diff --git a/.eslintrc b/.eslintrc
index 5b558deba..d16e0791d 100644
--- a/.eslintrc
+++ b/.eslintrc
@@ -37,7 +37,15 @@
     "import/no-unresolved": [
       2,
       {
-        "ignore": ["^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty$"]
+        "ignore": [
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty$",
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1$",
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1/selectors/\\$anchor$",
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1/selectors/uri$",
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/resolve/resolvers/file$",
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/resolve/strategies/openapi-3-1$",
+          "^@swagger-api/apidom-reference/parse/parsers/binary$"
+        ]
       }
     ],
     "prettier/prettier": "error",
diff --git a/config/jest/jest.unit.config.js b/config/jest/jest.unit.config.js
index 540015b1d..1ddaf7e16 100644
--- a/config/jest/jest.unit.config.js
+++ b/config/jest/jest.unit.config.js
@@ -15,5 +15,7 @@ module.exports = {
     '<rootDir>/test/jest.setup.js',
     '<rootDir>/test/specmap/data/',
     '<rootDir>/test/build-artifacts/',
+    '/__fixtures__/',
+    '/__utils__/',
   ],
 };
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 5c34a6bd1..478a62267 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     "build:es": "cross-env BABEL_ENV=es babel src --out-dir es",
     "lint": "eslint src/ test/",
     "lint:fix": "npm run lint -- --fix",
+    "link:apidom": "npm link @swagger-api/apidom-core @swagger-api/apidom-reference @swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1 @swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-0 @swagger-api/apidom-ns-json-schema-draft-4 @swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer",
     "test": "run-s test:unit:coverage test:artifact",
     "test:unit": "cross-env BABEL_ENV=commonjs jest --runInBand --config ./config/jest/jest.unit.config.js",
     "test:unit:coverage": "cross-env BABEL_ENV=commonjs jest --runInBand --config ./config/jest/jest.unit.coverage.config.js",
@@ -110,9 +111,10 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@babel/runtime-corejs3": "^7.11.2",
-    "@swagger-api/apidom-core": "^0.60.0",
-    "@swagger-api/apidom-reference": "^0.60.0",
-    "@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1": "^0.60.0",
+    "@swagger-api/apidom-core": "^0.61.0",
+    "@swagger-api/apidom-reference": "^0.61.0",
+    "@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1": "^0.61.0",
+    "@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer": "^0.61.0",
     "cookie": "~0.5.0",
     "cross-fetch": "^3.1.5",
     "deepmerge": "~4.2.2",
diff --git a/src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba2816801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/* eslint-disable camelcase */
+import { createNamespace, visit } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { ReferenceSet, Reference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+import OpenApi3_1DereferenceStrategy from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1';
+import openApi3_1Namespace, { getNodeType, keyMap } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+
+import OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor from './visitor.js';
+
+const visitAsync = visit[Symbol.for('nodejs.util.promisify.custom')];
+
+const OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy = OpenApi3_1DereferenceStrategy.compose({
+  props: {
+    useCircularStructures: true,
+    allowMetaPatches: false,
+  },
+  init({
+    useCircularStructures = this.useCircularStructures,
+    allowMetaPatches = this.allowMetaPatches,
+  } = {}) {
+    this.name = 'openapi-3-1-swagger-client';
+    this.useCircularStructures = useCircularStructures;
+    this.allowMetaPatches = allowMetaPatches;
+  },
+  methods: {
+    async dereference(file, options) {
+      const namespace = createNamespace(openApi3_1Namespace);
+      const refSet = options.dereference.refSet ?? ReferenceSet();
+      let reference;
+
+      if (!refSet.has(file.uri)) {
+        reference = Reference({ uri: file.uri, value: file.parseResult });
+        refSet.add(reference);
+      } else {
+        // pre-computed refSet was provided as configuration option
+        reference = refSet.find((ref) => ref.uri === file.uri);
+      }
+
+      const visitor = OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor({
+        reference,
+        namespace,
+        options,
+        useCircularStructures: this.useCircularStructures,
+        allowMetaPatches: this.allowMetaPatches,
+      });
+      const dereferencedElement = await visitAsync(refSet.rootRef.value, visitor, {
+        keyMap,
+        nodeTypeGetter: getNodeType,
+      });
+
+      /**
+       * Release all memory if this refSet was not provided as a configuration option.
+       * If provided as configuration option, then provider is responsible for cleanup.
+       */
+      if (options.dereference.refSet === null) {
+        refSet.clean();
+      }
+
+      return dereferencedElement;
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+export default OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy;
+/* eslint-enable camelcase */
diff --git a/src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/visitor.js b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/visitor.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e42aca8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/visitor.js
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+/* eslint-disable camelcase */
+import {
+  isObjectElement,
+  isPrimitiveElement,
+  isStringElement,
+  visit,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import {
+  isReferenceElementExternal,
+  isReferenceLikeElement,
+  isPathItemElementExternal,
+  isBooleanJsonSchemaElement,
+  ReferenceElement,
+  PathItemElement,
+  SchemaElement,
+  getNodeType,
+  keyMap,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate as jsonPointerEvaluate, uriToPointer } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import {
+  url,
+  MaximumDereferenceDepthError,
+  File,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+import {
+  OpenApi3_1DereferenceVisitor,
+  resolveSchema$refField,
+  maybeRefractToSchemaElement,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1';
+import {
+  isAnchor,
+  uriToAnchor,
+  evaluate as $anchorEvaluate,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1/selectors/$anchor';
+import {
+  evaluate as uriEvaluate,
+  EvaluationJsonSchemaUriError,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1/selectors/uri';
+
+const visitAsync = visit[Symbol.for('nodejs.util.promisify.custom')];
+
+const OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor = OpenApi3_1DereferenceVisitor.compose({
+  props: {
+    useCircularStructures: true,
+    allowMetaPatches: false,
+  },
+  init({
+    visited = {
+      SchemaElement: new WeakSet(),
+      SchemaElementReference: new WeakSet(),
+      SchemaElementNoReference: new WeakSet(),
+    },
+    useCircularStructures,
+    allowMetaPatches,
+  }) {
+    this.visited = visited;
+    this.useCircularStructures = useCircularStructures;
+    this.allowMetaPatches = allowMetaPatches;
+  },
+  methods: {
+    async ReferenceElement(referenceElement) {
+      // ignore resolving external Reference Objects
+      if (!this.options.resolve.external && isReferenceElementExternal(referenceElement)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // @ts-ignore
+      const reference = await this.toReference(referenceElement.$ref.toValue());
+
+      this.indirections.push(referenceElement);
+
+      const jsonPointer = uriToPointer(referenceElement.$ref?.toValue());
+
+      // possibly non-semantic fragment
+      let fragment = jsonPointerEvaluate(jsonPointer, reference.value.result);
+
+      // applying semantics to a fragment
+      if (isPrimitiveElement(fragment)) {
+        const referencedElementType = referenceElement.meta.get('referenced-element').toValue();
+
+        if (isReferenceLikeElement(fragment)) {
+          // handling indirect references
+          fragment = ReferenceElement.refract(fragment);
+          fragment.setMetaProperty('referenced-element', referencedElementType);
+        } else {
+          // handling direct references
+          const ElementClass = this.namespace.getElementClass(referencedElementType);
+          fragment = ElementClass.refract(fragment);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // detect direct or indirect reference
+      if (this.indirections.includes(fragment)) {
+        throw new Error('Recursive JSON Pointer detected');
+      }
+
+      // detect maximum depth of dereferencing
+      if (this.indirections.length > this.options.dereference.maxDepth) {
+        throw new MaximumDereferenceDepthError(
+          `Maximum dereference depth of "${this.options.dereference.maxDepth}" has been exceeded in file "${this.reference.uri}"`
+        );
+      }
+
+      // dive deep into the fragment
+      const visitor = OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor({
+        reference,
+        namespace: this.namespace,
+        indirections: [...this.indirections],
+        options: this.options,
+        allowMetaPatches: this.allowMetaPatches,
+      });
+      fragment = await visitAsync(fragment, visitor, { keyMap, nodeTypeGetter: getNodeType });
+
+      fragment = fragment.clone();
+
+      // annotate fragment with info about original Reference element
+      fragment.setMetaProperty('ref-fields', {
+        $ref: referenceElement.$ref?.toValue(),
+        // @ts-ignore
+        description: referenceElement.description?.toValue(),
+        // @ts-ignore
+        summary: referenceElement.summary?.toValue(),
+      });
+      // annotate fragment with info about origin
+      fragment.setMetaProperty('ref-origin', reference.uri);
+
+      // override description and summary (outer has higher priority then inner)
+      const hasDescription = typeof referenceElement.description !== 'undefined';
+      const hasSummary = typeof referenceElement.description !== 'undefined';
+      if (hasDescription && 'description' in fragment) {
+        // @ts-ignore
+        fragment.description = referenceElement.description;
+      }
+      if (hasSummary && 'summary' in fragment) {
+        // @ts-ignore
+        fragment.summary = referenceElement.summary;
+      }
+
+      // apply meta patches
+      if (this.allowMetaPatches && isObjectElement(fragment)) {
+        const objectFragment = fragment;
+        // apply meta patch only when not already applied
+        if (typeof objectFragment.get('$$ref') === 'undefined') {
+          const absoluteJSONPointerURL = url.resolve(
+            reference.uri,
+            referenceElement.$ref?.toValue()
+          );
+          objectFragment.set('$$ref', absoluteJSONPointerURL);
+        }
+      }
+
+      this.indirections.pop();
+
+      // transclude the element for a fragment
+      return fragment;
+    },
+
+    async PathItemElement(pathItemElement) {
+      // ignore PathItemElement without $ref field
+      if (!isStringElement(pathItemElement.$ref)) {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      // ignore resolving external Path Item Elements
+      if (!this.options.resolve.external && isPathItemElementExternal(pathItemElement)) {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      // @ts-ignore
+      const reference = await this.toReference(pathItemElement.$ref.toValue());
+
+      this.indirections.push(pathItemElement);
+
+      const jsonPointer = uriToPointer(pathItemElement.$ref?.toValue());
+
+      // possibly non-semantic referenced element
+      let referencedElement = jsonPointerEvaluate(jsonPointer, reference.value.result);
+
+      // applying semantics to a referenced element
+      if (isPrimitiveElement(referencedElement)) {
+        referencedElement = PathItemElement.refract(referencedElement);
+      }
+
+      // detect direct or indirect reference
+      if (this.indirections.includes(referencedElement)) {
+        throw new Error('Recursive JSON Pointer detected');
+      }
+
+      // detect maximum depth of dereferencing
+      if (this.indirections.length > this.options.dereference.maxDepth) {
+        throw new MaximumDereferenceDepthError(
+          `Maximum dereference depth of "${this.options.dereference.maxDepth}" has been exceeded in file "${this.reference.uri}"`
+        );
+      }
+
+      // dive deep into the referenced element
+      const visitor = OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor({
+        reference,
+        namespace: this.namespace,
+        indirections: [...this.indirections],
+        options: this.options,
+        allowMetaPatches: this.allowMetaPatches,
+      });
+      referencedElement = await visitAsync(referencedElement, visitor, {
+        keyMap,
+        nodeTypeGetter: getNodeType,
+      });
+
+      this.indirections.pop();
+
+      // merge fields from referenced Path Item with referencing one
+      const mergedResult = new PathItemElement(
+        // @ts-ignore
+        [...referencedElement.content],
+        referencedElement.meta.clone(),
+        referencedElement.attributes.clone()
+      );
+      // existing keywords from referencing PathItemElement overrides ones from referenced element
+      pathItemElement.forEach((value, key, item) => {
+        mergedResult.remove(key.toValue());
+        mergedResult.content.push(item);
+      });
+      mergedResult.remove('$ref');
+
+      // annotate referenced element with info about original referencing element
+      mergedResult.setMetaProperty('ref-fields', {
+        $ref: pathItemElement.$ref?.toValue(),
+      });
+      // annotate referenced element with info about origin
+      mergedResult.setMetaProperty('ref-origin', reference.uri);
+
+      // apply meta patches
+      if (this.allowMetaPatches) {
+        // apply meta patch only when not already applied
+        if (typeof mergedResult.get('$$ref') === 'undefined') {
+          const absoluteJSONPointerURL = url.resolve(
+            reference.uri,
+            pathItemElement.$ref?.toValue()
+          );
+          mergedResult.set('$$ref', absoluteJSONPointerURL);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // transclude referencing element with merged referenced element
+      return mergedResult;
+    },
+
+    async SchemaElement(referencingElement) {
+      /**
+       * Skip traversal for already visited schemas.
+       * visit function detects cycles in path automatically.
+       */
+      if (this.visited.SchemaElementNoReference.has(referencingElement)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (this.visited.SchemaElementReference.has(referencingElement)) {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      // skip current referencing schema as $ref keyword was not defined
+      if (!isStringElement(referencingElement.$ref)) {
+        // mark current referencing schema as visited
+        this.visited.SchemaElement.add(referencingElement);
+        this.visited.SchemaElementNoReference.add(referencingElement);
+        // skip traversing this schema but traverse all it's child schemas
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      // compute baseURI using rules around $id and $ref keywords
+      const retrieveURI = this.reference.uri;
+      const $refBaseURI = resolveSchema$refField(retrieveURI, referencingElement);
+      const $refBaseURIStrippedHash = url.stripHash($refBaseURI);
+      const file = File({ uri: $refBaseURIStrippedHash });
+      const isUnknownURI = !this.options.resolve.resolvers.some((r) => r.canRead(file));
+      const isURL = !isUnknownURI;
+      const isExternal = isURL && this.reference.uri !== $refBaseURIStrippedHash;
+
+      // ignore resolving external Schema Objects
+      if (!this.options.resolve.external && isExternal) {
+        // mark current referencing schema as visited
+        this.visited.SchemaElement.add(referencingElement);
+        this.visited.SchemaElementReference.add(referencingElement);
+        // skip traversing this schema but traverse all it's child schemas
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      this.indirections.push(referencingElement);
+
+      // determining reference, proper evaluation and selection mechanism
+      let reference;
+      let referencedElement;
+
+      try {
+        if (isUnknownURI || isURL) {
+          // we're dealing with canonical URI or URL with possible fragment
+          reference = this.reference;
+          const selector = $refBaseURI;
+          referencedElement = uriEvaluate(
+            selector,
+            // @ts-ignore
+            maybeRefractToSchemaElement(reference.value.result)
+          );
+        } else {
+          // we're assuming here that we're dealing with JSON Pointer here
+          reference = await this.toReference(url.unsanitize($refBaseURI));
+          const selector = uriToPointer($refBaseURI);
+          referencedElement = maybeRefractToSchemaElement(
+            // @ts-ignore
+            jsonPointerEvaluate(selector, reference.value.result)
+          );
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        /**
+         * No SchemaElement($id=URL) was not found, so we're going to try to resolve
+         * the URL and assume the returned response is a JSON Schema.
+         */
+        if (isURL && error instanceof EvaluationJsonSchemaUriError) {
+          if (isAnchor(uriToAnchor($refBaseURI))) {
+            // we're dealing with JSON Schema $anchor here
+            reference = await this.toReference(url.unsanitize($refBaseURI));
+            const selector = uriToAnchor($refBaseURI);
+            referencedElement = $anchorEvaluate(
+              selector,
+              // @ts-ignore
+              maybeRefractToSchemaElement(reference.value.result)
+            );
+          } else {
+            // we're assuming here that we're dealing with JSON Pointer here
+            reference = await this.toReference(url.unsanitize($refBaseURI));
+            const selector = uriToPointer($refBaseURI);
+            referencedElement = maybeRefractToSchemaElement(
+              // @ts-ignore
+              jsonPointerEvaluate(selector, reference.value.result)
+            );
+          }
+        } else {
+          throw error;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // mark current referencing schema as visited
+      this.visited.SchemaElement.add(referencingElement);
+      this.visited.SchemaElementReference.add(referencingElement);
+
+      // detect direct or indirect reference
+      if (this.indirections.includes(referencedElement)) {
+        throw new Error('Recursive JSON Pointer detected');
+      }
+
+      // detect maximum depth of dereferencing
+      if (this.indirections.length > this.options.dereference.maxDepth) {
+        throw new MaximumDereferenceDepthError(
+          `Maximum dereference depth of "${this.options.dereference.maxDepth}" has been exceeded in file "${this.reference.uri}"`
+        );
+      }
+
+      // detect possible cycle and avoid it
+      if (!this.useCircularStructures && this.visited.SchemaElement.has(referencedElement)) {
+        if (url.isHttpUrl(reference.uri) || url.isFileSystemPath(reference.uri)) {
+          // make the referencing URL or file system path absolute
+          const absoluteJSONPointerURL = url.resolve(
+            reference.uri,
+            referencingElement.$ref?.toValue()
+          );
+          referencingElement.set('$ref', absoluteJSONPointerURL);
+        }
+        // skip processing this schema and all it's child schemas
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // dive deep into the fragment
+      const visitor = OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor({
+        reference,
+        namespace: this.namespace,
+        indirections: [...this.indirections],
+        options: this.options,
+        // SchemaElementReference must be reset for deep dive, as we want to dereference all indirections
+        visited: {
+          SchemaElement: this.visited.SchemaElement,
+          SchemaElementReference: new WeakSet(),
+          SchemaElementNoReference: this.visited.SchemaElementNoReference,
+        },
+        useCircularStructures: this.useCircularStructures,
+        allowMetaPatches: this.allowMetaPatches,
+      });
+      referencedElement = await visitAsync(referencedElement, visitor, {
+        keyMap,
+        nodeTypeGetter: getNodeType,
+      });
+
+      this.indirections.pop();
+
+      // Boolean JSON Schemas
+      if (isBooleanJsonSchemaElement(referencedElement)) {
+        const referencedElementClone = referencedElement.clone();
+        // annotate referenced element with info about original referencing element
+        referencedElementClone.setMetaProperty('ref-fields', {
+          $ref: referencingElement.$ref?.toValue(),
+        });
+        // annotate referenced element with info about origin
+        referencedElementClone.setMetaProperty('ref-origin', reference.uri);
+        return referencedElementClone;
+      }
+
+      // Schema Object - merge keywords from referenced schema with referencing schema
+      const mergedResult = new SchemaElement(
+        // @ts-ignore
+        [...referencedElement.content],
+        referencedElement.meta.clone(),
+        referencedElement.attributes.clone()
+      );
+      // existing keywords from referencing schema overrides ones from referenced schema
+      referencingElement.forEach((value, key, item) => {
+        mergedResult.remove(key.toValue());
+        mergedResult.content.push(item);
+      });
+      mergedResult.remove('$ref');
+
+      // annotate referenced element with info about original referencing element
+      mergedResult.setMetaProperty('ref-fields', {
+        $ref: referencingElement.$ref?.toValue(),
+      });
+      // annotate fragment with info about origin
+      mergedResult.setMetaProperty('ref-origin', reference.uri);
+      // apply meta patches
+      if (this.allowMetaPatches) {
+        // apply meta patch only when not already applied
+        if (typeof mergedResult.get('$$ref') === 'undefined') {
+          const absoluteJSONPointerURL = url.resolve(
+            reference.uri,
+            referencingElement.$ref?.toValue()
+          );
+          mergedResult.set('$$ref', absoluteJSONPointerURL);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // transclude referencing element with merged referenced element
+      return mergedResult;
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+export default OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceVisitor;
+/* eslint-enable camelcase */
diff --git a/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js
index ae282d1a4..16801b38a 100644
--- a/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js
+++ b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   OpenAPIMediaTypes,
 } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line camelcase
 const OpenApiJson3_1Parser = Parser.compose({
   props: {
     name: 'openapi-json-3-1-swagger-client',
diff --git a/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js
index 55174ba7e..bf5efa79e 100644
--- a/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js
+++ b/src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import {
   OpenAPIMediaTypes,
 } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line camelcase
 const OpenApiYaml3_1Parser = Parser.compose({
   props: {
     name: 'openapi-yaml-3-1-swagger-client',
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/__utils__/jest.local.setup.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/__utils__/jest.local.setup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5924ad748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/__utils__/jest.local.setup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/* eslint-disable camelcase */
+import { options } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+import FileResolver from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/resolve/resolvers/file';
+import BinaryParser from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/parse/parsers/binary';
+import OpenApi3_1ResolveStrategy from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/resolve/strategies/openapi-3-1';
+
+import JsonParser from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/json/index.js';
+import YamlParser from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/yaml-1-2/index.js';
+import OpenApiJson3_1Parser from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js';
+import OpenApiYaml3_1Parser from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js';
+import HttpResolverSwaggerClient from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/index.js';
+import OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js';
+
+export const beforeAll = () => {
+  // configure custom parser plugins globally
+  options.parse.parsers = [
+    OpenApiJson3_1Parser({ allowEmpty: false, sourceMap: false }),
+    OpenApiYaml3_1Parser({ allowEmpty: false, sourceMap: false }),
+    JsonParser({ allowEmpty: false, sourceMap: false }),
+    YamlParser({ allowEmpty: false, sourceMap: false }),
+    BinaryParser({ allowEmpty: false, sourceMap: false }),
+  ];
+
+  // configure custom resolver plugins globally
+  options.resolve.resolvers = [FileResolver({ fileAllowList: ['*'] }), HttpResolverSwaggerClient()];
+
+  // configure custom resolver strategies globally
+  options.resolve.strategies = [OpenApi3_1ResolveStrategy()];
+
+  // configure custom dereference strategy globally
+  options.dereference.strategies = [OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy()];
+};
+
+export const afterAll = () => {
+  options.parse.parsers = [];
+  options.resolve.resolvers = [];
+  options.resolve.strategies = [];
+  options.dereference.strategies = [];
+};
+/* eslint-enable camelcase */
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/components-callbacks/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/components-callbacks/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c753eb15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/components-callbacks/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "callbacks": {
+        "callback1": {
+          "{$method}": {
+            "description": "description of callback2"
+          }
+        },
+        "callback2": {
+          "{$method}": {
+            "description": "description of callback2"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/components-callbacks/root.yaml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/components-callbacks/root.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93fff754f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/components-callbacks/root.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+openapi: 3.1.0
+components:
+  callbacks:
+    callback1:
+      "$ref": "#/components/callbacks/callback2"
+    callback2:
+      "{$method}":
+        description: description of callback2
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bdc71aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path": {
+        "get": {
+          "callbacks": {
+            "callback": {
+              "{$method}": {
+                "description": "description of callback2"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "callbacks": {
+        "callback": {
+          "{$method}": {
+            "description": "description of callback2"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.yaml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c9162d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+openapi: 3.1.0
+paths:
+  "/path":
+    get:
+      callbacks:
+        callback:
+          "$ref": "#/components/callbacks/callback"
+components:
+  callbacks:
+    callback:
+      "{$method}":
+        description: description of callback2
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ab500cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/callback-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Callback Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/callbacks field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-callbacks');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.yaml');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('yaml') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Operation Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.yaml');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('yaml') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/components-examples/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/components-examples/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..810362c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/components-examples/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "example2": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": 1
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/components-examples/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/components-examples/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7f47b7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/components-examples/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "value": 1
+      },
+      "example2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/examples/example1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..639096460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": 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/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/U1NT/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/U1NT/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/U1NT/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/U1NT/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/U1NT/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/U1NT/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/zU1Nf81NTX/NTU1/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/6SkpP+kpKT/pKSk/8jIyP/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/X19f/0RERP9ERET/RERE/0RERP9ERET/RERE/0RERP9ERET/RERE/0RERP9ERET/RUVF/6qqqv+qqqr/qqqq/6qqqv+qqqr/q6ur/8vLy//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/v7+//7e3t/+3t7f/t7e3/7e3t/+3t7f/t7e3/7i4uP+4uLj/uLi4/7i4uP+4uLj/urq6/9TU1P/V1dX/1dXV/9bW1v/W1tb/19fX/97e3v/j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/+Pj4//j4+P/4+Pj/wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==",
+          "externalValue": "./favicon.ico"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/favicon.ico b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ffa22288
Binary files /dev/null and b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/favicon.ico differ
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8179437c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-binary/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./favicon.ico"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c04d23135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "externalValue": "./ex.json"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0967ef424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c2d58d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-ignore-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.json"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5cff2bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": {
+            "prop1": "value1",
+            "prop2": "value2"
+          },
+          "externalValue": "./ex.json"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fb8855f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "prop1": "value1",
+  "prop2": "value2"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c2d58d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-json/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.json"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eae84b99b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": {
+            "prop1": "value1",
+            "prop2": "value2"
+          },
+          "externalValue": "./ex.json#/json/pointer"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fb8855f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "prop1": "value1",
+  "prop2": "value2"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5e5883e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.json#/json/pointer"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce48fb16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": "dmFsMTt2YWwyO3ZhbDMK",
+          "externalValue": "./ex.csv"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/ex.csv b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/ex.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afd194d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/ex.csv
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+val1;val2;val3
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb347a776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-text/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.csv"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-unresolvable/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-unresolvable/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c2d58d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-unresolvable/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.json"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-value-both-defined/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-value-both-defined/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0967ef424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-value-both-defined/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-value-both-defined/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-value-both-defined/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a63d5e606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-value-both-defined/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "value": "sample value",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.json"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ad864574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example1": {
+          "description": "example1 description",
