diff --git a/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.json b/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.json
index f74aa7ca..5fe75945 100644
--- a/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.json
+++ b/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.json
@@ -1,286 +1,310 @@
 {
-  "@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld",
   "type": "Schema",
   "shapes": [
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#Observation",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "Shape",
-      "expression": {
-        "type": "EachOf",
-        "expressions": [
-          {
-            "type": "TripleConstraint",
-            "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
-            "min": 0,
-            "max": 1
-          },
-          {
-            "type": "TripleConstraint",
-            "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
-            "valueExpr": {
-              "type": "Shape",
-              "expression": {
-                "type": "EachOf",
-                "expressions": [
-                  {
-                    "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                    "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code"
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                    "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#value"
-                  }
-                ]
-              }
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#Observation",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "closed": true,
+        "expression": {
+          "type": "EachOf",
+          "expressions": [
+            {
+              "type": "TripleConstraint",
+              "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
+              "min": 0,
+              "max": 1
             },
-            "min": 0,
-            "max": -1
-          }
-        ]
+            {
+              "type": "TripleConstraint",
+              "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
+              "valueExpr": {
+                "type": "Shape",
+                "closed": true,
+                "expression": {
+                  "type": "EachOf",
+                  "expressions": [
+                    {
+                      "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                      "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                      "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#value"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "min": 0,
+              "max": -1
+            }
+          ]
+        }
       }
-    } },
+    },
     {
-      "id": "http://a.example/#Vital",
       "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#Vital",
       "abstract": true,
       "shapeExpr": {
-        "type": "ShapeAnd",
-        "shapeExprs": [
-          "http://a.example/#Observation",
-          {
-            "type": "Shape"
-          }
-        ]
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#Observation"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
       }
     },
     {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
       "id": "http://a.example/#PostureVital",
+      "abstract": true,
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#Vital",
+          "http://a.example/#Posture"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
       "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#ReclinedVital",
       "abstract": true,
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#PostureVital",
+          "http://a.example/#Reclined"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#BP",
       "shapeExpr": {
         "type": "ShapeAnd",
         "shapeExprs": [
-          "http://a.example/#Vital",
           {
             "type": "Shape",
             "extends": [
-              "http://a.example/#Posture"
-            ]
+              "http://a.example/#Vital"
+            ],
+            "closed": true
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "Shape",
+            "closed": true,
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "EachOf",
+              "expressions": [
+                {
+                  "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                  "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
+                  "valueExpr": {
+                    "type": "Shape",
+                    "expression": {
+                      "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                      "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
+                      "valueExpr": {
+                        "type": "NodeConstraint",
+                        "values": [
+                          {
+                            "value": "systolic"
+                          }
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                  "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
+                  "valueExpr": {
+                    "type": "Shape",
+                    "expression": {
+                      "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                      "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
+                      "valueExpr": {
+                        "type": "NodeConstraint",
+                        "values": [
+                          {
+                            "value": "diastolic"
+                          }
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              ]
+            }
           }
         ]
       }
     },
     {
-      "id": "http://a.example/#ReclinedVital",
       "type": "ShapeDecl",
-      "abstract": true,
+      "id": "http://a.example/#PostureBP",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#BP",
+          "http://a.example/#PostureVital"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#ReclinedBP",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#BP",
+          "http://a.example/#ReclinedVital"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#Pulse",
       "shapeExpr": {
         "type": "ShapeAnd",
         "shapeExprs": [
-          "http://a.example/#PostureVital",
           {
             "type": "Shape",
             "extends": [
-              "http://a.example/#Reclined"
-            ]
+              "http://a.example/#Vital"
+            ],
+            "closed": true
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "Shape",
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "TripleConstraint",
+              "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
+              "valueExpr": {
+                "type": "NodeConstraint",
+                "values": [
+                  {
+                    "value": "pulse"
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            }
           }
         ]
       }
     },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#BP",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "ShapeAnd",
-      "shapeExprs": [
-        {
-          "type": "Shape",
-          "extends": [
-            "http://a.example/#Vital"
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "Shape",
-          "expression": {
-            "type": "EachOf",
-            "expressions": [
-              {
-                "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
-                "valueExpr": {
-                  "type": "Shape",
-                  "expression": {
-                    "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                    "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
-                    "valueExpr": {
-                      "type": "NodeConstraint",
-                      "values": [
-                        {
