diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_collection.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_collection.py
index c7eac3e6f3..cb2cd1e200 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_collection.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_collection.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     Callable,
     ClassVar,
     Dict,
-    Optional,
     Tuple,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
@@ -67,9 +66,9 @@ def create(
         cls,
         uri: str,
         *,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Creates and opens a new SOMA collection in storage.
 
@@ -147,8 +146,8 @@ def add_new_collection(
         key: str,
         kind: None = None,
         *,
-        uri: Optional[str] = ...,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = ...,
+        uri: str | None = ...,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = ...,
     ) -> "Collection[AnySOMAObject]": ...
 
     @overload
@@ -157,17 +156,17 @@ def add_new_collection(
         key: str,
         kind: Type[_Coll],
         *,
-        uri: Optional[str] = ...,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = ...,
+        uri: str | None = ...,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = ...,
     ) -> _Coll: ...
 
     def add_new_collection(
         self,
         key: str,
-        kind: Optional[Type[CollectionBase]] = None,  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        kind: Type[CollectionBase] | None = None,  # type: ignore[type-arg]
         *,
-        uri: Optional[str] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        uri: str | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> AnyTileDBCollection:
         """Adds a new sub-collection to this collection.
 
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ def add_new_collection(
         DataFrame.create, exclude=("context", "tiledb_timestamp")
     )
     def add_new_dataframe(
-        self, key: str, *, uri: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        self, key: str, *, uri: str | None = None, **kwargs: Any
     ) -> DataFrame:
         """Adds a new DataFrame to this collection.
 
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ def add_new_dataframe(
 
     @_funcs.forwards_kwargs_to(NDArray.create, exclude=("context", "tiledb_timestamp"))
     def _add_new_ndarray(
-        self, cls: Type[_NDArr], key: str, *, uri: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        self, cls: Type[_NDArr], key: str, *, uri: str | None = None, **kwargs: Any
     ) -> _NDArr:
         """Internal implementation of common NDArray-adding operations."""
         return self._add_new_element(
@@ -361,7 +360,7 @@ def _add_new_element(
         key: str,
         kind: Type[_TDBO],
         factory: Callable[[str], _TDBO],
-        user_uri: Optional[str],
+        user_uri: str | None,
     ) -> _TDBO:
         """Handles the common parts of adding new elements.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_common_nd_array.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_common_nd_array.py
index 9b28ce5b3c..a96996509d 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_common_nd_array.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_common_nd_array.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
 
 """Common code shared by both NDArray implementations."""
 
-from typing import Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union, cast
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Sequence, Tuple, Union, cast
 
 import pyarrow as pa
 import somacore
@@ -32,9 +34,9 @@ def create(
         *,
         type: pa.DataType,
         shape: Sequence[Union[int, None]],
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Creates a SOMA ``NDArray`` at the given URI.
 
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ def tiledbsoma_has_upgraded_shape(self) -> bool:
     def _dim_capacity_and_extent(
         cls,
         dim_name: str,
-        dim_shape: Optional[int],
+        dim_shape: int | None,
         ndim: int,
         create_options: TileDBCreateOptions,
     ) -> Tuple[int, int]:
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dataframe.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dataframe.py
index 973b3e01d7..50721fd1ec 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dataframe.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dataframe.py
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 """
 Implementation of a SOMA DataFrame
 """
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import inspect
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Dict,
     List,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Union,
@@ -151,10 +153,10 @@ def create(
         *,
         schema: pa.Schema,
         index_column_names: Sequence[str] = (SOMA_JOINID,),
-        domain: Optional[Domain] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        domain: Domain | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> "DataFrame":
         """Creates the data structure on disk/S3/cloud.
 
@@ -407,7 +409,7 @@ def count(self) -> int:
         return cast(DataFrameWrapper, self._handle).count
 
     @property
-    def _maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> int | None:
         """An internal helper method that returns the shape
         value along the ``soma_joinid`` index column, if the ``DataFrame
         has one, else ``None``.
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ def _maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> Optional[int]:
         return self._handle.maybe_soma_joinid_shape
 
     @property
-    def _maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def _maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape(self) -> int | None:
         """An internal helper method that returns the maxshape
         value along the ``soma_joinid`` index column, if the ``DataFrame
         has one, else ``None``.
@@ -657,13 +659,13 @@ def __len__(self) -> int:
     def read(
         self,
         coords: options.SparseDFCoords = (),
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> TableReadIter:
         """Reads a user-defined subset of data, addressed by the dataframe indexing columns,
         optionally filtered, and return results as one or more `Arrow tables <https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/generated/pyarrow.Table.html>`_.
@@ -732,7 +734,7 @@ def read(
         )
 
     def write(
-        self, values: pa.Table, platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None
+        self, values: pa.Table, platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None
     ) -> Self:
         """Writes an `Arrow table <https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/generated/pyarrow.Table.html>`_
         to the persistent object. As duplicate index values are not allowed, index values already
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dense_nd_array.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dense_nd_array.py
index ef65f7c9d9..5920f9d2f4 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dense_nd_array.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_dense_nd_array.py
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 Implementation of SOMA DenseNDArray.
 """
 
-from typing import List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 import pyarrow as pa
@@ -93,9 +95,9 @@ def create(
         *,
         type: pa.DataType,
         shape: Sequence[Union[int, None]],
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         context = _validate_soma_tiledb_context(context)
 
@@ -173,8 +175,8 @@ def read(
         coords: options.DenseNDCoords = (),
         *,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = somacore.ResultOrder.ROW_MAJOR,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> pa.Tensor:
         """Reads a user-defined dense slice of the array and return as an Arrow ``Tensor``.
 
