Upgrade to Ubuntu 24.04

[smolkaj]

GitHub Actions recently upgraded ubuntu-latest from 22.04 to 24.04: actions/runner-images#10636

However, this broke our builds and thus we temporarily pinned to 22.04: #150
This issue tracks making our builds compatible with 24.04 and moving back to ubuntu-latest as a healthy forcing function to prevent bit rot.

cc @jonathan-dilorenzo

[smolkaj]

@fruffy pointed out here that we should be cautious about still supporting 22.04 when upgrading to 24.04, see p4lang/p4runtime#514 (comment) + surrounding discussion.