diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_pex.yml b/.github/workflows/build_pex.yml
index 25b052d671a..877c123468a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_pex.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_pex.yml
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ jobs:
   build_pex:
     name: Build PEX
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    container:
-      image: python:2.7.18-buster
     outputs:
       pex-file-name: ${{ steps.get-pex-filename.outputs.pex-file-name }}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up Python 3.6
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.6
     - uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
         path: ~/.cache/pip
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_whl.yml b/.github/workflows/build_whl.yml
index c8182263389..47fc4e02cb5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_whl.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_whl.yml
@@ -14,30 +14,26 @@ jobs:
   build_whl:
     name: Build WHL
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    container:
-      image: python:2.7.18-buster
     outputs:
       whl-file-name: ${{ steps.get-whl-filename.outputs.whl-file-name }}
       tar-file-name: ${{ steps.get-tar-filename.outputs.tar-file-name }}
     steps:
-    - name: Install Git LFS
-      run: |
-        curl -s https://packagecloud.io/install/repositories/github/git-lfs/script.deb.sh | bash
-        apt-get install git-lfs
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
         lfs: true
     - name: Install Ubuntu dependencies
       run: |
-        apt-get -y -qq update
-        apt-get install -y gettext sudo
+        sudo apt-get -y -qq update
+        sudo apt-get install -y gettext
+    - name: Set up Python 3.6
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.6
     - name: Use Node.js
       uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       with:
         node-version: '16.x'
-    - name: Install Yarn
-      run: npm install -g yarn
     - name: Get yarn cache directory path
       id: yarn-cache-dir-path
       run: echo "dir=$(yarn cache dir)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
diff --git a/.github/workflows/c_extensions.yml b/.github/workflows/c_extensions.yml
index 3becb0dbd71..e4cc89424c7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/c_extensions.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/c_extensions.yml
@@ -28,13 +28,11 @@ jobs:
     needs: pre_job
     if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    container:
-      image: python:2.7.18-buster
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.6
     - name: pip cache
       uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
@@ -54,13 +52,13 @@ jobs:
         # in the kolibri directory
         python -m compileall -q kolibri -x py2only
         # Until we have staged builds, we will be running this in each and every
-        # environment even though builds should be done in Py 2.7
+        # environment even though builds should be done in Py 3.6
         make staticdeps
         make staticdeps-cext
         pip install .
-        # Start and stop kolibri - disabled until we can move out of a container
-        # kolibri start --port=8081
-        # kolibri stop
+        # Start and stop kolibri
+        coverage run -p kolibri start --port=8081
+        coverage run -p kolibri stop
         # Run just tests in test/
         py.test --cov=kolibri --cov-report= --cov-append --color=no test/
   no_c_ext:
@@ -68,13 +66,11 @@ jobs:
     needs: pre_job
     if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    container:
-      image: python:2.7.18-buster
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.6
     - name: pip cache
       uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
@@ -94,11 +90,11 @@ jobs:
         # in the kolibri directory
         python -m compileall -q kolibri -x py2only
         # Until we have staged builds, we will be running this in each and every
-        # environment even though builds should be done in Py 2.7
+        # environment even though builds should be done in Py 3.6
         make staticdeps
         pip install .
-        # Start and stop kolibri - disabled until we can move out of a container
-        # kolibri start --port=8081
-        # kolibri stop
+        # Start and stop kolibri
+        coverage run -p kolibri start --port=8081
+        coverage run -p kolibri stop
         # Run just tests in test/
         py.test --cov=kolibri --cov-report= --cov-append --color=no test/
diff --git a/.github/workflows/python2lint.yml b/.github/workflows/python2lint.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 3cb206ac9c9..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/python2lint.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-name: Python 2 linting
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-    - develop
-    - 'release-v**'
-  pull_request:
-    branches:
-    - develop
-    - 'release-v**'
-
-jobs:
-  pre_job:
-    name: Path match check
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    # Map a step output to a job output
-    outputs:
-      should_skip: ${{ steps.skip_check.outputs.should_skip }}
-    steps:
-      - id: skip_check
-        uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@master
-        with:
-          github_token: ${{ github.token }}
-          paths: '["kolibri/**/*.py"]'
-  lint:
-    name: Python 2 syntax checking
-    needs: pre_job
-    if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    container:
-      image: python:2.7.18-buster
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: |
-        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install flake8
-    - name: Lint with flake8
-      run: |
-        flake8 kolibri
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tox.yml b/.github/workflows/tox.yml
index e502bd5d682..e26d43fefda 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tox.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tox.yml
@@ -53,28 +53,6 @@ jobs:
     - name: Test with tox
       if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
       run: tox -e py${{ matrix.python-version }}
-  unit_test27:
-    name: Python unit tests (2.7)
-    needs: pre_job
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    container:
-      image: python:2.7.18-buster
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - name: Install tox
-      if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
-      run: |
-        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install "tox<4"
-    - name: tox env cache
-      if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
-      uses: actions/cache@v3
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/.tox/py2.7
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-tox-py2.7-${{ hashFiles('requirements/*.txt') }}
-    - name: Test with tox
-      if: ${{ needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
-      run: tox -e py2.7
   postgres:
     name: Python postgres unit tests
     needs: pre_job
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index df3aa492e5e..afc0b80b064 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 SHELL := /bin/bash
 
 # List most target names as 'PHONY' to prevent Make from thinking it will be creating a file of the same name
-.PHONY: help clean clean-assets clean-build clean-pyc clean-docs lint test test-all assets coverage docs release test-namespaced-packages staticdeps staticdeps-cext writeversion setrequirements buildconfig pex i18n-extract-frontend i18n-extract-backend i18n-transfer-context i18n-extract i18n-django-compilemessages i18n-upload i18n-pretranslate i18n-pretranslate-approve-all i18n-download i18n-regenerate-fonts i18n-stats i18n-install-font i18n-download-translations i18n-download-glossary i18n-upload-glossary docker-whl docker-demoserver docker-devserver docker-envlist
+.PHONY: help clean clean-assets clean-build clean-pyc clean-docs lint test test-all assets coverage docs release staticdeps staticdeps-cext writeversion setrequirements buildconfig pex i18n-extract-frontend i18n-extract-backend i18n-transfer-context i18n-extract i18n-django-compilemessages i18n-upload i18n-pretranslate i18n-pretranslate-approve-all i18n-download i18n-regenerate-fonts i18n-stats i18n-install-font i18n-download-translations i18n-download-glossary i18n-upload-glossary docker-whl docker-demoserver docker-devserver docker-envlist
 
 
 help:
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ help:
 	@echo "test: run tests quickly with the default Python"
 	@echo "test-all: run tests on every Python version with Tox"
 	@echo "test-with-postgres: run tests quickly with a temporary postgresql backend"
-	@echo "test-namespaced-packages: verify that we haven't fetched anything namespaced into kolibri/dist"
 	@echo "coverage: run tests, recording and printing out Python code coverage"
 	@echo "docs: generate developer documentation"
 	@echo "start-foreground-with-postgres: run Kolibri in foreground mode with a temporary postgresql backend"
@@ -152,30 +151,21 @@ release:
 	@read __
 	twine upload -s dist/*
 
-test-namespaced-packages:
-	# This expression checks that everything in kolibri/dist has an __init__.py
-	# To prevent namespaced packages from suddenly showing up
-	# https://github.com/learningequality/kolibri/pull/2972
-	! find kolibri/dist -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -not -name __pycache__ -not -name cext -not -name py2only -not -name *dist-info -exec ls {}/__init__.py \; 2>&1 | grep  "No such file"
-
 clean-staticdeps:
 	rm -rf kolibri/dist/* || true # remove everything
 	git checkout -- kolibri/dist # restore __init__.py
 
 staticdeps: clean-staticdeps
-	test "${SKIP_PY_CHECK}" = "1" || python2 --version 2>&1 | grep -q 2.7 || ( echo "Only intended to run on Python 2.7" && exit 1 )
-	pip2 install -t kolibri/dist -r "requirements.txt"
+	test "${SKIP_PY_CHECK}" = "1" || python --version 2>&1 | grep -q 3.6 || ( echo "Only intended to run on Python 3.6" && exit 1 )
+	pip install -t kolibri/dist -r "requirements.txt"
 	rm -rf kolibri/dist/*.egg-info
 	rm -r kolibri/dist/man kolibri/dist/bin || true # remove the two folders introduced by pip 10
-	python2 build_tools/py2only.py # move `future` and `futures` packages to `kolibri/dist/py2only`
-	make test-namespaced-packages
 
 staticdeps-cext:
 	rm -rf kolibri/dist/cext || true # remove everything
 	python build_tools/install_cexts.py --file "requirements/cext.txt" # pip install c extensions
 	pip install -t kolibri/dist/cext -r "requirements/cext_noarch.txt" --no-deps
 	rm -rf kolibri/dist/*.egg-info
-	make test-namespaced-packages
 
 staticdeps-compileall:
 	bash -c 'python --version'
@@ -209,7 +199,7 @@ read-whl-file-version:
 	python ./build_tools/read_whl_version.py ${whlfile} > kolibri/VERSION
 
 pex:
-	ls dist/*.whl | while read whlfile; do $(MAKE) read-whl-file-version whlfile=$$whlfile; pex $$whlfile --disable-cache -o dist/kolibri-`cat kolibri/VERSION | sed 's/+/_/g'`.pex -m kolibri --python-shebang=/usr/bin/python; done
+	ls dist/*.whl | while read whlfile; do $(MAKE) read-whl-file-version whlfile=$$whlfile; pex $$whlfile --disable-cache -o dist/kolibri-`cat kolibri/VERSION | sed 's/+/_/g'`.pex -m kolibri --python-shebang=/usr/bin/python3; done
 
 i18n-extract-backend:
 	cd kolibri && python -m kolibri manage makemessages -- -l en --ignore 'node_modules/*' --ignore 'kolibri/dist/*'
diff --git a/build_tools/install_cexts.py b/build_tools/install_cexts.py
index 59aa3909b31..21ec8c4c5fc 100644
--- a/build_tools/install_cexts.py
+++ b/build_tools/install_cexts.py
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 This module defines functions to install c extensions for all the platforms into
 Kolibri.
 
