-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
new_total_demo.html
11379 lines (9458 loc) · 937 KB
/
new_total_demo.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>IPCC Glossary - #semanticClimate Research Demo</title>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="css/book.css" />
<style>
a.fn {
-adapt-template: url(data:application/xml,%3Chtml%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml%22%20xmlns:s=%22http://www.pyroxy.com/ns/shadow%22%3E%3Chead%3E%3Cstyle%3E.footnote-content%7Bfloat:footnote%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/head%3E%3Cbody%3E%3Cs:template%20id=%22footnote%22%3E%3Cs:content/%3E%3Cs:include%20class=%22footnote-content%22/%3E%3C/s:template%3E%3C/body%3E%3C/html%3E#footnote);
text-decoration: none;
color: inherit;
vertical-align: baseline;
font-size: 70%;
position: relative;
top: -0.3em;
}
body {
background-color: white;
}
section[role=doc-footnote] .footnote-counter:after {
content: ". ";
}
section.fnlist {
display: none;
}
section:footnote-content {
display: block;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal;
text-decoration: none;
}
.table-of-contents a {
display: inline-flex;
width: 100%;
text-decoration: none;
color: currentColor;
break-inside: avoid;
align-items: baseline;
}
.table-of-contents a::before {
margin-left: 1px;
margin-right: 1px;
border-bottom: solid 1px lightgray;
content: "";
order: 1;
flex: auto;
}
.table-of-contents a::after {
text-align: right;
content: target-counter(attr(href, url), page);
align-self: flex-end;
flex: none;
order: 2;
}
@page {
size: A4;
@top-center {
content: env(doc-title);
}
@bottom-center {
content: counter(page);
}
}
@page :first {
@bottom-center {
content: normal;
}
@top-center {
content: normal;
}
}
figure img {
max-width: 100%;
}
.article-title {
page-break-before: right;
}
h1.part {
page-break-before: right;
}
.copyrightpage {
page-break-before: left;
}
.tocpage {
page-break-before: right;
}
.booktitle {
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="css/appaloosa.css" />
</head>
<body class="user-contents">
<div class="titlepage frontmatter">
<h1 class="booktitle">IPCC Glossary</h1>
<h2 class="booksubtitle">#semanticClimate Research Demo</h2>
<h3 class="bookauthor">by Team #semanticClimate</h3>
<h4 class="bookversion">Version Alpha 1.0 DOI: 10.1000/100 HASH: #0000000 UTC: 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z</h4>
</div>
<div class="copyrightpage frontmatter">
<p>IPCC Glossary: #semanticClimate Research Demo</p>
<p>Version: Alpha 1.0 (work in progress)</p>
<p>Last updated: 2023-11-02</p>
<p>GitHub source: <a href="https://github.com/semanticClimate/glossary-demo">github.com/semanticClimate/glossary-demo</a></p>
<h3>IPCC Glossary </h3>
<p>IPCC Glossary © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (v 1.5)</p>
<p>IPCC Glossary: https://apps.ipcc.ch/glossary/</p>
<p>Zotero citation sources: https://www.zotero.org/groups/2437020/ock/collections/B4U7JURX</p>
<h4>Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)</h4>
<p>Weyer, N. M. (Ed.). (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate Glossary (Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srocc</p>
<p>Diemen, R. (Ed.). (2019). Special Report on Climate Change and Land Glossary (Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl</p>
<p>Matthews, J. B. R. (Ed.). (2018). Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C Glossary (Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary</p>
<h4>Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)</h4>
<p>Mach, K. J., Planton, S., & von Stechow, C. (Eds.). (2014). AR5 Synthesis Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5), pp. 117–130). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr</p>
<p>Allwood, J. M., Bosetti, V., Dubash, N. K., Gómez-Echeverri, L., & von Stechow, C. (Eds.). (2014). AR5 Working Group III Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3</p>
<p>Agard, J., Schipper, E. L. F., Birkmann, J., Campos, M., Dubeux, C., Nojiri, Y., Olsson, L., Osman-Elasha, B., Pelling, M., Prather, M. J., Rivera-Ferre, M. G., Ruppel, O. C., Sallenger, A., Smith, K. R., St. Clair, A. L., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., & Bilir, T. E. (Eds.). (2014). AR5 Working Group II Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5), pp. 1757–1776). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2</p>
<p>Planton, S. (Ed.). (2013). AR5 Working Group I Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1</p>
<p>Field, C. B., Barro, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., & Midgley, P. M. (Eds.). (2011). Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5), pp. 555–564). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation</p>
<p>Verbruggen, A., Moomaw, W., & Nyboer, J. N. (Eds.). (2011). Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation</p>
</div>
<div class="frontmatter">
<h3>Instructions for use</h3>
<p>All images are copied from Wikimedia with full provenance and attribution. Click on the image to visit Wikimedia</p>
<p>To insert an image from Wikimedia:
<ul>
<li>find the image in a Wikipedia page or Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li>click on the image. This will reveal a page with "<strong>More details</strong>". Click this</li>
<li>Click on "Use this file" at the top. </li>
<li>Find "Embed this file" and copy everything in the box </li>
<li>Paste the content into the glossary file. The image will appear when the file is displayed with an Internet connection.</li>
</ul>
<i>At present paste this under the <strong><em>"semanticClimate"</em></strong> header. We are devloping a template to help organize where to put annotations</i>
</p>
<p>to add a link to Wikipedia. Find the page, copy the URL and then paste in as
<code><p><a href="#your url">Wikipedia</a></p></code>
</p>
<p>To add language equivalents use the style:
<code>
<br/> <div>
<br/> <p>Translations</p>
<br/><ul>
<br/><li lang="de">DE: ablation</li>
<br/><li lang="hi">HI: पृथक करना</li>
<br/></ul>
<br/></div>
</code>
<div class="gloss-translate"> <p>Translations</p> <ul> <li lang="de">DE: ablation</li> <li lang="hi">HI: पृथक करना</li> </ul> </div>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="tocpage frontmatter">
<nav role="doc-toc">
<ol>
<li>
<a href="#_1_0">
A
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_2_0">
B
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_3_0">
C
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_4_0">
D
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_5_0">
E
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_6_0">
F
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_7_0">
G
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_8_0">
