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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>IPCC Glossary - #semanticClimate Research Demo</title>
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="css/appaloosa.css" />
</head>
<body class="user-contents">
<div class="titlepage frontmatter">
<h1 class="booktitle">IPCC Glossary</h1>
<h2 class="booksubtitle">#semanticClimate Research Demo</h2>
<h3 class="bookauthor">by Team #semanticClimate</h3>
<h4 class="bookversion">Version Alpha 1.0 DOI: 10.1000/100 HASH: #0000000 UTC: 0000-00-00T00:00:00Z</h4>
</div>
<div class="copyrightpage frontmatter">
<p>IPCC Glossary: #semanticClimate Research Demo</p>
<p>Version: Alpha 1.0 (work in progress)</p>
<p>Last updated: 2023-11-02</p>
<p>GitHub source: <a href="https://github.com/semanticClimate/glossary-demo">github.com/semanticClimate/glossary-demo</a></p>
<h3>IPCC Glossary </h3>
<p>IPCC Glossary © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (v 1.5)</p>
<p>IPCC Glossary: https://apps.ipcc.ch/glossary/</p>
<p>Zotero citation sources: https://www.zotero.org/groups/2437020/ock/collections/B4U7JURX</p>
<h4>Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)</h4>
<p>Weyer, N. M. (Ed.). (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate Glossary (Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srocc</p>
<p>Diemen, R. (Ed.). (2019). Special Report on Climate Change and Land Glossary (Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl</p>
<p>Matthews, J. B. R. (Ed.). (2018). Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C Glossary (Sixth Assessment Cycle (AR6)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary</p>
<h4>Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)</h4>
<p>Mach, K. J., Planton, S., & von Stechow, C. (Eds.). (2014). AR5 Synthesis Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5), pp. 117–130). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr</p>
<p>Allwood, J. M., Bosetti, V., Dubash, N. K., Gómez-Echeverri, L., & von Stechow, C. (Eds.). (2014). AR5 Working Group III Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3</p>
<p>Agard, J., Schipper, E. L. F., Birkmann, J., Campos, M., Dubeux, C., Nojiri, Y., Olsson, L., Osman-Elasha, B., Pelling, M., Prather, M. J., Rivera-Ferre, M. G., Ruppel, O. C., Sallenger, A., Smith, K. R., St. Clair, A. L., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., & Bilir, T. E. (Eds.). (2014). AR5 Working Group II Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5), pp. 1757–1776). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2</p>
<p>Planton, S. (Ed.). (2013). AR5 Working Group I Report Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1</p>
<p>Field, C. B., Barro, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., & Midgley, P. M. (Eds.). (2011). Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation Glossary (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5), pp. 555–564). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation</p>
<p>Verbruggen, A., Moomaw, W., & Nyboer, J. N. (Eds.). (2011). Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Fifth Assessment Cycle (AR5)). IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation</p>
</div>
<div class="frontmatter">
<h3>Instructions for use</h3>
<p>All images are copied from Wikimedia with full provenance and attribution. Click on the image to visit Wikimedia</p>
<p>To insert an image from Wikimedia:
<ul>
<li>find the image in a Wikipedia page or Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li>click on the image. This will reveal a page with "<strong>More details</strong>". Click this</li>
<li>Click on "Use this file" at the top. </li>
<li>Find "Embed this file" and copy everything in the box </li>
<li>Paste the content into the glossary file. The image will appear when the file is displayed with an Internet connection.</li>
</ul>
<i>At present paste this under the <strong><em>"semanticClimate"</em></strong> header. We are devloping a template to help organize where to put annotations</i>
</p>
<p>to add a link to Wikipedia. Find the page, copy the URL and then paste in as
<code><p><a href="#your url">Wikipedia</a></p></code>
</p>
<p>To add language equivalents use the style:
<code>
<br/> <div>
<br/> <p>Translations</p>
<br/><ul>
<br/><li lang="de">DE: ablation</li>
<br/><li lang="hi">HI: पृथक करना</li>
<br/></ul>
<br/></div>
</code>
<div class="gloss-translate"> <p>Translations</p> <ul> <li lang="de">DE: ablation</li> <li lang="hi">HI: पृथक करना</li> </ul> </div>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="tocpage frontmatter">
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</nav>
</div>
<div class="article-part article-title" id="_1_0">A</div>
<div class="article-part article-richtext article-body">
<div style="gloss-back">
<a name="ablation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>ablation</h4><div>
<div>
<p class="definition">All processes that reduce the mass of a <em><a href="#glacier" class="mention">glacier</a></em>,<em><a href="#ice_sheet" class="mention"> ice sheet</a></em>, or snow cover.</p><p>The main processes are melting, and for glaciers also <em><a href="#calving" class="mention">calving</a></em> (or, when the glacier nourishes an <em><a href="#ice_shelf" class="mention">ice shelf</a></em>, <em>discharge of ice</em> across the <em><a href="#grounding_line" class="mention">grounding line</a></em>), but other processes such as sublimation and loss of wind-blown snow can also contribute to ablation. Ablation also refers to the mass lost by any of these processes.</p></div>
<div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)" data-phraseid="2202"><a href="#mass_balance/budget">Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<a title="Kelvinsong, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_diagram.svg"><img width="512" alt="Glacier diagram" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacier_diagram.svg/512px-Glacier_diagram.svg.png"></a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
<!-- ad manual content here -->
<!-- template for language equivalents -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="de">DE: ablation</li>
<li lang="hi">HI: पृथक करना</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!--end template --></div>
</div><div>