-It is required to have pip version greater than 19.3.1 to run this script.
+See requirements/build.txt for the list of requirements that must be installed for this
+script to run.
 Usage:
 > python build_tools/install_cexts.py --file "requirements/cext.txt" --cache-path "/cext_cache"
 
@@ -170,8 +171,6 @@ def parse_package_page(files, pk_version, index_url, cache_path):
         * not the version specified in requirements.txt
         * not python versions that kolibri does not support
         * not macosx
-        * not win_x64 with python 3.8
-        * not win32 with python 3.8
     """
 
     result = []
@@ -191,13 +190,10 @@ def parse_package_page(files, pk_version, index_url, cache_path):
 
         if package_version != pk_version:
             continue
-        if python_version != "27" and python_version not in supported_python3_versions:
+        if python_version not in supported_python3_versions:
             continue
         if "macosx" in platform:
             continue
-        if "win_amd64" in platform or "win32" in platform and python_version == "27":
-            # Don't install win_amd64 or win32 with python 2.7
-            continue
 
         info = {
             "platform": platform,
diff --git a/build_tools/py2only.py b/build_tools/py2only.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 303fd994b18..00000000000
--- a/build_tools/py2only.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import shutil
-import sys
-
-dest = "py2only"
-futures_dirname = "concurrent"
-scandir_module_name = "scandir.py"
-typing_module_name = "typing.py"
-DIST_DIR = os.path.join(
-    os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(__file__))), "kolibri", "dist"
-)
-
-
-def hide_py2_modules():
-    """
-    Move the directory of 'futures' and python2-only modules of 'future'
-    inside the directory 'py2only'
-    """
-
-    # Move the directory of 'futures' inside the directory 'py2only'
-    _move_modules_to_py2only(futures_dirname)
-    _move_modules_to_py2only(scandir_module_name)
-    _move_modules_to_py2only(typing_module_name)
-
-    # Future's submodules are not downloaded in Python 3 but only in Python 2
-    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
-        from future.standard_library import TOP_LEVEL_MODULES
-
-        for module in TOP_LEVEL_MODULES:
-            if module == "test":
-                continue
-
-            # Move the directory of submodules of 'future' inside 'py2only'
-            _move_modules_to_py2only(module)
-
-
-def _move_modules_to_py2only(module_name):
-    module_src_path = os.path.join(DIST_DIR, module_name)
-    module_dst_path = os.path.join(DIST_DIR, dest, module_name)
-    shutil.move(module_src_path, module_dst_path)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    # Temporarily add `kolibri/dist` to PYTHONPATH to import future
-    sys.path.append(DIST_DIR)
-
-    try:
-        os.makedirs(os.path.join(DIST_DIR, dest))
-    except OSError:
-        raise
-
-    hide_py2_modules()
-
-    # Remove `kolibri/dist` from PYTHONPATH
-    sys.path = sys.path[:-1]
diff --git a/docker/build_whl.dockerfile b/docker/build_whl.dockerfile
index deb7096324b..177f41421b3 100644
--- a/docker/build_whl.dockerfile
+++ b/docker/build_whl.dockerfile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
     gettext \
     git \
     git-lfs \
-    python2.7 \
+    python3.6 \
     python-pip \
     python-sphinx
 
diff --git a/docs/getting_started.rst b/docs/getting_started.rst
index f464bd42d0c..20673f0939a 100644
--- a/docs/getting_started.rst
+++ b/docs/getting_started.rst
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Python and Pip
 
 To develop on Kolibri, you'll need:
 
-* Python 3.4+ or Python 2.7+ (Kolibri doesn't currently support Python 3.11.0 or higher)
+* Python 3.6+ (Kolibri doesn't currently support Python 3.12.0 or higher)
 * `pip <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip>`__
 
 Managing Python installations can be quite tricky. We *highly* recommend using `pyenv <https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv>`__ or if you are more comfortable using a package manager, then package managers like `Homebrew <http://brew.sh/>`__ on Mac or ``apt`` on Debian for this.
diff --git a/docs/stack.rst b/docs/stack.rst
index 290cabc60be..4f69109c401 100644
--- a/docs/stack.rst
+++ b/docs/stack.rst
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Note that since Kolibri is still in development, the APIs are subject to change,
 Server
 ------
 
-The server is a `Django <https://www.djangoproject.com/>`__ application, and contains only pure-Python (2.7+) dependencies at run-time. It is responsible for:
+The server is a `Django <https://www.djangoproject.com/>`__ application, and contains only pure-Python (3.6+) dependencies at run-time. It is responsible for:
 
 - Interfacing with the database (either `SQLite <https://www.sqlite.org/index.html>`__ or `PostgreSQL <https://www.postgresql.org/>`__)
 - Authentication and permission middleware
diff --git a/kolibri/__init__.py b/kolibri/__init__.py
index ba10d90a778..ce4b84a8534 100755
--- a/kolibri/__init__.py
+++ b/kolibri/__init__.py
@@ -3,10 +3,6 @@
 This module is imported in setup.py, so you cannot for instance
 import a dependency.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.utils import env
 from kolibri.utils.version import get_version
 
diff --git a/kolibri/__main__.py b/kolibri/__main__.py
index 40500886e00..ec5f80a9d40 100644
--- a/kolibri/__main__.py
+++ b/kolibri/__main__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import sys
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/kolibri/core/__init__.py b/kolibri/core/__init__.py
index 12d7cccb3a3..93bad367500 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/__init__.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/__init__.py
@@ -2,8 +2,4 @@
 enters the docs)
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 default_app_config = "kolibri.core.apps.KolibriCoreConfig"
diff --git a/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_ping.py b/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_ping.py
index e04a724da3c..1cd87f73ea5 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_ping.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_ping.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import zlib
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_utils.py b/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_utils.py
index b9275ec15df..714def16fbc 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/analytics/test/test_utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
+import base64
 import csv
 import datetime
 import hashlib
@@ -18,7 +15,6 @@
 from kolibri.core.analytics.models import PingbackNotification
 from kolibri.core.analytics.utils import calculate_list_stats
 from kolibri.core.analytics.utils import create_and_update_notifications
-from kolibri.core.analytics.utils import encodestring
 from kolibri.core.analytics.utils import extract_channel_statistics
 from kolibri.core.analytics.utils import extract_facility_statistics
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants import demographics
@@ -338,9 +334,9 @@ def test_extract_facility_statistics__soud_hash(self):
         actual = extract_facility_statistics(facility)
         users = sorted(self.users, key=lambda u: u.id)
         user_ids = ":".join([user.id for user in users])
-        expected_soud_hash = encodestring(hashlib.md5(user_ids.encode()).digest())[
-            :10
-        ].decode()
+        expected_soud_hash = base64.encodebytes(
+            hashlib.md5(user_ids.encode()).digest()
+        )[:10].decode()
         self.assertEqual(expected_soud_hash, actual.pop("sh"))
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/analytics/utils.py b/kolibri/core/analytics/utils.py
index 0d59d13c8c0..d08d5be7298 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/analytics/utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/analytics/utils.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import math
-import sys
 
 import requests
 from dateutil import parser
@@ -65,15 +64,6 @@
     "registered",
 ]
 
-if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
-    # encodestring is a deprecated alias for
-    # encodebytes, which was finally removed
-    # in Python 3.9
-    encodestring = base64.encodebytes
-else:
-    # encodebytes does not exist in Python 2.7
-    encodestring = base64.encodestring
-
 
 def calculate_list_stats(data):
     if data:
@@ -236,7 +226,7 @@ def extract_facility_statistics(facility):
     # fmt: off
     data = {
         # facility_id
-        "fi": encodestring(hashlib.md5(facility.id.encode()).digest())[:10].decode(),
+        "fi": base64.encodebytes(hashlib.md5(facility.id.encode()).digest())[:10].decode(),
         # settings
         "s": settings,
         # learners_count
@@ -300,7 +290,9 @@ def extract_facility_statistics(facility):
             facility.facilityuser_set.order_by("id").values_list("id", flat=True)
         )
         # soud_hash
-        data["sh"] = encodestring(hashlib.md5(user_ids.encode()).digest())[:10].decode()
+        data["sh"] = base64.encodebytes(hashlib.md5(user_ids.encode()).digest())[
+            :10
+        ].decode()
 
     return data
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/api.py b/kolibri/core/api.py
index f169f66c93b..49af5b60eb4 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/api.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 from rest_framework.serializers import ValidationError
 from rest_framework.status import HTTP_201_CREATED
 from rest_framework.status import HTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE
-from six import string_types
 
 from .utils.portal import registerfacility
 from kolibri.core.auth.models import Facility
@@ -76,9 +75,7 @@ def get_default_valid_fields(self, queryset, view, context=None):
         # All the fields that we have field maps defined for - this only allows for simple mapped fields
         # where the field is essentially a rename, as we have no good way of doing ordering on a field that
         # that is doing more complex function based mapping.
-        mapped_fields = {
-            v: k for k, v in view.field_map.items() if isinstance(v, string_types)
-        }
+        mapped_fields = {v: k for k, v in view.field_map.items() if isinstance(v, str)}
         # All the fields of the model
         model_fields = {f.name for f in queryset.model._meta.get_fields()}
         # Loop through every value in the view's values tuple
@@ -109,9 +106,7 @@ def remove_invalid_fields(self, queryset, fields, view, request):
         to do filtering based on valuesviewset setup
         """
         # We filter the mapped fields to ones that do simple string mappings here, any functional maps are excluded.
-        mapped_fields = {
-            k: v for k, v in view.field_map.items() if isinstance(v, string_types)
-        }
+        mapped_fields = {k: v for k, v in view.field_map.items() if isinstance(v, str)}
         valid_fields = [
             item[0]
             for item in self.get_valid_fields(queryset, view, {"request": request})
@@ -167,9 +162,7 @@ def generate_serializer(self):
         model = getattr(queryset, "model", None)
         if model is None:
             return Serializer
-        mapped_fields = {
-            v: k for k, v in self.field_map.items() if isinstance(v, string_types)
-        }
+        mapped_fields = {v: k for k, v in self.field_map.items() if isinstance(v, str)}
         fields = []
         extra_kwargs = {}
         for value in self.values:
diff --git a/kolibri/core/apps.py b/kolibri/core/apps.py
index cc3d5d129c1..387c2a2599c 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/apps.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/apps.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 from django.db.utils import DatabaseError
 from django_filters.filters import UUIDFilter
 from django_filters.rest_framework.filterset import FilterSet
-from six import raise_from
 
 from kolibri.core.errors import RedisConnectionError
 from kolibri.core.sqlite.pragmas import CONNECTION_PRAGMAS
@@ -170,9 +169,9 @@ def check_redis_settings():  # noqa C901
         except ConnectionError as e:
             logger.warning("Unable to connect to Redis: {}".format(str(e)))
 