H
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_9_0">
I
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_10_0">
J
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_11_0">
K
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_12_0">
L
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_13_0">
M
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_14_0">
N
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_15_0">
O
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_16_0">
P
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_17_0">
Q
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_18_0">
R
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_19_0">
S
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_20_0">
T
</a>
<li>
<a href="#_21_0">
U
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_22_0">
V
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_23_0">
W
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_24_0">
X
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_25_0">
Y
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_26_0">
Z
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="article-part article-title" id="_1_0">A</div>
<div class="article-part article-richtext article-body">
<div style="gloss-back">
<a name="ablation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>ablation</h4><div>
<div>
<p class="definition">All processes that reduce the mass of a <em><a href="#glacier" class="mention">glacier</a></em>,<em><a href="#ice_sheet" class="mention"> ice sheet</a></em>, or snow cover.</p><p>The main processes are melting, and for glaciers also <em><a href="#calving" class="mention">calving</a></em> (or, when the glacier nourishes an <em><a href="#ice_shelf" class="mention">ice shelf</a></em>, <em>discharge of ice</em> across the <em><a href="#grounding_line" class="mention">grounding line</a></em>), but other processes such as sublimation and loss of wind-blown snow can also contribute to ablation. Ablation also refers to the mass lost by any of these processes.</p></div>
<div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)" data-phraseid="2202"><a href="#mass_balance/budget">Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<a title="Kelvinsong, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_diagram.svg"><img width="512" alt="Glacier diagram" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacier_diagram.svg/512px-Glacier_diagram.svg.png"></a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
<!-- ad manual content here -->
<!-- template for language equivalents -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="de">DE: ablation</li>
<li lang="hi">HI: पृथक करना</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!--end template --></div>
</div><div>
</div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">of glaciers, ice sheets, or snow cover</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="abrupt_change"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>abrupt change</h4><p class="definition">A change in the system that is substantially faster than the typical rate of the changes in its history.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अचानक परिवर्तन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="abrupt_climate_change"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>abrupt climate change</h4><p class="definition">A large-scale <em><a href="#abrupt_change" class="mention">abrupt change</a></em> in the <em><a href="#climate_system" class="mention">climate system</a></em> that takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades and causes substantial <em>impacts</em> in <em>human and/or natural systems</em>.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="English: NPS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Rock_Cut,_June_2021_(f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499).JPG"><img width="312" alt="Castle Rock Cut, June 2021 (f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Castle_Rock_Cut%2C_June_2021_%28f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499%29.JPG/512px-Castle_Rock_Cut%2C_June_2021_%28f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499%29.JPG"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change">Wikipedia</a></b> An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अचानक जलवायु परिवर्तन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="acceptability_of_policy_or_system_change"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>acceptability of policy or system change</h4><div><p class="definition">The extent to which a policy or system change is evaluated unfavourably or favourably, or rejected or supported, by members of the general public (public acceptability) or politicians or governments (political acceptability).</p>
<p>Acceptability may vary from totally unacceptable/fully rejected to totally acceptable/fully supported; individuals may differ in how acceptable policies or system changes are believed to be.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
</hr>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="access"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>access</h4><div><p class="definition">See <em>Access</em> under <em><a href="#food_security" class="mention">Food Security</a></em></p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Food security" data-phraseid="281"><a href="#food_security">Food security</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
</hr>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div><div class="paren">to food</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="access_to_modern_energy_services"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>access to modern energy services</h4><p class="definition">Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy services for cooking, heating, lighting, communications, and productive uses.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="acclimatisation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>acclimatisation</h4><div><p class="definition">A change in functional or morphological traits occurring once or repeatedly (e.g., seasonally) during the lifetime of an individual organism in its natural environment.</p><p>Through acclimatisation, the individual maintains performance across a range of environmental conditions. For a clear differentiation between findings in laboratory and field studies, the term ‘acclimation’ is used in ecophysiology for the respective phenomena when observed in well-defined experimental settings. The term ‘(adaptive) plasticity’ characterises the generally limited scope of changes in phenotype that an individual can reach through the process of acclimatisation.