+          "value": {
+            "prop1": "value1",
+            "prop2": "value2"
+          },
+          "externalValue": "./ex.yaml"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/ex.yaml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/ex.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95d4e79f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/ex.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+---
+prop1: value1
+prop2: value2
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54aa18bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/external-value-yaml/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example1": {
+        "description": "example1 description",
+        "externalValue": "./ex.yaml"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/media-type-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/media-type-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..393ed725d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/media-type-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path": {
+        "get": {
+          "responses": {
+            "201": {
+              "content": {
+                "application/json": {
+                  "examples": {
+                    "example1": {
+                      "description": "example 2 description"
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "examples": {
+        "example2": {
+          "description": "example 2 description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/media-type-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/media-type-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1b822295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/media-type-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path": {
+      "get": {
+        "responses": {
+          "201": {
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "examples": {
+                  "example1": {
+                    "$ref": "#/components/examples/example2"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "examples": {
+      "example2": {
+        "description": "example 2 description"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/parameter-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/parameter-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27d46beaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/parameter-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true,
+          "examples": {
+            "example1": {
+              "description": "example 2 description"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "examples": {
+        "example2": {
+          "description": "example 2 description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/parameter-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/parameter-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ba502d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/__fixtures__/parameter-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "in": "query",
+        "required": true,
+        "examples": {
+          "example1": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/examples/example2"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "examples": {
+      "example2": {
+        "description": "example 2 description"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/dereference-apidom.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/dereference-apidom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22ad6420a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/dereference-apidom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { mediaTypes, isExampleElement } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import { parse, dereferenceApiDOM } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Example Object', () => {
+        describe('given single ExampleElement passed to dereferenceApiDOM', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(
+            __dirname,
+            '__fixtures__',
+            'external-value-json',
+            'root.json'
+          );
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const exampleElement = evaluate('/components/examples/example1', parseResult.api);
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(exampleElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(isExampleElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const exampleElement = evaluate('/components/examples/example1', parseResult.api);
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(exampleElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(dereferenced.value?.meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()).toEqual(
+              expect.stringMatching(/external-value-json\/ex\.json$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9c87e149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/example-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference, DereferenceError } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Example Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/examples field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-examples');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Parameter Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'parameter-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Media Type Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'media-type-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given externalValue field', () => {
+          describe('and pointing to a JSON file', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-json');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and pointing to a JSON file and having JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-pointer');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and pointing to a YAML file', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-yaml');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and pointing to a text file', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-text');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and pointing to a binary file', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-binary');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and with unresolvable URI', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-unresolvable');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('with external resolution disabled', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-ignore-external');
+
+            test('should not dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { external: false },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given both value and externalValue fields are defined', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-value-value-both-defined');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/components-headers/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/components-headers/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83fecb62c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/components-headers/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "headers": {
+        "content-type": {
+          "description": "content type header description"
+        },
+        "x-custom-header": {
+          "description": "content type header description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/components-headers/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/components-headers/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe69f04fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/components-headers/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "headers": {
+      "content-type": {
+        "description": "content type header description"
+      },
+      "x-custom-header": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/headers/content-type"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/encoding-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/encoding-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33a788b7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/encoding-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true,
+          "content": {
+            "encoding": {
+              "Encoding": {
+                "headers": {
+                  "content-type": {
+                    "$ref": "#/components/headers/content-type"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "components": {
+        "headers": {
+          "content-type": {
+            "description": "content type header description"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/encoding-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/encoding-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3d771e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/encoding-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "in": "query",
+        "required": true,
+        "content": {
+          "encoding": {
+            "Encoding": {
+              "headers": {
+                "content-type": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/headers/content-type"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "headers": {
+        "content-type": {
+          "description": "content type header description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/response-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/response-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddf6b3170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/response-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "responses": {
+        "default": {
+          "headers": {
+            "content-type": {
+              "description": "content type header description"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "headers": {
+        "content-type": {
+          "description": "content type header description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/response-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/response-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c41ada395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/__fixtures__/response-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "responses": {
+      "default": {
+        "headers": {
+          "content-type": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/headers/content-type"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "headers": {
+      "content-type": {
+        "description": "content type header description"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ec8e8774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/header-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Header Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/headers field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-headers');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Encoding Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'encoding-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Response Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'response-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/components-links/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/components-links/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15e614669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/components-links/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "links": {
+        "link1": {
+          "operationId": "op1"
+        },
+        "link2": {
+          "operationId": "op1"
+        }
+      },
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "get": {
+            "operationId": "op1"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/components-links/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/components-links/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1503044b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/components-links/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationId": "op1"
+      },
+      "link2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/links/link1"
+      }
+    },
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "get": {
+          "operationId": "op1"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id-non-existent/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id-non-existent/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d24df352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id-non-existent/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationId": "op1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54b33ce51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "links": {
+        "link1": {
+          "operationId": "op1"
+        }
+      },
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "get": {
+            "operationId": "op1",
+            "description": "description of operation"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45a7f2b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-id/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationId": "op1"
+      }
+    },
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "get": {
+          "operationId": "op1",
+          "description": "description of operation"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8ccfd037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "links": {
+        "link1": {
+          "operationRef": "./ex.json#/operation"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d6eb5ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "operation": {
+    "description": "description of operation"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76e616716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationRef": "./ex.json#/operation"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-id-both-defined/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-id-both-defined/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78b2af181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-id-both-defined/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationRef": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem1/get",
+        "operationId": "op1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8ccfd037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "links": {
+        "link1": {
+          "operationRef": "./ex.json#/operation"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d6eb5ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "operation": {
+    "description": "description of operation"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76e616716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-ignore-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationRef": "./ex.json#/operation"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-internal/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-internal/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11d3b1a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-internal/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "links": {
+        "link1": {
+          "operationRef": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem1/get"
+        }
+      },
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "get": {
+            "description": "description of operation"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e91b65104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationRef": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem1/get"
+      }
+    },
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "get": {
+          "description": "description of operation"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-invalid-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-invalid-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2da69bb32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-invalid-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationRef": "invalid-pointer"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-unresolvable/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-unresolvable/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b24ce87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/operation-ref-unresolvable/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationRef": "#/components/invalid-pointer"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/response-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/response-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de73b5e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/response-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "responses": {
+        "201": {
+          "description": "201 description",
+          "links": {
+            "link": {
+              "operationId": "op1"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "links": {
+        "link1": {
+          "operationId": "op1"
+        }
+      },
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "get": {
+            "operationId": "op1"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/response-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/response-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40cebbda4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/__fixtures__/response-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "responses": {
+      "201": {
+        "description": "201 description",
+        "links": {
+          "link": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/links/link1"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "links": {
+      "link1": {
+        "operationId": "op1"
+      }
+    },
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "get": {
+          "operationId": "op1"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/dereference-apidom.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/dereference-apidom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12ca25a9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/dereference-apidom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { mediaTypes, isLinkElement, isOperationElement } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import { parse, dereferenceApiDOM } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Link Object', () => {
+        describe('given single LinkElement passed to dereferenceApiDOM', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(
+            __dirname,
+            '__fixtures__',
+            'operation-ref-external',
+            'root.json'
+          );
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const linkElement = evaluate('/components/links/link1', parseResult.api);
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(linkElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(isLinkElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+            expect(isOperationElement(dereferenced.operationRef?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const linkElement = evaluate('/components/links/link1', parseResult.api);
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(linkElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(
+              dereferenced.operationRef?.meta.get('operation').meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()
+            ).toEqual(expect.stringMatching(/operation-ref-external\/ex\.json$/));
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbf65e41b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/link-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { isOperationElement, mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import { dereference, DereferenceError } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Link Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/links field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-links');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should set Operation Object as metadata of Link.operationId field', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const link1 = evaluate('/0/components/links/link1', dereferenced);
+            const link2 = evaluate('/0/components/links/link2', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(isOperationElement(link1.operationId?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+            expect(isOperationElement(link2.operationId?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Response Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'response-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should set Operation Object as metadata of Link.operationId field', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const link1 = evaluate('/0/components/responses/201/links/link', dereferenced);
+            const link2 = evaluate('/0/components/links/link1', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(isOperationElement(link1.operationId?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+            expect(isOperationElement(link2.operationId?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given operationRef field', () => {
+          describe('and with internal JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-ref-internal');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+
+            test('should set Operation Object as metadata of Link.operationRef field', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const link1 = evaluate('/0/components/links/link1', dereferenced);
+
+              expect(isOperationElement(link1.operationRef?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and with external JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-ref-external');
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+
+            test('should apply semantics to external fragment', async () => {
+              const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+              expect(
+                isOperationElement(dereferenced.api.components.links.get('link1').operation)
+              ).toBe(true);
+            });
+
+            test('should set Operation Object as metadata of Link.operationRef field', async () => {
+              const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const link1 = evaluate('/0/components/links/link1', dereferenced);
+
+              expect(isOperationElement(link1.operationRef?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('with external resolution disabled', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-ref-ignore-external');
+
+            test('should not dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { external: false },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and with invalid JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-ref-invalid-pointer');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('and with unresolvable JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-ref-unresolvable');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given operationId field', () => {
+          describe('and OperationElement with operationId exists', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-id');
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+
+            test('should set Operation Object as metadata of Link.operationId field', async () => {
+              const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const link1 = evaluate('/0/components/links/link1', dereferenced);
+
+              expect(isOperationElement(link1.operationId?.meta.get('operation'))).toBe(true);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe("and OperationElement with operationId doesn't exist", () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-id-non-existent');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given both operationRef and operationId fields are defined', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-ref-id-both-defined');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+              'cause.cause.message',
+              'LinkElement operationRef and operationId fields are mutually exclusive.'
+            );
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/components-parameters/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/components-parameters/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c916faa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/components-parameters/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "param2": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/components-parameters/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/components-parameters/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6601b6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/components-parameters/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "in": "query",
+        "required": true
+      },
+      "param2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/param1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9fe33b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path": {
+        "get": {
+          "parameters": [
+            {
+              "name": "offset",
+              "in": "query",
+              "required": true
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f17d04e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path": {
+      "get": {
+        "parameters": [
+          {
+            "$ref": "#/components/parameters/param1"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "in": "query",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/path-item-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/path-item-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7258f817b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/path-item-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path": {
+        "parameters": [
+          {
+            "name": "offset",
+            "in": "query",
+            "required": true
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/path-item-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/path-item-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..280da6ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/__fixtures__/path-item-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path": {
+      "parameters": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/components/parameters/param1"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "in": "query",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19ac64f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/parameter-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Parameter Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/parameters field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-parameters');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Path Item Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'path-item-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Operation Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d0e6b4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "summary": "path1 item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path2": {
+        "summary": "path2 item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a49cbf0e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path2",
+      "summary": "path1 item summary"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "summary": "path2 item summary",
+      "description": "path item description",
+      "get": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/callback-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/callback-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c753eb15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/callback-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "callbacks": {
+        "callback1": {
+          "{$method}": {
+            "description": "description of callback2"
+          }
+        },
+        "callback2": {
+          "{$method}": {
+            "description": "description of callback2"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/callback-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/callback-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20b09ffb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/callback-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "callbacks": {
+      "callback1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/callbacks/callback2"
+      },
+      "callback2": {
+        "{$method}": {
+          "description": "description of callback2"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/components-path-items/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/components-path-items/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b254953a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/components-path-items/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "description": "description of path item 1"
+        },
+        "pathItem2": {
+          "description": "description of path item 1"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/components-path-items/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/components-path-items/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c51ddca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/components-path-items/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "description": "description of path item 1"
+      },
+      "pathItem2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d5570998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "$ref": "./root.json#/paths/~1path1"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7850ce66b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c727e272f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path2"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path1"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f02538ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7b3e3be5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "$ref": "./ex2.json#/~1path3"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6d955840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "/path3": {
+    "summary": "path item summary",
+    "description": "path item description",
+    "get": {}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..555700433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex1.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f02538ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da0922458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "/path2": {
+    "summary": "path item summary",
+    "description": "path item description",
+    "get": {}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5843b0124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex.json#/~1path2"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dde8e5a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/~1path2"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da0922458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "/path2": {
+    "summary": "path item summary",
+    "description": "path item description",
+    "get": {}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5843b0124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex.json#/~1path2"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e49d4768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "$ref": "./ex2.json"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d5570998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "$ref": "./root.json#/paths/~1path1"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..555700433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex1.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16c0928aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path2"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path3"
+    },
+    "/path3": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path1"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a84c3aa60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path3": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path4": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da0922458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "/path2": {
+    "summary": "path item summary",
+    "description": "path item description",
+    "get": {}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71d688c0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex.json#/~1path2"
+    },
+    "/path3": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path4"
+    },
+    "/path4": {
+      "summary": "path item summary",
+      "description": "path item description",
+      "get": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-indirections/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-indirections/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..417a402ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-indirections/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path2": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path3": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-indirections/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-indirections/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf154cb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-indirections/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path2"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path3"
+    },
+    "/path3": {
+      "summary": "path item summary",
+      "description": "path item description",
+      "get": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..417a402ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path1": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path2": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      },
+      "/path3": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description",
+        "get": {}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf154cb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path2"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/~1path3"
+    },
+    "/path3": {
+      "summary": "path item summary",
+      "description": "path item description",
+      "get": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d4df81c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "invalid-pointer"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "summary": "path item summary",
+      "description": "path item description",
+      "get": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7b3e3be5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "$ref": "./ex2.json#/~1path3"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6d955840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "/path3": {
