[SPARK-1225, 1241] [MLLIB] Add AreaUnderCurve and BinaryClassificatio…

…nMetrics

This PR implements a generic version of `AreaUnderCurve` using the `RDD.sliding` implementation from apache#136 . It also contains refactoring of apache#160 for binary classification evaluation.

Author: Xiangrui Meng <[email protected]>

Closes apache#364 from mengxr/auc and squashes the following commits:

a05941d [Xiangrui Meng] replace TP/FP/TN/FN by their full names
3f42e98 [Xiangrui Meng] add (0, 0), (1, 1) to roc, and (0, 1) to pr
fb4b6d2 [Xiangrui Meng] rename Evaluator to Metrics and add more metrics
b1b7dab [Xiangrui Meng] fix code styles
9dc3518 [Xiangrui Meng] add tests for BinaryClassificationEvaluator
ca31da5 [Xiangrui Meng] remove PredictionAndResponse
3d71525 [Xiangrui Meng] move binary evalution classes to evaluation.binary
8f78958 [Xiangrui Meng] add PredictionAndResponse
dda82d5 [Xiangrui Meng] add confusion matrix
aa7e278 [Xiangrui Meng] add initial version of binary classification evaluator
221ebce [Xiangrui Meng] add a new test to sliding
a920865 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge branch 'sliding' into auc
a9b250a [Xiangrui Meng] move sliding to mllib
cab9a52 [Xiangrui Meng] use last for the last element
db6cb30 [Xiangrui Meng] remove unnecessary toSeq
9916202 [Xiangrui Meng] change RDD.sliding return type to RDD[Seq[T]]
284d991 [Xiangrui Meng] change SlidedRDD to SlidingRDD
c1c6c22 [Xiangrui Meng] add AreaUnderCurve
65461b2 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge branch 'sliding' into auc
5ee6001 [Xiangrui Meng] add TODO
d2a600d [Xiangrui Meng] add sliding to rdd

mllib/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/evaluation/AreaUnderCurve.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.mllib.evaluation
+
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD
+import org.apache.spark.mllib.rdd.RDDFunctions._
+
+/**
+ * Computes the area under the curve (AUC) using the trapezoidal rule.
+ */
+private[evaluation] object AreaUnderCurve {
+
+  /**
+   * Uses the trapezoidal rule to compute the area under the line connecting the two input points.
+   * @param points two 2D points stored in Seq
+   */
+  private def trapezoid(points: Seq[(Double, Double)]): Double = {
+    require(points.length == 2)
+    val x = points.head
+    val y = points.last
+    (y._1 - x._1) * (y._2 + x._2) / 2.0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the area under the given curve.
+   *
+   * @param curve a RDD of ordered 2D points stored in pairs representing a curve
+   */
+  def of(curve: RDD[(Double, Double)]): Double = {
+    curve.sliding(2).aggregate(0.0)(
+      seqOp = (auc: Double, points: Seq[(Double, Double)]) => auc + trapezoid(points),
+      combOp = _ + _
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the area under the given curve.
+   *
+   * @param curve an iterator over ordered 2D points stored in pairs representing a curve
+   */
+  def of(curve: Iterable[(Double, Double)]): Double = {
+    curve.toIterator.sliding(2).withPartial(false).aggregate(0.0)(
+      seqop = (auc: Double, points: Seq[(Double, Double)]) => auc + trapezoid(points),
+      combop = _ + _
+    )
+  }
+}

mllib/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/evaluation/binary/BinaryClassificationMetricComputers.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.mllib.evaluation.binary
+
+/**
+ * Trait for a binary classification evaluation metric computer.
+ */
+private[evaluation] trait BinaryClassificationMetricComputer extends Serializable {
+  def apply(c: BinaryConfusionMatrix): Double
+}
+
+/** Precision. */
+private[evaluation] object Precision extends BinaryClassificationMetricComputer {
+  override def apply(c: BinaryConfusionMatrix): Double =
+    c.numTruePositives.toDouble / (c.numTruePositives + c.numFalsePositives)
+}
+
+/** False positive rate. */
+private[evaluation] object FalsePositiveRate extends BinaryClassificationMetricComputer {
+  override def apply(c: BinaryConfusionMatrix): Double =
+    c.numFalsePositives.toDouble / c.numNegatives
+}
+
+/** Recall. */
+private[evaluation] object Recall extends BinaryClassificationMetricComputer {
+  override def apply(c: BinaryConfusionMatrix): Double =
+    c.numTruePositives.toDouble / c.numPositives
+}
+
+/**
+ * F-Measure.
+ * @param beta the beta constant in F-Measure
+ * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_score
+ */
+private[evaluation] case class FMeasure(beta: Double) extends BinaryClassificationMetricComputer {
+  private val beta2 = beta * beta
+  override def apply(c: BinaryConfusionMatrix): Double = {
+    val precision = Precision(c)
+    val recall = Recall(c)
+    (1.0 + beta2) * (precision * recall) / (beta2 * precision + recall)
+  }
+}