-            raise_from(
-                RedisConnectionError("Unable to connect to Redis: {}".format(str(e))), e
-            )
+            raise RedisConnectionError(
+                "Unable to connect to Redis: {}".format(str(e))
+            ) from e
 
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning("Unable to check Redis settings")
diff --git a/kolibri/core/assets/src/mixins/commonCoreStrings.js b/kolibri/core/assets/src/mixins/commonCoreStrings.js
index 1aa24d3812a..5ec5a98b485 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/assets/src/mixins/commonCoreStrings.js
+++ b/kolibri/core/assets/src/mixins/commonCoreStrings.js
@@ -1305,12 +1305,6 @@ export const coreStrings = createTranslator('CommonCoreStrings', {
     context:
       'Displayed to users of kolibri where one or more devices on the network are using Internet Explorer 11, as part of a message encouraging the user to upgrade.',
   },
-  pythonSupportWillBeDropped: {
-    message:
-      'Please note that support for Python 2.7 will be dropped in the upcoming version 0.17. Upgrade your Python version to Python 3.7+ to continue working with Kolibri. More recent versions of Python 3 are recommended.',
-    context:
-      'Displayed to users of kolibri where one or more devices on the network are using Python 2.7, as part of a message encouraging the user to upgrade.',
-  },
 
   // Content activity
   notStartedLabel: {
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/api.py b/kolibri/core/auth/api.py
index 5a3cb865582..8327ca2ee92 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import time
 from datetime import datetime
 from datetime import timedelta
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/apps.py b/kolibri/core/auth/apps.py
index b41e49fa4af..0e41aa50aa4 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/apps.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/apps.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/bulkimportusers.py b/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/bulkimportusers.py
index 4a39845373a..9004ce8454e 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/bulkimportusers.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/bulkimportusers.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import logging
 import ntpath
 import re
-import sys
 from uuid import UUID
 
 from django.conf import settings
@@ -782,11 +781,7 @@ def remove_memberships(self, users, enrolled, assigned):
         for user in users:
             # enrolled:
             to_remove = user.memberships.filter(collection__kind=CLASSROOM)
-            username = (
-                user.username
-                if sys.version_info[0] >= 3
-                else user.username.encode("utf-8")
-            )
+            username = user.username
             if username in users_enrolled.keys():
                 to_remove.exclude(
                     collection__name__in=users_enrolled[username]
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/fullfacilitysync.py b/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/fullfacilitysync.py
index f7e82e615ba..5d473ed9a21 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/fullfacilitysync.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/management/commands/fullfacilitysync.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.core.management.base import CommandError
 from django.core.validators import URLValidator
-from django.utils.six.moves import input
 from morango.models import Certificate
 from morango.models import Filter
 from morango.models import InstanceIDModel
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/management/utils.py b/kolibri/core/auth/management/utils.py
index 05e7d25b6c2..bbe9c48fe9d 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/management/utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/management/utils.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 import requests
 from django.core.management.base import CommandError
-from django.utils.six.moves import input
 from morango.models import Certificate
 from morango.models import InstanceIDModel
 from morango.models import ScopeDefinition
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/models.py b/kolibri/core/auth/models.py
index 95a78ef1ccb..47d8ff7dc31 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/models.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/models.py
@@ -18,14 +18,9 @@
 object also stores the "kind" of the role (currently, one of "admin" or "coach"), which affects what permissions the
 user gains through the ``Role``.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 from threading import local
 
-import six
 from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractBaseUser
 from django.contrib.auth.models import AnonymousUser
 from django.contrib.auth.models import UserManager
@@ -745,7 +740,7 @@ def validate_birth_year(value):
 
 
 def validate_role_kinds(kinds):
-    if isinstance(kinds, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(kinds, str):
         kinds = set([kinds])
     else:
         try:
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/serializers.py b/kolibri/core/auth/serializers.py
index 1f9498f458d..c77919e9abd 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/serializers.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/serializers.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError as DjangoValidationError
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_api.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_api.py
index 702a37e280c..04845cf0e3a 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_api.py
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import base64
 import collections
-import sys
 import time
 import uuid
 from datetime import datetime
@@ -19,7 +14,7 @@
 from morango.models import SyncSession
 from morango.models import TransferSession
 from rest_framework import status
-from rest_framework.test import APITestCase as BaseTestCase
+from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 
 from .. import models
 from ..constants import role_kinds
@@ -33,19 +28,6 @@
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants import demographics
 from kolibri.core.device.utils import set_device_settings
 
-# A weird hack because of http://bugs.python.org/issue17866
-if sys.version_info >= (3,):
-
-    class APITestCase(BaseTestCase):
-        def assertItemsEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            self.assertCountEqual(*args, **kwargs)
-
-
-else:
-
-    class APITestCase(BaseTestCase):
-        pass
-
 
 class FacilityFactory(factory.DjangoModelFactory):
     class Meta:
@@ -116,11 +98,9 @@ def test_learnergroup_list(self):
             )
             for group in self.learner_groups
         ]
-        # assertItemsEqual does not deal well with embedded objects, as it does
-        # not do a deepEqual, so check each individual list of user_ids
         for i, group in enumerate(response.data):
-            self.assertItemsEqual(group.pop("user_ids"), expected[i].pop("user_ids"))
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, expected)
+            self.assertCountEqual(group.pop("user_ids"), expected[i].pop("user_ids"))
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, expected)
 
     def test_learnergroup_list_user(self):
         self.client.login(
@@ -132,7 +112,7 @@ def test_learnergroup_list_user(self):
             reverse("kolibri:core:learnergroup-list"), format="json"
         )
         expected = []
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, expected)
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, expected)
 
     def test_learnergroup_list_user_parent_filter(self):
         self.client.login(
@@ -147,7 +127,7 @@ def test_learnergroup_list_user_parent_filter(self):
             format="json",
         )
         expected = []
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, expected)
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, expected)
 
     def test_learnergroup_detail(self):
         self.login_superuser()
@@ -164,7 +144,7 @@ def test_learnergroup_detail(self):
             "parent": self.learner_groups[0].parent.id,
             "user_ids": [member.id for member in self.learner_groups[0].get_members()],
         }
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, expected)
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, expected)
 
     def test_learnergroup_detail_user(self):
         self.client.login(
@@ -201,11 +181,11 @@ def test_parent_in_queryparam_with_one_id(self):
             for group in self.learner_groups
             if group.parent.id == classroom_id
         ]
-        # assertItemsEqual does not deal well with embedded objects, as it does
+        # assertCountEqual does not deal well with embedded objects, as it does
         # not do a deepEqual, so check each individual list of user_ids
         for i, group in enumerate(response.data):
-            self.assertItemsEqual(group.pop("user_ids"), expected[i].pop("user_ids"))
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, expected)
+            self.assertCountEqual(group.pop("user_ids"), expected[i].pop("user_ids"))
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, expected)
 
     def test_cannot_create_learnergroup_same_name(self):
         self.login_superuser()
@@ -271,7 +251,7 @@ def test_classroom_list(self):
             )
             for classroom in sorted(self.classrooms, key=lambda x: x.id)
         ]
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, expected)
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, expected)
 
     def test_classroom_list_user(self):
         self.client.login(
@@ -282,7 +262,7 @@ def test_classroom_list_user(self):
         response = self.client.get(
             reverse("kolibri:core:classroom-list"), format="json"
         )
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, [])
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, [])
 
     def test_classroom_list_user_parent_filter(self):
         self.client.login(
@@ -294,7 +274,7 @@ def test_classroom_list_user_parent_filter(self):
             reverse("kolibri:core:classroom-list") + "?parent=" + self.facility.id,
             format="json",
         )
-        self.assertItemsEqual(response.data, [])
+        self.assertCountEqual(response.data, [])
 
     def test_classroom_detail(self):
         self.login_superuser()
@@ -620,52 +600,32 @@ def test_public_facility_endpoint(self):
         self.assertEqual(models.Facility.objects.all().count(), len(response.data))
 
     def test_public_facilityuser_endpoint(self):
-        if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
-            credentials = base64.b64encode(
+        credentials = base64.b64encode(
+            str.encode(
                 "username={}&{}={}:{}".format(
                     self.user1.username,
                     FACILITY_CREDENTIAL_KEY,
                     self.facility1.id,
                     DUMMY_PASSWORD,
-                ).encode("utf-8")
-            )
-        else:
-            credentials = base64.b64encode(
-                str.encode(
-                    "username={}&{}={}:{}".format(
-                        self.user1.username,
-                        FACILITY_CREDENTIAL_KEY,
-                        self.facility1.id,
-                        DUMMY_PASSWORD,
-                    )
                 )
-            ).decode("ascii")
+            )
+        ).decode("ascii")
         self.client.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION="Basic {}".format(credentials))
         response = self.client.get(
             reverse("kolibri:core:publicuser-list"),
             format="json",
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(response.data), 1)
-        if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
-            credentials = base64.b64encode(
+        credentials = base64.b64encode(
+            str.encode(
                 "username={}&{}={}:{}".format(
                     self.superuser.username,
                     FACILITY_CREDENTIAL_KEY,
                     self.facility1.id,
                     DUMMY_PASSWORD,
-                ).encode("utf-8")
-            )
-        else:
-            credentials = base64.b64encode(
-                str.encode(
-                    "username={}&{}={}:{}".format(
-                        self.superuser.username,
-                        FACILITY_CREDENTIAL_KEY,
-                        self.facility1.id,
-                        DUMMY_PASSWORD,
-                    )
                 )
-            ).decode("ascii")
+            )
+        ).decode("ascii")
         self.client.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION="Basic {}".format(credentials))
         response = self.client.get(
             reverse("kolibri:core:publicuser-list"),
@@ -1007,7 +967,7 @@ def test_user_list(self):
         )
         response = self.client.get(reverse("kolibri:core:facilityuser-list"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertItemsEqual(
+        self.assertCountEqual(
             response.data,
             [
                 {
@@ -1049,7 +1009,7 @@ def test_user_list_self(self):
         )
         response = self.client.get(reverse("kolibri:core:facilityuser-list"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertItemsEqual(
+        self.assertCountEqual(
             response.data,
             [
                 {
@@ -1069,7 +1029,7 @@ def test_user_list_self(self):
     def test_anonymous_user_list(self):
         response = self.client.get(reverse("kolibri:core:facilityuser-list"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertItemsEqual(
+        self.assertCountEqual(
             response.data,
             [],
         )
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_backend.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_backend.py
index 60e0918fdf1..aa5c1530427 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_backend.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_backend.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import mock
 from django.test import TestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_bulk_import.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_bulk_import.py
index e985b3c314a..68f6c231674 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_bulk_import.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_bulk_import.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import csv
-import sys
 import tempfile
+from io import StringIO
 from uuid import uuid4
 
 import pytest
@@ -18,11 +18,6 @@
 from kolibri.core.utils.csv import open_csv_for_reading
 from kolibri.core.utils.csv import open_csv_for_writing
 