+    "summary": "path item summary",
+    "description": "path item description",
+    "get": {}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..555700433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "./ex1.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cfa9cf6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "pathItems": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "get": {},
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/ex3.json#/externalPathItem"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d5e2e295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/externalPathItem"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08774eea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "externalPathItem": {
+    "description": "this is path item stored in external file",
+    "get": {}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..060125376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "pathItems": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a4375cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "summary": "path item summary",
+          "description": "path item description",
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/pathItems/pathItem3"
+        },
+        "pathItem2": {
+          "summary": "path item summary",
+          "description": "path item description",
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/pathItems/pathItem3"
+        },
+        "pathItem3": {
+          "summary": "path item summary",
+          "description": "path item description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b74584801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem2"
+      },
+      "pathItem2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem3"
+      },
+      "pathItem3": {
+        "summary": "path item summary",
+        "description": "path item description"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-path-item/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-path-item/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f7c6dcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-path-item/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path1": {
+      "$ref": "#/paths/invalid-pointer"
+    },
+    "/path2": {
+      "summary": "path item summary",
+      "description": "path item description",
+      "get": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/webhooks/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/webhooks/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bda44d5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/webhooks/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "webhooks": {
+      "hook": {
+        "description": "description of path item 1"
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "pathItems": {
+        "pathItem1": {
+          "description": "description of path item 1"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/webhooks/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/webhooks/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..569afa66c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/__fixtures__/webhooks/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "webhooks": {
+    "hook": {
+      "$ref": "#/components/pathItems/pathItem1"
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "pathItems": {
+      "pathItem1": {
+        "description": "description of path item 1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/dereference-apidom.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/dereference-apidom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d59552da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/dereference-apidom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { mediaTypes, isPathItemElement } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate, compile } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import { parse, dereferenceApiDOM } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Path Item Object', () => {
+        describe('given single PathItemElement passed to dereferenceApiDOM', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'external-only', 'root.json');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const pathItemElement = evaluate(compile(['paths', '/path1']), parseResult.api);
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(pathItemElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(isPathItemElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const pathItemElement = evaluate(compile(['paths', '/path1']), parseResult.api);
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(pathItemElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(dereferenced.meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()).toEqual(
+              expect.stringMatching(/external-only\/ex\.json$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e59730aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/path-item-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import {
+  dereference,
+  DereferenceError,
+  MaximumDereferenceDepthError,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line camelcase
+import OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js';
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Path Item Object', () => {
+        describe('given in webhooks field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'webhooks');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in components/pathItems field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-path-items');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Callback Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'callback-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Path Item Object $ref field', () => {
+          describe('given $ref field pointing internally only', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-only');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field pointing externally only', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field pointing internally and externally', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-external');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field + additional fields', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'additional-fields');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given external resolution disabled', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'ignore-external');
+
+            test('should not dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { external: false },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field pointing to internal indirection', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-indirections');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field pointing to external indirections', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-indirections');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field pointing internally', () => {
+            describe('and allowMetaPatches=true', () => {
+              test('should dereference', async () => {
+                const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'meta-patches-internal');
+                const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                  const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd: fixturePath });
+
+                  try {
+                    return toValue(
+                      await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                        parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                        dereference: {
+                          strategies: [
+                            OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ allowMetaPatches: true }),
+                          ],
+                        },
+                      })
+                    );
+                  } finally {
+                    await httpServer.terminate();
+                  }
+                };
+                const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(
+                  path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json')
+                );
+
+                await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+              });
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field pointing externally', () => {
+            describe('and allowMetaPatches=true', () => {
+              test('should dereference', async () => {
+                const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'meta-patches-external');
+                const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                  const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({
+                    port: 8123,
+                    cwd: fixturePath,
+                  });
+                  try {
+                    return toValue(
+                      await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                        parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                        dereference: {
+                          strategies: [
+                            OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ allowMetaPatches: true }),
+                          ],
+                        },
+                      })
+                    );
+                  } finally {
+                    await httpServer.terminate();
+                  }
+                };
+                const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(
+                  path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json')
+                );
+
+                await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+              });
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field with invalid JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'invalid-pointer');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field and maxDepth of dereference', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'max-depth');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                  dereference: { maxDepth: 1 },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+                cause: {
+                  cause: expect.any(MaximumDereferenceDepthError),
+                },
+              });
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+                'cause.cause.message',
+                expect.stringMatching(/__fixtures__\/max-depth\/ex1\.json"$/)
+              );
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field with unresolvable JSON Pointer', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'unresolvable-path-item');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field with with direct circular internal reference', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'direct-internal-circular');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field with with indirect circular internal reference', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-internal-circular');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field with with direct circular external reference', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'direct-external-circular');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given $ref field with with indirect circular external reference', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-external-circular');
+
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ef1ca997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "userId": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "description 1",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection1": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "indirect description 1",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection2": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "indirect description 1",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "userIdRef": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "pulled from external source",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eba4e6f9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-fields/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection1",
+        "description": "description 1"
+      },
+      "indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection2",
+        "summary": "indirect summary 1"
+      },
+      "indirection2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userIdRef",
+        "description": "indirect description 1",
+        "summary": "indirect summary 2"
+      },
+      "userIdRef": {
+        "name": "userId",
+        "in": "query",
+        "description": "ID of the user",
+        "required": true
+      },
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "pulled from external source"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ef1ca997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "userId": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "description 1",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection1": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "indirect description 1",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection2": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "indirect description 1",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "userIdRef": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "pulled from external source",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87f3dcb72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/additional-ignored-fields/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection1",
+        "description": "description 1",
+        "prop1": "value1",
+        "prop2": "value2"
+      },
+      "indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection2",
+        "summary": "indirect summary 1",
+        "prop1": "value1",
+        "prop2": "value2"
+      },
+      "indirection2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userIdRef",
+        "description": "indirect description 1",
+        "summary": "indirect summary 2",
+        "prop1": "value1",
+        "prop2": "value2"
+      },
+      "userIdRef": {
+        "name": "userId",
+        "in": "query",
+        "description": "ID of the user",
+        "required": true
+      },
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "pulled from external source",
+        "prop1": "value1",
+        "prop2": "value2"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..badb77703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "parent": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cec551870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "$ref": "./root.json#/components/parameters/userId"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a71015f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "another ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..020d39aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userId",
+        "description": "description 1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c494edf8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "param2",
+          "in": "query"
+        },
+        "param2": {
+          "name": "param2",
+          "in": "query"
+        },
+        "param3": {
+          "name": "ex-param3",
+          "in": "query"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ed2b2f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "$ref": "./root.json#/components/parameters/param2"
+      },
+      "param2": {
+        "$ref": "./root.json#/components/parameters/param2"
+      },
+      "param3": {
+        "name": "ex-param3",
+        "in": "query"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c95d70def
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/components/parameters/param1"
+      },
+      "param2": {
+        "name": "param2",
+        "in": "query"
+      },
+      "param3": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/components/parameters/param3"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e51b197a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..091689f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/externalParameter"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3614c32b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e51b197a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccf089371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only-absolute-url/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "http://localhost:8123/ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e51b197a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a512c0155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..736c0a679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "a": {
+            "$ref": "#/three"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e53208cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "one": {
+    "$ref": "#/two"
+  },
+  "two": {
+    "a": {
+      "$ref": "#/three"
+    }
+  },
+  "three": {
+    "b": {
+      "$ref": "#/two"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2127a757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-arbitrary-$refs/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/one"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..995356d52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "userId": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "override",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection1": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection2": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "userIdRef": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "externalRef": {
+          "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+          "description": "another ref"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..802a6c0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection1",
+        "description": "override"
+      },
+      "indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection2",
+        "summary": "indirect summary"
+      },
+      "indirection2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userIdRef",
+        "summary": "indirect summary"
+      },
+      "userIdRef": {
+        "name": "userId",
+        "in": "query",
+        "description": "ID of the user",
+        "required": true
+      },
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "another ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d44c81422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92be82752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./root.json#/components/parameters/externalRef"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e1a72237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "another ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58cfa384b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection1",
+        "description": "description 1"
+      },
+      "indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection2",
+        "description": "description 1"
+      },
+      "indirection2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection3",
+        "description": "description 1"
+      },
+      "indirection3": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userId",
+        "description": "description 1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4baa2dc95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "userId": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "override",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection1": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection2": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "userIdRef": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "another ref",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..802a6c0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection1",
+        "description": "override"
+      },
+      "indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection2",
+        "summary": "indirect summary"
+      },
+      "indirection2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userIdRef",
+        "summary": "indirect summary"
+      },
+      "userIdRef": {
+        "name": "userId",
+        "in": "query",
+        "description": "ID of the user",
+        "required": true
+      },
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "another ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b50576d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "userId": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "override",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection1": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "indirection2": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        },
+        "userIdRef": {
+          "name": "userId",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "ID of the user",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f824a35e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection1",
+        "description": "override"
+      },
+      "indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/indirection2",
+        "summary": "indirect summary"
+      },
+      "indirection2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/userIdRef",
+        "summary": "indirect summary"
+      },
+      "userIdRef": {
+        "name": "userId",
+        "in": "query",
+        "description": "ID of the user",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afde294f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "userId": {
+        "$ref": "invalid-pointer",
+        "description": "override"
+      },
+      "userIdRef": {
+        "name": "userId",
+        "in": "query",
+        "description": "ID of the user",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..091689f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/externalParameter"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3614c32b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bec19f8a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "required": true,
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/ex3.json#/externalParameter"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..091689f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/externalParameter"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3614c32b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dffe470b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "param1": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true,
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/parameters/param3"
+        },
+        "param2": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true,
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/parameters/param3"
+        },
+        "param3": {
+          "name": "offset",
+          "in": "query",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be9fcab8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "param1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/param2"
+      },
+      "param2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/parameters/param3"
+      },
+      "param3": {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "in": "query",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e51b197a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/dereferenced.json	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex1.json	
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..091689f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex2.json	
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/externalParameter"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/ex3.json	
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3614c32b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/path-encoding/path with spaces/root.json	
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e51b197a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "parameters": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "name": "externalParameter",
+          "in": "query",
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "required": true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..091689f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/externalParameter"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3614c32b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/refset-as-option/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-reference/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-reference/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44e42d9fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-reference/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/externalParameter",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/dereference-apidom.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/dereference-apidom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6685cd37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/dereference-apidom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { mediaTypes, isParameterElement } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import { parse, dereferenceApiDOM } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Reference Object', () => {
+        describe('given single ReferenceElement passed to dereferenceApiDOM', () => {
+          describe('given dereferencing using local file system', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only', 'root.json');
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const referenceElement = evaluate(
+                '/components/parameters/externalRef',
+                parseResult.api
+              );
+              const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+              });
+
+              expect(isParameterElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+            });
+
+            test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+              const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const referenceElement = evaluate(
+                '/components/parameters/externalRef',
+                parseResult.api
+              );
+              const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+              });
+
+              expect(dereferenced.meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()).toEqual(
+                expect.stringMatching(/external-only\/ex\.json$/)
+              );
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given dereferencing using HTTP protocol', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only', 'root.json');
+            const httpPort = 8123;
+            let httpServer;
+
+            beforeEach(() => {
+              const cwd = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only');
+              httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: httpPort, cwd });
+            });
+
+            afterEach(async () => {
+              await httpServer.terminate();
+            });
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const referenceElement = evaluate(
+                '/components/parameters/externalRef',
+                parseResult.api
+              );
+              const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { baseURI: `http://localhost:${httpPort}/root.json` },
+              });
+
+              expect(isParameterElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+            });
+
+            test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+              const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const referenceElement = evaluate(
+                '/components/parameters/externalRef',
+                parseResult.api
+              );
+              const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { baseURI: `http://localhost:${httpPort}/root.json` },
+              });
+
+              expect(dereferenced.meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()).toEqual(
+                expect.stringMatching(/\/ex\.json$/)
+              );
+            });
+          });
+
+          describe('given dereferencing using HTTP protocol and absolute URLs', () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(
+              rootFixturePath,
+              'external-only-absolute-url',
+              'root.json'
+            );
+            const httpPort = 8123;
+            let httpServer;
+
+            beforeEach(() => {
+              const cwd = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only-absolute-url');
+              httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: httpPort, cwd });
+            });
+
+            afterEach(async () => {
+              await httpServer.terminate();
+            });
+
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const referenceElement = evaluate(
+                '/components/parameters/externalRef',
+                parseResult.api
+              );
+              const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { baseURI: `http://localhost:${httpPort}/root.json` },
+              });
+
+              expect(isParameterElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+            });
+
+            test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+              const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              const referenceElement = evaluate(
+                '/components/parameters/externalRef',
+                parseResult.api
+              );
+              const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { baseURI: `http://localhost:${httpPort}/root.json` },
+              });
+
+              expect(dereferenced.meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()).toEqual(
+                expect.stringMatching(/\/ex\.json$/)
+              );
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f06227f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/reference-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { ParseResultElement, toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { isParameterElement, mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import {
+  dereference,
+  dereferenceApiDOM,
+  resolve,
+  parse,
+  DereferenceError,
+  MaximumDereferenceDepthError,
+  MaximumResolverDepthError,
+  Reference,
+  ReferenceSet,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line camelcase
+import OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js';
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Reference Object', () => {
+        describe('given Reference Objects pointing internally and externally', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-external');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should apply semantics to external fragment', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const fragment = evaluate('/0/components/parameters/externalRef', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(isParameterElement(fragment)).toBe(true);
+          });
+
+          test('should annotate transcluded element with additional metadata', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const fragment = evaluate('/0/components/parameters/userId', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(fragment.meta.get('ref-fields').get('$ref').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              '#/components/parameters/indirection1'
+            );
+            expect(fragment.meta.get('ref-fields').get('description').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              'override'
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects pointing internally only', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-only');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects pointing externally only', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects pointing to external indirections', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-indirections');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should apply semantics to eventual external fragment', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const fragment = evaluate('/0/components/parameters/externalRef', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(isParameterElement(fragment)).toBe(true);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with additional fields', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'additional-fields');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with additional ignored fields', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'additional-ignored-fields');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects pointing internally', () => {
+          describe('and allowMetaPatches=true', () => {
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'meta-patches-internal');
+              const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd: fixturePath });
+
+                try {
+                  return toValue(
+                    await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                      parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                      dereference: {
+                        strategies: [
+                          OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ allowMetaPatches: true }),
+                        ],
+                      },
+                    })
+                  );
+                } finally {
+                  await httpServer.terminate();
+                }
+              };
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects pointing externally', () => {
+          describe('and allowMetaPatches=true', () => {
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'meta-patches-external');
+              const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd: fixturePath });
+
+                try {
+                  return toValue(
+                    await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                      parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                      dereference: {
+                        strategies: [
+                          OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ allowMetaPatches: true }),