-                          "value": "systolic"
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  }
-                }
-              },
-              {
-                "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
-                "valueExpr": {
-                  "type": "Shape",
-                  "expression": {
-                    "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                    "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
-                    "valueExpr": {
-                      "type": "NodeConstraint",
-                      "values": [
-                        {
-                          "value": "diastolic"
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#PosturePulse",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#Pulse",
+          "http://a.example/#PostureVital"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#ReclinedPulse",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "extends": [
+          "http://a.example/#Pulse",
+          "http://a.example/#ReclinedVital"
+        ],
+        "closed": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#Posture",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "Shape",
+        "expression": {
+          "type": "TripleConstraint",
+          "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
+          "valueExpr": {
+            "type": "Shape",
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "TripleConstraint",
+              "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
+              "valueExpr": {
+                "type": "NodeConstraint",
+                "values": [
+                  {
+                    "value": "posture"
                   }
-                }
+                ]
               }
-            ]
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#PostureBP",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "Shape",
-      "extends": [
-        "http://a.example/#BP",
-        "http://a.example/#PostureVital"
-      ]
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#ReclinedBP",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "Shape",
-      "extends": [
-        "http://a.example/#BP",
-        "http://a.example/#ReclinedVital"
-      ]
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#Pulse",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "ShapeAnd",
-      "shapeExprs": [
-        {
-          "type": "Shape",
-          "extends": [
-            "http://a.example/#Vital"
-          ]
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "Shape",
-          "expression": {
-            "type": "TripleConstraint",
-            "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
-            "valueExpr": {
-              "type": "NodeConstraint",
-              "values": [
-                {
-                  "value": "pulse"
-                }
-              ]
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#PosturePulse",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "Shape",
-      "extends": [
-        "http://a.example/#Pulse",
-        "http://a.example/#PostureVital"
-      ]
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#ReclinedPulse",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "Shape",
-      "extends": [
-        "http://a.example/#Pulse",
-        "http://a.example/#ReclinedVital"
-      ]
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#Posture",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "Shape",
-      "expression": {
-        "type": "TripleConstraint",
-        "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
-        "valueExpr": {
-          "type": "Shape",
-          "expression": {
-            "type": "TripleConstraint",
-            "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
-            "valueExpr": {
-              "type": "NodeConstraint",
-              "values": [
-                {
-                  "value": "posture"
-                }
-              ]
             }
           }
         }
       }
-    } },
-    { "type": "ShapeDecl",
-    "id": "http://a.example/#Reclined",
-    "shapeExpr": {
-      "type": "ShapeAnd",
-      "shapeExprs": [
-        "http://a.example/#Posture",
-        {
-          "type": "Shape",
-          "expression": {
-            "type": "TripleConstraint",
-            "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
-            "valueExpr": {
-              "type": "Shape",
-              "expression": {
-                "type": "EachOf",
-                "expressions": [
-                  {
-                    "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                    "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
-                    "valueExpr": {
-                      "type": "NodeConstraint",
-                      "values": [
-                        {
-                          "value": "posture"
-                        }
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "type": "TripleConstraint",
-                    "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#value",
-                    "valueExpr": {
-                      "type": "NodeConstraint",
-                      "values": [
-                        {
-                          "value": "reclined"
-                        }
-                      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "ShapeDecl",
+      "id": "http://a.example/#Reclined",
+      "shapeExpr": {
+        "type": "ShapeAnd",
+        "shapeExprs": [
+          {
+            "type": "Shape",
+            "extends": [
+              "http://a.example/#Posture"
+            ],
+            "closed": true
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "Shape",
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "TripleConstraint",
+              "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component",
+              "valueExpr": {
+                "type": "Shape",
+                "closed": true,
+                "expression": {
+                  "type": "EachOf",
+                  "expressions": [
+                    {
+                      "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                      "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code",
+                      "valueExpr": {
+                        "type": "NodeConstraint",
+                        "values": [
+                          {
+                            "value": "posture"
+                          }
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "TripleConstraint",
+                      "predicate": "http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#value",
+                      "valueExpr": {
+                        "type": "NodeConstraint",
+                        "values": [
+                          {
+                            "value": "reclined"
+                          }
+                        ]
+                      }
                     }
-                  }
-                ]
+                  ]
+                }
               }
             }
           }
-        }
-      ]
-    } }
-  ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ],
+  "@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld"
 }
diff --git a/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.shex b/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.shex
index 76f86150..b50460b4 100644
--- a/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.shex
+++ b/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.shex
@@ -4,34 +4,35 @@ PREFIX : <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir>
 PREFIX fhir: <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#>
 PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
 
