diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/anonymous_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/anonymous_authenticator.rb
index ed7a46ef..74ba363b 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/anonymous_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/anonymous_authenticator.rb
@@ -21,16 +21,17 @@ class AnonymousAuthenticator
         attr_reader :anonymous_message
 
         # :call-seq:
-        #   new(anonymous_message = "", **) -> authenticator
         #   new(anonymous_message:  "", **) -> authenticator
+        #   new(anonymous_message = "", **) -> authenticator
         #
         # Creates an Authenticator for the "+ANONYMOUS+" SASL mechanism, as
         # specified in RFC-4505[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4505].  To use
         # this, see Net::IMAP#authenticate or your client's authentication
         # method.
         #
-        # #anonymous_message is an optional message which is sent to the server.
-        # It may be sent as a positional argument or as a keyword argument.
+        # ==== Parameters
+        #
+        # * _optional_ #anonymous_message — a message to send to the server.
         #
         # Any other keyword arguments are silently ignored.
         def initialize(anon_msg = nil, anonymous_message: nil, **)
diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/digest_md5_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/digest_md5_authenticator.rb
index dcc6fc59..2d759b5e 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/digest_md5_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/digest_md5_authenticator.rb
@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::DigestMD5Authenticator
   # "Authentication identity" is the generic term used by
   # RFC-4422[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4422].
   # RFC-4616[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4616] and many later RFCs abbreviate
-  # that to +authcid+.  So +authcid+ is available as an alias for #username.
+  # this to +authcid+.
   attr_reader :username
+  alias authcid username
 
   # A password or passphrase that matches the #username.
   #
@@ -42,8 +43,9 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::DigestMD5Authenticator
   attr_reader :authzid
 
   # :call-seq:
-  #   new(username,  password,  authzid = nil, **options) -> authenticator
+  #   new(authcid:,  password:, authzid:  nil, **options) -> authenticator
   #   new(username:, password:, authzid:  nil, **options) -> authenticator
+  #   new(username,  password,  authzid = nil, **options) -> authenticator
   #
   # Creates an Authenticator for the "+DIGEST-MD5+" SASL mechanism.
   #
@@ -51,25 +53,36 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::DigestMD5Authenticator
   #
   # ==== Parameters
   #
-  # * #username — Identity whose #password is used.
-  # * #password — A password or passphrase associated with this #username.
-  # * #authzid ― Alternate identity to act as or on behalf of.  Optional.
-  # * +warn_deprecation+ — Set to +false+ to silence the warning.
+  # * #username ― Authentication identity that is associated with #password.
+  # * #authcid  ― An alias for +username+.
+  # * #password ― A password or passphrase associated with this #username.
+  # * _optional_ #authzid  ― Authorization identity to act as or on behalf of.
+  # * _optional_ +warn_deprecation+ — Set to +false+ to silence the warning.
+  #
+  # Any other keyword arguments are silently ignored.
+  #
+  # When +authzid+ is not set, the server should derive the authorization
+  # identity from the authentication identity.
   #
   # See the documentation for each attribute for more details.
   def initialize(user = nil, pass = nil, authz = nil,
-                 username: nil, password: nil, authzid: nil,
-                 warn_deprecation: true, **)
-    username ||= user or raise ArgumentError, "missing username"
-    password ||= pass or raise ArgumentError, "missing password"
-    authzid  ||= authz
+                 authcid: nil, username: nil,
+                 authzid: nil,
+                 password: nil,
+                 warn_deprecation: true,
+                 **)
+    @username = authcid  || username || user
+    @password = password || pass
+    @authzid  = authzid  || authz
+    @username or raise ArgumentError, "missing username (authcid)"
+    @password or raise ArgumentError, "missing password"
+
     if warn_deprecation
       warn "WARNING: DIGEST-MD5 SASL mechanism was deprecated by RFC6331."
       # TODO: recommend SCRAM instead.
     end
     require "digest/md5"
     require "strscan"
-    @username, @password, @authzid = username, password, authzid
     @nc, @stage = {}, STAGE_ONE
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/external_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/external_authenticator.rb
index f229c63d..f32e5eea 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/external_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/external_authenticator.rb
@@ -12,28 +12,48 @@ module SASL
       # established external to SASL, for example by TLS certificate or IPsec.
       class ExternalAuthenticator
 