</div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">of glaciers, ice sheets, or snow cover</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="abrupt_change"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>abrupt change</h4><p class="definition">A change in the system that is substantially faster than the typical rate of the changes in its history.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अचानक परिवर्तन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="abrupt_climate_change"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>abrupt climate change</h4><p class="definition">A large-scale <em><a href="#abrupt_change" class="mention">abrupt change</a></em> in the <em><a href="#climate_system" class="mention">climate system</a></em> that takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades and causes substantial <em>impacts</em> in <em>human and/or natural systems</em>.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="English: NPS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Rock_Cut,_June_2021_(f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499).JPG"><img width="312" alt="Castle Rock Cut, June 2021 (f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Castle_Rock_Cut%2C_June_2021_%28f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499%29.JPG/512px-Castle_Rock_Cut%2C_June_2021_%28f22992e4-e54a-447f-851d-9b30b0bcc499%29.JPG"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change">Wikipedia</a></b> An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अचानक जलवायु परिवर्तन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="acceptability_of_policy_or_system_change"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>acceptability of policy or system change</h4><div><p class="definition">The extent to which a policy or system change is evaluated unfavourably or favourably, or rejected or supported, by members of the general public (public acceptability) or politicians or governments (political acceptability).</p>
<p>Acceptability may vary from totally unacceptable/fully rejected to totally acceptable/fully supported; individuals may differ in how acceptable policies or system changes are believed to be.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
</hr>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="access"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>access</h4><div><p class="definition">See <em>Access</em> under <em><a href="#food_security" class="mention">Food Security</a></em></p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Food security" data-phraseid="281"><a href="#food_security">Food security</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
</hr>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div><div class="paren">to food</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="access_to_modern_energy_services"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>access to modern energy services</h4><p class="definition">Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy services for cooking, heating, lighting, communications, and productive uses.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="acclimatisation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>acclimatisation</h4><div><p class="definition">A change in functional or morphological traits occurring once or repeatedly (e.g., seasonally) during the lifetime of an individual organism in its natural environment.</p><p>Through acclimatisation, the individual maintains performance across a range of environmental conditions. For a clear differentiation between findings in laboratory and field studies, the term ‘acclimation’ is used in ecophysiology for the respective phenomena when observed in well-defined experimental settings. The term ‘(adaptive) plasticity’ characterises the generally limited scope of changes in phenotype that an individual can reach through the process of acclimatisation.</p></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatization">Wikipedia entry: Acclimatisation</a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: पर्यनुकूलन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="accumulation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>accumulation</h4><div><div><p class="definition">All processes that add to the mass of a <em><a href="#glacier" class="mention">glacier</a></em>, an <em><a href="#ice_sheet" class="mention">ice sheet</a></em>, or snow cover.</p><p>The main process of accumulation is snowfall. Accumulation also includes deposition of hoar, freezing rain, other types of solid precipitation, gain of wind-blown snow, avalanching, and basal accumulation (often beneath floating ice).</p></div><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)" data-phraseid="2202"><a href="#mass_balance/budget">Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<a title="Kelvinsong, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_diagram.svg"><img width="512" alt="Glacier diagram" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacier_diagram.svg/512px-Glacier_diagram.svg.png"></a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div><div class="paren">of glaciers, ice sheets or snow cover</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="active_layer"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>active layer</h4><p class="definition">Layer of ground above <em><a href="#permafrost" class="mention">permafrost</a></em> subject to annual thawing and freezing.</p>
<a title="Original contributor, German Wikipedia user, "HylgeriaK", translation by User:HopsonRoad., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertical_Temperature_Profile_in_Permafrost_(English_Text).jpg"><img width="512" alt="Vertical Temperature Profile in Permafrost (English Text)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Vertical_Temperature_Profile_in_Permafrost_%28English_Text%29.jpg"></a>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: सक्रिय परत</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="acute_food_insecurity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>acute food insecurity</h4><p class="definition">Acute food insecurity is a situation which can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes,context or duration, as a result of shocks risking determinants of food security and nutrition, and used to assess the need for humanitarian action (IPC Global Partners, 2019).