+                        ],
+                      },
+                    })
+                  );
+                } finally {
+                  await httpServer.terminate();
+                }
+              };
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with internal cycles', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-internal');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const parent = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/User/properties/parent', dereferenced);
+            const cyclicParent = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/parent/properties/parent',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+
+            expect(parent).toStrictEqual(cyclicParent);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with external resolution disabled', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'ignore-external');
+
+          test('should not dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { external: false },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with direct circular internal reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'direct-internal-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with indirect circular internal reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-internal-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with direct circular external reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'direct-external-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with indirect circular external reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-external-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with unresolvable reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'unresolvable-reference');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with invalid JSON Pointer', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'invalid-pointer');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with arbitrary circular references', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'ignore-arbitrary-$refs');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects with external circular dependency', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-circular-dependency');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects and maxDepth of dereference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'max-depth');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                dereference: { maxDepth: 2 },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(MaximumDereferenceDepthError),
+              },
+            });
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+              'cause.cause.message',
+              expect.stringMatching(/__fixtures__\/max-depth\/ex2\.json"$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Reference Objects and maxDepth of resolution', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'max-depth');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { maxDepth: 2 },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(MaximumResolverDepthError),
+              },
+            });
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+              'cause.cause.message',
+              expect.stringMatching(/__fixtures__\/max-depth\/ex2\.json"$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given refSet is provided as an option', () => {
+          test('should dereference without external resolution', async () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'refset-as-option');
+            const uri = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const refSet = await resolve(uri, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const actual = await dereference(uri, { dereference: { refSet } });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference single ApiDOM fragment', async () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'refset-as-option');
+            const uri = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const parseResult = await parse(uri, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            // @ts-ignore
+            const referenceElement = parseResult.api?.components.parameters.get('externalRef');
+            const refSet = ReferenceSet();
+            const rootFileReference = Reference({ uri, value: parseResult });
+            const referenceElementReference = Reference({
+              uri: `${uri}#/single-reference-object`,
+              value: new ParseResultElement([referenceElement]),
+            });
+            // referenceElementReference needs to be added as first to create rootRef
+            refSet.add(referenceElementReference).add(rootFileReference);
+
+            const actual = await dereferenceApiDOM(referenceElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('generic') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: uri },
+              dereference: { refSet },
+            });
+
+            const expected = {
+              name: 'externalParameter',
+              in: 'query',
+              description: 'external ref',
+              required: true,
+            };
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given path with invalid URL characters - spaces', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'path-encoding', 'path with spaces');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/components-request-bodies/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/components-request-bodies/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ad8f1d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/components-request-bodies/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "requestBodies": {
+        "requestBody1": {
+          "description": "example1 description"
+        },
+        "requestBody2": {
+          "description": "example1 description"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/components-request-bodies/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/components-request-bodies/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ec8a9882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/components-request-bodies/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "requestBodies": {
+      "requestBody1": {
+        "description": "example1 description"
+      },
+      "requestBody2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/requestBodies/requestBody1"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c50937f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path": {
+        "get": {
+          "requestBody": {
+            "description": "description of request body 2"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "requestBodies": {
+        "requestBody2": {
+          "description": "description of request body 2"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cb414e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/__fixtures__/operation-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path": {
+      "get": {
+        "requestBody": {
+          "$ref": "#/components/requestBodies/requestBody2"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "requestBodies": {
+      "requestBody2": {
+        "description": "description of request body 2"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81077270f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/request-body-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Request Body Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/requestBodies field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-request-bodies');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Operation Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'operation-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/components-responses/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/components-responses/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..990f84fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/components-responses/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "responses": {
+        "201": {
+          "description": "201 description",
+          "headers": {
+            "Content-Type": {
+              "description": "The number of allowed requests in the current period",
+              "schema": {
+                "type": "integer"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "400": {
+          "description": "201 description",
+          "headers": {
+            "Content-Type": {
+              "description": "The number of allowed requests in the current period",
+              "schema": {
+                "type": "integer"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/components-responses/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/components-responses/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b8fa923a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/components-responses/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "responses": {
+      "201": {
+        "description": "201 description",
+        "headers": {
+          "Content-Type": {
+            "description": "The number of allowed requests in the current period",
+            "schema": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "400": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/responses/201"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/responses-object/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/responses-object/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8100dbd63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/responses-object/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/path": {
+        "get": {
+          "responses": {
+            "default": {
+              "description": "first response object"
+            },
+            "200": {
+              "description": "second response object"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "components": {
+      "responses": {
+        "default": {
+          "description": "first response object"
+        },
+        "200": {
+          "description": "second response object"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/responses-object/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/responses-object/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b16f8bfce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/__fixtures__/responses-object/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "paths": {
+    "/path": {
+      "get": {
+        "responses": {
+          "default": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/responses/default"
+          },
+          "200": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/responses/200"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "responses": {
+      "default": {
+        "description": "first response object"
+      },
+      "200": {
+        "description": "second response object"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99c0ae257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/response-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Response Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/responses field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-responses');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given in Responses Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'responses-object');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2fd205625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$anchor": "user-profile",
+              "properties": {
+                "firstName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "lastName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b32830bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "$anchor": "user-profile",
+      "properties": {
+        "firstName": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "lastName": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f5527668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#user-profile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-internal/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-internal/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c8fd1b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-internal/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$anchor": "user-profile",
+              "properties": {
+                "firstName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "lastName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$anchor": "user-profile",
+          "properties": {
+            "firstName": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "lastName": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9a30fb1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#user-profile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$anchor": "user-profile",
+        "properties": {
+          "firstName": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "lastName": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-not-found/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-not-found/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0f2dce91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$anchor-not-found/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#user-profile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-unresolvable/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-unresolvable/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8a838112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-unresolvable/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$id": "./schemas/",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$id": "./nested/",
+            "$ref": "./ex.json"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ffbd8fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$id": "./nested/",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/nested/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/nested/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7f7f6299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/nested/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "avatar": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c9fd869f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-direct/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$id": "./nested/",
+            "$ref": "./ex.json"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52f96bfc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "$id": "./nested/",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/nested/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/nested/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7f7f6299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/nested/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "avatar": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c3fa339c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-enclosing/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$id": "./nested/",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ffbd8fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$id": "./nested/",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/nested/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/nested/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5a6ae02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/nested/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "$id": "./nested/",
+      "$ref": "./ex.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/nested/nested/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/nested/nested/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7f7f6299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/nested/nested/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "avatar": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ede427d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$id-uri-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./nested/ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-$anchor/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-$anchor/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdca4c2d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-$anchor/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$anchor": "avatar",
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "$anchor": "avatar",
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-$anchor/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-$anchor/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab1df7012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-$anchor/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile#avatar"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "$anchor": "avatar",
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-pointer/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-pointer/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e21296c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-pointer/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89e31d3af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile#/properties/avatar"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-relative-reference/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-relative-reference/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e1ef488f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-relative-reference/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profileAvatar": {
+              "$id": "/schemas/user-profile/avatar",
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "$id": "/schemas/user-profile/avatar",
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-relative-reference/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-relative-reference/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80a5976a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-relative-reference/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profileAvatar": {
+            "$ref": "/schemas/user-profile/avatar"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "$id": "/schemas/user-profile/avatar",
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d79569c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7f7f6299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "avatar": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e6dec92a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-resolvable/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#/properties/avatar"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-unresolvable/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-unresolvable/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37f1a25cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url-unresolvable/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..990e6b83a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b6485de3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-url/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "https://swagger.io/schemas/user-profile",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-$anchor/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-$anchor/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ded6680a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-$anchor/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$anchor": "avatar",
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "$anchor": "avatar",
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-$anchor/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-$anchor/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c519c4e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-$anchor/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f#avatar"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "$anchor": "avatar",
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-pointer/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-pointer/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb6bf72bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-pointer/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c53665d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f#/properties/avatar"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-unresolvable/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-unresolvable/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f508f83e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn-unresolvable/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "urn:uuid:3"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61fb93c20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c3a9eabd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$ref-urn/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$id": "urn:uuid:ee564b8a-7a87-4125-8c96-e9f123d6766f",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-defined/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-defined/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9bf74b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-defined/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-defined/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-defined/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34af5e8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-defined/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-enclosing/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-enclosing/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaba585ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-enclosing/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-enclosing/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-enclosing/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d4f976f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-enclosing/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-mixed/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-mixed/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c422a7ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-mixed/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-mixed/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-mixed/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd3b4c451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-mixed/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$schema": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-undefined/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-undefined/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8070ecde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-undefined/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-undefined/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-undefined/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0360dcac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-undefined/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-unrecognized/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-unrecognized/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a721e07f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-unrecognized/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "$schema": "https://www.google.com/",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "$schema": "https://www.google.com/",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "$schema": "https://www.google.com/",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-unrecognized/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-unrecognized/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2eb375343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/$schema-unrecognized/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$schema": "https://www.google.com/",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "$schema": "https://www.google.com/",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/boolean-json-schema/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/boolean-json-schema/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..848bdd22f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/boolean-json-schema/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": true
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/boolean-json-schema/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/boolean-json-schema/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e4b6a1fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/boolean-json-schema/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": true
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..325bce910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "profile": {
+              "properties": {
+                "parent": {
+                  "$ref": "http://localhost:8123/ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3867c3eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "properties": {
+        "parent": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/UserProfile"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15ee3edf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled-http/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f11c4f3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "profile": {
+              "properties": {
+                "parent": {
+                  "$ref": "/home/smartbear/ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3867c3eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "properties": {
+        "parent": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/UserProfile"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15ee3edf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external-disabled/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3867c3eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "properties": {
+        "parent": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/UserProfile"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15ee3edf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled-http/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled-http/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f25cf087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled-http/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "parent": {
+              "$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/schemas/User"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled-http/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled-http/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..badb77703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled-http/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "parent": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02e2d9e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "parent": {
+              "$ref": "/home/smartbear/root.json#/components/schemas/User"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..badb77703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-disabled/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "parent": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9251c7a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "properties": {
+        "user": {
+          "$ref": "./root.json#/components/schemas/User"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00f24682e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "x-track": "1",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..badb77703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/cycle-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "parent": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33dfbc1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "User": {
+      "$ref": "./root.json#/components/schemas/User"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5138ec7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-external-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/User"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fedad74de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/direct-internal-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7064c600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[
+  {
+    "info": {
+      "title": "Swagger Petstore",
+      "version": "1.0.0"
+    },
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "paths": {
+      "/pets": {
+        "get": {
+          "operationId": "listPets",
+          "responses": {
+            "200": {
+              "content": {
+                "application/json": {
+                  "schema": {
+                    "type": "number"
+                  }
+                },
+                "application/yaml": {
+                  "schema": {
+                    "$anchor": "Pet",
+                    "type": "number"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "servers": [
+      {
+        "url": "http://petstore.swagger.io/v1"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def.yml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..319162452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+components:
+  schemas:
+    Pet:
+      $ref: "./def2.yml#/components/schemas/Pet"
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def2.yml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def2.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa2244e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def2.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+components:
+  schemas:
+    Pet:
+      type: number
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def3.yml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def3.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19c9ed597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/def3.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+$defs:
+  Pet:
+    $anchor: Pet
+    type: number
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/pets.yml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/pets.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf25452e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/pets.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+get:
+  operationId: listPets
+  responses:
+    "200":
+      $ref: "./response.yml"
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/response.yml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/response.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35c495a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/pets/response.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+content:
+  application/json:
+    schema:
+      $ref: "./def.yml#/components/schemas/Pet"
+  application/yaml:
+    schema:
+      $ref: "./def3.yml#Pet"
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/root.yml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/root.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b879ef29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/document-boundaries/root.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+openapi: "3.1.0"
+info:
+  version: 1.0.0
+  title: Swagger Petstore
+servers:
+  - url: http://petstore.swagger.io/v1
+paths:
+  /pets:
+    $ref: "./pets/pets.yml"
+
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3a4d8956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "schema1": {
+          "type": "object"
+        },
+        "schema2": {
+          "type": "object"
+        },
+        "schema3": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..088123c17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "schema1": {
+      "$ref": "./root.json#/components/schemas/schema2"
+    },
+    "schema2": {
+      "$ref": "./root.json#/components/schemas/schema2"
+    },
+    "schema3": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb923170f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-circular-dependency/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "schema1": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/schema1"
+      },
+      "schema2": {
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "schema3": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/schema3"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fefdfe26a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "Indirection": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "prop1": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b36a740b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "Indirection": {
+      "$ref": "./ex2.json#/$defs/Indirection"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fde157650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "Indirection": {
+      "$ref": "./ex3.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c27dc3038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "prop1": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4b862d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-indirections/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "Indirection": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/$defs/Indirection"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85fde7c64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "firstName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "lastName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c115310b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "$defs": {
+    "UserProfile": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "firstName": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "lastName": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15ee3edf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/external-only/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45494ad27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "Order": {
+          "$ref": "./ex.json"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8a07edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "externalParameter": {
+    "name": "externalParameter",
+    "in": "query",
+    "description": "this is parameter stored in external file",
+    "required": true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b58b884fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/ignore-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "Order": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb58d6153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "User": {
+      "$ref": "./ex2.json#/$defs/User"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..556373d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "User": {