</p></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatization">Wikipedia entry: Acclimatisation</a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: पर्यनुकूलन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="accumulation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>accumulation</h4><div><div><p class="definition">All processes that add to the mass of a <em><a href="#glacier" class="mention">glacier</a></em>, an <em><a href="#ice_sheet" class="mention">ice sheet</a></em>, or snow cover.</p><p>The main process of accumulation is snowfall. Accumulation also includes deposition of hoar, freezing rain, other types of solid precipitation, gain of wind-blown snow, avalanching, and basal accumulation (often beneath floating ice).</p></div><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)" data-phraseid="2202"><a href="#mass_balance/budget">Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<a title="Kelvinsong, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_diagram.svg"><img width="512" alt="Glacier diagram" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacier_diagram.svg/512px-Glacier_diagram.svg.png"></a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div><div class="paren">of glaciers, ice sheets or snow cover</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="active_layer"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>active layer</h4><p class="definition">Layer of ground above <em><a href="#permafrost" class="mention">permafrost</a></em> subject to annual thawing and freezing.</p>
<a title="Original contributor, German Wikipedia user, "HylgeriaK", translation by User:HopsonRoad., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertical_Temperature_Profile_in_Permafrost_(English_Text).jpg"><img width="512" alt="Vertical Temperature Profile in Permafrost (English Text)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Vertical_Temperature_Profile_in_Permafrost_%28English_Text%29.jpg"></a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: सक्रिय परत</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="acute_food_insecurity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>acute food insecurity</h4><p class="definition">Acute food insecurity is a situation which can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes,context or duration, as a result of shocks risking determinants of food security and nutrition, and used to assess the need for humanitarian action (IPC Global Partners, 2019).</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: तीव्र खाद्य असुरक्षा</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation</h4><p class="fs-6 p-2 mb-0"><span>In <em><a href="#human_system" class="mention">human systems</a></em>, the process of adjustment to actual or expected <em><a href="#climate" class="mention">climate</a></em> and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.</span></p><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation deficit" data-phraseid="3156"><a href="#adaptation_deficit">Adaptation deficit</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation gap" data-phraseid="5844"><a href="#adaptation_gap">Adaptation gap</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation limits" data-phraseid="15"><a href="#adaptation_limits">Adaptation limits</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation needs" data-phraseid="3234"><a href="#adaptation_needs">Adaptation needs</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation options" data-phraseid="17"><a href="#adaptation_options">Adaptation options</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Autonomous adaptation" data-phraseid="3244"><a href="#autonomous_adaptation">Autonomous adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Community-based adaptation" data-phraseid="3260"><a href="#community-based_adaptation">Community-based adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA)" data-phraseid="2084"><a href="#ecosystem-based_adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Evolutionary adaptation" data-phraseid="2086"><a href="#evolutionary_adaptation">Evolutionary adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Incremental adaptation" data-phraseid="11"><a href="#incremental_adaptation">Incremental adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Transformational adaptation" data-phraseid="13"><a href="#transformational_adaptation">Transformational adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_fund"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>Adaptation Fund</h4><div><p class="definition">A Fund established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and officially launched in 2007.</p><p>The Fund finances adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Financing comes mainly from sales of Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) and a share of proceeds amounting to 2 % of the value of CERs issued each year for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. The Adaptation Fund can also receive funds from governments, the private sector, and individuals.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund">Wikipedia</a></b> The Adaptation Fund is an international fund that finances projects and programs aimed at helping developing countries to adapt to the harmful effects of climate change. It is set up under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन कोष</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_behaviour"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation behaviour</h4><div><p class="definition">Human actions that directly or indirectly affect the risks of climate change impacts.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Human behaviour" data-phraseid="343"><a href="#human_behaviour">Human behaviour</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन व्यवहार</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_deficit"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation deficit</h4><div><p class="definition">The gap between the current state of a system and a state that minimises adverse impacts from existing climate conditions and variability.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन घाटा</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_gap"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation gap</h4><div><p class="definition">The difference between actually implemented adaptation and a societally set goal, determined largely by preferences related to tolerated climate change impacts and reflecting resource limitations and competing priorities (UNEP, 2014; UNEP, 2018).