</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: तीव्र खाद्य असुरक्षा</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation</h4><p class="fs-6 p-2 mb-0"><span>In <em><a href="#human_system" class="mention">human systems</a></em>, the process of adjustment to actual or expected <em><a href="#climate" class="mention">climate</a></em> and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.</span></p><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation deficit" data-phraseid="3156"><a href="#adaptation_deficit">Adaptation deficit</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation gap" data-phraseid="5844"><a href="#adaptation_gap">Adaptation gap</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation limits" data-phraseid="15"><a href="#adaptation_limits">Adaptation limits</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation needs" data-phraseid="3234"><a href="#adaptation_needs">Adaptation needs</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation options" data-phraseid="17"><a href="#adaptation_options">Adaptation options</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Autonomous adaptation" data-phraseid="3244"><a href="#autonomous_adaptation">Autonomous adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Community-based adaptation" data-phraseid="3260"><a href="#community-based_adaptation">Community-based adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA)" data-phraseid="2084"><a href="#ecosystem-based_adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Evolutionary adaptation" data-phraseid="2086"><a href="#evolutionary_adaptation">Evolutionary adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Incremental adaptation" data-phraseid="11"><a href="#incremental_adaptation">Incremental adaptation</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Transformational adaptation" data-phraseid="13"><a href="#transformational_adaptation">Transformational adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_fund"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>Adaptation Fund</h4><div><p class="definition">A Fund established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and officially launched in 2007.</p><p>The Fund finances adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Financing comes mainly from sales of Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) and a share of proceeds amounting to 2 % of the value of CERs issued each year for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. The Adaptation Fund can also receive funds from governments, the private sector, and individuals.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund">Wikipedia</a></b> The Adaptation Fund is an international fund that finances projects and programs aimed at helping developing countries to adapt to the harmful effects of climate change. It is set up under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन कोष</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_behaviour"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation behaviour</h4><div><p class="definition">Human actions that directly or indirectly affect the risks of climate change impacts.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Human behaviour" data-phraseid="343"><a href="#human_behaviour">Human behaviour</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन व्यवहार</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_deficit"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation deficit</h4><div><p class="definition">The gap between the current state of a system and a state that minimises adverse impacts from existing climate conditions and variability.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन घाटा</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_gap"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation gap</h4><div><p class="definition">The difference between actually implemented adaptation and a societally set goal, determined largely by preferences related to tolerated climate change impacts and reflecting resource limitations and competing priorities (UNEP, 2014; UNEP, 2018).</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन अंतराल</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_limits"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation limits</h4><div><p class="fs-6 p-2 mb-0"></p><p>The point at which an actor’s objectives (or system needs) cannot be secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions.<br/>• Hard adaptation limit – No adaptive actions are possible to avoid intolerable risks.<br/>• Soft adaptation limit – Options may exist but are currently not available to avoid intolerable risks through adaptive action.</p><p></p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अनुकूलन सीमा</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_needs"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation needs</h4><div><p class="definition">The circumstances requiring action to ensure the safety of populations and the security of assets in response to climate impacts.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
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</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_opportunity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation opportunity</h4><p class="definition">Factors that make it easier to plan and implement adaptation actions, that expand adaptation options, or that provide ancillary co-benefits.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_options"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation options</h4><div><div><p class="definition">The array of strategies and measures that are available and appropriate for addressing <em><a href="#adaptation" class="mention">adaptation</a></em>.</p><p>They include a wide range of actions that can be categorised as structural, <em>institutional</em>, ecological or behavioural.</p></div><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Adaptation" data-phraseid="9"><a href="#adaptation">Adaptation</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptation_pathways"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptation pathways</h4><div><div><p class="definition">A series of <em><a href="#adaptation" class="mention">adaptation</a></em> choices involving trade-offs between short-term and long-term goals and values.</p><p>These are processes of deliberation to identify solutions that are meaningful to people in the context of their daily lives and to avoid potential <em>maladaptation</em>.