+      "$ref": "./ex3.json#/$defs/User"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33dfbc1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "User": {
+      "$ref": "./root.json#/components/schemas/User"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..041b79aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-external-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/$defs/User"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..460612050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal-circular/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Indirection1"
+      },
+      "Indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Indirection2"
+      },
+      "Indirection3": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Indirection3"
+      },
+      "Indirection4": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e1ddf05f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object"
+        },
+        "Indirection1": {
+          "type": "object"
+        },
+        "Indirection2": {
+          "type": "object"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed545e988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/indirect-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Indirection1"
+      },
+      "Indirection1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Indirection2"
+      },
+      "Indirection2": {
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/infinite-recursion/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/infinite-recursion/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..145ae4496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/infinite-recursion/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..149231aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "firstName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "lastName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "firstName": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "lastName": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "Order": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "orderId": {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8386ec570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "Order": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "orderId": {
+          "type": "number"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24c9fa247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "firstName": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "lastName": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "Order": {
+        "$ref": "./ex.json#/$defs/Order"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8070ecde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "login": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "password": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "avatar": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "avatar": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0360dcac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/internal-only/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "login": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "password": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "avatar": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a8c56352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/invalid-pointer/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/invalid-pointer"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7de8b6d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "$defs": {
+    "Indirection": {
+      "$ref": "./ex2.json#/$defs/Indirection"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39ed0289d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "$defs": {
+    "Indirection": {
+      "$ref": "./ex3.json"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6307dc1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "type": "object"
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c20c6b510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/max-depth/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/$defs/Indirection"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0dd4b205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "User": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "profile": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "user profile",
+              "properties": {
+                "firstName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "lastName": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "UserProfile": {
+          "properties": {
+            "firstName": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "lastName": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "Order": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "orderId": {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/ex.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/ex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcdbb6954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/ex.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "orderId": {
+      "type": "number"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63ac9e5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/merging-keywords/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "user profile",
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "UserProfile": {
+        "properties": {
+          "firstName": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "lastName": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "Order": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "./ex.json"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d409494c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "externalRef": {
+          "description": "external ref",
+          "type": "object",
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/ex3.json#/$defs/externalSchema"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46bebc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex2.json#/indirection"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ceeb4f925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "indirection": {
+    "$ref": "./ex3.json#/$defs/externalSchema"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0e2ec2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/ex3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "$defs": {
+    "externalSchema": {
+      "description": "this is path item stored in external file",
+      "type": "object"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe6be223a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-external/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+       "externalRef": {
+        "$ref": "./ex1.json#/indirection",
+        "description": "external ref"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f9ffbff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "schemas": {
+        "schema1": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/schemas/schema3"
+        },
+        "schema2": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$$ref": "http://localhost:8123/root.json#/components/schemas/schema3"
+        },
+        "schema3": {
+          "type": "object"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b107b785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/meta-patches-internal/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "schema1": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/schema2"
+      },
+      "schema2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/schemas/schema3"
+      },
+      "schema3": {
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-reference/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-reference/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6269b8639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/__fixtures__/unresolvable-reference/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "User": {
+        "properties": {
+          "profile": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserProfile"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/dereference-apidom.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/dereference-apidom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eef9e3e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/dereference-apidom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { mediaTypes, isSchemaElement } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import { parse, dereferenceApiDOM } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Schema Object', () => {
+        describe('given single SchemaElement passed to dereferenceApiDOM', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'external-only', 'root.json');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const schemaElement = evaluate(
+              '/components/schemas/User/properties/profile',
+              parseResult.api
+            );
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(schemaElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(isSchemaElement(dereferenced)).toBe(true);
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference and contain metadata about origin', async () => {
+            const parseResult = await parse(fixturePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const pathItemElement = evaluate(
+              '/components/schemas/User/properties/profile',
+              parseResult.api
+            );
+            const dereferenced = await dereferenceApiDOM(pathItemElement, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { baseURI: fixturePath },
+            });
+
+            expect(dereferenced.meta.get('ref-origin').toValue()).toEqual(
+              expect.stringMatching(/external-only\/ex\.json$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f51b3677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/schema-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,969 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { isSchemaElement, mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { evaluate } from '@swagger-api/apidom-json-pointer';
+import {
+  DereferenceError,
+  MaximumDereferenceDepthError,
+  MaximumResolverDepthError,
+  ResolverError,
+  dereference,
+  resolve,
+} from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+import { EvaluationJsonSchema$anchorError } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1/selectors/$anchor';
+import { EvaluationJsonSchemaUriError } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1/selectors/uri';
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line camelcase
+import OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy from '../../../../../../../../src/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/index.js';
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Schema Object - $ref keyword from core vocabulary', () => {
+        describe('given Schema Objects pointing internally and externally', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-external');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should apply semantics to external fragment', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const fragment = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/Order', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(isSchemaElement(fragment)).toBe(true);
+          });
+
+          test('should annotate transcluded element with additional metadata', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const fragment = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/profile',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+
+            expect(fragment.meta.get('ref-fields').get('$ref').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              '#/components/schemas/UserProfile'
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects pointing internally only', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'internal-only');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects pointing to internal indirections', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-internal');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with internal cycles', () => {
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-internal');
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const parent = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/User/properties/parent', dereferenced);
+            const cyclicParent = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/parent/properties/parent',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+
+            expect(parent).toStrictEqual(cyclicParent);
+          });
+
+          describe('and useCircularStructures=false', () => {
+            test('should avoid cycles by skipping transclusion', async () => {
+              const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-internal-disabled');
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const refSet = await resolve(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              refSet.refs[0].uri = '/home/smartbear/root.json';
+              const actual = await dereference('/home/smartbear/root.json', {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                dereference: {
+                  refSet,
+                  strategies: [
+                    OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ useCircularStructures: false }),
+                  ],
+                },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+
+            describe('and using HTTP protocol', () => {
+              test('should make JSON Pointer absolute', async () => {
+                const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-external-disabled-http');
+                const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                  const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd: fixturePath });
+
+                  try {
+                    return toValue(
+                      await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                        parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                        dereference: {
+                          strategies: [
+                            OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({
+                              useCircularStructures: false,
+                            }),
+                          ],
+                        },
+                      })
+                    );
+                  } finally {
+                    await httpServer.terminate();
+                  }
+                };
+                const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(
+                  path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json')
+                );
+
+                await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with external cycles', () => {
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-external');
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const parent = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/profile/properties/parent',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+            const cyclicParent = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/profile/properties/parent/properties/parent',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+
+            expect(parent).toStrictEqual(cyclicParent);
+          });
+
+          describe('and useCircularStructures=false', () => {
+            test('should avoid cycles by skipping transclusion', async () => {
+              const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-external-disabled');
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const refSet = await resolve(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+              refSet.refs[0].uri = '/home/smartbear/root.json';
+              refSet.refs[1].uri = '/home/smartbear/ex.json';
+              const actual = await dereference('/home/smartbear/root.json', {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                dereference: {
+                  refSet,
+                  strategies: [
+                    OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ useCircularStructures: false }),
+                  ],
+                },
+              });
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Object pointing internally', () => {
+          describe('and allowMetaPatches=true', () => {
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'meta-patches-internal');
+              const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd: fixturePath });
+
+                try {
+                  return toValue(
+                    await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                      parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                      dereference: {
+                        strategies: [
+                          OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ allowMetaPatches: true }),
+                        ],
+                      },
+                    })
+                  );
+                } finally {
+                  await httpServer.terminate();
+                }
+              };
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Object pointing externally', () => {
+          describe('and allowMetaPatches=true', () => {
+            test('should dereference', async () => {
+              const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'meta-patches-external');
+              const dereferenceThunk = async () => {
+                const httpServer = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd: fixturePath });
+
+                try {
+                  return toValue(
+                    await dereference('http://localhost:8123/root.json', {
+                      parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                      dereference: {
+                        strategies: [
+                          OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ allowMetaPatches: true }),
+                        ],
+                      },
+                    })
+                  );
+                } finally {
+                  await httpServer.terminate();
+                }
+              };
+              const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).resolves.toEqual(expected);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with internal and external cycles', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'cycle-internal-external');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const user = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/profile/properties/user',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+            const cyclicUserInProfile = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/User/properties/profile/properties/user/properties/profile/properties/user',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+
+            expect(user).toStrictEqual(cyclicUserInProfile);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with external circular dependency', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-circular-dependency');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with external resolution disabled', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'ignore-external');
+
+          test('should not dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              resolve: { external: false },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with overlapping keywords', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'merging-keywords');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects pointing externally only', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-only');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects pointing to external indirections', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'external-indirections');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should apply semantics to eventual external fragment', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const fragment = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/Indirection', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(isSchemaElement(fragment)).toBe(true);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $schema keyword defined', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$schema-defined');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $schema keyword defined in enclosing Schema Object', () => {
+          let dereferenced;
+          let expected;
+
+          beforeEach(async () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$schema-enclosing');
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            expect(toValue(dereferenced)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should retain $schema before dereferencing', () => {
+            const profile = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/User/properties/profile', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(profile.meta.get('inherited$schema').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              'https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base'
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with mixed $schema keyword defined', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$schema-mixed');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with undefined $schema keyword', () => {
+          let dereferenced;
+          let expected;
+
+          beforeEach(async () => {
+            const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$schema-undefined');
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            dereferenced = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+          });
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            expect(toValue(dereferenced)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+
+          test('should inherit default $schema dialect for User', () => {
+            const user = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/User', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(user.meta.get('inherited$schema').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              'https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base'
+            );
+          });
+
+          test('should inherit default $schema dialect for User.login', () => {
+            const user = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/User/properties/login', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(user.meta.get('inherited$schema').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              'https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base'
+            );
+          });
+
+          test('should inherit default $schema dialect for UserProfile', () => {
+            const user = evaluate('/0/components/schemas/UserProfile', dereferenced);
+
+            expect(user.meta.get('inherited$schema').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              'https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base'
+            );
+          });
+
+          test('should inherit default $schema dialect for UserProfile.login', () => {
+            const user = evaluate(
+              '/0/components/schemas/UserProfile/properties/avatar',
+              dereferenced
+            );
+
+            expect(user.meta.get('inherited$schema').toValue()).toStrictEqual(
+              'https://spec.openapis.org/oas/3.1/dialect/base'
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with unrecognized $schema keyword defined', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$schema-unrecognized');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $id keyword defined directly in referencing Schema Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$id-uri-direct');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $id keyword defined in enclosing Schema Object', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$id-uri-enclosing');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $id keyword pointing to external files', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$id-uri-external');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with unresolvable $id values', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$id-unresolvable');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(ResolverError),
+              },
+            });
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+              'cause.cause.message',
+              expect.stringMatching(/\/schemas\/nested\/ex\.json"$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing URL', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-url');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing relative references', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-url-relative-reference');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing URL and JSON Pointer fragment', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-url-pointer');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing URL and $anchor', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-url-$anchor');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing resolvable URL', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-url-resolvable');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing unresolvable URL', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-url-unresolvable');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(ResolverError),
+              },
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing Uniform Resource Name', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-urn');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing Uniform Resource Name and JSON Pointer fragment', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-urn-pointer');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing Uniform Resource Name and $anchor', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-urn-$anchor');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $ref keyword containing unresolvable Uniform Resource Name', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$ref-urn-unresolvable');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(EvaluationJsonSchemaUriError),
+              },
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $anchor keyword pointing to internal schema', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$anchor-internal');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with $anchor keyword pointing to external schema', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$anchor-external');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with various document boundaries', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'document-boundaries');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.yml');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('yaml') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with not found $anchor', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, '$anchor-not-found');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(EvaluationJsonSchema$anchorError),
+              },
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Boolean JSON Schemas', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'boolean-json-schema');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects and maxDepth of dereference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'max-depth');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                dereference: { maxDepth: 2 },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(MaximumDereferenceDepthError),
+              },
+            });
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+              'cause.cause.message',
+              expect.stringMatching(/__fixtures__\/max-depth\/ex2.json"$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects and maxDepth of resolution', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'max-depth');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                resolve: { maxDepth: 2 },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toMatchObject({
+              cause: {
+                cause: expect.any(MaximumResolverDepthError),
+              },
+            });
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+              'cause.cause.message',
+              expect.stringMatching(/__fixtures__\/max-depth\/ex2.json"$/)
+            );
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with unresolvable reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'unresolvable-reference');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with invalid JSON Pointer', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'invalid-pointer');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with infinite recursion', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'infinite-recursion');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with direct circular external reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'direct-external-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with direct circular internal reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'direct-internal-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with indirect circular external reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-external-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+
+          describe('and useCircularStructures=false', () => {
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                  dereference: {
+                    strategies: [
+                      OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ useCircularStructures: false }),
+                    ],
+                  },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+
+        describe('given Schema Objects with indirect circular internal reference', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'indirect-internal-circular');
+
+          test('should throw error', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+              dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+              });
+
+            await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+          });
+
+          describe('and useCircularStructures=false', () => {
+            test('should throw error', async () => {
+              const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+              const dereferenceThunk = () =>
+                dereference(rootFilePath, {
+                  parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+                  dereference: {
+                    strategies: [
+                      OpenApi3_1SwaggerClientDereferenceStrategy({ useCircularStructures: false }),
+                    ],
+                  },
+                });
+
+              await expect(dereferenceThunk()).rejects.toThrow(DereferenceError);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/__fixtures__/components-security-schemes/dereferenced.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/__fixtures__/components-security-schemes/dereferenced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26efe25eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/__fixtures__/components-security-schemes/dereferenced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[
+  {
+    "openapi": "3.1.0",
+    "components": {
+      "securitySchemes": {
+        "api_key": {
+          "type": "apiKey",
+          "name": "api_key",
+          "in": "header"
+        },
+        "api_key2": {
+          "type": "apiKey",
+          "name": "api_key",
+          "in": "header"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/__fixtures__/components-security-schemes/root.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/__fixtures__/components-security-schemes/root.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4addc45ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/__fixtures__/components-security-schemes/root.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "components": {
+    "securitySchemes": {
+      "api_key": {
+        "type": "apiKey",
+        "name": "api_key",
+        "in": "header"
+      },
+      "api_key2": {
+        "$ref": "#/components/securitySchemes/api_key"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0dfffa2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/dereference/strategies/openapi-3-1-swagger-client/security-schemes-object/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { toValue } from '@swagger-api/apidom-core';
+import { mediaTypes } from '@swagger-api/apidom-ns-openapi-3-1';
+import { dereference } from '@swagger-api/apidom-reference/configuration/empty';
+
+import * as jestSetup from '../__utils__/jest.local.setup.js';
+
+const rootFixturePath = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+describe('dereference', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.beforeAll();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jestSetup.afterAll();
+  });
+
+  describe('strategies', () => {
+    describe('openapi-3-1-swagger-client', () => {
+      describe('Security Scheme Object', () => {
+        describe('given in components/securitySchemes field', () => {
+          const fixturePath = path.join(rootFixturePath, 'components-security-schemes');
+
+          test('should dereference', async () => {
+            const rootFilePath = path.join(fixturePath, 'root.json');
+            const actual = await dereference(rootFilePath, {
+              parse: { mediaType: mediaTypes.latest('json') },
+            });
+            const expected = globalThis.loadJsonFile(path.join(fixturePath, 'dereferenced.json'));
+
+            expect(toValue(actual)).toEqual(expected);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/json/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/json/index.js
index 4df029bc6..7a8a639c8 100644
--- a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/json/index.js
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/json/index.js
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ describe('JsonParser', () => {
 
