
+    // combine them into a single string.
+    let labels = labelledby
+      .split(' ')
+      .map((labelledby) => {
+        let labelEl = document.getElementById(labelledby)
+        if (labelEl) {
+          let label = labelEl.getAttribute('aria-label')
+          // Try to use the `aria-label` first (of the referenced element)
+          if (typeof label === 'string') return label.trim()
+
+          // This time, the `aria-labelledby` isn't used anymore (in Safari), so we just have to
+          // look at the contents itself.
+          return getTextContents(labelEl).trim()
+        }
+
+        return null
+      })
+      .filter(Boolean)
+
+    if (labels.length > 0) return labels.join(', ')
+  }
+
+  // Try to use the text contents of the element itself
+  return getTextContents(element).trim()
+}
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-vue/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/@headlessui-vue/CHANGELOG.md
index acd57d3d33..da424a7154 100644
--- a/packages/@headlessui-vue/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-vue/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Fix memory leak in `Popover` component ([#2430](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2430))
 - Ensure `FocusTrap` is only active when the given `enabled` value is `true` ([#2456](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2456))
 - Ensure the exposed `activeIndex` is up to date for the `Combobox` component ([#2463](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2463))
+- Improve control over `Menu` and `Listbox` options while searching ([#2471](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/headlessui/pull/2471))
 
 ## [1.7.13] - 2023-04-12
 
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/listbox/listbox.ts b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/listbox/listbox.ts
index 30c86f6b33..2fb49eee49 100644
--- a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/listbox/listbox.ts
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/listbox/listbox.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import { Hidden, Features as HiddenFeatures } from '../../internal/hidden'
 import { objectToFormEntries } from '../../utils/form'
 import { useControllable } from '../../hooks/use-controllable'
 import { useTrackedPointer } from '../../hooks/use-tracked-pointer'
+import { useTextValue } from '../../hooks/use-text-value'
 
 function defaultComparator<T>(a: T, z: T): boolean {
   return a === z
@@ -731,16 +732,15 @@ export let ListboxOption = defineComponent({
       })
     })
 
+    let getTextValue = useTextValue(internalOptionRef)
     let dataRef = computed<ListboxOptionData>(() => ({
       disabled: props.disabled,
       value: props.value,
-      textValue: '',
+      get textValue() {
+        return getTextValue()
+      },
       domRef: internalOptionRef,
     }))
-    onMounted(() => {
-      let textValue = dom(internalOptionRef)?.textContent?.toLowerCase().trim()
-      if (textValue !== undefined) dataRef.value.textValue = textValue
-    })
 
     onMounted(() => api.registerOption(props.id, dataRef))
     onUnmounted(() => api.unregisterOption(props.id))
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/menu/menu.ts b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/menu/menu.ts
index 7a644ce4e0..cad0443c90 100644
--- a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/menu/menu.ts
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/components/menu/menu.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../utils/focus-management'
 import { useOutsideClick } from '../../hooks/use-outside-click'
 import { useTrackedPointer } from '../../hooks/use-tracked-pointer'
+import { useTextValue } from '../../hooks/use-text-value'
 
 enum MenuStates {
   Open,
@@ -511,15 +512,14 @@ export let MenuItem = defineComponent({
         : false
     })
 
+    let getTextValue = useTextValue(internalItemRef)
     let dataRef = computed<MenuItemData>(() => ({
       disabled: props.disabled,
-      textValue: '',
+      get textValue() {
+        return getTextValue()
+      },
       domRef: internalItemRef,
     }))
-    onMounted(() => {
-      let textValue = dom(internalItemRef)?.textContent?.toLowerCase().trim()
-      if (textValue !== undefined) dataRef.value.textValue = textValue
-    })
 