</p></div><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Pathways" data-phraseid="493"><a href="#pathways">Pathways</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptive_capacity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptive capacity</h4><p class="definition">The ability of systems, <em>institutions</em>, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to respond to consequences (MA, 2005).</p><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - MA, 2005: Appendix D: Glossary. In: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current States and Trends. Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group [Hassan, R., R. Scholes, and N. Ash (eds.)]. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 893–900.<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_capacity">Wikipedia</a></b> Adaptive capacity relates to the capacity of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences. In the context of ecosystems, adaptive capacity is determined by genetic diversity of species, biodiversity of particular ecosystems in specific landscapes or biome regions.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptive_governance"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptive governance</h4><div><p class="definition">Adjusting to changing conditions, such as climate change, through governance interactions that seek to maintain a desired state in a social-ecological system.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Governance" data-phraseid="307"><a href="#governance">Governance</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_governance#Adaptive_governance">Wikipedia</a></p>
<p></p>
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII,WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adaptive_management"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adaptive management</h4><div><p class="definition">A process of iteratively planning, implementing and modifying strategies for managing resources in the face of uncertainty and change.</p><p>Adaptive management involves adjusting approaches in response to observations of their effect on, and changes in, the system brought on by resulting feedback effects and other variables.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3>
<p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management">Wikipedia</a></b> Adaptive management, also known as adaptive resource management or adaptive environmental assessment and management, is a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="added_value"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>added value</h4><div><p class="definition">Improvement of the representation of some climatic aspects by one methodology compared to another methodology.</p><p>For instance, downscaling a coarse resolution global climate model may improve the representation of regional climate in complex terrain.</p></div>
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<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="additionality"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>additionality</h4><div><p class="definition">The property of being additional.</p><p>Mitigation is additional if the greenhouse gas emission reductions or removals would not have occurred in the absence of the associated policy intervention or activity.<br/><br/>[Note: Additionality is one of several key criteria used to ensure the environmental integrity of<em><a href="#offset" class="mention"> Offsets (in climate change mitigation)</a></em>].</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management">Wikipedia</a></b> Adaptive management, also known as adaptive resource management or adaptive environmental assessment and management, is a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adjustments"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adjustments</h4><div><p class="definition">The response to an agent perturbing the <em><a href="#climate_system" class="mention">climate system</a></em> that is driven directly by the agent, independently of any change in <em>global surface temperature</em>.</p><p>For example, <em><a href="#carbon_dioxide" class="mention">carbon dioxide</a></em> and <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosols</a></em>, by altering internal heating and cooling rates within the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em>, can each cause changes to cloud cover and other variables thereby producing an <em>effective radiative forcing</em> even in the absence of any surface warming or cooling. Adjustments are usually rapid in the sense that they begin to occur right away, before <em><a href="#climate_feedback" class="mention">climate feedbacks</a></em> which are driven by global surface warming (although some adjustments may still take significant time to proceed to completion, for example those involving vegetation or <em><a href="#ice_sheet" class="mention">ice sheets</a></em>).</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">in relation to effective radiative forcing</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="advection"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>advection</h4><div><p class="definition">Transport of water or air along with its properties (e.g., temperature, chemical tracers) by winds or currents.</p><p>Regarding the general distinction between advection and <em><a href="#convection" class="mention">convection</a></em>, the former describes transport by large-scale motions of the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em> or ocean, while convection describes the predominantly vertical, locally induced motions.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection">Wikipedia</a></b> In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties such as energy.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="adverse_side-effect"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>adverse side-effect</h4><p class="fs-6 p-2 mb-0"></p><p>A negative effect that a policy or measure aimed at one objective has on another objective, thereby potentially reducing the net benefit to society or the environment.</p><p></p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol</h4><div><p class="definition">A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with typical particle size in the range of a few nanometres to several tens of micrometres and atmospheric lifetimes of up to several days in the <em><a href="#troposphere" class="mention">troposphere</a></em> and up to years in the <em><a href="#stratosphere" class="mention">stratosphere</a></em>.