-<#Observation> {
+<#Observation> CLOSED {
   fhir:code .? ;
-  fhir:component {
+  fhir:component CLOSED {
     fhir:code . ;
     fhir:value .
   }*
 }
 
 # -- super-classes --
-ABSTRACT <#Vital> @<#Observation> AND .
-ABSTRACT <#PostureVital> @<#Vital> AND EXTENDS @<#Posture> {}
-ABSTRACT <#ReclinedVital> @<#PostureVital> AND EXTENDS @<#Reclined> {}
+ABSTRACT <#Vital> EXTENDS @<#Observation> CLOSED { }
+ABSTRACT <#PostureVital> EXTENDS @<#Vital> EXTENDS @<#Posture> CLOSED { }
+ABSTRACT <#ReclinedVital> EXTENDS @<#PostureVital> EXTENDS @<#Reclined> CLOSED { }
+# ABSTRACT <#ReclinedVital> EXTENDS @<#PostureVital> CLOSED { } AND @<#Reclined>
 
 # -- BP --
-<#BP> EXTENDS @<#Vital> {} AND {
+<#BP> EXTENDS @<#Vital> CLOSED { } AND CLOSED {
   fhir:component { fhir:code ["systolic"] } ;
   fhir:component { fhir:code ["diastolic"] }
 }
 
-<#PostureBP> EXTENDS @<#BP> EXTENDS @<#PostureVital> { }
-<#ReclinedBP> EXTENDS @<#BP> EXTENDS @<#ReclinedVital> { }
+<#PostureBP> EXTENDS @<#BP> EXTENDS @<#PostureVital> CLOSED { }
+<#ReclinedBP> EXTENDS @<#BP> EXTENDS @<#ReclinedVital> CLOSED { }
 
 # -- Pulse --
-<#Pulse> EXTENDS @<#Vital> {} AND {
+<#Pulse> EXTENDS @<#Vital> CLOSED { } AND {
     fhir:code ["pulse"]
 }
-<#PosturePulse> EXTENDS @<#Pulse> EXTENDS @<#PostureVital> { }
-<#ReclinedPulse> EXTENDS @<#Pulse> EXTENDS @<#ReclinedVital> { }
+<#PosturePulse> EXTENDS @<#Pulse> EXTENDS @<#PostureVital> CLOSED { }
+<#ReclinedPulse> EXTENDS @<#Pulse> EXTENDS @<#ReclinedVital> CLOSED { }
 
 # -- postures --
 <#Posture> {
@@ -40,10 +41,9 @@ ABSTRACT <#ReclinedVital> @<#PostureVital> AND EXTENDS @<#Reclined> {}
   }
 }
 
-<#Reclined> @<#Posture> AND {
-  fhir:component {
+<#Reclined> EXTENDS @<#Posture> CLOSED { } AND {
+  fhir:component CLOSED {
     fhir:code ["posture"] ;
     fhir:value ["reclined"]
   }
 }
-
diff --git a/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.ttl b/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.ttl
index af6d202c..dda2721d 100644
--- a/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.ttl
+++ b/schemas/vitals-RESTRICTS.ttl
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
 [] a sx:Schema ;
     sx:shapes (<http://a.example/#Observation> <http://a.example/#Vital> <http://a.example/#PostureVital> <http://a.example/#ReclinedVital> <http://a.example/#BP> <http://a.example/#PostureBP> <http://a.example/#ReclinedBP> <http://a.example/#Pulse> <http://a.example/#PosturePulse> <http://a.example/#ReclinedPulse> <http://a.example/#Posture> <http://a.example/#Reclined>) .
 