</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन अंतराल</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_limits"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation limits</h4><div><p class="fs-6 p-2 mb-0"></p><p>The point at which an actor’s objectives (or system needs) cannot be secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions.<br/>• Hard adaptation limit – No adaptive actions are possible to avoid intolerable risks.<br/>• Soft adaptation limit – Options may exist but are currently not available to avoid intolerable risks through adaptive action.</p><p></p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन सीमा</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_needs"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation needs</h4><div><p class="definition">The circumstances requiring action to ensure the safety of populations and the security of assets in response to climate impacts.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_opportunity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation opportunity</h4><p class="definition">Factors that make it easier to plan and implement adaptation actions, that expand adaptation options, or that provide ancillary co-benefits.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_options"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation options</h4><div><div><p class="definition">The array of strategies and measures that are available and appropriate for addressing <em><a href="#adaptation" class="mention">adaptation</a></em>.</p><p>They include a wide range of actions that can be categorised as structural, <em>institutional</em>, ecological or behavioural.</p></div><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_pathways"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation pathways</h4><div><div><p class="definition">A series of <em><a href="#adaptation" class="mention">adaptation</a></em> choices involving trade-offs between short-term and long-term goals and values.</p><p>These are processes of deliberation to identify solutions that are meaningful to people in the context of their daily lives and to avoid potential <em>maladaptation</em>.</p></div><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Pathways" data-phraseid="493"><a href="#pathways">Pathways</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptive_capacity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptive capacity</h4><p class="definition">The ability of systems, <em>institutions</em>, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to respond to consequences (MA, 2005).</p><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - MA, 2005: Appendix D: Glossary. In: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current States and Trends. Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group [Hassan, R., R. Scholes, and N. Ash (eds.)]. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 893–900.<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_capacity">Wikipedia</a></b> Adaptive capacity relates to the capacity of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences. In the context of ecosystems, adaptive capacity is determined by genetic diversity of species, biodiversity of particular ecosystems in specific landscapes or biome regions.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptive_governance"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptive governance</h4><div><p class="definition">Adjusting to changing conditions, such as climate change, through governance interactions that seek to maintain a desired state in a social-ecological system.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Governance" data-phraseid="307"><a href="#governance">Governance</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_governance#Adaptive_governance">Wikipedia</a></p>
<p></p>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII,WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptive_management"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptive management</h4><div><p class="definition">A process of iteratively planning, implementing and modifying strategies for managing resources in the face of uncertainty and change.</p><p>Adaptive management involves adjusting approaches in response to observations of their effect on, and changes in, the system brought on by resulting feedback effects and other variables.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
<p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management">Wikipedia</a></b> Adaptive management, also known as adaptive resource management or adaptive environmental assessment and management, is a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="added_value"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>added value</h4><div><p class="definition">Improvement of the representation of some climatic aspects by one methodology compared to another methodology.</p><p>For instance, downscaling a coarse resolution global climate model may improve the representation of regional climate in complex terrain.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="additionality"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>additionality</h4><div><p class="definition">The property of being additional.</p><p>Mitigation is additional if the greenhouse gas emission reductions or removals would not have occurred in the absence of the associated policy intervention or activity.<br/><br/>[Note: Additionality is one of several key criteria used to ensure the environmental integrity of<em><a href="#offset" class="mention"> Offsets (in climate change mitigation)</a></em>].</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management">Wikipedia</a></b> Adaptive management, also known as adaptive resource management or adaptive environmental assessment and management, is a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adjustments"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adjustments</h4><div><p class="definition">The response to an agent perturbing the <em><a href="#climate_system" class="mention">climate system</a></em> that is driven directly by the agent, independently of any change in <em>global surface temperature</em>.</p><p>For example, <em><a href="#carbon_dioxide" class="mention">carbon dioxide</a></em> and <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosols</a></em>, by altering internal heating and cooling rates within the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em>, can each cause changes to cloud cover and other variables thereby producing an <em>effective radiative forcing</em> even in the absence of any surface warming or cooling. Adjustments are usually rapid in the sense that they begin to occur right away, before <em><a href="#climate_feedback" class="mention">climate feedbacks</a></em> which are driven by global surface warming (although some adjustments may still take significant time to proceed to completion, for example those involving vegetation or <em><a href="#ice_sheet" class="mention">ice sheets</a></em>).