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hint_table.md

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The hint table

Hints can be specified in a comment, still this can be inconvenient in the case where queries cannot be edited. In the case, hints can be placed in a special table named "hint_plan.hints". The table consists of the following columns:

column description
id Unique number to identify a row for a hint.
This column is filled automatically by sequence.
query_id A unique query ID, generated by the backend when the GUC compute_query_id is enabled
application_name The value of application_name where sessions can apply a hint.
The hint in the example below applies to sessions connected from psql.
An empty string implies that all sessions will apply the hint.
hints Hint phrase.
This must be a series of hints excluding surrounding comment marks.

The following example shows how to operate with the hint table.

=# EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS false) SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.id = 1;
               QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on public.t1
   Output: id, id2
   Filter: (t1.id = 1)
 Query Identifier: -7164653396197960701
(4 rows)
=# INSERT INTO hint_plan.hints(query_id, application_name, hints)
     VALUES (-7164653396197960701, '', 'SeqScan(t1)');
INSERT 0 1
=# UPDATE hint_plan.hints
     SET hints = 'IndexScan(t1)'
     WHERE id = 1;
UPDATE 1
=# DELETE FROM hint_plan.hints WHERE id = 1;
DELETE 1

The hint table is owned by the extension owner and has the same default privileges as of the time of its creation, during CREATE EXTENSION. Hints in the hint table are prioritized over hints in comments.

The query ID can be retrieved with pg_stat_statements or with EXPLAIN (VERBOSE).

Types of hints

Hinting phrases are classified in multiple types based on what kind of object and how they can affect the planner. See Hint list for more details.

Hints for Scan methods

Scan method hints enforce specific scanning methods on the target table. pg_hint_plan recognizes the target table by alias names if any. These are for example SeqScan or IndexScan.

Scan hints work on ordinary tables, inheritance tables, UNLOGGED tables, temporary tables and system catalogs. External (foreign) tables, table functions, VALUES clause, CTEs, views and subqueries are not affected.

=# /*+
     SeqScan(t1)
     IndexScan(t2 t2_pkey)
    */
   SELECT * FROM table1 t1 JOIN table table2 t2 ON (t1.key = t2.key);

Hints for Join methods

Join method hints enforce the join methods of the joins involving the specified tables.

This can affect joins only on ordinary tables. Inheritance tables, UNLOGGED tables, temporary tables, external (foreign) tables, system catalogs, table functions, VALUES command results and CTEs are allowed to be in the parameter list. Joins on views and subqueries are not affected.

Hints for Joining order

This hint, named "Leading", enforces the order of join on two or more tables. There are two methods of enforcing it. The first method enforces a specific order of joining but does not restrict the direction at each join level. The second method enforces the join direction additionally. See hint list for more details. For example:

=# /*+
     NestLoop(t1 t2)
     MergeJoin(t1 t2 t3)
     Leading(t1 t2 t3)
    */
   SELECT * FROM table1 t1
     JOIN table table2 t2 ON (t1.key = t2.key)
     JOIN table table3 t3 ON (t2.key = t3.key);

Hints for Row number corrections

This hint, named "Rows", changes the row number estimation of joins that comes from restrictions in the planner. For example:

=# /*+ Rows(a b #10) */ SELECT... ; Sets rows of join result to 10
=# /*+ Rows(a b +10) */ SELECT... ; Increments row number by 10
=# /*+ Rows(a b -10) */ SELECT... ; Subtracts 10 from the row number.
=# /*+ Rows(a b *10) */ SELECT... ; Makes the number 10 times larger.

Hints for parallel plans

This hint, named Parallel, enforces parallel execution configuration on scans. The third parameter specifies the strength of the enforcement. soft means that pg_hint_plan only changes max_parallel_worker_per_gather and leaves all the others to the planner to set. hard changes other planner parameters so as to forcibly apply the update. This can affect ordinary tables, inheritance parents, unlogged tables and system catalogs. External tables, table functions, VALUES clauses, CTEs, views and subqueries are not affected. Internal tables of a view can be specified by its real name or its alias as the target object. The following example shows that the query is enforced differently on each table:

=# EXPLAIN /*+ Parallel(c1 3 hard) Parallel(c2 5 hard) */
   SELECT c2.a FROM c1 JOIN c2 ON (c1.a = c2.a);
                                  QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Hash Join  (cost=2.86..11406.38 rows=101 width=4)
   Hash Cond: (c1.a = c2.a)
   ->  Gather  (cost=0.00..7652.13 rows=1000101 width=4)
         Workers Planned: 3
         ->  Parallel Seq Scan on c1  (cost=0.00..7652.13 rows=322613 width=4)
   ->  Hash  (cost=1.59..1.59 rows=101 width=4)
         ->  Gather  (cost=0.00..1.59 rows=101 width=4)
               Workers Planned: 5
               ->  Parallel Seq Scan on c2  (cost=0.00..1.59 rows=59 width=4)

=# EXPLAIN /*+ Parallel(tl 5 hard) */ SELECT sum(a) FROM tl;
                                    QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Finalize Aggregate  (cost=693.02..693.03 rows=1 width=8)
   ->  Gather  (cost=693.00..693.01 rows=5 width=8)
         Workers Planned: 5
         ->  Partial Aggregate  (cost=693.00..693.01 rows=1 width=8)
               ->  Parallel Seq Scan on tl  (cost=0.00..643.00 rows=20000 width=4)

GUC parameters set during planning

Set hints change GUC parameters just while planning. GUC parameter shown in Query Planning can have the expected effects on planning unless an other hint conflicts with the planner method configuration parameters. When multiple hints change the same GUC, the last hint takes effect. GUC parameters for pg_hint_plan are also settable by this hint but it may not work as expected. See Functional limitations for details.

=# /*+ Set(random_page_cost 2.0) */
   SELECT * FROM table1 t1 WHERE key = 'value';
...

(guc-parameters-for-pg_hint_plan)=

GUC parameters for pg_hint_plan

The following GUC parameters affect the behavior of pg_hint_plan:

Parameter name Description Default
pg_hint_plan.enable_hint True enables pg_hint_plan. on
pg_hint_plan.enable_hint_table True enables hinting by table. off
pg_hint_plan.parse_messages Specifies the log level of hint parse error. Valid values are error, warning, notice, info, log, debug. INFO
pg_hint_plan.debug_print Controls debug print and verbosity. Valid values are off, on, detailed and verbose. off
pg_hint_plan.message_level Specifies message level of debug print. Valid values are error, warning, notice, info, log, debug. INFO