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ def write(
         coords: options.DenseNDCoords,
         values: pa.Tensor,
         *,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Writes a subarray, defined by ``coords`` and ``values``. Will overwrite existing
         values in the array.
@@ -326,7 +328,7 @@ def write(
     def _dim_capacity_and_extent(
         cls,
         dim_name: str,
-        dim_shape: Optional[int],
+        dim_shape: int | None,
         ndim: int,
         create_options: TileDBCreateOptions,
     ) -> Tuple[int, int]:
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_eager_iter.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_eager_iter.py
index c42e52c1ab..35f3655785 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_eager_iter.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_eager_iter.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from concurrent import futures
-from typing import Iterator, Optional, TypeVar
+from typing import Iterator, TypeVar
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
 
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ class EagerIterator(Iterator[_T]):
     def __init__(
         self,
         iterator: Iterator[_T],
-        pool: Optional[futures.Executor] = None,
+        pool: futures.Executor | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__()
         self.iterator = iterator
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_experiment.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_experiment.py
index dcd297d29e..16aa2533ff 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_experiment.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_experiment.py
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 
 """Implementation of a SOMA Experiment.
 """
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
-from typing import Optional
 
 from somacore import experiment, query
 
@@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ def axis_query(  # type: ignore
         self,
         measurement_name: str,
         *,
-        obs_query: Optional[query.AxisQuery] = None,
-        var_query: Optional[query.AxisQuery] = None,
+        obs_query: query.AxisQuery | None = None,
+        var_query: query.AxisQuery | None = None,
     ) -> ExperimentAxisQuery:
         """Creates an axis query over this experiment.
         Lifecycle: Maturing.
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_factory.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_factory.py
index bf5ec7d2f5..508f6d4e26 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_factory.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_factory.py
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 Collection.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import (
     Callable,
     Dict,
-    Optional,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ def open(
     uri: str,
     mode: options.OpenMode = ...,
     *,
-    soma_type: Optional[str] = None,
-    context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-    tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+    soma_type: str | None = None,
+    context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+    tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
 ) -> AnySOMAObject: ...
 
 
@@ -67,8 +68,8 @@ def open(
     mode: options.OpenMode,
     *,
     soma_type: Type[_Obj],
-    context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-    tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+    context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+    tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
 ) -> _Obj: ...
 
 
@@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ def open(
     mode: options.OpenMode = "r",
     *,
     soma_type: Union[Type[SOMAObject], str, None] = None,  # type: ignore[type-arg]
-    context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-    tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+    context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+    tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
 ) -> AnySOMAObject:
     """Opens a TileDB SOMA object.
 
@@ -145,12 +146,12 @@ def open(
 
 def _open_internal(
     opener: Callable[
-        [str, options.OpenMode, SOMATileDBContext, Optional[OpenTimestamp]], _Wrapper
+        [str, options.OpenMode, SOMATileDBContext, OpenTimestamp | None], _Wrapper
     ],
     uri: str,
     mode: options.OpenMode,
     context: SOMATileDBContext,
-    timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp],
+    timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None,
 ) -> SOMAObject[_Wrapper]:
     """Lower-level open function for internal use only."""
     handle = opener(uri, mode, context, timestamp)
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_geometry_dataframe.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_geometry_dataframe.py
index 4d984ef966..fff021523d 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_geometry_dataframe.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_geometry_dataframe.py
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 Implementation of a SOMA Geometry DataFrame
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 import pyarrow as pa
 import somacore
@@ -45,10 +47,10 @@ def create(
         *,
         schema: pa.Schema,
         coordinate_space: Union[Sequence[str], CoordinateSpace] = ("x", "y"),
-        domain: Optional[Domain] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        domain: Domain | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Creates a new ``GeometryDataFrame`` at the given URI.
 
@@ -91,13 +93,13 @@ def create(
     def read(
         self,
         coords: options.SparseDFCoords = (),
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> TableReadIter:
         """Reads a user-defined slice of data into Arrow tables.
 