</p><p>The term aerosol, which includes both the particles and the suspending gas, is often used in this report in its plural form to mean ‘aerosol particles’. Aerosols may be of either natural or <em><a href="#anthropogenic" class="mention">anthropogenic</a></em> origin in the troposphere; stratospheric aerosols mostly stem from volcanic eruptions. Aerosols can cause an <em>effective radiative forcing</em> directly through scattering and absorbing radiation (<em><a href="#aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interaction" class="mention">aerosol–radiation interaction</a></em>), and indirectly by acting as <em><a href="#cloud_condensation_nuclei" class="mention">cloud condensation nuclei</a></em> or ice nucleating particles that affect the properties of clouds (<em><a href="#aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interaction" class="mention">aerosol–cloud interaction</a></em>), and upon deposition on snow- or ice-covered surfaces. Atmospheric aerosols may be either emitted as primary particulate matter or formed within the atmosphere from gaseous <em>precursors</em> (secondary production). Aerosols may be composed of sea salt, organic carbon, <em><a href="#black_carbon" class="mention">black carbon (BC)</a></em>, mineral species (mainly desert dust), sulphate, nitrate and ammonium or their mixtures.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="PiccoloNamek, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerosol.png"><img width="312" alt="Aerosol" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aerosol.png/512px-Aerosol.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol">Wikipedia</a></b> An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: वायु-विलय पात्र</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII,WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interaction"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol–cloud interaction</h4><div><p class="definition">A process by which a perturbation to <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosol</a></em> affects the microphysical properties and evolution of clouds through the aerosol role as <em><a href="#cloud_condensation_nuclei" class="mention">cloud condensation nuclei</a></em> or ice nuclei, particularly in ways that affect radiation or precipitation; such processes can also include the effect of clouds and precipitation on aerosol.</p><p>The aerosol perturbation can be <em><a href="#anthropogenic" class="mention">anthropogenic</a></em> or come from some natural <em><a href="#source" class="mention">source</a></em>. The <em><a href="#radiative_forcing" class="mention">radiative forcing</a></em> from such interactions has traditionally been attributed to numerous indirect aerosol effects, but in this report, only two levels of radiative forcing (or effect) are distinguished:</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci)" data-phraseid="2292"><a href="#effective_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interactions">Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (IRFaci)" data-phraseid="5677"><a href="#instantaneous_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93cloud_interactions">Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (IRFaci)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol_effective_radiative_forcing"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol effective radiative forcing</h4><div><p class="definition">The total effective radiative forcing due to both aerosol–cloud and aerosol–radiation interactions is denoted aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci).</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Aerosol–radiation interaction" data-phraseid="2296"><a href="#aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interaction">Aerosol–radiation interaction</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">ERFari+aci</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol_optical_depth"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol optical depth</h4><div><p class="definition">Wavelength-dependent aerosol optical depth is a measure of the <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosol</a></em> contribution to extinction of top-of-the-atmosphere solar intensity measured at the ground.</p><p>AOD is unitless.</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Fine-mode aerosol optical depth" data-phraseid="4678"><a href="#fine-mode_aerosol_optical_depth">Fine-mode aerosol optical depth</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">AOD</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interaction"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>aerosol–radiation interaction</h4><div><p class="definition">An interaction of <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosol</a></em> directly with radiation produces <em>radiative effects</em>.</p><p>In this report, two levels of <em><a href="#radiative_forcing" class="mention">radiative forcing</a></em> (or effect) are distinguished:</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci)" data-phraseid="2294"><a href="#aerosol_effective_radiative_forcing">Aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (ERFari)" data-phraseid="2300"><a href="#effective_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interactions">Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (ERFari)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (IRFari)" data-phraseid="5675"><a href="#instantaneous_radiative_forcing_(or_effect)_due_to_aerosol%E2%80%93radiation_interactions">Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol–radiation interactions (IRFari)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="afforestation"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>afforestation</h4><div><p class="definition">Conversion to <em><a href="#forest" class="mention">forest</a></em> of land that historically has not contained forests.</p><p>[Note: For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC 2021a, b).]</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - UNFCCC, 2021: Reporting and accounting of LULUCF activities under the Kyoto Protocol. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf/reporting-and-accounting-of-lulucf-activities-under-the-kyoto-protocol<br/> - UNFCCC, 2021: Reporting and Review under the Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-paris-agreement<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Alan Murray-Rust / New afforestation looking into Rand Wood" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg"><img width="312" alt="New afforestation looking into Rand Wood - geograph.org.uk - 329908" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation">Wikipedia</a></b> Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees (forestation) in an area where there was no recent tree cover.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: वनरोपण</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agreement"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agreement</h4><p class="definition">In this report, the degree of agreement within the scientific body of knowledge on a particular finding is assessed based on multiple lines of <em><a href="#evidence" class="mention">evidence</a></em> (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, models, expert judgement) and expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et al., 2010).</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: समझौता</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agricultural_and_ecological_drought"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agricultural and ecological drought</h4><div><p class="definition">Depending on the affected <em>biome</em>: a period with abnormal <em><a href="#soil_moisture" class="mention">soil moisture</a></em> deficit, which results from combined shortage of precipitation and excess <em><a href="#evapotranspiration" class="mention">evapotranspiration</a></em>, and during the growing season impinges on crop production or <em><a href="#ecosystem" class="mention">ecosystem</a></em> function in general.</p><div class="p-3 small"><h6 class="fs-6">Parent-term</h6><ul ><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Drought" data-phraseid="207"><a href="#drought">Drought</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
</div><div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agriculture,_forestry_and_other_land_use"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use</h4><div><p class="definition">In the context of national <em>greenhouse gas (GHG)</em> inventories under the <em><a href="#united_nations_framework_convention_on_climate_change" class="mention">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</a></em>, AFOLU is the sum of the GHG inventory sectors Agriculture and Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories for details.</p><p>Given the difference in estimating the <strong><em>‘</em></strong>anthropogenic<strong>’ </strong><em><a href="#carbon_dioxide" class="mention">carbon dioxide (CO</a></em><em><sub>2</sub></em><em>)</em> removals between countries and the global modelling community, the land-related net GHG emissions from global models included in this report are not necessarily directly comparable with LULUCF estimates in national GHG Inventories.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII </div><div class="paren">AFOLU</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agroecology"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agroecology</h4><div><p class="definition">‘The science and practice of applying ecological concepts, principles and knowledge (i.e., the interactions of, and explanations for, the diversity, abundance and activities of organisms) to the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems.</p><p>It includes the roles of human beings as a central organism in agroecology by way of social and economic processes in farming systems. Agroecology examines the roles and interactions among all relevant biophysical, technical and socio-economic components of farming systems and their surrounding landscapes (IPBES, 2019).</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology">Wikipedia</a></b> Agroecology is an academic discipline that studies ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. Bringing ecological principles to bear can suggest new management approaches in agroecosystems.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: कृषिपारिस्थितिकी</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII,WGIII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="agroforestry"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>agroforestry</h4><div><p class="definition">Collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.</p><p>In agroforestry systems there are both ecological and economical interactions between the different components. Agroforestry can also be defined as a dynamic, ecologically-based, natural resource management system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels (FAO, 2015a).</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - FAO, 2015a: Agroforestry. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/.<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="DEFI-Écologique, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agroforesterie_(ma%C3%AFs_et_ch%C3%A2taigner)(2).jpg"><img width="256" alt="Agroforesterie (maïs et châtaigner)(2)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Agroforesterie_%28ma%C3%AFs_et_ch%C3%A2taigner%29%282%29.jpg/256px-Agroforesterie_%28ma%C3%AFs_et_ch%C3%A2taigner%29%282%29.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry">Wikipedia</a></b> Agroforestry (or agro-sylviculture) is a land use management system in which combinations of trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: कृषि वानिकी</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="air_mass"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>air mass</h4><p class="definition">A widespread body of air, the approximately homogeneous properties of which (i) have been established while that air was situated over a particular <em><a href="#region" class="mention">region</a></em> of the Earth’s surface, and (ii) undergo specific modifications while in transit away from the source region (AMS, 2021).</p><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - AMS, 2021: Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society (AMS), Boston, MA, USA. Retrieved from: http://glossary.ametsoc.org.