mllib/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/evaluation/binary/BinaryClassificationMetrics.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.mllib.evaluation.binary
+
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.{UnionRDD, RDD}
+import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._
+import org.apache.spark.mllib.evaluation.AreaUnderCurve
+import org.apache.spark.Logging
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of [[org.apache.spark.mllib.evaluation.binary.BinaryConfusionMatrix]].
+ *
+ * @param count label counter for labels with scores greater than or equal to the current score
+ * @param totalCount label counter for all labels
+ */
+private case class BinaryConfusionMatrixImpl(
+    count: LabelCounter,
+    totalCount: LabelCounter) extends BinaryConfusionMatrix with Serializable {
+
+  /** number of true positives */
+  override def numTruePositives: Long = count.numPositives
+
+  /** number of false positives */
+  override def numFalsePositives: Long = count.numNegatives
+
+  /** number of false negatives */
+  override def numFalseNegatives: Long = totalCount.numPositives - count.numPositives
+
+  /** number of true negatives */
+  override def numTrueNegatives: Long = totalCount.numNegatives - count.numNegatives
+
+  /** number of positives */
+  override def numPositives: Long = totalCount.numPositives
+
+  /** number of negatives */
+  override def numNegatives: Long = totalCount.numNegatives
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluator for binary classification.
+ *
+ * @param scoreAndLabels an RDD of (score, label) pairs.
+ */
+class BinaryClassificationMetrics(scoreAndLabels: RDD[(Double, Double)])
+  extends Serializable with Logging {
+
+  private lazy val (
+      cumulativeCounts: RDD[(Double, LabelCounter)],
+      confusions: RDD[(Double, BinaryConfusionMatrix)]) = {
+    // Create a bin for each distinct score value, count positives and negatives within each bin,
+    // and then sort by score values in descending order.
+    val counts = scoreAndLabels.combineByKey(
+      createCombiner = (label: Double) => new LabelCounter(0L, 0L) += label,
+      mergeValue = (c: LabelCounter, label: Double) => c += label,
+      mergeCombiners = (c1: LabelCounter, c2: LabelCounter) => c1 += c2
+    ).sortByKey(ascending = false)
+    val agg = counts.values.mapPartitions({ iter =>
+      val agg = new LabelCounter()
+      iter.foreach(agg += _)
+      Iterator(agg)
+    }, preservesPartitioning = true).collect()
+    val partitionwiseCumulativeCounts =
+      agg.scanLeft(new LabelCounter())((agg: LabelCounter, c: LabelCounter) => agg.clone() += c)
+    val totalCount = partitionwiseCumulativeCounts.last
+    logInfo(s"Total counts: $totalCount")
+    val cumulativeCounts = counts.mapPartitionsWithIndex(
+      (index: Int, iter: Iterator[(Double, LabelCounter)]) => {
+        val cumCount = partitionwiseCumulativeCounts(index)
+        iter.map { case (score, c) =>
+          cumCount += c
+          (score, cumCount.clone())
+        }
+      }, preservesPartitioning = true)
+    cumulativeCounts.persist()
+    val confusions = cumulativeCounts.map { case (score, cumCount) =>
+      (score, BinaryConfusionMatrixImpl(cumCount, totalCount).asInstanceOf[BinaryConfusionMatrix])
+    }
+    (cumulativeCounts, confusions)
+  }
+
+  /** Unpersist intermediate RDDs used in the computation. */
+  def unpersist() {
+    cumulativeCounts.unpersist()
+  }
+
+  /** Returns thresholds in descending order. */
+  def thresholds(): RDD[Double] = cumulativeCounts.map(_._1)
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve,
+   * which is an RDD of (false positive rate, true positive rate)
+   * with (0.0, 0.0) prepended and (1.0, 1.0) appended to it.
+   * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic
+   */
+  def roc(): RDD[(Double, Double)] = {
+    val rocCurve = createCurve(FalsePositiveRate, Recall)
