[v23.2.x] Implement async_for_each

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #16662 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-16662-v23.2.x-129
git cherry-pick -x a4c6b6415401094e08a4f9a7188ce8bd727a02c7 e602960f30a1bc455d9ae47373ea8a6de2725fbe

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-16662-v23.2.x-129
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] Implement async_for_each" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-16662-v23.2.x-129" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/16662 "