@@ -124,16 +126,16 @@ def read(
 
     def read_spatial_region(
         self,
-        region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion] = None,
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        region: options.SpatialRegion | None = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
-        region_transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform] = None,
-        region_coord_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        region_transform: CoordinateTransform | None = None,
+        region_coord_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> somacore.SpatialRead[somacore.ReadIter[pa.Table]]:
         """Reads data intersecting an user-defined region of space into a
         :class:`SpatialRead` with data in Arrow tables.
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ def write(
         self,
         values: Union[pa.RecordBatch, pa.Table],
         *,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Writes the data from an Arrow table to the persistent object.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_indexer.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_indexer.py
index 0b031720bb..7d0649d2a4 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_indexer.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_indexer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
+from typing import List, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 
 def tiledbsoma_build_index(
-    data: IndexerDataType, *, context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None
+    data: IndexerDataType, *, context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None
 ) -> IndexLike:
     """Initialize re-indexer for provided indices (deprecated).
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class IntIndexer:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, data: IndexerDataType, *, context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None
+        self, data: IndexerDataType, *, context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None
     ):
         """Initialize re-indexer for provided indices.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_multiscale_image.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_multiscale_image.py
index d92b4d2d03..4d4a4d466c 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_multiscale_image.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_multiscale_image.py
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@
 Implementation of a SOMA MultiscaleImage.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 import attrs
 import pyarrow as pa
@@ -119,16 +121,16 @@ def create(
         type: pa.DataType,
         level_shape: Sequence[int],
         level_key: str = "level0",
-        level_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        level_uri: str | None = None,
         coordinate_space: Union[Sequence[str], CoordinateSpace] = (
             "x",
             "y",
         ),
-        data_axis_order: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        data_axis_order: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         has_channel_axis: bool = True,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Creates a new ``MultiscaleImage`` at the given URI.
 
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ def add_new_level(
         self,
         key: str,
         *,
-        uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        uri: str | None = None,
         shape: Sequence[int],
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> DenseNDArray:
@@ -389,7 +391,7 @@ def set(
         key: str,
         value: DenseNDArray,
         *,
-        use_relative_uri: Optional[bool] = None,
+        use_relative_uri: bool | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Sets a new level in the multi-scale image to be an existing SOMA
         :class:`DenseNDArray`.
@@ -422,14 +424,14 @@ def set(
     def read_spatial_region(
         self,
         level: Union[int, str],
-        region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion] = None,
+        region: options.SpatialRegion | None = None,
         *,
         channel_coords: options.DenseCoord = None,
-        region_transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform] = None,
-        region_coord_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        region_transform: CoordinateTransform | None = None,
+        region_coord_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.ROW_MAJOR,
-        data_axis_order: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        data_axis_order: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> somacore.SpatialRead[pa.Tensor]:
         """Reads a user-defined spatial region from a specific level of the ``MultiscaleImage``.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_point_cloud_dataframe.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_point_cloud_dataframe.py
index df5bd44baa..fa35123435 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_point_cloud_dataframe.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_point_cloud_dataframe.py
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 Implementation of a SOMA Point Cloud DataFrame
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, Sequence, Tuple, Union, cast
 
 import pyarrow as pa
 import somacore
@@ -69,10 +71,10 @@ def create(
         *,
         schema: pa.Schema,
         coordinate_space: Union[Sequence[str], CoordinateSpace] = ("x", "y"),
-        domain: Optional[Domain] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        domain: Domain | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Creates a new ``PointCloudDataFrame`` at the given URI.
 
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ def create(
         """
         warnings.warn(SPATIAL_DISCLAIMER)
 
-        axis_dtype: Optional[pa.DataType] = None
+        axis_dtype: pa.DataType | None = None
         if not isinstance(coordinate_space, CoordinateSpace):
             coordinate_space = CoordinateSpace.from_axis_names(coordinate_space)
         index_column_names = coordinate_space.axis_names
@@ -298,13 +300,13 @@ def count(self) -> int:
     def read(
         self,
         coords: options.SparseDFCoords = (),
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> TableReadIter:
         """Reads a user-defined slice of data into Arrow tables.
 
@@ -343,16 +345,16 @@ def read(
 
     def read_spatial_region(
         self,
-        region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion] = None,
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        region: options.SpatialRegion | None = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
-        region_transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform] = None,
-        region_coord_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        region_transform: CoordinateTransform | None = None,
+        region_coord_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> somacore.SpatialRead[somacore.ReadIter[pa.Table]]:
         """Reads data intersecting a user-defined region of space into a
         :class:`SpatialRead` with data in Arrow tables.
@@ -444,7 +446,7 @@ def write(
         self,
         values: Union[pa.RecordBatch, pa.Table],
         *,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Writes the data from an Arrow table to the persistent object.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query.py
index 074ce4bb07..0352855587 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query.py
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 
 """Implementation of a SOMA Experiment.
 """
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import enum
 import warnings
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
@@ -15,7 +18,6 @@
     Dict,
     Literal,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Protocol,
     Sequence,
     TypeVar,
@@ -120,8 +122,8 @@ class AxisIndexer(query.AxisIndexer):
 
     query: "ExperimentAxisQuery"
     _index_factory: IndexFactory
-    _cached_obs: Optional[IndexLike] = None
-    _cached_var: Optional[IndexLike] = None
+    _cached_obs: IndexLike | None = None
+    _cached_var: IndexLike | None = None
 
     @property
     def _obs_index(self) -> IndexLike:
@@ -243,11 +245,11 @@ def __init__(
     def obs(
         self,
         *,
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         batch_size: BatchSize = BatchSize(),
-        partitions: Optional[ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: ResultOrderStr = _RO_AUTO,
-        platform_config: Optional[PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> ReadIter[pa.Table]:
         """Returns ``obs`` as an `Arrow table
         <https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/generated/pyarrow.Table.html>`_
@@ -269,11 +271,11 @@ def obs(
     def var(
         self,
         *,
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         batch_size: BatchSize = BatchSize(),
-        partitions: Optional[ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: ResultOrderStr = _RO_AUTO,
-        platform_config: Optional[PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> ReadIter[pa.Table]:
         """Returns ``var`` as an `Arrow table
         <https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/generated/pyarrow.Table.html>`_
@@ -335,9 +337,9 @@ def X(
         layer_name: str,
         *,
         batch_size: BatchSize = BatchSize(),
-        partitions: Optional[ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: ResultOrderStr = _RO_AUTO,
-        platform_config: Optional[PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> SparseRead:
         """Returns an ``X`` layer as a sparse read.
 