     onMounted(() => api.registerItem(props.id, dataRef))
     onUnmounted(() => api.unregisterItem(props.id))
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/hooks/use-text-value.ts b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/hooks/use-text-value.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..934f02a57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/hooks/use-text-value.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { ref, Ref } from 'vue'
+import { getTextValue } from '../utils/get-text-value'
+import { dom } from '../utils/dom'
+
+export function useTextValue(element: Ref<HTMLElement | null>) {
+  let cacheKey = ref<string>('')
+  let cacheValue = ref<string>('')
+
+  return () => {
+    let el = dom(element)
+    if (!el) return ''
+
+    // Check for a cached version
+    let currentKey = el.innerText
+    if (cacheKey.value === currentKey) {
+      return cacheValue.value
+    }
+
+    // Calculate the value
+    let value = getTextValue(el).trim().toLowerCase()
+    cacheKey.value = currentKey
+    cacheValue.value = value
+    return value
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/utils/get-text-value.test.ts b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/utils/get-text-value.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d1269d323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/utils/get-text-value.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { getTextValue } from './get-text-value'
+
+let html = String.raw
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from an element', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerText = 'Hello World'
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Hello World')
+})
+
+it('should strip out emojis when receiving the text from the element', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerText = '🇨🇦 Canada'
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Canada')
+})
+
+it('should strip out hidden elements', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerHTML = html`<div><span hidden>Hello</span> world</div>`
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('world')
+})
+
+it('should strip out aria-hidden elements', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerHTML = html`<div><span aria-hidden>Hello</span> world</div>`
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('world')
+})
+
+it('should strip out role="img" elements', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.innerHTML = html`<div><span role="img">°</span> world</div>`
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('world')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the aria-label', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Hello World')
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Hello World')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the aria-label (even if there is content)', () => {
+  let element = document.createElement('div')
+  element.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Hello World')
+  element.innerHTML = 'Hello Universe'
+  element.innerText = 'Hello Universe'
+  expect(getTextValue(element)).toEqual('Hello World')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using `aria-label`)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar" aria-label="Actual value of bar">Contents of bar</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual('Actual value of bar')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using its contents)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar">Contents of bar</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual('Contents of bar')
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using `aria-label`, multiple)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar baz">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar" aria-label="Actual value of bar">Contents of bar</div>
+      <div id="baz" aria-label="Actual value of baz">Contents of baz</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual(
+    'Actual value of bar, Actual value of baz'
+  )
+})
+
+it('should be possible to get the text value from the element referenced by aria-labelledby (using its contents, multiple)', () => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = html`
+    <div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-labelledby="bar baz">Contents of foo</div>
+      <div id="bar">Contents of bar</div>
+      <div id="baz">Contents of baz</div>
+    </div>
+  `
+
+  expect(getTextValue(document.querySelector('#foo')!)).toEqual('Contents of bar, Contents of baz')
+})
diff --git a/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/utils/get-text-value.ts b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/utils/get-text-value.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59685d86c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/@headlessui-vue/src/utils/get-text-value.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+let emojiRegex =
+  /([\u2700-\u27BF]|[\uE000-\uF8FF]|\uD83C[\uDC00-\uDFFF]|\uD83D[\uDC00-\uDFFF]|[\u2011-\u26FF]|\uD83E[\uDD10-\uDDFF])/g
+
+function getTextContents(element: HTMLElement): string {
+  // Using innerText instead of textContent because:
+  //
+  // > textContent gets the content of all elements, including <script> and <style> elements. In
+  // > contrast, innerText only shows "human-readable" elements.
+  // >
+  // > — https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Node/textContent#differences_from_innertext
+  let currentInnerText = element.innerText ?? ''
+
+  // Remove all the elements that shouldn't be there.
+  //
+  // [hidden]       — The user doesn't see it
+  // [aria-hidden]  — The screen reader doesn't see it
+  // [role="img"]   — Even if it is text, it is used as an image
+  //
+  // This is probably the slowest part, but if you want complete control over the text value, then
+  // it is better to set an `aria-label` instead.
+  let copy = element.cloneNode(true)
+  if (!(copy instanceof HTMLElement)) {
+    return currentInnerText
+  }
+
+  let dropped = false
+  // Drop the elements that shouldn't be there.
+  for (let child of copy.querySelectorAll('[hidden],[aria-hidden],[role="img"]')) {
+    child.remove()
+    dropped = true
+  }
+
+  // Now that the elements are removed, we can get the innerText such that we can strip the emojis.
+  let value = dropped ? copy.innerText ?? '' : currentInnerText
+
+  // Check if it contains some emojis or not, if so, we need to remove them
+  // because ideally we work with simple text values.
+  //
+  // Ideally we can use the much simpler RegEx: /\p{Extended_Pictographic}/u
+  // but we can't rely on this yet, so we use the more complex one.
+  if (emojiRegex.test(value)) {
+    value = value.replace(emojiRegex, '')
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+export function getTextValue(element: HTMLElement): string {
+  // Try to use the `aria-label` first
+  let label = element.getAttribute('aria-label')
+  if (typeof label === 'string') return label.trim()
+
+  // Try to use the `aria-labelledby` second
+  let labelledby = element.getAttribute('aria-labelledby')
+  if (labelledby) {
+    // aria-labelledby can be a space-separated list of IDs, so we need to split them up and
+    // combine them into a single string.
+    let labels = labelledby
+      .split(' ')
+      .map((labelledby) => {
+        let labelEl = document.getElementById(labelledby)
+        if (labelEl) {
+          let label = labelEl.getAttribute('aria-label')
+          // Try to use the `aria-label` first (of the referenced element)
+          if (typeof label === 'string') return label.trim()
+
+          // This time, the `aria-labelledby` isn't used anymore (in Safari), so we just have to
+          // look at the contents itself.
+          return getTextContents(labelEl).trim()
+        }
+
+        return null
+      })
+      .filter(Boolean)
+
+    if (labels.length > 0) return labels.join(', ')
+  }
+
+  // Try to use the text contents of the element itself
+  return getTextContents(element).trim()
+}