-<http://a.example/#Observation> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
-sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
+<http://a.example/#Observation> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;        sx:closed true ;
+    sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
     sx:expressions ( [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
             sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code> ;
             sx:min 0;
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
         [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
             sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component>  ;
             sx:valueExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
+                sx:closed true ;
                 sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
                     sx:expressions ( [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
                             sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code>
@@ -32,41 +33,39 @@ sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
 
 <http://a.example/#Vital> a sx:ShapeDecl ;
     sx:abstract true ;
-    sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:ShapeAnd ;
-        sx:shapeExprs (
-            <http://a.example/#Observation>
-            [ a sx:Shape ]
-        )
+    sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
+        sx:extends ( <http://a.example/#Observation> ) ;
+        sx:closed true
     ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#PostureVital> a sx:ShapeDecl ;
     sx:abstract true ;
-    sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:ShapeAnd ;
-        sx:shapeExprs (
+    sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
+        sx:extends (
             <http://a.example/#Vital>
-            [ a sx:Shape ;
-                sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Posture>)
-            ]
-        )
+            <http://a.example/#Posture>
+        ) ;
+        sx:closed true
     ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#ReclinedVital> a sx:ShapeDecl ;
     sx:abstract true ;
-    sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:ShapeAnd ;
-        sx:shapeExprs (
+    sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
+        sx:extends (
             <http://a.example/#PostureVital>
-            [ a sx:Shape ;
-                sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Reclined>)
-            ]
-        )
+            <http://a.example/#Reclined>
+        ) ;
+        sx:closed true
     ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#BP> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:ShapeAnd ;
     sx:shapeExprs (
         [ a sx:Shape ;
-            sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Vital>)
+            sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Vital>) ;
+            sx:closed true
         ]
         [ a sx:Shape ;
+            sx:closed true ;
             sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
                 sx:expressions ( [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
                         sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component>  ;
@@ -96,15 +95,18 @@ sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
     ) ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#PostureBP> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
-    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#BP> <http://a.example/#PostureVital>) ] .
+    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#BP> <http://a.example/#PostureVital>) ;
+    sx:closed true ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#ReclinedBP> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
-    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#BP> <http://a.example/#ReclinedVital>) ] .
+    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#BP> <http://a.example/#ReclinedVital>) ;
+    sx:closed true ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#Pulse> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:ShapeAnd ;
     sx:shapeExprs (
         [ a sx:Shape ;
-            sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Vital>)
+            sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Vital>) ;
+            sx:closed true
         ]
         [ a sx:Shape ;
             sx:expression [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
@@ -117,10 +119,12 @@ sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
     ) ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#PosturePulse> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
-    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Pulse> <http://a.example/#PostureVital>) ] .
+    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Pulse> <http://a.example/#PostureVital>) ;
+    sx:closed true ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#ReclinedPulse> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
-    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Pulse> <http://a.example/#ReclinedVital>) ] .
+    sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Pulse> <http://a.example/#ReclinedVital>) ;
+    sx:closed true ] .
 
 <http://a.example/#Posture> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:Shape ; sx:expression [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
     sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component>  ;
@@ -136,11 +140,14 @@ sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
 
 <http://a.example/#Reclined> a sx:ShapeDecl ; sx:shapeExpr [ a sx:ShapeAnd ;
     sx:shapeExprs (
-        <http://a.example/#Posture>
+        [ a sx:Shape ;
+          sx:extends (<http://a.example/#Posture>) ;
+          sx:closed true ]
         [ a sx:Shape ;
             sx:expression [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
-                sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component>  ;
+                sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#component> ;
                 sx:valueExpr [ a sx:Shape ;
+                    sx:closed true ;
                     sx:expression [ a sx:EachOf;
                         sx:expressions ( [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
                                 sx:predicate <http://hl7.org/ns/fhir#code>  ;