-        # Authorization identity: an identity to act as or on behalf of.
+        # Authorization identity: an identity to act as or on behalf of.  The
+        # identity form is application protocol specific.  If not provided or
+        # left blank, the server derives an authorization identity from the
+        # authentication identity.  The server is responsible for verifying the
+        # client's credentials and verifying that the identity it associates
+        # with the client's authentication identity is allowed to act as (or on
+        # behalf of) the authorization identity.
+        #
+        # For example, an administrator or superuser might take on another role:
+        #
+        #     imap.authenticate "PLAIN", "root", passwd, authzid: "user"
         #
-        # If not explicitly provided, the server defaults to using the identity
-        # that was authenticated by the external credentials.
         attr_reader :authzid
 
+        # An alias for #authzid.
+        alias username authzid
+
         # :call-seq:
-        #   new(authzid: nil, **) -> authenticator
+        #   new(authzid:   nil, **) -> authenticator
+        #   new(username:  nil, **) -> authenticator
+        #   new(username = nil, **) -> authenticator
         #
         # Creates an Authenticator for the "+EXTERNAL+" SASL mechanism, as
         # specified in RFC-4422[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4422].  To use
         # this, see Net::IMAP#authenticate or your client's authentication
         # method.
         #
-        # #authzid is an optional identity to act as or on behalf of.
+        # ==== Parameters
+        #
+        # * _optional_ #authzid  ― Authorization identity to act as or on behalf of.
+        # * _optional_ #username ― An alias for #authzid.
+        #
+        # Note that, unlike some other authenticators, the +username+ keyword
+        # parameter sets the authorization identity and not the authentication
+        # identity.  The authenticated identity is established for the client
+        # with the OAuth credential.
         #
         # Any other keyword parameters are quietly ignored.
-        def initialize(authzid: nil, **)
-          @authzid = authzid&.to_str&.encode "UTF-8"
-          if @authzid&.match?(/\u0000/u) # also validates UTF8 encoding
-            raise ArgumentError, "contains NULL"
-          end
+        def initialize(user = nil, authzid: nil, username: nil, **)
+          @authzid = authzid || username || user
+          @authzid &&= @authzid.to_str.encode "UTF-8"
+          raise ArgumentError, "contains NULL" if @authzid&.match?(/\u0000/u)
           @done = false
         end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/oauthbearer_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/oauthbearer_authenticator.rb
index c23c35f9..240c9c60 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/oauthbearer_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/oauthbearer_authenticator.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,20 @@ module SASL
       class OAuthAuthenticator
         include GS2Header
 
-        # Authorization identity: an identity to act as or on behalf of.
+        # Authorization identity: an identity to act as or on behalf of.  The
+        # identity form is application protocol specific.  If not provided or
+        # left blank, the server derives an authorization identity from the
+        # authentication identity.  The server is responsible for verifying the
+        # client's credentials and verifying that the identity it associates
+        # with the client's authentication identity is allowed to act as (or on
+        # behalf of) the authorization identity.
+        #
+        # For example, an administrator or superuser might take on another role:
+        #
+        #     imap.authenticate "PLAIN", "root", passwd, authzid: "user"
         #
-        # If no explicit authorization identity is provided, it is usually
-        # derived from the authentication identity.  For the OAuth-based
-        # mechanisms, the authentication identity is the identity established by
-        # the OAuth credential.
         attr_reader :authzid
+        alias username authzid
 