@@ -457,7 +459,7 @@ def to_anndata(
         self,
         X_name: str,
         *,
-        column_names: Optional[AxisColumnNames] = None,
+        column_names: AxisColumnNames | None = None,
         X_layers: Sequence[str] = (),
         obsm_layers: Sequence[str] = (),
         obsp_layers: Sequence[str] = (),
@@ -490,7 +492,7 @@ def to_spatialdata(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
         self,
         X_name: str,
         *,
-        column_names: Optional[AxisColumnNames] = None,
+        column_names: AxisColumnNames | None = None,
         X_layers: Sequence[str] = (),
         obsm_layers: Sequence[str] = (),
         obsp_layers: Sequence[str] = (),
@@ -851,8 +853,8 @@ class JoinIDCache:
 
     owner: ExperimentAxisQuery
 
-    _cached_obs: Optional[pa.IntegerArray] = None
-    _cached_var: Optional[pa.IntegerArray] = None
+    _cached_obs: pa.IntegerArray | None = None
+    _cached_var: pa.IntegerArray | None = None
 
     def _is_cached(self, axis: Axis) -> bool:
         field = "_cached_" + axis.value
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query_condition.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query_condition.py
index ed1c99e890..8bcd2d7429 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query_condition.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_query_condition.py
@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@
 """A high level wrapper around the Pybind11 query_condition.cc implementation for
 filtering query results on attribute values.
 """
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
-from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Tuple, Union
 
 import attrs
 import numpy as np
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ def __attrs_post_init__(self):
     def init_query_condition(
         self,
         schema: pa.Schema,
-        query_attrs: Optional[List[str]],
+        query_attrs: List[str] | None,
     ):
         try:
             qctree = QueryConditionTree(schema, query_attrs)
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_read_iters.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_read_iters.py
index 92a8198ca7..11adbc7c14 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_read_iters.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_read_iters.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 """Read iterators.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import abc
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@
     Any,
     Iterator,
     List,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     TypeVar,
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ def __init__(
         coords: Union[
             options.SparseDFCoords, options.SparseNDCoords, options.DenseNDCoords
         ],
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]],
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None,
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        value_filter: Optional[str],
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        value_filter: str | None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
     ):
         """Initalizes a new TableReadIter for SOMAArrays.
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def __init__(
                 for each index dimension, which rows to read.
                 ``()`` means no constraint -- all IDs.
 
-            column_names (Optional[Sequence[str]]):
+            column_names (Sequence[str] | None):
                 The named columns to read and return.
                 ``None`` means no constraint -- all column names.
 
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ def __init__(
                 Order of read results.
                 This can be one of automatic, rowmajor, or colmajor.
 
-            value_filter (Optional[str]):
+            value_filter (str | None):
                 An optional [value filter] to apply to the results.
 
-            platform_config (Optional[options.PlatformConfig]):
+            platform_config (options.PlatformConfig | None):
                 Pass in parameters for tuning reads.
 
         """
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ def __init__(
         coords: options.SparseNDCoords,
         axis: Union[int, Sequence[int]],
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
         *,
-        size: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
-        reindex_disable_on_axis: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
+        size: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
+        reindex_disable_on_axis: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
         eager: bool = True,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__()
 
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ def _validate_args(
         cls,
         shape: Union[NTuple, Sequence[int]],
         axis: Union[int, Sequence[int]],
-        size: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
-        reindex_disable_on_axis: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
+        size: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
+        reindex_disable_on_axis: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
     ) -> Tuple[List[int], List[int], List[int]]:
         """
         Class method to validate and normalize common user-provided arguments axis, size and reindex_disable_on_axis.
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def concat(self) -> _RT:
         raise NotImplementedError("Blockwise iterators do not support concat operation")
 
     def _maybe_eager_iterator(
-        self, x: Iterator[_EagerRT], _pool: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = None
+        self, x: Iterator[_EagerRT], _pool: ThreadPoolExecutor | None = None
     ) -> Iterator[_EagerRT]:
         """Private"""
         return EagerIterator(x, pool=_pool) if self.eager else x
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ def _table_reader(self) -> Iterator[BlockwiseTableReadIterResult]:
 