     describe('sourceMap', () => {
       describe('given sourceMap enabled', () => {
-        test('should throw error', () => {
+        test('should throw error', async () => {
           const file = File({ uri: '/path/to/file.json', data: '{"prop": "val"}' });
           const parser = JsonParser({ sourceMap: true });
-          const parseWithSourceMap = () => parser.parse(file);
+          const parseWithSourceMapThunk = () => parser.parse(file);
 
-          expect(parseWithSourceMap).rejects.toThrow(
+          await expect(parseWithSourceMapThunk()).rejects.toThrow(
             new ParserError("json-swagger-client parser plugin doesn't support sourceMaps option")
           );
         });
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/fixtures/sample-api.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/__fixtures__/sample-api.json
similarity index 100%
rename from test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/fixtures/sample-api.json
rename to test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/__fixtures__/sample-api.json
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js
index e8abdf190..70da05d9e 100644
--- a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-json-3-1/index.js
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('OpenApiJson3_1Parser', () => {
     describe('given file with supported extension', () => {
       describe('and file data is buffer and can be detected as OpenAPI 3.1.0', () => {
         test('should return true', async () => {
-          const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.json');
+          const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.json');
           const file = File({
             uri: '/path/to/open-api.json',
             data: fs.readFileSync(url),
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('OpenApiJson3_1Parser', () => {
 