         # Hostname to which the client connected.
         attr_reader :host
@@ -39,6 +46,7 @@ class OAuthAuthenticator
 
         # The query string.  (optional)
         attr_reader :qs
+        alias query qs
 
         # Stores the most recent server "challenge".  When authentication fails,
         # this may hold information about the failure reason, as JSON.
@@ -47,29 +55,44 @@ class OAuthAuthenticator
         # Creates an RFC7628[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7628] OAuth
         # authenticator.
         #
-        # === Options
+        # ==== Parameters
+        #
+        # See child classes for required parameter(s).  The following parameters
+        # are all optional, but it is worth noting that <b>application protocols
+        # are allowed to require</b> #authzid (or other parameters, such as
+        # #host or #port) <b>as are specific server implementations</b>.
         #
-        # See child classes for required configuration parameter(s).  The
-        # following parameters are all optional, but protocols or servers may
-        # add requirements for #authzid, #host, #port, or any other parameter.
+        # * _optional_ #authzid  ― Authorization identity to act as or on behalf of.
+        # * _optional_ #username — An alias for #authzid.
         #
-        # * #authzid ― Identity to act as or on behalf of.
-        # * #host — Hostname to which the client connected.
-        # * #port — Service port to which the client connected.
-        # * #mthd — HTTP method
-        # * #path — HTTP path data
-        # * #post — HTTP post data
-        # * #qs   — HTTP query string
+        #   Note that, unlike some other authenticators, the +username+ keyword
+        #   parameter sets the authorization identity and not the authentication
+        #   identity.  The authenticated identity is established for the client
+        #   with the #oauth2_token.
+        # * _optional_ #host — Hostname to which the client connected.
+        # * _optional_ #port — Service port to which the client connected.
+        # * _optional_ #mthd — HTTP method
+        # * _optional_ #path — HTTP path data
+        # * _optional_ #post — HTTP post data
+        # * _optional_ #qs   — HTTP query string
+        # * _optional_ #query — An alias for #qs
         #
+        # Any other keyword parameters are quietly ignored.
+        #
+        # Note that, unlike some other authenticators, the +username+ keyword
+        # parameter sets the authorization identity and not the authentication
+        # identity.  The authenticated identity is established for the client
+        # with the OAuth credential.
         def initialize(authzid: nil, host: nil, port: nil,
+                       username: nil, query: nil,
                        mthd: nil, path: nil, post: nil, qs: nil, **)
-          @authzid = authzid
+          @authzid = authzid || username
           @host    = host
           @port    = port
           @mthd    = mthd
           @path    = path
           @post    = post
-          @qs      = qs
+          @qs      = qs || query
           @done    = false
         end
 
@@ -116,36 +139,48 @@ def authorization; raise "must be implemented by subclass" end
       # the bearer token.
       class OAuthBearerAuthenticator < OAuthAuthenticator
 
-        # An OAuth2 bearer token, generally the access token.
+        # An OAuth 2.0 bearer token.  See {RFC-6750}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6750]
         attr_reader :oauth2_token
 