     def _reindexed_table_reader(
         self,
-        _pool: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = None,
+        _pool: ThreadPoolExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> Iterator[BlockwiseTableReadIterResult]:
         """Private. Blockwise table reader w/ reindexing. Helper function for sub-class use"""
         for tbl, coords in self._maybe_eager_iterator(self._table_reader(), _pool):
@@ -335,13 +335,13 @@ def __init__(
         coords: options.SparseNDCoords,
         axis: Union[int, Sequence[int]],
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
         *,
-        size: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
-        reindex_disable_on_axis: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
+        size: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
+        reindex_disable_on_axis: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
         eager: bool = True,
         compress: bool = True,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
     ):
         self.compress = compress
         self.context = context
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ def _create_reader(self) -> Iterator[BlockwiseScipyReadIterResult]:
         )
 
     def _sorted_tbl_reader(
-        self, _pool: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = None
+        self, _pool: ThreadPoolExecutor | None = None
     ) -> Iterator[Tuple[IJDType, IndicesType]]:
         """Private. Read reindexed tables and sort them. Yield as ((i,j),d)"""
         for coo_tbl, indices in self._maybe_eager_iterator(
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ def _mk_shape(
         return cast(Tuple[int, int], tuple(_sp_shape))
 
     def _coo_reader(
-        self, _pool: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = None
+        self, _pool: ThreadPoolExecutor | None = None
     ) -> Iterator[Tuple[sparse.coo_matrix, IndicesType]]:
         """Private. Uncompressed variants"""
         assert not self.compress
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ def _coo_reader(
             yield sp, indices
 
     def _cs_reader(
-        self, _pool: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = None
+        self, _pool: ThreadPoolExecutor | None = None
     ) -> Iterator[Tuple[Union[sparse.csr_matrix, sparse.csc_matrix], IndicesType],]:
         """Private. Compressed sparse variants"""
         assert self.compress
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ def __init__(
         coords: options.SparseDFCoords,
         shape: NTuple,
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
     ):
         self.array = array
         self.coords = coords
@@ -549,10 +549,10 @@ def __init__(
         coords: Union[
             options.SparseDFCoords, options.SparseNDCoords, options.DenseNDCoords
         ],
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]],
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None,
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        value_filter: Optional[str],
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        value_filter: str | None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
     ):
         clib_handle = array._handle._handle
 
@@ -628,6 +628,6 @@ def _coords_strider(
 _ElemT = TypeVar("_ElemT")
 
 
-def _pad_with_none(s: Sequence[_ElemT], to_length: int) -> Tuple[Optional[_ElemT], ...]:
+def _pad_with_none(s: Sequence[_ElemT], to_length: int) -> Tuple[_ElemT | None, ...]:
     """Given a sequence, pad length to a user-specified length, with None values"""
     return tuple(s[i] if i < len(s) else None for i in range(to_length))
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_scene.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_scene.py
index 71aabdda27..d107a65fa8 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_scene.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_scene.py
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 Implementation of a SOMA Scene
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, List, Sequence, Tuple, Type, TypeVar, Union
 
 import somacore
 from somacore import (
@@ -71,10 +73,10 @@ def create(
         cls,
         uri: str,
         *,
-        coordinate_space: Optional[Union[Sequence[str], CoordinateSpace]] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        coordinate_space: Sequence[str] | CoordinateSpace | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Creates a new scene at the given URI.
 
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ def __init__(
         super().__init__(handle, **kwargs)
         coord_space = self.metadata.get(SOMA_COORDINATE_SPACE_METADATA_KEY)
         if coord_space is None:
-            self._coord_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None
+            self._coord_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None
         else:
             self._coord_space = coordinate_space_from_json(coord_space)
 
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ def _set_transform_to_element(
         key: str,
         transform: CoordinateTransform,
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-        coordinate_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace],
+        coordinate_space: CoordinateSpace | None,
     ) -> _SE:
         # Check the transform is compatible with the coordinate spaces of the scene
         # and the new element coordinate space (if provided).
@@ -221,7 +223,7 @@ def _set_transform_to_element(
         return elem
 
     @property
-    def coordinate_space(self) -> Optional[CoordinateSpace]:
+    def coordinate_space(self) -> CoordinateSpace | None:
         """Coordinate system for this scene.
 
