Cassandra Schema Migration for Java

Purpose

This library can be used to implement migrations for the Cassandra database schema inside your Java application. The usage is oriented on the popular tools for relational databases like flyway or liquibase.

If you want to use this library with Spring Boot you can also scroll down to the description of how to use the Spring Boot Starter.

Datastax Driver Version 4 and 5

If you already migrated your project to version 4 of the Datastax Driver you can use the code that is in the branch master_v4. You can use it by referencing the maven artifact version <current_version>_4. The first available version is 2.2.1_v4.

There are some things to consider when using it:

• As the Cluster class has been removed by Datastax you have to pass a CqlSession instance into the Database object. You should not use the session that you pass here anywhere else because:
  • as the session can or cannot be connected to a keyspace, the Database has to trigger a USE <keyspace> command at some point, especially if the keyspace should be created before the migration. That could make your session instance end up being set for a keyspace your application does not expect.
  • the session will be closed after the migration
• since the library will issue a USE <keyspace> on the session instance, the migrations scripts should continue to work as usual. So there is no need to add fully qualified table names to existing scripts.
• If you are using spring boot, you have to provide a name to the current CqlSession instance that is supposed to be used with this library. You can do this by adding the name to the @Bean annotation. In order to make sure that this session will not be used by your application, you can mark the application session as primary. Here is an example for a programmatic configuration:

@Bean
@Qualifier(CassandraMigrationAutoConfiguration.CQL_SESSION_BEAN_NAME)
public CqlSession cassandraMigrationCqlSession() {
    // session creation code here
}

@Bean
@Primary
public CqlSession applicationCqlSession() {
  // session creation code here
}

In order to be sure to use the correct name, there is a public constant in CassandraMigrationAutoConfiguration that is called CQL_SESSION_BEAN_NAME. You can use that when declaring the session bean as shown in the example.

Spring Data Cassandra 3.X.X

If you are using spring-data-cassandra or the reactive counterpart, providing the CqlSession named CQL_SESSION_BEAN_NAME to be used by this library will bypass the spring data session as it is annotated by @ConditionalOnMissingBean.

The easiest solution is to provide both CqlSession and mark the one used by spring-data as @Primary :

@Bean(CassandraMigrationAutoConfiguration.CQL_SESSION_BEAN_NAME)
public CqlSession cassandraMigrationCqlSession() {
    // migration session creation code here
}

@Bean(DefaultCqlBeanNames.SESSION)
@Primary
// ensure that the keyspace is created if needed before initializing spring-data session
@DependsOn(CassandraMigrationAutoConfiguration.MIGRATION_TASK_BEAN_NAME)
public CqlSession cassandraSession(CqlSessionBuilder cqlSessionBuilder) {
    return cqlSessionBuilder.build();
}

Testing

This library uses embedded-cassandra to test migration scripts with a running Cassandra instance. We can change easily the embedded Cassandra version used by updating the version in tests :

cassandra = new CassandraBuilder()
        .version("3.11.12")
        .build();

Since Cassandra dropped support on Windows environment after 4.0-beta3 (CASSANDRA-16171), the only solution for testing on Cassandra 4+ on Windows will be to use TestContainers, but it requires a Docker installation.

As of writing the embedded cassandra system only works with Java 8. If you want to run the test with Java 8 you can set the JAVA_HOME environment variable in the shell you will execute mvn to point to a Java 8 version:

export JAVA_HOME=<path-to-java-8>

Usage

Using this library is quite simple. Given that you have a configured instance of the cluster object all you need to do is integrate the next lines in your project startup code:

Database database = new Database(cluster, "nameOfMyKeyspace");
MigrationTask migration = new MigrationTask(database, new MigrationRepository());
migration.migrate();

This assumes that all migration scripts can be found on the classpath in a folder '/cassandra/migration'. If you put your scripts on a different classpath location you just need to pass the path in the constructor like this:

new MigrationRepository("/my/path/here");

Naming

Scripts should be named in the following schema:

<version>_<name>.cql

If the .cql extension is missing the file will be ignored. The version is required to figure out the latest version of the scripts and relates to the version that is stored in the database schema information table. The version should start with one as an empty database is considered to have a version of zero. Leading zeros for better sorting are accepted. The name is something that is just for the developers purpose and should be something descriptive.

In case there are multiple scripts with the same version (duo to a merge of branches for example), an exception is thrown immediately. This behavior can be changed by creating an instance of the MigrationRepository providing a ScriptCollector implementation like this:

new MigrationRepository(MigrationRepository.DEFAULT_SCRIPT_PATH, new IgnoreDuplicatesCollector());

Until the version 1.0.2 inclusive the default behavior was to ignore duplicates by considering only the first script file for a particular version. As this can lead to unpredictable behavior, since it is just a matter of which script is found first, this behavior is no longer the default.

Script content

Single line comments are indicated by either '//' or '--' characters. Multi line comments are not supported.

Migrations

Migrations are executed with the Quorum consistency level to make sure that always a majority of nodes share the same schema information. Besides this after the scripts are executed, it will be checked if the schema is in agreement by calling the corresponding method on the metadata of the ResultSet. That call is blocking until either an agreement has been reached or the configured maxSchemaAgreementWaitSeconds have been passed. This value can be configured on the Cluster builder. Error handling is not really implemented (and as far as I know not really possible from a database point of view). If one script fails the migration is stopped and an exception is thrown. The exception contains the name of the failing script as well as the broken statement in case the error happened during the execution of a statement. Every script will result in an entry into the schema_migration table. If a script fails, an entry will be put into the 'migration_schema' table stating that this script failed. You can then fix the script and retry the migration. It should normally not be necessary to remove failed migrations from the 'migration_schema' table.

However, in case you have multiple statements in one script and one of them failed you need to make sure that the statements before the failing one are safe to be executed again. You either need to manually revert the actions or, the preferred approach, make use of Cassandras "IF EXISTS" or "IF NOT EXISTS" mechanism to ensure that the same script can be run multiple times without failing.

More details

The library checks if there is a table inside the given keyspace that is called "schema_migration". It will be created if it doesn't already exist and will contain the following columns:

• applied_successful (boolean)
• version (int)
• script_name varchar
• script (text)
• executed_at (timestamp)

"applied_successful" and "version" together make the primary key. The version of the database schema is equivalent to the highest number returned by the version column where applied_successful is true. This means, even if your counting does not start at one (because you removed some very old scripts) the schema version is not affected by this.

All migrations that are marked as applied_successful = false do not affect the version number in any way. It is also perfectly legal to have the same version number once with a successful execution and one with a failing execution, for example, if the first try failed and the script was fixed afterwards. However, you will only see the last failing execution. If the same script fails twice the first failure will be overwritten.

If you want the migration table to be prefixed, e.g. you are using the same keyspace for multiple applications (hint: you should not :)) and don't want all applications to write into the same migration table you can prefix the table name. Just provide the prefix in the constructor of the Database or as a spring option (see below). The prefix will be separated by an underscore from the "schema_migration" string, e.g. with prefix "myApp" the table name would be "myApp_schema_migration".

Execution profiles

You can configure Cassandra-Migration to make use of execution profiles for the migration scripts. This can be very useful in case the migration scripts can take a long time to run and you do not want to change your application timeouts just for the migration of the schema. In that case you can define a separate profile with different timeouts that can be used just for migrations. Have a look on the Datastax documentation on how to define such a profile. Once defined, you can set the execution profile name in the MigrationConfiguration and it will be used during migration.

Version deprecation

Please be aware that the version 2 of this library that uses the old version 3 Datastax driver was deprecated by end of 2021.

Maven

If you are using maven you can add cassandra-migration as a dependency to your project like this:

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.cognitor.cassandra</groupId>
      <artifactId>cassandra-migration</artifactId>
      <version>2.6.0_v4</version>
  </dependency>

Spring Boot

Cassandra Migration comes with a Spring Boot Starter module that can be used to autoconfigure the migration. You have to include the following dependency to make it work:

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.cognitor.cassandra</groupId>
      <artifactId>cassandra-migration-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
      <version>2.6.0_v4</version>
  </dependency>

In your properties file you can set the following properties:

• cassandra.migration.keyspace-name Specifies the keyspace that should be migrated
• cassandra.migration.simple-strategy.replication-factor Specifies the simple strategy to use on the keyspace
• cassandra.migration.network-strategy.replications Specifies the network strategy to use on the keyspace with datacenters and factors
• cassandra.migration.script-locations Overrides the default script location
• cassandra.migration.strategy Can either be IGNORE_DUPLICATES or FAIL_ON_DUPLICATES
• cassandra.migration.consistency-level Provides the consistency level that will be used to execute migrations
• cassandra.migration.table-prefix Prefix for the migrations table name
• cassandra.migration.execution-profile-name the name for the execution profile
• cassandra.migration.with-consensus to prevent concurrent schema updates.

Personal note

First of all I would like to thank all the people who have already contributed to the project, be it with Pull Requests or by answering questions on issues. Secondly, this project is maintained during my spare time between my day to day job and my family. Unfortunately, my job currently neither involves Spring Boot nor Cassandra which is why I barely am able to follow these projects. Therefore, if there is a feature missing or a major update required, do not hesitate to open an issue (or a Pull Request :) and I will see that I get it resolved keeping in mind that I cannot always do it immediately.