         # :call-seq:
-        #   new(oauth2_token,  **options) -> authenticator
-        #   new(oauth2_token:, **options) -> authenticator
+        #   new(oauth2_token:, authzid:  nil, host: nil, port: nil, **options) -> authenticator
+        #   new(oauth2_token:, username: nil, host: nil, port: nil, **options) -> authenticator
+        #   new(oauth2_token,  authzid:  nil, host: nil, port: nil, **options) -> authenticator
+        #   new(authzid, oauth2_token,        host: nil, port: nil, **options) -> authenticator
         #
         # Creates an Authenticator for the "+OAUTHBEARER+" SASL mechanism.
         #
         # Called by Net::IMAP#authenticate and similar methods on other clients.
         #
-        # === Options
-        #
-        # Only +oauth2_token+ is required by the mechanism, however protocols
-        # and servers may add requirements for #authzid, #host, #port, or any
-        # other parameter.
-        #
-        # * #oauth2_token — An OAuth2 bearer token or access token. *Required.*
-        #   May be provided as either regular or keyword argument.
-        # * #authzid ― Identity to act as or on behalf of.
-        # * #host — Hostname to which the client connected.
-        # * #port — Service port to which the client connected.
-        # * See OAuthAuthenticator documentation for less common parameters.
-        #
-        def initialize(oauth2_token_arg = nil, oauth2_token: nil, **args, &blk)
-          super(**args, &blk) # handles authzid, host, port, etc
-          oauth2_token && oauth2_token_arg and
-            raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for oauth2_token"
-          @oauth2_token = oauth2_token || oauth2_token_arg or
-            raise ArgumentError, "missing oauth2_token"
+        # ==== Parameters
+        #
+        # * #oauth2_token — An OAuth2 bearer token
+        #
+        # All other keyword parameters are passed to
+        # {super}[rdoc-ref:OAuthAuthenticator::new].  The most common ones are:
+        #
+        # * _optional_ #authzid  ― Authorization identity to act as or on behalf of.
+        # * _optional_ #username — An alias for #authzid.
+        #
+        #   Note that, unlike some other authenticators, the +username+ keyword
+        #   parameter sets the authorization identity and not the authentication
+        #   identity.  The authenticated identity is established for the client
+        #   with the #oauth2_token.
+        # * _optional_ #host — Hostname to which the client connected.
+        # * _optional_ #port — Service port to which the client connected.
+        #
+        # Only +oauth2_token+ is required by this mechanism, but it is worth
+        # noting that <b>application protocols are allowed to require</b>
+        # #authzid (or other parameters, such as #host or #port) <b>as are
+        # specific server implementations</b>.  At the time this was written,
+        # <em>Gmail and Yahoo Mail both required</em> +authzid+.
+        #
+        # See OAuthAuthenticator documentation for other parameters.
+        def initialize(arg1 = nil, arg2 = nil, oauth2_token: nil, **args, &blk)
+          username, oauth2_token_arg = arg2.nil? ? [nil, arg1] : [arg1, arg2]
+          super(username: username, **args, &blk)
+          @oauth2_token = oauth2_token || oauth2_token_arg
+          @oauth2_token or raise ArgumentError, "missing oauth2_token"
         end
 
         # :call-seq:
diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/plain_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/plain_authenticator.rb
index c8539282..c1b98946 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/plain_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/plain_authenticator.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::PlainAuthenticator
   # RFC-4616[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4616] and many later RFCs abbreviate
   # this to +authcid+.
   attr_reader :username
+  alias authcid username
 
   # A password or passphrase that matches the #username.
   attr_reader :password
@@ -40,34 +41,41 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::PlainAuthenticator
   attr_reader :authzid
 
   # :call-seq:
-  #   new(username,  password,  authzid: nil, **) -> authenticator
+  #   new(authcid:,  password:, authzid: nil, **) -> authenticator
   #   new(username:, password:, authzid: nil, **) -> authenticator
+  #   new(username,  password,  authzid: nil, **) -> authenticator
   #
   # Creates an Authenticator for the "+PLAIN+" SASL mechanism.
   #
   # Called by Net::IMAP#authenticate and similar methods on other clients.
   #
-  # === Parameters
+  # ==== Parameters
+  #
+  # * #username ― Authentication identity that is associated with #password.
+  # * #authcid  ― An alias for #username.
+  # * #password ― A password or passphrase associated with #username.
+  # * _optional_ #authzid  ― Authorization identity to act as or on behalf of.
   #
-  # * #username ― Identity whose +password+ is used.
-  # * #password ― Password or passphrase associated with this username+.
-  # * #authzid ― Alternate identity to act as or on behalf of.  Optional.
+  # Any other keyword parameters are quietly ignored.
+  #
+  # When +authzid+ is not set, the server should derive the authorization
+  # identity from the authentication identity.
   #
   # See attribute documentation for more details.
   def initialize(user = nil, pass = nil,
-                 username: nil, password: nil, authzid: nil, **)
-    [username, user].compact.count == 1 or
-      raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for username"
-    [password, pass].compact.count == 1 or
-      raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for password"
-    username ||= user or raise ArgumentError, "missing username"
-    password ||= pass or raise ArgumentError, "missing password"
-    raise ArgumentError, "username contains NULL" if username.include?(NULL)
-    raise ArgumentError, "password contains NULL" if password.include?(NULL)
-    raise ArgumentError, "authzid contains NULL"  if authzid&.include?(NULL)
-    @username = username
-    @password = password
+                 authcid: nil, username: nil,
+                 authzid: nil,
+                 password: nil,
+                 **)
+    @username = authcid  || username || user
+    @password = password || pass
     @authzid  = authzid
+    @username or raise ArgumentError, "missing username (authcid)"
+    @password or raise ArgumentError, "missing password"
+    raise ArgumentError, "username contains NULL" if @username.include?(NULL)
+    raise ArgumentError, "password contains NULL" if @password.include?(NULL)
+    raise ArgumentError, "authzid contains NULL"  if @authzid&.include?(NULL)
+
     @done = false
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/scram_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/scram_authenticator.rb
index d8d36947..cecfbe2e 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/scram_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/scram_authenticator.rb
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ class ScramAuthenticator
         include ScramAlgorithm
 