       describe('and file data is string and can be detected as OpenAPI 3.1.0', () => {
         test('should return true', async () => {
-          const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.json');
+          const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.json');
           const file = File({
             uri: '/path/to/open-api.json',
             data: fs.readFileSync(url).toString(),
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('OpenApiJson3_1Parser', () => {
   describe('parse', () => {
     describe('given OpenApi 3.1.x JSON data', () => {
       test('should return parse result', async () => {
-        const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.json');
+        const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.json');
         const data = fs.readFileSync(url).toString();
         const file = File({
           url,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ describe('OpenApiJson3_1Parser', () => {
 
     describe('given OpenApi 3.1.x JSON data as buffer', () => {
       test('should return parse result', async () => {
-        const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.json');
+        const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.json');
         const data = fs.readFileSync(url);
         const file = File({
           url,
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ describe('OpenApiJson3_1Parser', () => {
 
     describe('sourceMap', () => {
       describe('given sourceMap enabled', () => {
-        test('should throw error', () => {
+        test('should throw error', async () => {
           const file = File({ uri: '/path/to/file.json', data: '{"prop": "val"}' });
           const parser = OpenApiJson3_1Parser({ sourceMap: true });
-          const parseWithSourceMap = () => parser.parse(file);
+          const parseWithSourceMapThunk = () => parser.parse(file);
 