+    val sc = confusions.context
+    val first = sc.makeRDD(Seq((0.0, 0.0)), 1)
+    val last = sc.makeRDD(Seq((1.0, 1.0)), 1)
+    new UnionRDD[(Double, Double)](sc, Seq(first, rocCurve, last))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
+   */
+  def areaUnderROC(): Double = AreaUnderCurve.of(roc())
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the precision-recall curve, which is an RDD of (recall, precision),
+   * NOT (precision, recall), with (0.0, 1.0) prepended to it.
+   * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall
+   */
+  def pr(): RDD[(Double, Double)] = {
+    val prCurve = createCurve(Recall, Precision)
+    val sc = confusions.context
+    val first = sc.makeRDD(Seq((0.0, 1.0)), 1)
+    first.union(prCurve)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the area under the precision-recall curve.
+   */
+  def areaUnderPR(): Double = AreaUnderCurve.of(pr())
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the (threshold, F-Measure) curve.
+   * @param beta the beta factor in F-Measure computation.
+   * @return an RDD of (threshold, F-Measure) pairs.
+   * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_score
+   */
+  def fMeasureByThreshold(beta: Double): RDD[(Double, Double)] = createCurve(FMeasure(beta))
+
+  /** Returns the (threshold, F-Measure) curve with beta = 1.0. */
+  def fMeasureByThreshold(): RDD[(Double, Double)] = fMeasureByThreshold(1.0)
+
+  /** Returns the (threshold, precision) curve. */
+  def precisionByThreshold(): RDD[(Double, Double)] = createCurve(Precision)
+
+  /** Returns the (threshold, recall) curve. */
+  def recallByThreshold(): RDD[(Double, Double)] = createCurve(Recall)
+
+  /** Creates a curve of (threshold, metric). */
+  private def createCurve(y: BinaryClassificationMetricComputer): RDD[(Double, Double)] = {
+    confusions.map { case (s, c) =>
+      (s, y(c))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Creates a curve of (metricX, metricY). */
+  private def createCurve(
+      x: BinaryClassificationMetricComputer,
+      y: BinaryClassificationMetricComputer): RDD[(Double, Double)] = {
+    confusions.map { case (_, c) =>
+      (x(c), y(c))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A counter for positives and negatives.
+ *
+ * @param numPositives number of positive labels
+ * @param numNegatives number of negative labels
+ */
+private class LabelCounter(
+    var numPositives: Long = 0L,
+    var numNegatives: Long = 0L) extends Serializable {
+
+  /** Processes a label. */
+  def +=(label: Double): LabelCounter = {
+    // Though we assume 1.0 for positive and 0.0 for negative, the following check will handle
+    // -1.0 for negative as well.
+    if (label > 0.5) numPositives += 1L else numNegatives += 1L
+    this
+  }
+
+  /** Merges another counter. */
+  def +=(other: LabelCounter): LabelCounter = {
+    numPositives += other.numPositives
+    numNegatives += other.numNegatives
+    this
+  }
+
+  override def clone: LabelCounter = {
+    new LabelCounter(numPositives, numNegatives)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = s"{numPos: $numPositives, numNeg: $numNegatives}"
+}

mllib/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/mllib/evaluation/binary/BinaryConfusionMatrix.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.mllib.evaluation.binary
+
+/**
+ * Trait for a binary confusion matrix.
+ */
+private[evaluation] trait BinaryConfusionMatrix {
+  /** number of true positives */
+  def numTruePositives: Long
+
+  /** number of false positives */
+  def numFalsePositives: Long
+
+  /** number of false negatives */
+  def numFalseNegatives: Long
+
+  /** number of true negatives */
+  def numTrueNegatives: Long
+
+  /** number of positives */
+  def numPositives: Long = numTruePositives + numFalseNegatives
+
+  /** number of negatives */
+  def numNegatives: Long = numFalsePositives + numTrueNegatives
+}