</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">in relation to effective radiative forcing</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="advection"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>advection</h4><div><p class="definition">Transport of water or air along with its properties (e.g., temperature, chemical tracers) by winds or currents.</p><p>Regarding the general distinction between advection and <em><a href="#convection" class="mention">convection</a></em>, the former describes transport by large-scale motions of the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em> or ocean, while convection describes the predominantly vertical, locally induced motions.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection">Wikipedia</a></b> In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties such as energy.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adverse_side-effect"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adverse side-effect</h4><p class="fs-6 p-2 mb-0"></p><p>A negative effect that a policy or measure aimed at one objective has on another objective, thereby potentially reducing the net benefit to society or the environment.</p><p></p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol</h4><div><p class="definition">A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with typical particle size in the range of a few nanometres to several tens of micrometres and atmospheric lifetimes of up to several days in the <em><a href="#troposphere" class="mention">troposphere</a></em> and up to years in the <em><a href="#stratosphere" class="mention">stratosphere</a></em>.</p><p>The term aerosol, which includes both the particles and the suspending gas, is often used in this report in its plural form to mean ‘aerosol particles’. Aerosols may be of either natural or <em><a href="#anthropogenic" class="mention">anthropogenic</a></em> origin in the troposphere; stratospheric aerosols mostly stem from volcanic eruptions. Aerosols can cause an <em>effective radiative forcing</em> directly through scattering and absorbing radiation (<em><a href="#aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interaction" class="mention">aerosol–radiation interaction</a></em>), and indirectly by acting as <em><a href="#cloud_condensation_nuclei" class="mention">cloud condensation nuclei</a></em> or ice nucleating particles that affect the properties of clouds (<em><a href="#aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interaction" class="mention">aerosol–cloud interaction</a></em>), and upon deposition on snow- or ice-covered surfaces. Atmospheric aerosols may be either emitted as primary particulate matter or formed within the atmosphere from gaseous <em>precursors</em> (secondary production). Aerosols may be composed of sea salt, organic carbon, <em><a href="#black_carbon" class="mention">black carbon (BC)</a></em>, mineral species (mainly desert dust), sulphate, nitrate and ammonium or their mixtures.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="PiccoloNamek, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerosol.png"><img width="312" alt="Aerosol" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aerosol.png/512px-Aerosol.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol">Wikipedia</a></b> An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: वायु-विलय पात्र</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII,WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interaction"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol–cloud interaction</h4><div><p class="definition">A process by which a perturbation to <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosol</a></em> affects the microphysical properties and evolution of clouds through the aerosol role as <em><a href="#cloud_condensation_nuclei" class="mention">cloud condensation nuclei</a></em> or ice nuclei, particularly in ways that affect radiation or precipitation; such processes can also include the effect of clouds and precipitation on aerosol.</p><p>The aerosol perturbation can be <em><a href="#anthropogenic" class="mention">anthropogenic</a></em> or come from some natural <em><a href="#source" class="mention">source</a></em>. The <em><a href="#radiative_forcing" class="mention">radiative forcing</a></em> from such interactions has traditionally been attributed to numerous indirect aerosol effects, but in this report, only two levels of radiative forcing (or effect) are distinguished:</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci)" data-phraseid="2292"><a href="#effective_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interactions">Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (IRFaci)" data-phraseid="5677"><a href="#instantaneous_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interactions">Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (IRFaci)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol_effective_radiative_forcing"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol effective radiative forcing</h4><div><p class="definition">The total effective radiative forcing due to both aerosol–cloud and aerosol–radiation interactions is denoted aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci).</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Aerosol–radiation interaction" data-phraseid="2296"><a href="#aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interaction">Aerosol–radiation interaction</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">ERFari+aci</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol_optical_depth"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol optical depth</h4><div><p class="definition">Wavelength-dependent aerosol optical depth is a measure of the <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosol</a></em> contribution to extinction of top-of-the-atmosphere solar intensity measured at the ground.</p><p>AOD is unitless.</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Fine-mode aerosol optical depth" data-phraseid="4678"><a href="#fine-mode_aerosol_optical_depth">Fine-mode aerosol optical depth</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">AOD</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interaction"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol–radiation interaction</h4><div><p class="definition">An interaction of <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosol</a></em> directly with radiation produces <em>radiative effects</em>.