API: Categorical constructor with dtype raise instead of casting to NA

[jbrockmendel]

dti = pd.date_range("2016-01-01", periods=3)
ci = pd.Categorical(dti._values)

>>> pd.Categorical(["foo"], dtype=ci.dtype)
[NaT]
Categories (3, datetime64[ns]): [2016-01-01, 2016-01-02, 2016-01-03]

Casting "foo" to pd.NaT here makes very little sense to me, and does not match the behavior of any of our other constructors. I'm pretty sure this is why we have to do so much special-casing for Categorical in dtypes.cast and groupby ops.

Suggestion: we change/deprecate the behavior to raise instead of cast.

[jbrockmendel]

Discussed in April dev meeting, decided to try raising, see if that breaks the world, and if so deprecate.