support n-5 Kubernetes versions starting with Talos 1.6

[smira]

In order to facilitate upgrades to newer Talos version, increase version compatibility of Talos to n-5 Kubernetes versions.

That is, Talos 1.6 should support all versions supported by Talos 1.3

To achieve that, in controllers generating configuration for Kubernetes components, parse the image tag (version), and enable/disable some features/flags/config variables based on Kubernetes version.

Update compatibility in machinery.

Update support-matrix in the docs.

Add an integration test which boots Talos with n-5 version of Kubernetes, and updates Kubernets all the way to the latest version (going through all intermediate Kubernetes minor releases), verifying the health on each step.

[smira]

Fixed in #7780