         # :call-seq:
-        #   new(username,  password,  **options) -> auth_ctx
+        #   new(authzid:,  password:, **options) -> auth_ctx
         #   new(username:, password:, **options) -> auth_ctx
+        #   new(username,  password,  **options) -> auth_ctx
         #
         # Creates an authenticator for one of the "+SCRAM-*+" SASL mechanisms.
         # Each subclass defines #digest to match a specific mechanism.
@@ -68,34 +69,39 @@ class ScramAuthenticator
         #
         # === Parameters
         #
-        # * #username ― Identity whose #password is used.  Aliased as #authcid.
+        # * #username ― Identity whose #password is used.
+        # * #authcid  - An alias for #username.
         # * #password ― Password or passphrase associated with this #username.
         # * #authzid ― Alternate identity to act as or on behalf of.  Optional.
         # * #min_iterations - Overrides the default value (4096).  Optional.
         #
         # See the documentation on the corresponding attributes for more.
         def initialize(username_arg = nil, password_arg = nil,
-                       username: nil, password: nil, authcid: nil, authzid: nil,
+                       authcid: nil, username: nil,
+                       authzid: nil,
+                       password: nil,
                        min_iterations: 4096, # see both RFC5802 and RFC7677
                        cnonce: nil, # must only be set in tests
-                       **options)
-          @username = username || username_arg || authcid or
-            raise ArgumentError, "missing username (authcid)"
-          [username, username_arg, authcid].compact.count == 1 or
-            raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for username (authcid)"
-          @password = password || password_arg or
-            raise ArgumentError, "missing password"
-          [password, password_arg].compact.count == 1 or
-            raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for password"
-          @authzid = authzid
+                       **)
+          @username = authcid  || username || username_arg
+          @password = password || password_arg
+          @authzid  = authzid
+          @username or raise ArgumentError, "missing username (authcid)"
+          @password or raise ArgumentError, "missing password"
 
           @min_iterations = Integer min_iterations
-          @min_iterations.positive? or
-            raise ArgumentError, "min_iterations must be positive"
+          @min_iterations.positive? or raise ArgumentError, "min_iterations must be positive"
+
           @cnonce = cnonce || SecureRandom.base64(32)
         end
 
         # Authentication identity: the identity that matches the #password.
+        #
+        # RFC-2831[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2831] uses the term +username+.
+        # "Authentication identity" is the generic term used by
+        # RFC-4422[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4422].
+        # RFC-4616[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4616] and many later RFCs abbreviate
+        # this to +authcid+.
         attr_reader :username
         alias authcid username
 
diff --git a/lib/net/imap/sasl/xoauth2_authenticator.rb b/lib/net/imap/sasl/xoauth2_authenticator.rb
index 164afa0d..53f7830c 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap/sasl/xoauth2_authenticator.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap/sasl/xoauth2_authenticator.rb
@@ -27,13 +27,19 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::XOAuth2Authenticator
   # authorization identity.
   attr_reader :username
 
+  # Note that, unlike most other authenticators, #username is an alias for the
+  # authorization identity and not the authentication identity.  The
+  # authenticated identity is established for the client by the #oauth2_token.
+  alias authzid username
+
   # An OAuth2 access token which has been authorized with the appropriate OAuth2
   # scopes to use the service for #username.
   attr_reader :oauth2_token
 