<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><p><a href="#https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_masses.svg#/media/File:Air_masses.svg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Air_masses.svg" alt="Air masses.svg" height="312" width="312"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass">Wikipedia</a></b> In meteorology, an air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and humidity. Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles, and adapt to the characteristics of the surface below them.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: हवा का द्रव्यमान</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="air_pollution"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>air pollution</h4><p class="definition">Degradation of air quality with negative effects on human health or the natural or built environment due to the introduction, by natural processes or human activity, into the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em> of substances (gases, <em><a href="#aerosol" class="mention">aerosols</a></em>) which have a direct (primary pollutants) or indirect (secondary pollutants) harmful effect.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Sergei Dorokhovsky, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg"><img width="312" alt="Smoke over the river Volga" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg/512px-Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution">Wikipedia</a></b> Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: वायु प्रदूषण</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="airborne_fraction"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>airborne fraction</h4><p class="definition">The fraction of total <em><a href="#carbon_dioxide" class="mention">carbon dioxide (CO2)</a></em> emissions (from <em>fossil fuels</em> and <em><a href="#land-use_change" class="mention">land-use change</a></em>) remaining in the <em><a href="#atmosphere" class="mention">atmosphere</a></em>.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Efbrazil, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg"><img width="312" alt="Carbon Dioxide Partitioning" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg/512px-Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_fraction">Wikipedia</a></b> The airborne fraction is a scaling factor defined as the ratio of the annual increase in atmospheric CO
2 to the CO
2 emissions from human sources.</p>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="albedo"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>albedo</h4><div><p class="definition">The proportion of sunlight (<em><a href="#solar_radiation" class="mention">solar radiation</a></em>) reflected by a surface or object, often expressed as a percentage.</p><p>Clouds, snow and ice usually have high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range from high to low; vegetation in the dry season and/or in <em><a href="#arid_zone" class="mention">arid zones</a></em> can have high albedo, whereas photosynthetically active vegetation and the <em><a href="#ocean" class="mention">ocean</a></em> have low albedo. The Earth’s planetary albedo changes mainly through changes in cloudiness, snow, ice, leaf area and <em><a href="#land_cover" class="mention">land cover</a></em>.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Giorgiogp2, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceres_2004_clear_sky_albedo.png"><img width="312" alt="Ceres 2004 clear sky albedo" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ceres_2004_clear_sky_albedo.png/512px-Ceres_2004_clear_sky_albedo.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo">Wikipedia</a></b> Albedo (from Latin albedo 'whiteness') is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation).</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: प्रकाशानुपात</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="alkalinity"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>alkalinity</h4><p class="definition">Seawater acid–base system.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Plumbago, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WOA05_GLODAP_pd_ALK_AYool.png"><img width="312" alt="WOA05 GLODAP pd ALK AYool" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/WOA05_GLODAP_pd_ALK_AYool.png/512px-WOA05_GLODAP_pd_ALK_AYool.png"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity">Wikipedia</a></b></p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: क्षारीयता</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="altimetry"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>altimetry</h4><p class="definition">A technique for measuring the height of the Earth’s surface with respect to the geocentre of the Earth within a defined terrestrial reference frame (geocentric sea level).</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="annular_modes"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>annular modes</h4><div><p class="definition">Hemispheric scale patterns of atmospheric variability characterized by opposing and synchronous fluctuations in sea-level pressure between the polar caps and mid-latitudes, with a structure exhibiting a high degree of zonal symmetry, and with no real preferred time scales ranging from days to decades.</p><p>In each hemisphere, these fluctuations reflect changes in the latitudinal position and strength of the mid-latitude jets and associated storm tracks. Annular modes are defined as the leading mode of variability of extratropical sea-level pressure or geopotential heights and are known as the <em><a href="#northern_annular_mode" class="mention">Northern Annular Mode (NAM)</a></em> and <em><a href="#southern_annular_mode" class="mention">Southern Annular Mode (SAM)</a></em> in the two hemispheres, respectively.</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">Sub-terms</h6><ul class="items mb-0"><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Northern Annular Mode (NAM)" data-phraseid="2588"><a href="#northern_annular_mode">Northern Annular Mode (NAM)</a></span></li><li><span data-report="AR6" data-phrase="Southern Annular Mode (SAM)" data-phraseid="2714"><a href="#southern_annular_mode">Southern Annular Mode (SAM)</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anomaly"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anomaly</h4><p class="definition">The deviation of a variable from its value averaged over a <em><a href="#reference_period" class="mention">reference period</a></em>.