-if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-    from cStringIO import StringIO
-else:
-    from io import StringIO
-
 
 CLASSROOMS = 2
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_deprovisioning.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_deprovisioning.py
index f40cb493734..52115a440d0 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_deprovisioning.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_deprovisioning.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import uuid
 
 from django.core.management import call_command
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_middleware.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_middleware.py
index 53e4ee8b01b..65dfadbb20f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_middleware.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_middleware.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import override_settings
 from django.test import TestCase
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_models.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_models.py
index 549a691b54d..432ba5593d0 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_models.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_models.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 """
 Tests of the core auth models (Role, Membership, Collection, FacilityUser, etc).
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.db.utils import IntegrityError
 from django.test import TestCase
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions.py
index 1e8a52631cd..dbba02864aa 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 """
 Tests of the permissions on specific models in the auth app. For tests of the permissions system itself, see test_permission_classes.py
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from ..constants import role_kinds
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions_classes.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions_classes.py
index ee80adc3851..a9c46e1d640 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions_classes.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_permissions_classes.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.test import TestCase
 from mock import Mock
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_roles_and_membership.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_roles_and_membership.py
index 9390455a0d0..2ff5ae83e4f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_roles_and_membership.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_roles_and_membership.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 """
 Tests of role and membership calculations.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from ..constants import role_kinds
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_export.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_export.py
index b972886d45c..9195d83e1e4 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_export.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_export.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.test import TestCase
-from six.moves import filter
 
 from .helpers import setup_device
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.demographics import DEFERRED
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_import.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_import.py
index 14811d9d0bd..aee5fb59d62 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_import.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_user_import.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import csv
 import os
 import tempfile
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_users.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_users.py
index 333403ff820..de64879366f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_users.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_users.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from ..models import Facility
diff --git a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_utils.py b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_utils.py
index 52eb89c978d..c4dd97247fb 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/auth/test/test_utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import random
 import uuid
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/apps.py b/kolibri/core/content/apps.py
index b17ffff5a84..a4a11f71483 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/apps.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/apps.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/hooks.py b/kolibri/core/content/hooks.py
index 561efe349a0..bc31aa9139d 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/hooks.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/hooks.py
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@
 
 Hooks for managing the display and rendering of content.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from abc import abstractproperty
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/content.py b/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/content.py
index c891460d237..cd0c5a899ee 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/content.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/content.py
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import os
 import shutil
 
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
-from six.moves import input
 
 from kolibri.utils import server
 from kolibri.utils.conf import KOLIBRI_HOME
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/generate_schema.py b/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/generate_schema.py
index e580dc91e5d..9e437214f6c 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/generate_schema.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/management/commands/generate_schema.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import json
 import os
 import shutil
-import sys
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
@@ -133,14 +132,8 @@ def handle(self, *args, **options):
                 data[table_name] = [get_dict(r) for r in session.query(record).all()]
 
             data_path = DATA_PATH_TEMPLATE.format(name=version)
-            # Handle Python 2 unicode issue by opening the file in binary mode
-            # with no encoding as the data has already been encoded
-            if sys.version[0] == "2":
-                with io.open(data_path, mode="wb") as f:
-                    json.dump(data, f)
-            else:
-                with io.open(data_path, mode="w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
-                    json.dump(data, f)
+            with io.open(data_path, mode="w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                json.dump(data, f)
 
             shutil.rmtree(
                 os.path.join(
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/tasks.py b/kolibri/core/content/tasks.py
index 7cd4024192b..fa7be917d11 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/tasks.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/tasks.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
+from urllib.parse import urljoin
+
 import requests
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.db.models import Q
 from rest_framework import serializers
-from six import with_metaclass
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 from kolibri.core.auth.models import FacilityDataset
 from kolibri.core.content.models import ChannelMetadata
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def to_internal_value(self, drive_id):
         return drive_id
 
 
-class LocalMixin(with_metaclass(serializers.SerializerMetaclass)):
+class LocalMixin(metaclass=serializers.SerializerMetaclass):
     drive_id = DriveIdField()
 
     def validate(self, data):
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def diskcontentimport(
     manager.run()
 
 
-class RemoteImportMixin(with_metaclass(serializers.SerializerMetaclass)):
+class RemoteImportMixin(metaclass=serializers.SerializerMetaclass):
     peer = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
         required=False, queryset=NetworkLocation.objects.all().values("base_url", "id")
     )
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/templatetags/content_tags.py b/kolibri/core/content/templatetags/content_tags.py
index 7e2aac3cb00..6cbc5d9d338 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/templatetags/content_tags.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/templatetags/content_tags.py
@@ -12,10 +12,6 @@
     {% content_renderer_assets %}
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django import template
 
 from .. import hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/test/test_channel_order.py b/kolibri/core/content/test/test_channel_order.py
index 9939d21dfd4..ed409573e1f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/test/test_channel_order.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/test/test_channel_order.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import uuid
+from io import StringIO
 
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from kolibri.core.content import models as content
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def _refresh_data(self, *args):
             obj.refresh_from_db()
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.out = six.StringIO()
+        self.out = StringIO()
         node = content.ContentNode.objects.create(
             id=uuid.uuid4(),
             title="test",
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/test/test_import_export.py b/kolibri/core/content/test/test_import_export.py
index d1952cc9469..6053c651a5b 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/test/test_import_export.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/test/test_import_export.py
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 import tempfile
 import time
 import uuid
+from io import StringIO
 
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.core.management import CommandError
 from django.db.models import Q
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from le_utils.constants import content_kinds
 from mock import call
 from mock import MagicMock
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_detected_manifest_file(
         # according to channel_id in the detected manifest file.
         get_import_export_mock.assert_called_once_with(
             self.the_channel_id,
-            {six.text_type(self.c2c1_node_id)},
+            {str(self.c2c1_node_id)},
             None,
             False,
             renderable_only=True,
@@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_local_manifest_file_and_node_ids(
 
         get_import_export_mock.return_value = (0, [], 0)
 
-        manifest_file = six.StringIO(
+        manifest_file = StringIO(
             json.dumps(
                 {
                     "channels": [
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_local_manifest_file_with_multiple_versions(
         manager = DiskChannelResourceImportManager.from_manifest(
             self.the_channel_id,
             path=import_source_dir,
-            manifest_file=six.StringIO(
+            manifest_file=StringIO(
                 json.dumps(
                     {
                         "channels": [
@@ -1692,7 +1692,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_local_manifest_file_with_multiple_versions(
         # list of node_ids built from all versions of the channel_id channel.
         get_import_export_mock.assert_called_once_with(
             self.the_channel_id,
-            {six.text_type(self.c2c1_node_id), six.text_type(self.c2c2_node_id)},
+            {str(self.c2c1_node_id), str(self.c2c2_node_id)},
             None,
             False,
             renderable_only=True,
@@ -1739,7 +1739,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_detected_manifest_file_and_node_ids(
         # of node_ids, ignoring the detected manifest file.
         get_import_export_mock.assert_called_once_with(
             self.the_channel_id,
-            {six.text_type(self.c2c2_node_id)},
+            {str(self.c2c2_node_id)},
             None,
             False,
             renderable_only=True,
@@ -1795,7 +1795,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_detected_manifest_file_and_manifest_file(
         manager = DiskChannelResourceImportManager.from_manifest(
             self.the_channel_id,
             path=import_source_dir,
-            manifest_file=six.StringIO(
+            manifest_file=StringIO(
                 json.dumps(
                     {
                         "channels": [
@@ -1818,7 +1818,7 @@ def test_local_import_with_detected_manifest_file_and_manifest_file(
         # node_ids according to channel_id in the provided manifest file.
         get_import_export_mock.assert_called_once_with(
             self.the_channel_id,
-            {six.text_type(self.c2c2_node_id)},
+            {str(self.c2c2_node_id)},
             None,
             False,
             renderable_only=True,
@@ -1890,7 +1890,7 @@ def test_remote_import_with_local_manifest_file(
 
         manager = RemoteChannelResourceImportManager.from_manifest(
             self.the_channel_id,
-            manifest_file=six.StringIO(
+            manifest_file=StringIO(
                 json.dumps(
                     {
                         "channels": [
@@ -1912,7 +1912,7 @@ def test_remote_import_with_local_manifest_file(
         # channel_id in the provided manifest file.
         get_import_export_mock.assert_called_once_with(
             self.the_channel_id,
-            {six.text_type(self.c2c1_node_id)},
+            {str(self.c2c1_node_id)},
             None,
             False,
             renderable_only=True,
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/test/test_redirectcontent.py b/kolibri/core/content/test/test_redirectcontent.py
index 505defa45c1..de881ff5d58 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/test/test_redirectcontent.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/test/test_redirectcontent.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import uuid
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.urls import reverse
 from mock import patch
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from kolibri.core.content.models import ContentNode
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/utils/channel_import.py b/kolibri/core/content/utils/channel_import.py
index 80b4f8ab577..51ca0ddb712 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/utils/channel_import.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/utils/channel_import.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.db.models.fields.related import ForeignKey
-from six import string_types
 from sqlalchemy import and_
 from sqlalchemy import or_
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
@@ -249,7 +248,7 @@ def __init__(
 
         self.partial = partial
 
-        if isinstance(source, string_types):
+        if isinstance(source, str):
             if self.partial:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "partial init argument to channel import class can only be used with dict imports"
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/utils/resource_import.py b/kolibri/core/content/utils/resource_import.py
index 78759de2fba..66883fa6cd5 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/utils/resource_import.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/utils/resource_import.py
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 
 import requests
 from le_utils.constants import content_kinds
-from six import string_types
-from six import with_metaclass
 
 from kolibri.core.analytics.tasks import schedule_ping
 from kolibri.core.content.errors import InsufficientStorageSpaceError
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ def lookup_channel_listing_status(channel_id, baseurl=None):
     return channel_info.get("public", None)
 