         Lifecycle:
@@ -246,8 +248,8 @@ def add_new_geometry_dataframe(
         key: str,
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
         *,
-        transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform],
-        uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        transform: CoordinateTransform | None,
+        uri: str | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> GeometryDataFrame:
         """Adds a ``GeometryDataFrame`` to the scene and sets a coordinate transform
@@ -290,8 +292,8 @@ def add_new_multiscale_image(
         key: str,
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
         *,
-        transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform],
-        uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        transform: CoordinateTransform | None,
+        uri: str | None = None,
         coordinate_space: Union[Sequence[str], CoordinateSpace] = ("x", "y"),
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> MultiscaleImage:
@@ -381,8 +383,8 @@ def add_new_point_cloud_dataframe(
         key: str,
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
         *,
-        transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform],
-        uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        transform: CoordinateTransform | None,
+        uri: str | None = None,
         coordinate_space: Union[Sequence[str], CoordinateSpace] = ("x", "y"),
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> PointCloudDataFrame:
@@ -473,7 +475,7 @@ def set_transform_to_geometry_dataframe(
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]] = "obsl",
         *,
         transform: CoordinateTransform,
-        coordinate_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        coordinate_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
     ) -> GeometryDataFrame:
         """Adds the coordinate transform for the scene coordinate space to
         a geometry dataframe stored in the scene.
@@ -508,7 +510,7 @@ def set_transform_to_multiscale_image(
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]] = "img",
         *,
         transform: CoordinateTransform,
-        coordinate_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        coordinate_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
     ) -> MultiscaleImage:
         """Adds the coordinate transform for the scene coordinate space to
         a multiscale image stored in the scene.
@@ -545,7 +547,7 @@ def set_transform_to_point_cloud_dataframe(
         subcollection: Union[str, Sequence[str]] = "obsl",
         *,
         transform: CoordinateTransform,
-        coordinate_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        coordinate_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
     ) -> PointCloudDataFrame:
         """Adds the coordinate transform for the scene coordinate space to
         a point cloud dataframe stored in the scene.
@@ -605,7 +607,7 @@ def get_transform_from_multiscale_image(
         key: str,
         subcollection: str = "img",
         *,
-        level: Optional[Union[str, int]] = None,
+        level: str | int | None = None,
     ) -> CoordinateTransform:
         """Returns the coordinate transformation from the requested multiscale image to
         the scene.
@@ -701,7 +703,7 @@ def get_transform_to_multiscale_image(
         key: str,
         subcollection: str = "img",
         *,
-        level: Optional[Union[str, int]] = None,
+        level: str | int | None = None,
     ) -> CoordinateTransform:
         """Returns the coordinate transformation from the scene to a requested
         multiscale image.
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_group.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_group.py
index c56fbba370..0526ce7544 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_group.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_group.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import re
 from typing import (
     Any,
@@ -10,7 +12,6 @@
     Generic,
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
-    Optional,
     Set,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class _CachedElement:
     """Item we have loaded in the cache of a collection."""
 
     entry: _tdb_handles.GroupEntry
-    soma: Optional[AnySOMAObject] = None
+    soma: AnySOMAObject | None = None
     """The reified object, if it has been opened."""
 
 
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ def _add_new_element(
         key: str,
         kind: Type[_TDBO],
         factory: Callable[[str], _TDBO],
-        user_uri: Optional[str],
+        user_uri: str | None,
     ) -> _TDBO:
         """Handles the common parts of adding new elements.
 
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ def _add_new_element(
         self._close_stack.enter_context(child)
         return child
 
-    def _new_child_uri(self, *, key: str, user_uri: Optional[str]) -> "_ChildURI":
+    def _new_child_uri(self, *, key: str, user_uri: str | None) -> "_ChildURI":
         maybe_relative_uri = user_uri or _sanitize_for_path(key)
         if not is_relative_uri(maybe_relative_uri):
             # It's an absolute URI.
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ def set(
         key: str,
         value: CollectionElementType,
         *,
-        use_relative_uri: Optional[bool] = None,
+        use_relative_uri: bool | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Adds an element to the collection.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_object.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_object.py
index 3c2776036f..ed5ba2fbe4 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_object.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_soma_object.py
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 #
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import datetime
 from contextlib import ExitStack
-from typing import Any, Generic, MutableMapping, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, Generic, MutableMapping, Type, TypeVar, Union
 
 import somacore
 from somacore import options
@@ -59,10 +61,10 @@ def open(
         uri: str,
         mode: options.OpenMode = "r",
         *,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        clib_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        clib_type: str | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Opens this specific type of SOMA object.
 
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ def __init__(
         self._close_stack.enter_context(self._handle)
 
     def reopen(
-        self, mode: options.OpenMode, tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None
+        self, mode: options.OpenMode, tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None
     ) -> Self:
         """
         Return a new copy of the SOMAObject with the given mode at the current
@@ -283,8 +285,8 @@ def tiledb_timestamp_ms(self) -> int:
     def exists(
         cls,
         uri: str,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> bool:
         """
         Finds whether an object of this type exists at the given URI.
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_sparse_nd_array.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_sparse_nd_array.py
index 60891c9629..2e5638ba5f 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_sparse_nd_array.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_sparse_nd_array.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 """
 Implementation of SOMA SparseNDArray.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import itertools
 from typing import (
     Dict,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Union,
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ def create(
         *,
         type: pa.DataType,
         shape: Sequence[Union[int, None]],
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
-        context: Optional[SOMATileDBContext] = None,
-        tiledb_timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
+        context: SOMATileDBContext | None = None,
+        tiledb_timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         context = _validate_soma_tiledb_context(context)
 
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ def read(
         *,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[PlatformConfig] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
+        platform_config: PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> "SparseNDArrayRead":
         """Reads a user-defined slice of the :class:`SparseNDArray`.
 