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="antarctic_ice_sheet"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>Antarctic Ice Sheet</h4><div><p class="definition">There are only two ice sheets in the modern world, one on Greenland and one on Antarctica.</p><p>The latter is divided<br/>into the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. During glacial periods, there were other ice sheets. </p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a href="#https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg#/media/File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg" alt="Antarctica 6400px from Blue Marble.jpg" height="312" width="312"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet">Wikipedia</a></b> The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth, with an average thickness of over 2 kilometers.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: अंटार्कटिक बर्फ की चादर</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI </div><div class="paren">AIS</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropocene"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropocene</h4><div><p class="definition">A proposed new geological epoch resulting from significant human-driven changes to the structure and functioning of the Earth system, including the <em><a href="#climate_system" class="mention">climate system</a></em>.</p><p>Originally proposed in the Earth system science community in 2000, the proposed new epoch is undergoing a formalisation process within the geological community based on the stratigraphic <em><a href="#evidence" class="mention">evidence</a></em> that human activities have changed the Earth system to the extent of forming geological deposits with a signature that is distinct from those of the <em><a href="#holocene" class="mention">Holocene</a></em>, and which will remain in the geological record. Both the stratigraphic and Earth system approaches to defining the Anthropocene consider the mid-20th century to be the most appropriate starting date (Steffen et al., 2016), although others have been proposed and continue to be discussed. The Anthropocene concept has already been informally adopted by diverse disciplines and the public to denote the substantive influence of humans on the Earth system.</p></div><div class="ms-2 p-1 small text-muted"><h6 class="mb-0">References</h6> - Steffen, W., Leinfelder, R., Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C.N., Williams, M., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A.D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E.C., Fairchild, I.J., Galuszka, A., Grinevald, J., Haywood, A., Ivar do Sul, J., Jeandel, C., McNeill, J., Odada, E., Oreskes, N., Revkin, A., Richter, D.d., Syvitski, J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Wing, S.L., Wolfe, A.P. and Schellnhuber, H. (2016), Stratigraphic and Earth System approaches to defining the Anthropocene. Earth's Future, 4: 324-345.<br />
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000379<br/></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><p><a title="Data: Marc Imhoff/NASA GSFC, Christopher Elvidge/NOAA NGDC; Image: Craig Mayhew and Robert Simmon/NASA GSFC, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP,_1994-1995_(large).jpg"><img width="312" alt="Earth's City Lights by DMSP, 1994-1995 (large)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg/512px-Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg"></a></p><p><b>From <a href="#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene">Wikipedia</a></b> The Anthropocene (/ˈænθrəpəˌsiːn, ænˈθrɒpə-/ AN-thrə-pə-seen, an-THROP-ə-)[1][2][3][failed verification] is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, human-caused climate change.</p>
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: एंथ्रोपोसीन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropogenic"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropogenic</h4><p class="definition">Resulting from or produced by human activities.</p>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: मानवजनित</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGI,WGIII,WGII </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropogenic_emissions"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropogenic emissions</h4><div><p class="definition">Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), precursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities.</p><p>These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste management, and industrial processes.</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>
<li lang="hi">HI: मानवजनित उत्सर्जन</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div></div><div class="wg"> WGIII,WGII,WGI </div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="gloss-back">
<a name="anthropogenic_removals"></a>
<div class="p-1">
<div class="gloss-term"><h4>anthropogenic removals</h4><div><p class="definition">The withdrawal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere as a result of deliberate human activities.</p><p>These include enhancing biological sinks of CO2 and using chemical engineering to achieve long term removal and storage. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), which alone does not remove CO2 from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources if it is combined with bioenergy production (BECCS), or if CO2 is captured from the air directly and stored (DACCS). <br/><br/>[Note: In the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006), which are used in reporting of emissions to the UNFCCC, ‘anthropogenic’ land-related GHG fluxes are defined as all those occurring on ‘managed land’, i.e. ‘where human interventions and practices have been applied to perform production, ecological or social functions’. However, some removals (e.g. removals associated with CO2 fertilisation and N deposition) are not considered as ‘anthropogenic’, or are referred to as ‘indirect’ anthropogenic effects, in some of the scientific literature assessed in this report. As a consequence, the land-related net GHG emission estimates from global models included in this report are not necessarily directly comparable with Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) estimates in national GHG Inventories.]</p></div>
<div class="sem-ann"><h3 >semanticClimate annotation</h3><!-- ad manual content here -->
<div>
<p>Translations</p>
<ul>