</p><p>In this report, two levels of <em><a href="#radiative_forcing" class="mention">radiative forcing</a></em> (or effect) are distinguished:</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci)" data-phraseid="2294"><a href="#aerosol_effective_radiative_forcing">Aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (ERFari)" data-phraseid="2300"><a href="#effective_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interactions">Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (ERFari)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (IRFari)" data-phraseid="5675"><a href="#instantaneous_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interactions">Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (IRFari)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="afforestation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>afforestation</h4><div><p class="definition">Conversion to <em><a href="#forest" class="mention">forest</a></em> of land that historically has not contained forests.</p><p>[Note: For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC 2021a, b).]</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - UNFCCC, 2021: Reporting and accounting of LULUCF activities under the Kyoto Protocol. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf/reporting-and-accounting-of-lulucf-activities-under-the-kyoto-protocol<br/> - UNFCCC, 2021: Reporting and Review under the Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-paris-agreement<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Alan Murray-Rust / New afforestation looking into Rand Wood" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg"><img width="312" alt="New afforestation looking into Rand Wood - geograph.org.uk - 329908" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation">Wikipedia</a></b> Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees (forestation) in an area where there was no recent tree cover.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: वनरोपण</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agreement"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agreement</h4><p class="definition">In this report, the degree of agreement within the scientific body of knowledge on a particular finding is assessed based on multiple lines of <em><a href="#evidence" class="mention">evidence</a></em> (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, models, expert judgement) and expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et al., 2010).</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: समझौता</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agricultural_and_ecological_drought"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agricultural and ecological drought</h4><div><p class="definition">Depending on the affected <em>biome</em>: a period with abnormal <em><a href="#soil_moisture" class="mention">soil moisture</a></em> deficit, which results from combined shortage of precipitation and excess <em><a href="#evapotranspiration" class="mention">evapotranspiration</a></em>, and during the growing season impinges on crop production or <em><a href="#ecosystem" class="mention">ecosystem</a></em> function in general.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Drought" data-phraseid="207"><a href="#drought">Drought</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agriculture,_forestry_and_other_land_use"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use</h4><div><p class="definition">In the context of national <em>greenhouse gas (GHG)</em> inventories under the <em><a href="#united_nations_framework_convention_on_climate_change" class="mention">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</a></em>, AFOLU is the sum of the GHG inventory sectors Agriculture and Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories for details.</p><p>Given the difference in estimating the <strong><em>‘</em></strong>anthropogenic<strong>’ </strong><em><a href="#carbon_dioxide" class="mention">carbon dioxide (CO</a></em><em><sub>2</sub></em><em>)</em> removals between countries and the global modelling community, the land-related net GHG emissions from global models included in this report are not necessarily directly comparable with LULUCF estimates in national GHG Inventories.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div><div class="paren">AFOLU</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agroecology"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agroecology</h4><div><p class="definition">‘The science and practice of applying ecological concepts, principles and knowledge (i.e., the interactions of, and explanations for, the diversity, abundance and activities of organisms) to the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems.</p><p>It includes the roles of human beings as a central organism in agroecology by way of social and economic processes in farming systems. Agroecology examines the roles and interactions among all relevant biophysical, technical and socio-economic components of farming systems and their surrounding landscapes (IPBES, 2019).</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology">Wikipedia</a></b> Agroecology is an academic discipline that studies ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. Bringing ecological principles to bear can suggest new management approaches in agroecosystems.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: कृषिपारिस्थितिकी</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII,WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agroforestry"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agroforestry</h4><div><p class="definition">Collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.</p><p>In agroforestry systems there are both ecological and economical interactions between the different components. Agroforestry can also be defined as a dynamic, ecologically-based, natural resource management system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels (FAO, 2015a).</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - FAO, 2015a: Agroforestry. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/.<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="DEFI-Écologique, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agroforesterie_(ma%C3%AFs_et_ch%C3%A2taigner)(2).jpg"><img width="256" alt="Agroforesterie (maïs et châtaigner)(2)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Agroforesterie_%28ma%C3%AFs_et_ch%C3%A2taigner%29%282%29.jpg/256px-Agroforesterie_%28ma%C3%AFs_et_ch%C3%A2taigner%29%282%29.