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ def write(
             pa.Table,
         ],
         *,
-        platform_config: Optional[PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """
         Writes an Arrow object to the SparseNDArray.
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ def write(
     def _dim_capacity_and_extent(
         cls,
         dim_name: str,
-        dim_shape: Optional[int],
+        dim_shape: int | None,
         ndim: int,  # not needed for sparse
         create_options: TileDBCreateOptions,
     ) -> Tuple[int, int]:
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ def __init__(
         array: SparseNDArray,
         coords: options.SparseNDCoords,
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
     ):
         """
         Lifecycle:
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ class SparseNDArrayRead(_SparseNDArrayReadBase):
         Maturing.
     """
 
-    def coos(self, shape: Optional[NTuple] = None) -> SparseCOOTensorReadIter:
+    def coos(self, shape: NTuple | None = None) -> SparseCOOTensorReadIter:
         """
         Returns an iterator of
         `Arrow SparseCOOTensor <https://arrow.apache.org/docs/cpp/api/tensor.html>`_.
@@ -589,8 +589,8 @@ def blockwise(
         self,
         axis: Union[int, Sequence[int]],
         *,
-        size: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
-        reindex_disable_on_axis: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]] = None,
+        size: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
+        reindex_disable_on_axis: int | Sequence[int] | None = None,
         eager: bool = True,
     ) -> SparseNDArrayBlockwiseRead:
         """
@@ -672,10 +672,10 @@ def __init__(
         coords: options.SparseNDCoords,
         axis: Union[int, Sequence[int]],
         result_order: clib.ResultOrder,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
         *,
-        size: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]],
-        reindex_disable_on_axis: Optional[Union[int, Sequence[int]]],
+        size: int | Sequence[int] | None,
+        reindex_disable_on_axis: int | Sequence[int] | None,
         eager: bool = True,
     ):
         super().__init__(array, coords, result_order, platform_config)
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_dataframe.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_dataframe.py
index 3c6abba155..18490ea77e 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_dataframe.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_dataframe.py
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
 """
 Implementation of a base class shared between GeometryDataFrame and PointCloudDataFrame
 """
-from typing import Any, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 import pyarrow as pa
 import somacore
@@ -68,13 +71,13 @@ def domain(self) -> Tuple[Tuple[Any, Any], ...]:
     def read(
         self,
         coords: options.SparseDFCoords = (),
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> TableReadIter:
         """Reads a user-defined slice of data into Arrow tables.
 
@@ -101,16 +104,16 @@ def read(
 
     def read_spatial_region(
         self,
-        region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion] = None,
-        column_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        region: options.SpatialRegion | None = None,
+        column_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
-        region_transform: Optional[CoordinateTransform] = None,
-        region_coord_space: Optional[CoordinateSpace] = None,
+        region_transform: CoordinateTransform | None = None,
+        region_coord_space: CoordinateSpace | None = None,
         batch_size: options.BatchSize = _UNBATCHED,
-        partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions] = None,
+        partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None = None,
         result_order: options.ResultOrderStr = options.ResultOrder.AUTO,
-        value_filter: Optional[str] = None,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        value_filter: str | None = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> somacore.SpatialRead[somacore.ReadIter[pa.Table]]:
         """Reads data intersecting an user-defined region of space into a
         :class:`SpatialRead` with data in Arrow tables.
@@ -151,7 +154,7 @@ def write(
         self,
         values: Union[pa.RecordBatch, pa.Table],
         *,
-        platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig] = None,
+        platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None = None,
     ) -> Self:
         """Writes the data from an Arrow table to the persistent object.
 
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_util.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_util.py
index a16a364383..9d5ce7bb59 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_util.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_spatial_util.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Type
+from typing import Any, Dict, Tuple, Type
 
 import numpy as np
 import pyarrow as pa
@@ -113,17 +115,17 @@ def transform_region(
 
 
 def process_image_region(
-    region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion],
+    region: options.SpatialRegion | None,
     transform: somacore.CoordinateTransform,
     channel_coords: options.DenseCoord,
     data_order: Tuple[int, ...],
 ) -> Tuple[
-    options.DenseNDCoords, Optional[options.SpatialRegion], somacore.CoordinateTransform
+    options.DenseNDCoords, options.SpatialRegion | None, somacore.CoordinateTransform
 ]:
 
     if region is None:
         # Select the full region.
-        data_region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion] = None
+        data_region: options.SpatialRegion | None = None
         x_coords: options.DenseCoord = None
         y_coords: options.DenseCoord = None
     else:
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ def process_image_region(
 