 
-class ResourceImportManagerBase(with_metaclass(ABCMeta, JobProgressMixin)):
+class ResourceImportManagerBase(JobProgressMixin, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     public = None
 
     def __init__(
@@ -100,7 +98,7 @@ def from_manifest(cls, channel_id, manifest_file, **kwargs):
             raise TypeError("Unexpected keyword argument node_ids")
         if "exclude_node_ids" in kwargs:
             raise TypeError("Unexpected keyword argument exclude_node_ids")
-        if isinstance(manifest_file, string_types):
+        if isinstance(manifest_file, str):
             manifest_file = open(manifest_file, "r")
         content_manifest = ContentManifest()
         content_manifest.read_file(manifest_file)
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/views.py b/kolibri/core/content/views.py
index 4ff31ace151..010e2fa98c9 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 
 from django.http import Http404
diff --git a/kolibri/core/content/zip_wsgi.py b/kolibri/core/content/zip_wsgi.py
index b7fdaf2aadf..7cf0da8145a 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/content/zip_wsgi.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/content/zip_wsgi.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import mimetypes
 import os
 import re
 import time
 import zipfile
+from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 import html5lib
 from cheroot import wsgi
@@ -23,7 +20,6 @@
 from django.utils.cache import patch_response_headers
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
 from django.utils.http import http_date
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import unquote
 
 from kolibri.core.content.errors import InvalidStorageFilenameError
 from kolibri.core.content.utils.paths import get_content_storage_file_path
diff --git a/kolibri/core/decorators.py b/kolibri/core/decorators.py
index 833fc443efa..111ba1dbecb 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/decorators.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/decorators.py
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 """
 Modified and extended from https://github.com/camsaul/django-rest-params/blob/master/django_rest_params/decorators.py
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import hashlib
-import sys
 from threading import local
 
 from django.core.cache import cache
@@ -14,7 +9,6 @@
 from django.views.decorators.http import etag
 from rest_framework.exceptions import APIException
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
-from six import string_types
 
 from kolibri import __version__ as kolibri_version
 
@@ -39,10 +33,7 @@ class MissingRequiredParamsException(APIException):
 
 # Types that we'll all for as 'tuple' params
 TUPLE_TYPES = tuple, set, frozenset, list
-if sys.version_info > (3, 0):
-    VALID_TYPES = int, float, str, bool
-else:
-    VALID_TYPES = int, float, str, unicode, bool  # noqa F821
+VALID_TYPES = int, float, str, bool
 
 
 class ParamValidator(object):
@@ -89,7 +80,7 @@ def check_non_tuple_types(self, param):
         elif self.param_type == float:
             param = float(param)
         elif self.param_type == str:
-            if not isinstance(param, string_types):
+            if not isinstance(param, str):
                 raise AssertionError
         elif self.param_type == bool:
             param = str(param).lower()  # bool isn't case sensitive
@@ -205,7 +196,7 @@ def set_constraints(self, suffix, value):
             self.default = value
 
         elif suffix == "field":
-            if not isinstance(suffix, string_types):
+            if not isinstance(suffix, str):
                 raise AssertionError
             self.field = value
         else:
diff --git a/kolibri/core/device/management/commands/provisiondevice.py b/kolibri/core/device/management/commands/provisiondevice.py
index d71609d09ef..d94f15d1ec6 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/device/management/commands/provisiondevice.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/device/management/commands/provisiondevice.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.core.management.base import CommandError
-from django.utils import six
 
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.facility_presets import presets
 from kolibri.core.device.utils import get_facility_by_name
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ def get_user_response(prompt, valid_answers=None, to_lower_case=True):
     while not answer or (
         valid_answers is not None and answer.lower() not in valid_answers
     ):
-        answer = six.moves.input(prompt)
+        answer = input(prompt)
     if to_lower_case:
         return answer.lower()
     return answer
diff --git a/kolibri/core/device/test/test_device_provision.py b/kolibri/core/device/test/test_device_provision.py
index 3f680acce3d..6e5c937e68d 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/device/test/test_device_provision.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/device/test/test_device_provision.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import os
 import tempfile
diff --git a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbbackup.py b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbbackup.py
index a9120bfaea3..e7cc38eec27 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbbackup.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbbackup.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
diff --git a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbrestore.py b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbrestore.py
index b1aa1faa1dc..ee9063feba6 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbrestore.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/management/commands/dbrestore.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import os
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbbackup.py b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbbackup.py
index 60dfc5ee1cf..ddee7b5d220 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbbackup.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbbackup.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import tempfile
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbrestore.py b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbrestore.py
index 0a50dff0d42..ed6351fc66f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbrestore.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/tests/test_dbrestore.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import random
 import tempfile
diff --git a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/utils.py b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/utils.py
index a83d08838ba..4c5e6b2bfc0 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/deviceadmin/utils.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import re
-import sys
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django import db
@@ -19,15 +18,10 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-# Use encoded text for Python 3 (doesn't work in Python 2!)
+# Use encoded text
 KWARGS_IO_READ = {"mode": "r", "encoding": "utf-8"}
 KWARGS_IO_WRITE = {"mode": "w", "encoding": "utf-8"}
 
-# Use binary file mode for Python 2 (doesn't work in Python 3!)
-if sys.version_info < (3,):
-    KWARGS_IO_READ = {"mode": "rb"}
-    KWARGS_IO_WRITE = {"mode": "wb"}
-
 
 def default_backup_folder():
     return os.path.join(KOLIBRI_HOME, "backups")
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/serializers.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/serializers.py
index 9486669c60c..cea9109d267 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/serializers.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/serializers.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer
 from rest_framework.serializers import ValidationError
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_api.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_api.py
index e34782514b9..97367c5591e 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import uuid
 
 import mock
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_filesystem_utils.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_filesystem_utils.py
index bfcb76d036a..0d8187fbc47 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_filesystem_utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/test/test_filesystem_utils.py
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import ntpath
 import os
 import posixpath
-import sys
 
 from django.test import TestCase
 from mock import patch
@@ -70,9 +65,7 @@ def __init__(self, disk_sizes):
         self.mocked_disk_usage = _get_mocked_disk_usage(disk_sizes)
 
     def __call__(self, f):
-        if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
-            return patch("shutil.disk_usage", self.mocked_disk_usage)(f)
-        return patch("os.statvfs", self.mocked_disk_usage)(f)
+        return patch("shutil.disk_usage", self.mocked_disk_usage)(f)
 
 
 def patch_os_access(readable, writable):
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/filesystem/posix.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/filesystem/posix.py
index 64d1b91e2d7..fd323962649 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/filesystem/posix.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/filesystem/posix.py
@@ -150,27 +150,10 @@ def get_drive_list():
 
 def _get_drive_usage(path):
     """
-    Use Python libraries to get drive space/usage statistics. Prior to v3.3, use `os.statvfs`;
-    on v3.3+, use the more accurate `shutil.disk_usage`.
+    Use Python libraries to get drive space/usage statistics.
     """
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
-        usage = shutil.disk_usage(path)
-        return {"total": usage.total, "used": usage.used, "free": usage.free}
-    if on_android():
-        from jnius import autoclass
-
-        StatFs = autoclass("android.os.StatFs")
-        AndroidString = autoclass("java.lang.String")
-        stats = StatFs(AndroidString(path))
-        return {
-            "total": stats.getBlockCountLong() * stats.getBlockSizeLong(),
-            "free": stats.getAvailableBlocksLong() * stats.getBlockSizeLong(),
-        }
-    # with os.statvfs, we need to multiple block sizes by block counts to get bytes
-    stats = os.statvfs(path)
-    total = stats.f_frsize * stats.f_blocks
-    free = stats.f_frsize * stats.f_bavail
-    return {"total": total, "free": free, "used": total - free}
+    usage = shutil.disk_usage(path)
+    return {"total": usage.total, "used": usage.used, "free": usage.free}
 
 
 def _try_to_get_drive_info_from_dbus(device):
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/broadcast.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/broadcast.py
index 09f5f95a21a..2047ac5c99f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/broadcast.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/broadcast.py
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 
 from magicbus.base import Bus
 from magicbus.plugins import SimplePlugin
-from six import integer_types
-from six import string_types
 from zeroconf import get_all_addresses
 from zeroconf import InterfaceChoice
 from zeroconf import NonUniqueNameException
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ def __init__(
     ):
         # Zeroconf wants socket.inet_aton() format, so make sure we have string with this class
         # which we convert when interfacing with Zeroconf
-        if ip is not None and not isinstance(ip, string_types):
+        if ip is not None and not isinstance(ip, str):
             raise TypeError("IP must be a string, not {}".format(type(ip)))
 
         self.id = instance_id
@@ -163,9 +161,9 @@ def to_service_info(self, zeroconf_id=None):
         properties = {}
 
         for key, val in self.device_info.items():
-            if not isinstance(key, string_types):
+            if not isinstance(key, str):
                 raise TypeError("Keys for the service info properties must be strings")
-            if not isinstance(val, string_types + integer_types + (bool,)):
+            if not isinstance(val, (str, int, bool)):
                 raise TypeError(
                     "Values for the service info properties must be a string, an integer or a boolean"
                 )
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/client.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/client.py
index 6c3e2d7e840..1b2c31e1abb 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/client.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/client.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import logging
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 import requests
-from six import raise_from
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 import kolibri
 from . import errors
@@ -145,34 +144,25 @@ def request(self, method, path, **kwargs):
             requests.exceptions.InvalidHeader,
             requests.exceptions.InvalidJSONError,
         ) as e:
-            raise_from(
-                errors.NetworkLocationConnectionFailure(
-                    "Unable to connect: {}".format(url)
-                ),
-                e,
-            )
+            raise errors.NetworkLocationConnectionFailure(
+                "Unable to connect: {}".format(url)
+            ) from e
         except (
             requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout,
             requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects,
         ) as e:
-            raise_from(
-                errors.NetworkLocationResponseTimeout(
-                    "Response timeout: {}".format(url)
-                ),
-                e,
-            )
+            raise errors.NetworkLocationResponseTimeout(
+                "Response timeout: {}".format(url)
+            ) from e
         except (
             requests.exceptions.HTTPError,
             requests.exceptions.ContentDecodingError,
             requests.exceptions.ChunkedEncodingError,
             requests.exceptions.RequestException,
         ) as e:
-            raise_from(
-                errors.NetworkLocationResponseFailure(
-                    "Response failure: {}".format(url), response=response
-                ),
-                e,
-            )
+            raise errors.NetworkLocationResponseFailure(
+                "Response failure: {}".format(url), response=response
+            ) from e
 