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry">Wikipedia</a></b> Agroforestry (or agro-sylviculture) is a land use management system in which combinations of trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: कृषि वानिकी</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="air_mass"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>air mass</h4><p class="definition">A widespread body of air, the approximately homogeneous properties of which (i) have been established while that air was situated over a particular <em><a href="#region" class="mention">region</a></em> of the Earth’s surface, and (ii) undergo specific modifications while in transit away from the source region (AMS, 2021).</p><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - AMS, 2021: Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society (AMS), Boston, MA, USA. Retrieved from: http://glossary.ametsoc.org.<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><p><a href="#https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_masses.svg#/media/File:Air_masses.svg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Air_masses.svg" alt="Air masses.svg" height="312" width="312"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass">Wikipedia</a></b> In meteorology, an air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and humidity. Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles, and adapt to the characteristics of the surface below them.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: हवा का द्रव्यमान</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="air_pollution"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>air pollution</h4><p class="definition">Degradation of air quality with negative effects on human health or the natural or built environment due to the introduction, by natural processes or human activity, into the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em> of substances (gases, <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosols</a></em>) which have a direct (primary pollutants) or indirect (secondary pollutants) harmful effect.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Sergei Dorokhovsky, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg"><img width="312" alt="Smoke over the river Volga" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg/512px-Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution">Wikipedia</a></b> Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: वायु प्रदूषण</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="airborne_fraction"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>airborne fraction</h4><p class="definition">The fraction of total <em><a href="#carbon_dioxide" class="mention">carbon dioxide (CO2)</a></em> emissions (from <em>fossil fuels</em> and <em><a href="#land-use_change" class="mention">land-use change</a></em>) remaining in the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em>.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Efbrazil, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg"><img width="312" alt="Carbon Dioxide Partitioning" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg/512px-Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_fraction">Wikipedia</a></b> The airborne fraction is a scaling factor defined as the ratio of the annual increase in atmospheric CO
2 to the CO
2 emissions from human sources.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="albedo"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>albedo</h4><div><p class="definition">The proportion of sunlight (<em><a href="#solar_radiation" class="mention">solar radiation</a></em>) reflected by a surface or object, often expressed as a percentage.</p><p>Clouds, snow and ice usually have high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range from high to low; vegetation in the dry season and/or in <em><a href="#arid_zone" class="mention">arid zones</a></em> can have high albedo, whereas photosynthetically active vegetation and the <em><a href="#ocean" class="mention">ocean</a></em> have low albedo. The Earth’s planetary albedo changes mainly through changes in cloudiness, snow, ice, leaf area and <em><a href="#land_cover" class="mention">land cover</a></em>.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Giorgiogp2, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceres_2004_clear_sky_albedo.png"><img width="312" alt="Ceres 2004 clear sky albedo" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ceres_2004_clear_sky_albedo.png/512px-Ceres_2004_clear_sky_albedo.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo">Wikipedia</a></b> Albedo (from Latin albedo 'whiteness') is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation).</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: प्रकाशानुपात</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="alkalinity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>alkalinity</h4><p class="definition">Seawater acid–base system.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Plumbago, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WOA05_GLODAP_pd_ALK_AYool.png"><img width="312" alt="WOA05 GLODAP pd ALK AYool" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/WOA05_GLODAP_pd_ALK_AYool.png/512px-WOA05_GLODAP_pd_ALK_AYool.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity">Wikipedia</a></b></p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: क्षारीयता</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="altimetry"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>altimetry</h4><p class="definition">A technique for measuring the height of the Earth’s surface with respect to the geocentre of the Earth within a defined terrestrial reference frame (geocentric sea level).</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="annular_modes"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>annular modes</h4><div><p class="definition">Hemispheric scale patterns of atmospheric variability characterized by opposing and synchronous fluctuations in sea-level pressure between the polar caps and mid-latitudes, with a structure exhibiting a high degree of zonal symmetry, and with no real preferred time scales ranging from days to decades.</p><p>In each hemisphere, these fluctuations reflect changes in the latitudinal position and strength of the mid-latitude jets and associated storm tracks. Annular modes are defined as the leading mode of variability of extratropical sea-level pressure or geopotential heights and are known as the <em><a href="#northern_annular_mode" class="mention">Northern Annular Mode (NAM)</a></em> and <em><a href="#southern_annular_mode" class="mention">Southern Annular Mode (SAM)</a></em> in the two hemispheres, respectively.