 
 def process_spatial_df_region(
-    region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion],
+    region: options.SpatialRegion | None,
     transform: somacore.CoordinateTransform,
     coords_by_name: Dict[str, options.SparseDFCoord],
     index_columns: Tuple[str, ...],
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ def process_spatial_df_region(
     schema: pa.Schema,
 ) -> Tuple[
     options.SparseDFCoords,
-    Optional[options.SpatialRegion],
+    options.SpatialRegion | None,
     somacore.CoordinateTransform,
 ]:
     # Check provided coords are valid.
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ def process_spatial_df_region(
     # to the coords_by_name map.
     if region is None:
         # Leave spatial coords as None - this will select the entire region.
-        data_region: Optional[options.SpatialRegion] = None
+        data_region: options.SpatialRegion | None = None
     else:
         # Restricted to guarantee data region is a box.
         if isinstance(region, shapely.GeometryType):
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_tdb_handles.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_tdb_handles.py
index f7b00bf654..7efc998068 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_tdb_handles.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_tdb_handles.py
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 ``open``, ``ArrayWrapper.open``, ``GroupWrapper.open`` are the important parts.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import abc
 import enum
 from typing import (
@@ -18,7 +20,6 @@
     List,
     Mapping,
     MutableMapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Type,
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@ def open(
     uri: str,
     mode: options.OpenMode,
     context: SOMATileDBContext,
-    timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp],
-    clib_type: Optional[str] = None,
+    timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None,
+    clib_type: str | None = None,
 ) -> "Wrapper[RawHandle]":
     """Determine whether the URI is an array or group, and open it."""
     open_mode = clib.OpenMode.read if mode == "r" else clib.OpenMode.write
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ class Wrapper(Generic[_RawHdl_co], metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     timestamp_ms: int
     _handle: _RawHdl_co
     closed: bool = attrs.field(default=False, init=False)
-    clib_type: Optional[str] = None
+    clib_type: str | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def open(
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ def open(
         uri: str,
         mode: options.OpenMode,
         context: SOMATileDBContext,
-        timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp],
+        timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None,
     ) -> Self:
         if mode not in ("r", "w"):
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid open mode {mode!r}")
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ def _opener(
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     def reopen(
-        self, mode: options.OpenMode, timestamp: Optional[OpenTimestamp]
+        self, mode: options.OpenMode, timestamp: OpenTimestamp | None
     ) -> clib.SOMAObject:
         if mode not in ("r", "w"):
             raise ValueError(
@@ -443,12 +444,12 @@ def maxshape(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
         return cast(Tuple[int, ...], tuple(self._handle.maxshape))
 
     @property
-    def maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> int | None:
         """Only implemented for DataFrame."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @property
-    def maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape(self) -> int | None:
         """Only implemented for DataFrame."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -542,14 +543,14 @@ def write(self, values: pa.RecordBatch) -> None:
         self._handle.write(values)
 
     @property
-    def maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def maybe_soma_joinid_shape(self) -> int | None:
         """Wrapper-class internals"""
-        return cast(Optional[int], self._handle.maybe_soma_joinid_shape)
+        return cast(Union[int, None], self._handle.maybe_soma_joinid_shape)
 
     @property
-    def maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape(self) -> int | None:
         """Wrapper-class internals"""
-        return cast(Optional[int], self._handle.maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape)
+        return cast(Union[int, None], self._handle.maybe_soma_joinid_maxshape)
 
     @property
     def tiledbsoma_has_upgraded_domain(self) -> bool:
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_util.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_util.py
index e007ab9c16..9bce8a7e8b 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_util.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/_util.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import datetime
 import json
 import pathlib
@@ -15,7 +17,6 @@
     Dict,
     List,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Type,
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ class NonNumericDimensionError(TypeError):
 
 def slice_to_numeric_range(
     slc: Slice[Any], domain: Tuple[_T, _T]
-) -> Optional[Tuple[_T, _T]]:
+) -> Tuple[_T, _T] | None:
     """Constrains the given slice to the ``domain`` for numeric dimensions.
 
     We assume the slice has already been validated by validate_slice.
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ def check_type(
         )
 
 
-def check_unpartitioned(partitions: Optional[options.ReadPartitions]) -> None:
+def check_unpartitioned(partitions: options.ReadPartitions | None) -> None:
     """Ensures that we're not being asked for a partitioned read.
 
     Because we currently don't support partitioned reads, we should reject all
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ def cast_values_to_target_schema(values: pa.Table, schema: pa.Schema) -> pa.Tabl
 
 
 def build_clib_platform_config(
-    platform_config: Optional[options.PlatformConfig],
+    platform_config: options.PlatformConfig | None,
 ) -> clib.PlatformConfig:
     """
     Copy over Python PlatformConfig values to the C++ clib.PlatformConfig
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ def build_clib_platform_config(
     return plt_cfg
 
 
-def _build_column_config(col: Optional[Mapping[str, _ColumnConfig]]) -> str:
+def _build_column_config(col: Mapping[str, _ColumnConfig] | None) -> str:
     column_config: Dict[str, Dict[str, Union[_JSONFilterList, int]]] = dict()
 
     if col is None:
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ def _build_column_config(col: Optional[Mapping[str, _ColumnConfig]]) -> str:
 
 
 def _build_filter_list(
-    filters: Optional[Tuple[_DictFilterSpec, ...]], return_json: bool = True
+    filters: Tuple[_DictFilterSpec, ...] | None, return_json: bool = True
 ) -> _JSONFilterList:
     _convert_filter = {
         "GzipFilter": "GZIP",
diff --git a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/logging.py b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/logging.py
index 4c00810ebd..183f05c785 100644
--- a/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/logging.py
+++ b/apis/python/src/tiledbsoma/logging.py
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 #
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
-from typing import Optional
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("tiledbsoma")
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ def log_io_same(message: str) -> None:
     log_io(message, message)
 
 
-def log_io(info_message: Optional[str], debug_message: str) -> None:
+def log_io(info_message: str | None, debug_message: str) -> None:
     """Data-ingestion timeframes range widely.
     Some folks won't want details for smaller uploads; some will want details for larger ones.
     For I/O and for I/O only, it's helpful to print a short message at INFO level,