     def connect(self, raise_if_unavailable=True):  # noqa: C901
         """
@@ -239,9 +229,9 @@ def connect(self, raise_if_unavailable=True):  # noqa: C901
                 "Invalid JSON returned when attempting to connect to a remote server"
             )
             if raise_if_unavailable:
-                raise_from(
-                    errors.NetworkLocationInvalidResponse("Invalid JSON returned"), e
-                )
+                raise errors.NetworkLocationInvalidResponse(
+                    "Invalid JSON returned"
+                ) from e
             return False
 
         return True
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/connections.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/connections.py
index 55fb8433a0a..e32b8edb278 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/connections.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/connections.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import socket
 from contextlib import closing
 from contextlib import contextmanager
+from ipaddress import ip_address
 
 from . import errors
 from .client import NetworkClient
 from .urls import parse_address_into_components
 from kolibri.core.discovery.models import ConnectionStatus
 from kolibri.core.discovery.models import NetworkLocation
-from kolibri.core.discovery.utils.network.ipaddress import ip_address
 
 
 def check_if_port_open(base_url, timeout=1):
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/ipaddress.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/ipaddress.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9afd4d4779b..00000000000
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/ipaddress.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1822 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
-#  Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
-# ToDo: Remove any other unneccesary functions/logic(https://github.com/learningequality/kolibri/issues/10363)
-"""A fast, lightweight IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library in Python.
-
-This library is used to create/poke/manipulate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
-and networks.
-
-"""
-
-__version__ = "1.0"
-
-import functools
-import re
-import six
-from django.utils.functional import cached_property
-from kolibri.utils.lru_cache import lru_cache
-
-IPV4LENGTH = 32
-IPV6LENGTH = 128
-
-
-class AddressValueError(ValueError):
-    """A Value Error related to the address."""
-
-
-class NetmaskValueError(ValueError):
-    """A Value Error related to the netmask."""
-
-
-def ip_address(address):
-    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
-
-    Args:
-        address: A string or integer, the IP address.  Either IPv4 or
-          IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
-          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
-
-    Returns:
-        An IPv4Address or IPv6Address object.
-
-    Raises:
-        ValueError: if the *address* passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
-          address
-
-    """
-    try:
-        return IPv4Address(address)
-    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
-        pass
-
-    try:
-        return IPv6Address(address)
-    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
-        pass
-
-    raise ValueError("%s does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address" % address)
-
-
-def _is_ascii(string):
-    # Match any ASCII character
-    match = re.search(r"^[\x00-\x7F]+$", string)
-    return bool(match)
-
-
-def _is_number(x):
-    return str(x).isdigit() if not isinstance(x, six.string_types) else False
-
-
-def _to_bytes(n, length=1, byteorder="big"):
-    if byteorder == "little":
-        order = range(length)
-    elif byteorder == "big":
-        order = reversed(range(length))
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'")
-
-    return bytes((n >> i * 8) & 0xFF for i in order)
-
-
-def _from_bytes(bytes, byteorder="big", signed=False):
-    if byteorder == "little":
-        little_ordered = list(bytes)
-    elif byteorder == "big":
-        little_ordered = list(reversed(bytes))
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'")
-
-    n = sum(b << i * 8 for i, b in enumerate(little_ordered))
-    if signed and little_ordered and (little_ordered[-1] & 0x80):
-        n -= 1 << 8 * len(little_ordered)
-
-    return n
-
-
-def _split_optional_netmask(address):
-    """Helper to split the netmask and raise AddressValueError if needed"""
-    addr = str(address).split("/")
-    if len(addr) > 2:
-        raise AddressValueError("Only one '/' permitted in %s" % address)
-    return addr
-
-
-def _find_address_range(addresses):
-    """Find a sequence of sorted deduplicated IPv#Address.
-    Args:
-        addresses: a list of IPv#Address objects.
-    Yields:
-        A tuple containing the first and last IP addresses in the sequence.
-    """
-    it = iter(addresses)
-    first = last = next(it)
-    for ip in it:
-        if ip._ip != last._ip + 1:
-            yield first, last
-            first = ip
-        last = ip
-    yield first, last
-
-
-def _count_righthand_zero_bits(number, bits):
-    """Count the number of zero bits on the right hand side.
-    Args:
-        number: an integer.
-        bits: maximum number of bits to count.
-    Returns:
-        The number of zero bits on the right hand side of the number.
-    """
-    if number == 0:
-        return bits
-    return min(bits, (~number & (number - 1)).bit_length())
-
-
-def summarize_address_range(first, last):
-    """Summarize a network range given the first and last IP addresses.
-    Example:
-        >>> list(summarize_address_range(IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'),
-        ...                              IPv4Address('192.0.2.130')))
-        ...                                #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
-        [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'),
-         IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]
-    Args:
-        first: the first IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range.
-        last: the last IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range.
-    Returns:
-        An iterator of the summarized IPv(4|6) network objects.
-    Raise:
-        TypeError:
-            If the first and last objects are not IP addresses.
-            If the first and last objects are not the same version.
-        ValueError:
-            If the last object is not greater than the first.
-            If the version of the first address is not 4 or 6.
-    """
-    if not (isinstance(first, _BaseAddress) and isinstance(last, _BaseAddress)):
-        raise TypeError("first and last must be IP addresses, not networks")
-    if first.version != last.version:
-        raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (first, last))
-    if first > last:
-        raise ValueError("last IP address must be greater than first")
-
-    if first.version == 4:
-        ip = IPv4Network
-    elif first.version == 6:
-        ip = IPv6Network
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("unknown IP version")
-
-    ip_bits = first._max_prefixlen
-    first_int = first._ip
-    last_int = last._ip
-    while first_int <= last_int:
-        nbits = min(
-            _count_righthand_zero_bits(first_int, ip_bits),
-            (last_int - first_int + 1).bit_length() - 1,
-        )
-        net = ip((first_int, ip_bits - nbits))
-        yield net
-        first_int += 1 << nbits
-        if first_int - 1 == ip._ALL_ONES:
-            break
-
-
-def _collapse_addresses_internal(addresses):
-    """Loops through the addresses, collapsing concurrent netblocks.
-    Example:
-        ip1 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26')
-        ip2 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26')
-        ip3 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26')
-        ip4 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')
-        _collapse_addresses_internal([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4]) ->
-          [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
-        This shouldn't be called directly; it is called via
-          collapse_addresses([]).
-    Args:
-        addresses: A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's
-    Returns:
-        A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's depending on what we were
-        passed.
-    """
-    # First merge
-    to_merge = list(addresses)
-    subnets = {}
-    while to_merge:
-        net = to_merge.pop()
-        supernet = net.supernet()
-        existing = subnets.get(supernet)
-        if existing is None:
-            subnets[supernet] = net
-        elif existing != net:
-            # Merge consecutive subnets
-            del subnets[supernet]
-            to_merge.append(supernet)
-    # Then iterate over resulting networks, skipping subsumed subnets
-    last = None
-    for net in sorted(subnets.values()):
-        if last is not None:
-            # Since they are sorted, last.network_address <= net.network_address
-            # is a given.
-            if last.broadcast_address >= net.broadcast_address:
-                continue
-        yield net
-        last = net
-
-
-def collapse_addresses(addresses):  # noqa C901
-    """Collapse a list of IP objects.
-    Example:
-        collapse_addresses([IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'),
-                            IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]) ->
-                           [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
-    Args:
-        addresses: An iterator of IPv4Network or IPv6Network objects.
-    Returns:
-        An iterator of the collapsed IPv(4|6)Network objects.
-    Raises:
-        TypeError: If passed a list of mixed version objects.
-    """
-    addrs = []
-    ips = []
-    nets = []
-
-    # split IP addresses and networks
-    for ip in addresses:
-        if isinstance(ip, _BaseAddress):
-            if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version:
-                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (ip, ips[-1]))
-            ips.append(ip)
-        elif ip._prefixlen == ip._max_prefixlen:
-            if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version:
-                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (ip, ips[-1]))
-            try:
-                ips.append(ip.ip)
-            except AttributeError:
-                ips.append(ip.network_address)
-        else:
-            if nets and nets[-1]._version != ip._version:
-                raise TypeError(
-                    "%s and %s are not of the same version" % (ip, nets[-1])
-                )
-            nets.append(ip)
-
-    # sort and dedup
-    ips = sorted(set(ips))
-
-    # find consecutive address ranges in the sorted sequence and summarize them
-    if ips:
-        for first, last in _find_address_range(ips):
-            addrs.extend(summarize_address_range(first, last))
-
-    return _collapse_addresses_internal(addrs + nets)
-
-
-class _IPAddressBase:
-
-    """The mother class."""
-
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    @property
-    def exploded(self):
-        """Return the longhand version of the IP address as a string."""
-        return self._explode_shorthand_ip_string()
-
-    @property
-    def compressed(self):
-        """Return the shorthand version of the IP address as a string."""
-        return str(self)
-
-    @property
-    def reverse_pointer(self):
-        """The name of the reverse DNS pointer for the IP address, e.g.:
-        >>> ipaddress.ip_address("127.0.0.1").reverse_pointer
-        '1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'
-        >>> ipaddress.ip_address("2001:db8::1").reverse_pointer
-        '1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa'
-        """
-        return self._reverse_pointer()
-
-    @property
-    def version(self):
-        msg = "%200s has no version specified" % (type(self),)
-        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
-
-    def _check_int_address(self, address):
-        if address < 0:
-            msg = "%d (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv%d address"
-            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._version))
-        if address > self._ALL_ONES:
-            msg = "%d (>= 2**%d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address"
-            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._max_prefixlen, self._version))
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _ip_int_from_prefix(cls, prefixlen):
-        """Turn the prefix length into a bitwise netmask
-        Args:
-            prefixlen: An integer, the prefix length.
-        Returns:
-            An integer.
-        """
-        return cls._ALL_ONES ^ (cls._ALL_ONES >> prefixlen)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _prefix_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int):
-        """Return prefix length from the bitwise netmask.
-        Args:
-            ip_int: An integer, the netmask in expanded bitwise format
-        Returns:
-            An integer, the prefix length.
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If the input intermingles zeroes & ones
-        """
-        trailing_zeroes = _count_righthand_zero_bits(ip_int, cls._max_prefixlen)
-        prefixlen = cls._max_prefixlen - trailing_zeroes
-        leading_ones = ip_int >> trailing_zeroes
-        all_ones = (1 << prefixlen) - 1
-        if leading_ones != all_ones:
-            byteslen = cls._max_prefixlen // 8
-            details = _to_bytes(ip_int, byteslen, "big")
-            msg = "Netmask pattern %r mixes zeroes & ones"