-          expect(parseWithSourceMap).rejects.toThrow(
+          await expect(parseWithSourceMapThunk()).rejects.toThrow(
             new ParserError(
               "openapi-json-3-1-swagger-client parser plugin doesn't support sourceMaps option"
             )
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ describe('OpenApiJson3_1Parser', () => {
 
       describe('given sourceMap disabled', () => {
         test('should not decorate ApiDOM with source maps', async () => {
-          const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.json');
+          const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.json');
           const data = fs.readFileSync(url).toString();
           const file = File({
             url,
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/fixtures/sample-api.yaml b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/__fixtures__/sample-api.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/fixtures/sample-api.yaml
rename to test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/__fixtures__/sample-api.yaml
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js
index 98b9a2b64..586849a50 100644
--- a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/openapi-yaml-3-1/index.js
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('OpenApiYaml3_1Parser', () => {
     describe('given file with supported extension', () => {
       describe('and file data is buffer and can be detected as OpenAPI 3.1.0', () => {
         test('should return true', async () => {
-          const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.yaml');
+          const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.yaml');
           const file = File({
             uri: '/path/to/open-api.yaml',
             data: fs.readFileSync(url),
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ describe('OpenApiYaml3_1Parser', () => {
 
       describe('and file data is string and can be detected as OpenAPI 3.1.0', () => {
         test('should return true', async () => {
-          const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.yaml');
+          const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.yaml');
           const file = File({
             uri: '/path/to/open-api.yaml',
             data: fs.readFileSync(url).toString(),
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ describe('OpenApiYaml3_1Parser', () => {
   describe('parse', () => {
     describe('given OpenApi 3.1.x YAML data', () => {
       test('should return parse result', async () => {
-        const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.yaml');
+        const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.yaml');
         const data = fs.readFileSync(url).toString();
         const file = File({
           url,
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('OpenApiYaml3_1Parser', () => {
 
     describe('given OpenApi 3.1.x YAML data as buffer', () => {
       test('should return parse result', async () => {
-        const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.yaml');
+        const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.yaml');
         const data = fs.readFileSync(url);
         const file = File({
           url,
@@ -190,12 +190,12 @@ describe('OpenApiYaml3_1Parser', () => {
 
     describe('sourceMap', () => {
       describe('given sourceMap enabled', () => {
-        test('should throw error', () => {
+        test('should throw error', async () => {
           const file = File({ uri: '/path/to/file.yaml', data: 'prop: val' });
           const parser = OpenApiYaml3_1Parser({ sourceMap: true });
-          const parseWithSourceMap = () => parser.parse(file);
+          const parseWithSourceMapThunk = () => parser.parse(file);
 
-          expect(parseWithSourceMap).rejects.toThrow(
+          await expect(parseWithSourceMapThunk()).rejects.toThrow(
             new ParserError(
               "openapi-yaml-3-1-swagger-client parser plugin doesn't support sourceMaps option"
             )
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ describe('OpenApiYaml3_1Parser', () => {
 
       describe('given sourceMap disabled', () => {
         test('should not decorate ApiDOM with source maps', async () => {
-          const url = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures', 'sample-api.yaml');
+          const url = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__', 'sample-api.yaml');
           const data = fs.readFileSync(url).toString();
           const file = File({
             url,
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/yaml-1-2/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/yaml-1-2/index.js
index a628cb8d4..ada3bf9f7 100644
--- a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/yaml-1-2/index.js
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/parse/parsers/yaml-1-2/index.js
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('YamlParser', () => {
           const parser = YamlParser({ sourceMap: true });
           const parseWithSourceMap = () => parser.parse(file);
 
-          expect(parseWithSourceMap).rejects.toThrow(
+          expect(parseWithSourceMap()).rejects.toThrow(
             new ParserError(
               "yaml-1-2-swagger-client parser plugin doesn't support sourceMaps option"
             )
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/fixtures/empty-openapi-3-1-api.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/__fixtures__/empty-openapi-3-1-api.json
similarity index 100%
rename from test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/fixtures/empty-openapi-3-1-api.json
rename to test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/__fixtures__/empty-openapi-3-1-api.json
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/fixtures/sample-openapi-3-1-api.json b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/__fixtures__/sample-openapi-3-1-api.json
similarity index 100%
rename from test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/fixtures/sample-openapi-3-1-api.json
rename to test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/__fixtures__/sample-openapi-3-1-api.json
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/fixtures/unknown-extension.ext b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/__fixtures__/unknown-extension.ext
similarity index 100%
rename from test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/fixtures/unknown-extension.ext
rename to test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/__fixtures__/unknown-extension.ext
diff --git a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/index.js b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/index.js
index f3aca7d54..c2ed875ae 100644
--- a/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/index.js
+++ b/test/helpers/apidom/reference/resolve/resolvers/http-swagger-client/index.js
@@ -60,41 +60,44 @@ describe('HttpResolverSwaggerClient', () => {
         const response = new Response(Buffer.from('data'), {
           status: 400,
         });
-        fetchMock.get(url, response, { repeat: 1 });
+        const readThunk = async () => {
+          fetchMock.get(url, response, { repeat: 1 });
+          try {
+            return await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
+          } finally {
+            fetchMock.restore();
+          }
+        };
 
-        expect.assertions(2);
-        try {
-          await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
-        } catch (error) {
-          expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(ResolverError);
-          expect(error).toHaveProperty(
-            'message',
-            'Error downloading "https://httpbin.org/anything"'
-          );
-        } finally {
-          fetchMock.restore();
-        }
+        await expect(readThunk()).rejects.toThrow(ResolverError);
+        await expect(readThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+          'message',
+          'Error downloading "https://httpbin.org/anything"'
+        );
       });
 
       test('should throw on timeout', async () => {
         resolver = HttpResolverSwaggerClient({ timeout: 1 });
         const url = 'http://localhost:8123/local-file.txt';
-        const cwd = path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures');
-        const server = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd });
-
-        expect.assertions(3);
-        try {
-          await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
-        } catch (error) {
-          expect(error.cause.message).toStrictEqual('The user aborted a request.');
-          expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(ResolverError);
-          expect(error).toHaveProperty(
-            'message',
-            'Error downloading "http://localhost:8123/local-file.txt"'
-          );
-        } finally {
-          await server.terminate();
-        }
+        const cwd = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+        const readThunk = async () => {
+          const server = globalThis.createHTTPServer({ port: 8123, cwd });
+          try {
+            return await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
+          } finally {
+            await server.terminate();
+          }
+        };
+
+        await expect(readThunk()).rejects.toThrow(ResolverError);
+        await expect(readThunk()).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+          'message',
+          'Error downloading "http://localhost:8123/local-file.txt"'
+        );
+        await expect(readThunk).rejects.toHaveProperty(
+          'cause.message',
+          'The user aborted a request.'
+        );
       });
 
       describe('given withCredentials option', () => {
@@ -104,17 +107,18 @@ describe('HttpResolverSwaggerClient', () => {
           });
           const url = 'https://httpbin.org/anything';
           const response = new Response(Buffer.from('data'));
-          fetchMock.get(url, response, { repeat: 1 });
-
-          expect.assertions(1);
-          try {
-            await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
-            const [, requestInit] = fetchMock.lastCall(url);
-
-            expect(requestInit).toHaveProperty('credentials', 'include');
-          } finally {
-            fetchMock.restore();
-          }
+          const readThunk = async () => {
+            fetchMock.get(url, response, { repeat: 1 });
+            try {
+              await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
+              const [, requestInit] = fetchMock.lastCall(url);
+              return requestInit;
+            } finally {
+              fetchMock.restore();
+            }
+          };
+
+          await expect(readThunk()).resolves.toHaveProperty('credentials', 'include');
         });
       });
 
@@ -122,21 +126,22 @@ describe('HttpResolverSwaggerClient', () => {
         test('should allow cross-site Access-Control requests', async () => {
           const url = 'https://httpbin.org/anything';
           const response = new Response(Buffer.from('data'));
-          fetchMock.get(url, response, { repeat: 1 });
           const { withCredentials: originalWithCredentials } = Http;
-
-          Http.withCredentials = true;
-
-          expect.assertions(1);
-          try {
-            await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
-            const [, requestInit] = fetchMock.lastCall(url);
-
-            expect(requestInit).toHaveProperty('credentials', 'include');
-          } finally {
-            fetchMock.restore();
-            Http.withCredentials = originalWithCredentials;
-          }
+          const readThunk = async () => {
+            fetchMock.get(url, response, { repeat: 1 });
+            Http.withCredentials = true;
+
+            try {
+              await resolver.read(File({ uri: url }));
+              const [, requestInit] = fetchMock.lastCall(url);
+              return requestInit;
+            } finally {
+              fetchMock.restore();
+              Http.withCredentials = originalWithCredentials;
+            }
+          };
+
+          await expect(readThunk()).resolves.toHaveProperty('credentials', 'include');
         });
       });
 
diff --git a/test/jest.setup.js b/test/jest.setup.js
index 82fb59825..30ded100e 100644
--- a/test/jest.setup.js
+++ b/test/jest.setup.js
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ fetchMock.config.Headers = Headers;
 // provide AbortController for older Node.js versions
 globalThis.AbortController = globalThis.AbortController ?? AbortController;
 
+// helpers for reading local files
+globalThis.loadFile = (uri) => fs.readFileSync(uri).toString();
+globalThis.loadJsonFile = (uri) => JSON.parse(globalThis.loadFile(uri));
+
 // helper for providing HTTP server instance for testing
 globalThis.createHTTPServer = ({ port = 8123, cwd = process.cwd() } = {}) => {
   const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {