Kubernetes Windows Walkthrough

Quick Start
Next Steps

Quick Start

This guide will step through everything needed to build your first Kubernetes cluster and deploy a Windows web server on it. The steps include:

Getting the right tools
Completing an AKS Engine apimodel which describes what you want to deploy
Running AKS Engine to generate Azure Resource Model templates
Deploying your first Kubernetes cluster with Windows Server 2019 nodes
Managing the cluster from your Windows machine
Deploying your first app on the cluster

All of these steps can be done from any OS platform, so some sections are split out by Windows, Mac or Linux to provide the most relevant samples and scripts. If you have a Windows machine but want to use the Linux tools - no problem! Set up the Windows Subsystem for Linux and you can follow the Linux instructions on this page.

When you're done, you will have a working cluster running Windows Server 2019 and the latest Kubernetes v1.13 release. Older releases are available but not recommended.

Note: Windows support for Kubernetes is still in beta and under active development. If you run into problems, please be sure to check the Troubleshooting page and active Windows issues in this repo, then help us by filing new issues for things that aren't already covered.

Install Needed Tools

This guide needs a few important tools, which are available on Windows, Mac, and Linux:

AKS Engine - used to generate the Azure Resource Manager (ARM) template to automatically deploy a Kubernetes cluster
Azure CLI - used to log into Azure, create resource groups, and deploy a Kubernetes cluster from a template
Kubectl - "Kube control" tool used to manage Kubernetes clusters
SSH - A SSH public key is needed when you deploy a cluster. It's used to connect to the Linux VMs running the cluster if you need to do more management or troubleshooting later.

Windows

Azure CLI (Windows)

Click the download link, and choose "Run". Click through the setup steps as needed.

Once it's installed, make sure you can connect to Azure with it. Open a new PowerShell window, then run az login. It will have you log in to Azure in your web browser, then return back to the command line and show "You have logged in. Now let us find all the subscriptions to which you have access..." along with the list of subscriptions.

If you want other versions, check out the official instructions. For more help, check out the Azure CLI getting started page.

AKS Engine (Windows)

Windows support is evolving rapidly, so be sure to use the latest AKS Engine version (v0.20 or later).

Browse to the AKS Engine releases page on GitHub.
Find the latest version, and download the file ending in -windows-amd64.zip.
Extract the aks-engine...-windows-amd64.zip file to a working folder such as c:\tools
Check that it runs with .\aks-engine.exe version

PS C:\Users\patrick\aks-engine> .\aks-engine.exe version
Version: v0.27.0
GitCommit: f895db7f
GitTreeState: clean

Add the folder you created in step 3 to your path.

$ENV:Path += ';c:\tools'
# If you want to save the setting permanently, then run
$oldPath = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('Path', [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::User)
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable('Path', $oldPath + ';c:\tools', [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::User)

Kubectl (Windows)

The latest release of Kubernetes Control (kubectl) is available on the Kubernetes release page. Look for kubernetes-client-windows-amd64.tar.gz and download it.

Windows 10 version 1803 and later already include tar, so extract the archive and move kubectl.exe to the same folder (such as c:\tools) that you put aks-engine.exe. If you don't already have tar, then busybox-w32 is a good alternative. Download busybox.exe, then copy it to c:\tools\tar.exe. It must be named to tar.exe for the next step to work.

tar xvzf C:\Users\patrick\Downloads\kubernetes-client-windows-amd64.tar.gz
Move-Item .\kubernetes\client\bin\kubectl.exe c:\tools

SSH (Windows)

Windows 10 version 1803 and later come with the Secure Shell (SSH) client as an optional feature installed at C:\Windows\system32\openssh. If you have ssh.exe and ssh-keygen.exe there, skip forward to Generate SSH key (Windows)

Download the latest OpenSSH-Win64.zip file from Win32-OpenSSH releases
Extract it to the same c:\tools folder or another folder in your path

Generate SSH key (Windows)

First, check if you already have a SSH key generated at ~\.ssh\id_rsa.pub

dir ~\.ssh\id_rsa.pub
dir : Cannot find path 'C:\Users\patrick\.ssh\id_rsa.pub' because it does not exist.

If the file already exists, then you can skip forward to Create a Resource Group and Service Principal.

If it does not exist, then run ssh-keygen.exe. Use the default file, and enter a passphrase if you wish to protect it. Be sure not to use a SSH key with blank passphrase in production.

PS C:\Users\patrick\aks-engine> ssh-keygen.exe
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (C:\Users\patrick/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory 'C:\Users\patrick/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in C:\Users\patrick/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in C:\Users\patrick/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:... patrick@plang-g1
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
...
+----[SHA256]-----+

Mac

Most of the needed tools are available with Homebrew. Use it or another package manager to install these:

jq - helpful JSON processor
azure-cli - for the az Azure command line tool
kubernetes-cli - for the kubectl "Kube Control" management tool

Once you have those installed, make sure you can log into Azure. Open a new Terminal window, then run az login. It will have you log in to Azure in your web browser, then return back to the command line and show "You have logged in. Now let us find all the subscriptions to which you have access..." along with the list of subscriptions.

AKS Engine (Mac)

Windows support is evolving rapidly, so be sure to use the latest AKS Engine version (v0.20 or later).

Browse to the AKS Engine releases page on GitHub.
Find the latest version, and download the file ending in -darwin-amd64.zip.
Extract the aks-engine...-darwin-amd64.zip file to a folder in your path such as /usr/local/bin
Check that it runs with aks-engine version

$ aks-engine.exe version
Version: v0.27.0
GitCommit: f895db7f
GitTreeState: clean

SSH (Mac)

SSH is preinstalled, but you may need to generate an SSH key.

Generate SSH key (Mac)

Open up Terminal, and make sure you have a SSH public key

$ ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
/home/patrick/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

If the file doesn't exist, run ssh-keygen to create one.

Linux

These tools are included in most distributions. Use your typical package manager to make sure they're installed:

jq - helpful JSON processor
curl - to download files
openssh or another ssh client
tar

Azure CLI (Linux)

Packages for the az cli are available for most distributions. Please follow the right link for your package manager: apt, yum, zypper

Now, make sure you can log into Azure. Open a new Terminal window, then run az login. It will have you log in to Azure in your web browser, then return back to the command line and show "You have logged in. Now let us find all the subscriptions to which you have access..." along with the list of subscriptions.

AKS Engine (Linux)

Windows support is evolving rapidly, so be sure to use the latest AKS Engine version (v0.20 or later).

Browse to the AKS Engine releases page on GitHub.
Find the latest version, and download the file ending in -linux-amd64.zip.
Extract the aks-engine...-linux-amd64.zip file to a folder in your path such as /usr/local/bin
Check that it runs with aks-engine version

$ aks-engine.exe version
Version: v0.27.0
GitCommit: f895db7f
GitTreeState: clean

Kubectl (Linux)

The latest release of Kubernetes Control (kubectl) is available on the Kubernetes release page. Look for kubernetes-client-linux-....tar.gz and copy the link to it.

Download and extract it with curl & tar:

$ curl -L https://dl.k8s.io/v1.13.1/kubernetes-client-linux-amd64.tar.gz | tar xvzf -
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   161  100   161    0     0    304      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--   304
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0kubernetes/
kubernetes/client/
kubernetes/client/bin/
kubernetes/client/bin/kubectl
100 13.2M  100 13.2M    0     0  5608k      0  0:00:02  0:00:02 --:--:-- 8034k

Then copy it to /usr/local/bin or another directory in your PATH

$ sudo cp kubernetes/client/bin/kubectl /usr/local/bin/

Generate SSH key (Linux)

From a terminal, make sure you have a SSH public key

$ ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
/home/patrick/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

If the file doesn't exist, run ssh-keygen to create one.

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal

Now that we have the Azure CLI configured and a SSH key generated, it's time to create a resource group to hold the deployment.

AKS Engine and Kubernetes also need access to deploy resources inside that resource group to build the cluster, as well as configure more resources such as Azure Load Balancers once the cluster is running. This is done using an Azure Service Principal. It's safest to create one with access just to the resource group so that once your deployment is deleted, the service principal can't be used to make other changes in your subscription.

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal (Windows)

az group create --location <location> --name <name> will create a group for you. Be sure to use a unique name for each cluster. If you need a list of available locations, run az account list-locations -o table.

PS C:\Users\patrick\aks-engine> az group create --location westus2 --name k8s-win1
{
  "id": "/subscriptions/df392461-0000-1111-2222-cd3aa2d911a6/resourceGroups/k8s-win1",
  "location": "westus2",
  "managedBy": null,
  "name": "k8s-win1",
  "properties": {
    "provisioningState": "Succeeded"
  },
  "tags": null
}

Now that the group is created, create a service principal with Contributor access for that group only

# Get the group id
$groupId = (az group show --resource-group k8s-win1 --query id --output tsv)

# Create the service principal
$sp = az ad sp create-for-rbac --role="Contributor" --scopes=$groupId | ConvertFrom-JSON

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal (Mac+Linux)

az group create --location <location> --name <name> will create a group for you. Be sure to use a unique name for each cluster. If you need a list of available locations, run az account list-locations -o table.

$ export RESOURCEGROUP=k8s-win1
$ export LOCATION=westus2
$ az group create --location $LOCATION --name $RESOURCEGROUP

Now that the group is created, create a service principal with Contributor access for that group only

# Get the group id
$ export RESOURCEGROUPID=$(az group show --resource-group $RESOURCEGROUP --query id --output tsv)

# Create the service principal
$ export SERVICEPRINCIPAL=$(az ad sp create-for-rbac --role="Contributor" --scopes=$RESOURCEGROUPID --output json)

Create an aks-engine apimodel

Multiple samples are available in this repo under examples/windows. This guide will use the windows/kubernetes.json sample to deploy 1 Linux VM to run Kubernetes services, and 2 Windows nodes to run your Windows containers.

After downloading that file, you will need to

Set windowsProfile.adminUsername and adminPassword. Be sure to check the Azure Windows VM username and password requirements first.
Set a unique name for masterProfile.dnsPrefix. This will be the first part of the domain name you'll use to manage the Kubernetes cluster later
Set the ssh public key that will be used to log into the Linux VM
Set the Azure service principal for the deployments

Filling out apimodel (Windows)

You can use the same PowerShell window from earlier to run this next script to do all that for you. Be sure to replace $dnsPrefix with something unique and descriptive, $windowsUser and $windowsPassword to meet the requirements.

# Be sure to change these next 3 lines for your deployment
$dnsPrefix = "wink8s1"
$windowsUser = "winuser"
$windowsPassword = "Cr4shOverride!"

# Download template
Invoke-WebRequest -UseBasicParsing https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Azure/aks-engine/master/examples/windows/kubernetes.json -OutFile kubernetes-windows.json

# Load template
$inJson = Get-Content .\kubernetes-windows.json | ConvertFrom-Json

# Set dnsPrefix
$inJson.properties.masterProfile.dnsPrefix = $dnsPrefix

# Set Windows username & password
$inJson.properties.windowsProfile.adminPassword = $windowsPassword
$inJson.properties.windowsProfile.adminUsername = $windowsUser

# Copy in your SSH public key from `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` to linuxProfile.ssh.publicKeys.keyData
$inJson.properties.linuxProfile.ssh.publicKeys[0].keyData = [string](Get-Content "~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub")

# Set servicePrincipalProfile
$inJson.properties.servicePrincipalProfile.clientId = $sp.appId
$inJson.properties.servicePrincipalProfile.secret = $sp.password

# Save file
$inJson | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 5 | Out-File -Encoding ascii -FilePath "kubernetes-windows-complete.json"

Filling out apimodel (Mac & Linux)

Using the same terminal as before, you can use this script to download the template and fill it out. Be sure to set DNSPREFIX, WINDOWSUSER, and WINDOWSPASSWORD to meet the requirements.

$ export DNSPREFIX="wink8s1"
$ export WINDOWSUSER="winuser"
$ export WINDOWSPASSWORD="Cr4shOverride!"
$ curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Azure/aks-engine/master/examples/windows/kubernetes.json -o kubernetes.json
$ cat kubernetes.json | \
  jq ".properties.masterProfile.dnsPrefix = \"$DNSPREFIX\"" | \
  jq ".properties.linuxProfile.ssh.publicKeys[0].keyData = \"`cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub`\"" | \
  jq ".properties.servicePrincipalProfile.clientId = `echo $SERVICEPRINCIPAL | jq .appId`" | \
  jq ".properties.servicePrincipalProfile.secret = `echo $SERVICEPRINCIPAL | jq .password`" | \
  jq ".properties.windowsProfile.adminPassword = \"$WINDOWSPASSWORD\"" | \
  jq ".properties.windowsProfile.adminUsername = \"$WINDOWSUSER\"" > kubernetes-windows-complete.json

Generate Azure Resource Manager template

Now that the AKS Engine cluster definition is complete, generate the Azure templates with aks-engine generate kubernetes-windows-complete.json

$ aks-engine.exe generate kubernetes-windows-complete.json
INFO[0000] Generating assets into _output/wink8s1...

This will generate a _output directory with a subdirectory named after the dnsPrefix you set above. In this example, it's _output/wink8s1.

It will also create a working Kubernetes client config file in _output/<dnsprefix>/kubeconfig folder. We'll come back to that in a bit.

Deploy the cluster

Get the paths to azuredeploy.json and azuredeploy.parameters.json from the last step, and pass them into az group deployment create --name <name for deployment> --resource-group <resource group name> --template-file <...azuredeploy.json> --parameters <...azuredeploy.parameters.json>

$ az group deployment create --name k8s-win1-deploy --resource-group k8s-win1 --template-file "./_output/wink8s1/azuredeploy.json" --parameters "./_output/wink8s1/azuredeploy.parameters.json"

After several minutes, it will return the list of resources created in JSON. Look for masterFQDN.

      "masterFQDN": {
        "type": "String",
        "value": "wink8s1.westus2.cloudapp.azure.com"
      },

The DNS prefix provided is used to generate the hostname of the cluster (e.g. staging, prodwest, blueberry) and must be unique for each cluster deployment.

Check that the cluster is up

As mentioned earlier, aks-engine generate also creates Kubernetes configuration files under _output/<dnsprefix>/kubeconfig. There will be one per possible region, so find the one matching the region you deployed in.

In the example above with dnsprefix=wink8s1 and the westus2 region, the filename would be _output/wink8s1/kubeconfig/kubeconfig.westus2.json.

Setting KUBECONFIG on Windows

Set $ENV:KUBECONFIG to the full path to that file.

$ENV:KUBECONFIG=(Get-Item _output\wink8s1\kubeconfig\kubeconfig.westus2.json).FullName

Setting KUBECONFIG on Mac or Linux

$ export KUBECONFIG=$(PWD)/_output/$DNSPREFIX/kubeconfig/kubeconfig.westus2.json

Once you have KUBECONFIG set, you can verify the cluster is up with kubectl get node -o wide.

$ kubectl get node -o wide
NAME                    STATUS    ROLES     AGE       VERSION   EXTERNAL-IP   OS-IMAGE                    KERNEL-VERSION   CONTAINER-RUNTIME
40336k8s9000            Ready     <none>    21m       v1.9.10   <none>        Windows Server Datacenter   10.0.17134.112
                        docker://17.6.2
40336k8s9001            Ready     <none>    20m       v1.9.10   <none>    Windows Server Datacenter   10.0.17134.112
                        docker://17.6.2
k8s-master-40336153-0   Ready     master    22m       v1.9.10   <none>    Ubuntu 16.04.5 LTS   4.15.0-1018-azure   docker://1.13.1

SSH to the Linux master (optional)

If you would like to manage the cluster over SSH, you can connect to the Linux master directly using the FQDN of the cluster:

$ ssh azureuser@plangk8swin1.westus2.cloudapp.azure.com

Deploy your first application

Kubernetes deployments are typically written in YAML files. This one will create a pod with a container running the IIS web server, and tell Kubernetes to expose it as a service with the Azure Load Balancer on an external IP.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: iis-2019
  labels:
    app: iis-2019
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      name: iis-2019
      labels:
        app: iis-2019
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: iis
        image: mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore/iis:windowsservercore-ltsc2019
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 1
            memory: 800m
          requests:
            cpu: .1
            memory: 300m
        ports:
          - containerPort: 80
      nodeSelector:
        "beta.kubernetes.io/os": windows
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: iis-2019
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: iis
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 80
  selector:
    app: iis-2019

Copy and paste that into a file called iis.yaml, then run kubectl apply -f iis.yaml. kubectl will show the deployment and service were created:

$ kubectl apply -f .\iis.yaml

deployment.apps/iis-1809 created
service/iis created

Now, you can check the status of the pod and service with kubectl get pod and kubectl get service respectively.

Initially, the pod will be in the ContainerCreating state, and eventually go to Running. The service will show <pending> under EXTERNAL-IP. Here's what the first progress will look like:

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                        READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
iis-1809-6c49777598-h45cs   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          1m

$ kubectl get services
NAME         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
iis          LoadBalancer   10.0.9.47    <pending>     80:31240/TCP   1m
kubernetes   ClusterIP      10.0.0.1     <none>        443/TCP        46m

Since this is the first deployment, it will probably take several minutes for the Windows node to download and run the container. Later deployments will be faster because the large microsoft/windowsservercore container will already be on disk.

The service will eventually show an EXTERNAL-IP as well:

$ kubectl get service
NAME         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
iis          LoadBalancer   10.0.9.47    13.66.203.178 80:31240/TCP   1m
kubernetes   ClusterIP      10.0.0.1     <none>        443/TCP        46m

Once the pod is in Running state, get the IP from kubectl get service then visit http://<EXTERNAL-IP> to test your web server.

What was deployed

Once your Kubernetes cluster has been created you will have a resource group containing:

1 master accessible by SSH on port 22 or kubectl on port 443
A set of Windows and/or Linux nodes. The windows nodes can be accessed through an RDP SSH tunnel via the master node, following these steps Connecting to Windows Nodes.

These parts were all automatically created using the Azure Resource Manager template created by AKS Engine:

Master Components - The master runs the Kubernetes scheduler, api server, and controller manager. Port 443 is exposed for remote management with the kubectl cli.
Linux Nodes - the Kubernetes nodes run in an availability set. Azure load balancers are dynamically added to the cluster depending on exposed services.
Windows Nodes - the Kubernetes windows nodes run in an availability set.
Common Components - All VMs run a kubelet, Docker, and a Proxy.
Networking - All VMs are assigned an ip address in the 10.240.0.0/16 network and are fully accessible to each other.

Next Steps

For more resources on Windows and AKS Engine, continue reading:

Customizing Windows Deployments
More Examples
Troubleshooting
Using Kubernetes ingress for more flexibility in http and https routing

If you'd like to learn more about Kubernetes in general, check out these guides:

Kubernetes Bootcamp - shows you how to deploy, scale, update, and debug containerized applications.
Kubernetes Userguide - provides information on running programs in an existing Kubernetes cluster.

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windows.md

windows.md

Kubernetes Windows Walkthrough

Quick Start

Install Needed Tools

Windows

Azure CLI (Windows)

AKS Engine (Windows)

Kubectl (Windows)

SSH (Windows)

Generate SSH key (Windows)

Mac

AKS Engine (Mac)

SSH (Mac)

Generate SSH key (Mac)

Linux

Azure CLI (Linux)

AKS Engine (Linux)

Kubectl (Linux)

Generate SSH key (Linux)

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal (Windows)

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal (Mac+Linux)

Create an aks-engine apimodel

Filling out apimodel (Windows)

Filling out apimodel (Mac & Linux)

Generate Azure Resource Manager template

Deploy the cluster

Check that the cluster is up

Setting KUBECONFIG on Windows

Setting KUBECONFIG on Mac or Linux

SSH to the Linux master (optional)

Deploy your first application

What was deployed

Next Steps

Files

windows.md

Latest commit

History

windows.md

File metadata and controls

Kubernetes Windows Walkthrough

Quick Start

Install Needed Tools

Windows

Azure CLI (Windows)

AKS Engine (Windows)

Kubectl (Windows)

SSH (Windows)

Generate SSH key (Windows)

Mac

AKS Engine (Mac)

SSH (Mac)

Generate SSH key (Mac)

Linux

Azure CLI (Linux)

AKS Engine (Linux)

Kubectl (Linux)

Generate SSH key (Linux)

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal (Windows)

Create a Resource Group and Service Principal (Mac+Linux)

Create an aks-engine apimodel

Filling out apimodel (Windows)

Filling out apimodel (Mac & Linux)

Generate Azure Resource Manager template

Deploy the cluster

Check that the cluster is up

Setting KUBECONFIG on Windows

Setting KUBECONFIG on Mac or Linux

SSH to the Linux master (optional)

Deploy your first application

What was deployed

Next Steps