diff --git a/modules/kafka/src/main/scala/com/snowplowanalytics/snowplow/sinks/kafka/KafkaSink.scala b/modules/kafka/src/main/scala/com/snowplowanalytics/snowplow/sinks/kafka/KafkaSink.scala
index 376db27..703310a 100644
--- a/modules/kafka/src/main/scala/com/snowplowanalytics/snowplow/sinks/kafka/KafkaSink.scala
+++ b/modules/kafka/src/main/scala/com/snowplowanalytics/snowplow/sinks/kafka/KafkaSink.scala
@@ -7,49 +7,66 @@
  */
 package com.snowplowanalytics.snowplow.sinks.kafka
 
-import cats.effect.Async
-import cats.effect.kernel.Resource
-import cats.implicits._
-import cats.Monad
-import com.snowplowanalytics.snowplow.sinks.{Sink, Sinkable}
-import fs2.kafka._
+import cats.effect.{Async, Resource, Sync}
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.{KafkaProducer, ProducerRecord}
+import org.apache.kafka.common.header.Header
+import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.{ByteArraySerializer, StringSerializer}
 
-import scala.reflect._
+import com.snowplowanalytics.snowplow.sinks.{Sink, Sinkable}
+import com.snowplowanalytics.snowplow.azure.AzureAuthenticationCallbackHandler
 
 import java.util.UUID
-
-import com.snowplowanalytics.snowplow.azure.AzureAuthenticationCallbackHandler
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
+import scala.reflect.ClassTag
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
 
 object KafkaSink {
 
   def resource[F[_]: Async, T <: AzureAuthenticationCallbackHandler](
     config: KafkaSinkConfig,
     authHandlerClass: ClassTag[T]
-  ): Resource[F, Sink[F]] = {
-    val producerSettings =
-      ProducerSettings[F, String, Array[Byte]]
-        .withProperty("sasl.login.callback.handler.class", authHandlerClass.runtimeClass.getName)
-        .withBootstrapServers(config.bootstrapServers)
-        .withProperties(config.producerConf)
-
+  ): Resource[F, Sink[F]] =
     for {
-      producer <- KafkaProducer[F].resource(producerSettings)
-    } yield fromFs2Producer(config, producer)
+      producer <- makeProducer(config, authHandlerClass)
+    } yield impl(config, producer)
+
+  private def makeProducer[F[_]: Async, T <: AzureAuthenticationCallbackHandler](
+    config: KafkaSinkConfig,
+    authHandlerClass: ClassTag[T]
+  ): Resource[F, KafkaProducer[String, Array[Byte]]] = {
+    val producerSettings = Map(
+      "bootstrap.servers" -> config.bootstrapServers,
+      "sasl.login.callback.handler.class" -> authHandlerClass.runtimeClass.getName,
+      "key.serializer" -> classOf[StringSerializer].getName,
+      "value.serializer" -> classOf[ByteArraySerializer].getName
+    ) ++ config.producerConf
+    val make = Sync[F].delay {
+      new KafkaProducer[String, Array[Byte]]((producerSettings: Map[String, AnyRef]).asJava)
+    }
+    Resource.make(make)(p => Sync[F].blocking(p.close))
   }
 
-  private def fromFs2Producer[F[_]: Monad](config: KafkaSinkConfig, producer: KafkaProducer[F, String, Array[Byte]]): Sink[F] =
+  private def impl[F[_]: Sync](config: KafkaSinkConfig, producer: KafkaProducer[String, Array[Byte]]): Sink[F] =
     Sink { batch =>
-      val records = batch.copyToChunk.map(toProducerRecord(config, _))
-      producer.produce(records).flatten.void
+      Sync[F].interruptible {
+        val futures = batch.asIterable.map { e =>
+          val record = toProducerRecord(config, e)
+          producer.send(record)
+        }.toIndexedSeq
+
+        futures.foreach(_.get)
+      }
     }
 
   private def toProducerRecord(config: KafkaSinkConfig, sinkable: Sinkable): ProducerRecord[String, Array[Byte]] = {
-    val headers = Headers.fromIterable {
-      sinkable.attributes.map { case (k, v) =>
-        Header(k, v)
+
+    val headers = sinkable.attributes.map { case (k, v) =>
+      new Header {
+        def key: String        = k
+        def value: Array[Byte] = v.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
       }
     }
-    ProducerRecord(config.topicName, sinkable.partitionKey.getOrElse(UUID.randomUUID.toString), sinkable.bytes)
-      .withHeaders(headers)
+
+    new ProducerRecord(config.topicName, null, sinkable.partitionKey.getOrElse(UUID.randomUUID.toString), sinkable.bytes, headers.asJava)
   }
 }