   # :call-seq:
-  #   new(username,  oauth2_token,  **) -> authenticator
+  #   new(authzid:,  oauth2_token:, **) -> authenticator
   #   new(username:, oauth2_token:, **) -> authenticator
+  #   new(username,  oauth2_token,  **) -> authenticator
   #
   # Creates an Authenticator for the "+XOAUTH2+" SASL mechanism, as specified by
   # Google[https://developers.google.com/gmail/imap/xoauth2-protocol],
@@ -43,19 +49,25 @@ class Net::IMAP::SASL::XOAuth2Authenticator
   # === Properties
   #
   # * #username --- the username for the account being accessed.
+  # * #authzid  --- an alias for #username.
   # * #oauth2_token --- An OAuth2.0 access token which is authorized to access
   #   the service for #username.
   #
+  # Note that, unlike most other authenticators, the +username+ keyword
+  # parameter sets the authorization identity and not the authentication
+  # identity.  The authenticated identity is established for the client with the
+  # OAuth credential.
+  #
   # See the documentation for each attribute for more details.
-  def initialize(user = nil, token = nil, username: nil, oauth2_token: nil, **)
-    @username = username || user or
-      raise ArgumentError, "missing username"
-    @oauth2_token = oauth2_token || token or
-      raise ArgumentError, "missing oauth2_token"
-    [username, user].compact.count == 1 or
-      raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for username"
-    [oauth2_token, token].compact.count == 1 or
-      raise ArgumentError, "conflicting values for oauth2_token"
+  def initialize(user = nil, token = nil,
+                 authzid: nil, username: nil,
+                 oauth2_token: nil,
+                 **)
+    @username     = username     || authzid || user
+    @oauth2_token = oauth2_token || token
+    @username     or raise ArgumentError, "missing username (authcid)"
+    @oauth2_token or raise ArgumentError, "missing oauth2_token"
+
     @done = false
   end
 
diff --git a/test/net/imap/test_imap_authenticators.rb b/test/net/imap/test_imap_authenticators.rb
index 38773a29..38afb1fc 100644
--- a/test/net/imap/test_imap_authenticators.rb
+++ b/test/net/imap/test_imap_authenticators.rb
@@ -45,13 +45,34 @@ def test_plain_supports_initial_response
 
   def test_plain_response
     assert_equal("\0authc\0passwd", plain("authc", "passwd").process(nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_plain_authzid
     assert_equal("authz\0user\0pass",
                  plain("user", "pass", authzid: "authz").process(nil))
   end
 
+  def test_plain_kw_params
+    assert_equal(
+      "zid\0cid\0p",
+      plain(authcid: "cid", password: "p", authzid: "zid").process(nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_plain_username_kw_sets_both_authcid_and_authzid
+    assert_equal(
+      "\0uname\0passwd",
+      plain(username: "uname", password: "passwd").process(nil)
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_plain_no_null_chars
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain("bad\0user", "pass") }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain("user", "bad\0pass") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain(authcid: "bad\0user", password: "p") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain(username: "bad\0user", password: "p") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain(username: "u", password: "bad\0pass") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain("u", "p", authzid: "bad\0authz") }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { plain("u", "p", authzid: "bad\0authz") }
   end
 
@@ -244,7 +265,11 @@ def test_external_matches_mechanism
 
   def test_external_response
     assert_equal("", external.process(nil))
+    assert_equal("", external.process(""))
     assert_equal("kwarg", external(authzid: "kwarg").process(nil))
+    assert_equal("username", external(username: "username").process(nil))
+    assert_equal("z", external("p", authzid: "z", username: "u").process(nil))
+    assert_equal("positional", external("positional").process(nil))
   end
 
   def test_external_utf8
@@ -256,7 +281,6 @@ def test_external_utf8
   def test_external_invalid
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { external(authzid: "bad\0contains NULL") }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { external(authzid: "invalid utf8\x80") }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { external("invalid positional argument") }
   end
 
   # ----------------------