</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Northern Annular Mode (NAM)" data-phraseid="2588"><a href="#northern_annular_mode">Northern Annular Mode (NAM)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Southern Annular Mode (SAM)" data-phraseid="2714"><a href="#southern_annular_mode">Southern Annular Mode (SAM)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anomaly"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anomaly</h4><p class="definition">The deviation of a variable from its value averaged over a <em><a href="#reference_period" class="mention">reference period</a></em>.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="antarctic_ice_sheet"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>Antarctic Ice Sheet</h4><div><p class="definition">There are only two ice sheets in the modern world, one on Greenland and one on Antarctica.</p><p>The latter is divided<br/>into the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. During glacial periods, there were other ice sheets. </p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a href="#https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg#/media/File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg" alt="Antarctica 6400px from Blue Marble.jpg" height="312" width="312"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet">Wikipedia</a></b> The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth, with an average thickness of over 2 kilometers.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अंटार्कटिक बर्फ की चादर</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">AIS</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropocene"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropocene</h4><div><p class="definition">A proposed new geological epoch resulting from significant human-driven changes to the structure and functioning of the Earth system, including the <em><a href="#climate_system" class="mention">climate system</a></em>.</p><p>Originally proposed in the Earth system science community in 2000, the proposed new epoch is undergoing a formalisation process within the geological community based on the stratigraphic <em><a href="#evidence" class="mention">evidence</a></em> that human activities have changed the Earth system to the extent of forming geological deposits with a signature that is distinct from those of the <em><a href="#holocene" class="mention">Holocene</a></em>, and which will remain in the geological record. Both the stratigraphic and Earth system approaches to defining the Anthropocene consider the mid-20th century to be the most appropriate starting date (Steffen et al., 2016), although others have been proposed and continue to be discussed. The Anthropocene concept has already been informally adopted by diverse disciplines and the public to denote the substantive influence of humans on the Earth system.</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - Steffen, W., Leinfelder, R., Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C.N., Williams, M., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A.D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E.C., Fairchild, I.J., Galuszka, A., Grinevald, J., Haywood, A., Ivar do Sul, J., Jeandel, C., McNeill, J., Odada, E., Oreskes, N., Revkin, A., Richter, D.d., Syvitski, J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Wing, S.L., Wolfe, A.P. and Schellnhuber, H. (2016), Stratigraphic and Earth System approaches to defining the Anthropocene. Earth's Future, 4: 324-345.<br />
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000379<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Data: Marc Imhoff/NASA GSFC, Christopher Elvidge/NOAA NGDC; Image: Craig Mayhew and Robert Simmon/NASA GSFC, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP,_1994-1995_(large).jpg"><img width="312" alt="Earth's City Lights by DMSP, 1994-1995 (large)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg/512px-Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene">Wikipedia</a></b> The Anthropocene (/ˈænθrəpəˌsiːn, ænˈθrɒpə-/ AN-thrə-pə-seen, an-THROP-ə-)[1][2][3][failed verification] is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, human-caused climate change.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: एंथ्रोपोसीन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropogenic"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropogenic</h4><p class="definition">Resulting from or produced by human activities.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: मानवजनित</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropogenic_emissions"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropogenic emissions</h4><div><p class="definition">Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), precursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities.</p><p>These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste management, and industrial processes.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: मानवजनित उत्सर्जन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropogenic_removals"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropogenic removals</h4><div><p class="definition">The withdrawal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere as a result of deliberate human activities.</p><p>These include enhancing biological sinks of CO2 and using chemical engineering to achieve long term removal and storage. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), which alone does not remove CO2 from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources if it is combined with bioenergy production (BECCS), or if CO2 is captured from the air directly and stored (DACCS). <br/><br/>[Note: In the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006), which are used in reporting of emissions to the UNFCCC, ‘anthropogenic’ land-related GHG fluxes are defined as all those occurring on ‘managed land’, i.e. ‘where human interventions and practices have been applied to perform production, ecological or social functions’. However, some removals (e.g. removals associated with CO2 fertilisation and N deposition) are not considered as ‘anthropogenic’, or are referred to as ‘indirect’ anthropogenic effects, in some of the scientific literature assessed in this report. As a consequence, the land-related net GHG emission estimates from global models included in this report are not necessarily directly comparable with Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) estimates in national GHG Inventories.]</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>