-            raise ValueError(msg % details)
-        return prefixlen
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _report_invalid_netmask(cls, netmask_str):
-        msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask_str
-        raise six.raise_from(NetmaskValueError(msg), None)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _prefix_from_prefix_string(cls, prefixlen_str):
-        """Return prefix length from a numeric string
-        Args:
-            prefixlen_str: The string to be converted
-        Returns:
-            An integer, the prefix length.
-        Raises:
-            NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask
-        """
-        # int allows a leading +/- as well as surrounding whitespace,
-        # so we ensure that isn't the case
-        if not (_is_ascii(prefixlen_str) and prefixlen_str.isdigit()):
-            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
-        try:
-            prefixlen = int(prefixlen_str)
-        except ValueError:
-            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
-        if not (0 <= prefixlen <= cls._max_prefixlen):
-            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
-        return prefixlen
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _prefix_from_ip_string(cls, ip_str):
-        """Turn a netmask/hostmask string into a prefix length
-        Args:
-            ip_str: The netmask/hostmask to be converted
-        Returns:
-            An integer, the prefix length.
-        Raises:
-            NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask/hostmask
-        """
-        # Parse the netmask/hostmask like an IP address.
-        try:
-            ip_int = cls._ip_int_from_string(ip_str)
-        except AddressValueError:
-            cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str)
-
-        # Try matching a netmask (this would be /1*0*/ as a bitwise regexp).
-        # Note that the two ambiguous cases (all-ones and all-zeroes) are
-        # treated as netmasks.
-        try:
-            return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int)
-        except ValueError:
-            pass
-
-        # Invert the bits, and try matching a /0+1+/ hostmask instead.
-        ip_int ^= cls._ALL_ONES
-        try:
-            return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int)
-        except ValueError:
-            cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _split_addr_prefix(cls, address):
-        """Helper function to parse address of Network/Interface.
-        Arg:
-            address: Argument of Network/Interface.
-        Returns:
-            (addr, prefix) tuple.
-        """
-
-        if _is_number(address):
-            return address, cls._max_prefixlen
-
-        if not isinstance(address, tuple):
-            # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
-            # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string.
-            address = _split_optional_netmask(address)
-
-        # Constructing from a tuple (addr, [mask])
-        if len(address) > 1:
-            return address
-        return address[0], cls._max_prefixlen
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return self.__class__, (str(self),)
-
-
-_address_fmt_re = None
-
-
-@functools.total_ordering
-class _BaseAddress(_IPAddressBase):
-
-    """A generic IP object.
-    This IP class contains the version independent methods which are
-    used by single IP addresses.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def __int__(self):
-        return self._ip
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        try:
-            return self._ip == other._ip and self._version == other._version
-        except AttributeError:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, _BaseAddress):
-            return NotImplemented
-        if self._version != other._version:
-            raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (self, other))
-        if self._ip != other._ip:
-            return self._ip < other._ip
-        return False
-
-    # Shorthand for Integer addition and subtraction. This is not
-    # meant to ever support addition/subtraction of addresses.
-    def __add__(self, other):
-        if not _is_number(other):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return self.__class__(int(self) + other)
-
-    def __sub__(self, other):
-        if not _is_number(other):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return self.__class__(int(self) - other)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return str(self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip))
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(hex(int(self._ip)))
-
-    def _get_address_key(self):
-        return (self._version, self)
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return self.__class__, (self._ip,)
-
-    def __format__(self, fmt):
-        """Returns an IP address as a formatted string.
-        Supported presentation types are:
-        's': returns the IP address as a string (default)
-        'b': converts to binary and returns a zero-padded string
-        'X' or 'x': converts to upper- or lower-case hex and returns a zero-padded string
-        'n': the same as 'b' for IPv4 and 'x' for IPv6
-        For binary and hex presentation types, the alternate form specifier
-        '#' and the grouping option '_' are supported.
-        """
-
-        # Support string formatting
-        if not fmt or fmt[-1] == "s":
-            return format(str(self), fmt)
-
-        # From here on down, support for 'bnXx'
-        global _address_fmt_re
-        if _address_fmt_re is None:
-            import re
-
-            _address_fmt_re = re.compile("(#?)(_?)([xbnX])")
-
-        m = _address_fmt_re.fullmatch(fmt)
-        if not m:
-            return super().__format__(fmt)
-
-        alternate, grouping, fmt_base = m.groups()
-
-        # Set some defaults
-        if fmt_base == "n":
-            if self._version == 4:
-                fmt_base = "b"  # Binary is default for ipv4
-            else:
-                fmt_base = "x"  # Hex is default for ipv6
-
-        if fmt_base == "b":
-            padlen = self._max_prefixlen
-        else:
-            padlen = self._max_prefixlen // 4
-
-        if grouping:
-            padlen += padlen // 4 - 1
-
-        if alternate:
-            padlen += 2  # 0b or 0x
-
-        return format(int(self), "%s0%s%s%s" % (alternate, padlen, grouping, fmt_base))
-
-
-@functools.total_ordering
-class _BaseNetwork(_IPAddressBase):
-    """A generic IP network object.
-    This IP class contains the version independent methods which are
-    used by networks.
-    """
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "%s/%d" % (self.network_address, self.prefixlen)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        network = int(self.network_address)
-        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
-        for x in range(network, broadcast + 1):
-            yield self._address_class(x)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, n):
-        network = int(self.network_address)
-        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
-        if n >= 0:
-            if network + n > broadcast:
-                raise IndexError("address out of range")
-            return self._address_class(network + n)
-        else:
-            n += 1
-            if broadcast + n < network:
-                raise IndexError("address out of range")
-            return self._address_class(broadcast + n)
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
-            return NotImplemented
-        if self._version != other._version:
-            raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (self, other))
-        if self.network_address != other.network_address:
-            return self.network_address < other.network_address
-        if self.netmask != other.netmask:
-            return self.netmask < other.netmask
-        return False
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        try:
-            return (
-                self._version == other._version
-                and self.network_address == other.network_address
-                and int(self.netmask) == int(other.netmask)
-            )
-        except AttributeError:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(int(self.network_address) ^ int(self.netmask))
-
-    def __contains__(self, other):
-        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
-        if self._version != other._version:
-            return False
-        # dealing with another network.
-        if isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
-            return False
-        # dealing with another address
-        else:
-            # address
-            return other._ip & self.netmask._ip == self.network_address._ip
-
-    def overlaps(self, other):
-        """Tell if self is partly contained in other."""
-        return self.network_address in other or (
-            self.broadcast_address in other
-            or (other.network_address in self or (other.broadcast_address in self))
-        )
-
-    @cached_property
-    def broadcast_address(self):
-        return self._address_class(int(self.network_address) | int(self.hostmask))
-
-    @cached_property
-    def hostmask(self):
-        return self._address_class(int(self.netmask) ^ self._ALL_ONES)
-
-    @property
-    def with_prefixlen(self):
-        return "%s/%d" % (self.network_address, self._prefixlen)
-
-    @property
-    def with_netmask(self):
-        return "%s/%s" % (self.network_address, self.netmask)
-
-    @property
-    def with_hostmask(self):
-        return "%s/%s" % (self.network_address, self.hostmask)
-
-    @property
-    def num_addresses(self):
-        """Number of hosts in the current subnet."""
-        return int(self.broadcast_address) - int(self.network_address) + 1
-
-    @property
-    def _address_class(self):
-        # Returning bare address objects (rather than interfaces) allows for
-        # more consistent behaviour across the network address, broadcast
-        # address and individual host addresses.
-        msg = "%200s has no associated address class" % (type(self),)
-        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
-
-    @property
-    def prefixlen(self):
-        return self._prefixlen
-
-    def address_exclude(self, other):
-        """Remove an address from a larger block.
-        For example:
-            addr1 = ip_network('192.0.2.0/28')
-            addr2 = ip_network('192.0.2.1/32')
-            list(addr1.address_exclude(addr2)) =
-                [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/32'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.2/31'),
-                 IPv4Network('192.0.2.4/30'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.8/29')]
-        or IPv6:
-            addr1 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/32')
-            addr2 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/128')
-            list(addr1.address_exclude(addr2)) =
-                [ip_network('2001:db8::1/128'),
-                 ip_network('2001:db8::2/127'),
-                 ip_network('2001:db8::4/126'),
-                 ip_network('2001:db8::8/125'),
-                 ...
-                 ip_network('2001:db8:8000::/33')]
-        Args:
-            other: An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object of the same type.
-        Returns:
-            An iterator of the IPv(4|6)Network objects which is self
-            minus other.
-        Raises:
-            TypeError: If self and other are of differing address
-              versions, or if other is not a network object.
-            ValueError: If other is not completely contained by self.
-        """
-        if not self._version == other._version:
-            raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (self, other))
-
-        if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
-            raise TypeError("%s is not a network object" % other)
-
-        if not other.subnet_of(self):
-            raise ValueError("%s not contained in %s" % (other, self))
-        if other == self:
-            return
-
-        # Make sure we're comparing the network of other.
-        other = other.__class__("%s/%s" % (other.network_address, other.prefixlen))
-
-        s1, s2 = self.subnets()
-        while s1 != other and s2 != other:
-            if other.subnet_of(s1):
-                yield s2
-                s1, s2 = s1.subnets()
-            elif other.subnet_of(s2):
-                yield s1
-                s1, s2 = s2.subnets()
-            else:
-                # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere.
-                raise AssertionError(
-                    "Error performing exclusion: "
-                    "s1: %s s2: %s other: %s" % (s1, s2, other)
-                )
-        if s1 == other:
-            yield s2
-        elif s2 == other:
-            yield s1
-        else:
-            # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere.
-            raise AssertionError(
-                "Error performing exclusion: "
-                "s1: %s s2: %s other: %s" % (s1, s2, other)
-            )
-
-    def compare_networks(self, other):
-        """Compare two IP objects.
-        This is only concerned about the comparison of the integer
-        representation of the network addresses.  This means that the
-        host bits aren't considered at all in this method.  If you want
-        to compare host bits, you can easily enough do a
-        'HostA._ip < HostB._ip'
-        Args:
-            other: An IP object.
-        Returns:
-            If the IP versions of self and other are the same, returns:
-            -1 if self < other:
-              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25') < IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')
-              IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') <
-                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124')
-            0 if self == other
-              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24') == IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
-              IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') ==
-                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124')
-            1 if self > other
-              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25') > IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25')
-                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124') >
-                      IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124')
-          Raises:
-              TypeError if the IP versions are different.
-        """
-        # does this need to raise a ValueError?
-        if self._version != other._version:
-            raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same type" % (self, other))
-        # self._version == other._version below here:
-        if self.network_address < other.network_address:
-            return -1
-        if self.network_address > other.network_address:
-            return 1
-        # self.network_address == other.network_address below here:
-        if self.netmask < other.netmask:
-            return -1
-        if self.netmask > other.netmask:
-            return 1
-        return 0
-
-    def _get_networks_key(self):
-        """Network-only key function.
-        Returns an object that identifies this address' network and
-        netmask. This function is a suitable "key" argument for sorted()
-        and list.sort().
-        """
-        return (self._version, self.network_address, self.netmask)
-
-    def subnets(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None):
-        """The subnets which join to make the current subnet.
-        In the case that self contains only one IP
-        (self._prefixlen == 32 for IPv4 or self._prefixlen == 128
-        for IPv6), yield an iterator with just ourself.
-        Args:
-            prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length
-              should be increased by. This should not be set if
-              new_prefix is also set.
-            new_prefix: The desired new prefix length. This must be a
-              larger number (smaller prefix) than the existing prefix.
-              This should not be set if prefixlen_diff is also set.
-        Returns:
-            An iterator of IPv(4|6) objects.
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: The prefixlen_diff is too small or too large.
-                OR
-            prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix
-              is a smaller number than the current prefix (smaller
-              number means a larger network)
-        """
-        if self._prefixlen == self._max_prefixlen:
-            yield self
-            return
-
-        if new_prefix is not None:
-            if new_prefix < self._prefixlen:
-                raise ValueError("new prefix must be longer")
-            if prefixlen_diff != 1:
-                raise ValueError("cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix")
-            prefixlen_diff = new_prefix - self._prefixlen
-
-        if prefixlen_diff < 0:
-            raise ValueError("prefix length diff must be > 0")
-        new_prefixlen = self._prefixlen + prefixlen_diff
-
-        if new_prefixlen > self._max_prefixlen:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "prefix length diff %d is invalid for netblock %s"
-                % (new_prefixlen, self)
-            )
-
-        start = int(self.network_address)
-        end = int(self.broadcast_address) + 1
-        step = (int(self.hostmask) + 1) >> prefixlen_diff
-        for new_addr in range(start, end, step):
-            current = self.__class__((new_addr, new_prefixlen))
-            yield current
-
-    def supernet(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None):
-        """The supernet containing the current network.
-        Args:
-            prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length of
-              the network should be decreased by.  For example, given a
-              /24 network and a prefixlen_diff of 3, a supernet with a
-              /21 netmask is returned.
-        Returns:
-            An IPv4 network object.
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff < 0. I.e., you have
-              a negative prefix length.
-                OR
-            If prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix is a
-              larger number than the current prefix (larger number means a
-              smaller network)
-        """
-        if self._prefixlen == 0:
-            return self
-
-        if new_prefix is not None:
-            if new_prefix > self._prefixlen:
-                raise ValueError("new prefix must be shorter")
-            if prefixlen_diff != 1:
-                raise ValueError("cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix")
-            prefixlen_diff = self._prefixlen - new_prefix
-
-        new_prefixlen = self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff
-        if new_prefixlen < 0:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "current prefixlen is %d, cannot have a prefixlen_diff of %d"
-                % (self.prefixlen, prefixlen_diff)
-            )
-        return self.__class__(
-            (
-                int(self.network_address) & (int(self.netmask) << prefixlen_diff),
-                new_prefixlen,
-            )
-        )
-
-    @property
-    def is_multicast(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address.
-            See RFC 2373 2.7 for details.
-        """
-        return self.network_address.is_multicast and self.broadcast_address.is_multicast
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _is_subnet_of(a, b):
-        try:
-            # Always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
-            if a._version != b._version:
-                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (a, b))
-            return (
-                b.network_address <= a.network_address
-                and b.broadcast_address >= a.broadcast_address
-            )
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise TypeError(
-                "Unable to test subnet containment between %s and %s" % (a, b)
-            )
-
-    def subnet_of(self, other):
-        """Return True if this network is a subnet of other."""
-        return self._is_subnet_of(self, other)
-
-    def supernet_of(self, other):
-        """Return True if this network is a supernet of other."""
-        return self._is_subnet_of(other, self)
-
-    @property
-    def is_reserved(self):
-        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is within one of the
-            reserved IPv6 Network ranges.
-        """
-        return self.network_address.is_reserved and self.broadcast_address.is_reserved
-
-    @property
-    def is_link_local(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291.
-        """
-        return (
-            self.network_address.is_link_local and self.broadcast_address.is_link_local
-        )
-
-    @property
-    def is_private(self):
-        """Test if this network belongs to a private range.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the network is reserved per
-            iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry.
-        """
-        return any(
-            self.network_address in priv_network
-            and self.broadcast_address in priv_network
-            for priv_network in self._constants._private_networks
-        )
-
-    @property
-    def is_global(self):
-        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per
-            iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry.
-        """
-        return not self.is_private
-
-    @property
-    def is_unspecified(self):
-        """Test if the address is unspecified.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
-            RFC 2373 2.5.2.
-        """
-        return (
-            self.network_address.is_unspecified
-            and self.broadcast_address.is_unspecified
-        )
-
-    @property
-    def is_loopback(self):
-        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in
-            RFC 2373 2.5.3.
-        """
-        return self.network_address.is_loopback and self.broadcast_address.is_loopback
-
-
-class _BaseConstants:
-
-    _private_networks = []
-
-
-_BaseNetwork._constants = _BaseConstants
-
-
-class _BaseV4:
-
-    """Base IPv4 object.
-    The following methods are used by IPv4 objects in both single IP
-    addresses and networks.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ()
-    _version = 4
-    # Equivalent to 255.255.255.255 or 32 bits of 1's.
-    _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV4LENGTH) - 1
-
-    _max_prefixlen = IPV4LENGTH
-    # There are only a handful of valid v4 netmasks, so we cache them all
-    # when constructed (see _make_netmask()).
-    _netmask_cache = {}
-
-    def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
-        return str(self)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _make_netmask(cls, arg):
-        """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument.
-        Argument can be:
-        - an integer (the prefix length)
-        - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24")
-        - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "255.255.255.0")
-        """
-        if arg not in cls._netmask_cache:
-            if _is_number(arg):
-                prefixlen = arg
-                if not (0 <= prefixlen <= cls._max_prefixlen):
-                    cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen)
-            else:
-                try:
-                    # Check for a netmask in prefix length form
-                    prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg)
-                except NetmaskValueError:
-                    # Check for a netmask or hostmask in dotted-quad form.
-                    # This may raise NetmaskValueError.
-                    prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_ip_string(arg)
-            netmask = IPv4Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen))
-            cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen
-        return cls._netmask_cache[arg]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str):
-        """Turn the given IP string into an integer for comparison.
-        Args:
-            ip_str: A string, the IP ip_str.
-        Returns:
-            The IP ip_str as an integer.
-        Raises:
-            AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv4 Address.
-        """
-        if not ip_str:
-            raise AddressValueError("Address cannot be empty")
-
-        octets = ip_str.split(".")
-        if len(octets) != 4:
-            raise AddressValueError("Expected 4 octets in %r" % ip_str)
-
-        try:
-            return _from_bytes(list(map(cls._parse_octet, octets)))
-        except ValueError as exc:
-            raise six.raise_from(AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str)), None)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _parse_octet(cls, octet_str):
-        """Convert a decimal octet into an integer.
-        Args:
-            octet_str: A string, the number to parse.
-        Returns:
-            The octet as an integer.
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: if the octet isn't strictly a decimal from [0..255].
-        """
-        if not octet_str:
-            raise ValueError("Empty octet not permitted")
-        # Reject non-ASCII digits.
-        if not (_is_ascii(octet_str) and octet_str.isdigit()):
-            msg = "Only decimal digits permitted in %r"
-            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
-        # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error
-        # is likely to be more informative for the user
-        if len(octet_str) > 3:
-            msg = "At most 3 characters permitted in %r"
-            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
-        # Handle leading zeros as strict as glibc's inet_pton()
-        # See security bug bpo-36384
-        if octet_str != "0" and octet_str[0] == "0":
-            msg = "Leading zeros are not permitted in %r"
-            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
-        # Convert to integer (we know digits are legal)
-        octet_int = int(octet_str, 10)
-        if octet_int > 255:
-            raise ValueError("Octet %d (> 255) not permitted" % octet_int)
-        return octet_int
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int):
-        """Turns a 32-bit integer into dotted decimal notation.
-        Args:
-            ip_int: An integer, the IP address.
-        Returns:
-            The IP address as a string in dotted decimal notation.
-        """
-        return ".".join(list(map(str, _to_bytes(ip_int, 4, "big"))))
-
-    def _reverse_pointer(self):
-        """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv4 address.
-        This implements the method described in RFC1035 3.5.
-        """
-        reverse_octets = str(self).split(".")[::-1]
-        return ".".join(reverse_octets) + ".in-addr.arpa"
-
-    @property
-    def max_prefixlen(self):
-        return self._max_prefixlen
-
-    @property
-    def version(self):
-        return self._version
-
-
-class IPv4Address(_BaseV4, _BaseAddress):
-
-    """Represent and manipulate single IPv4 Addresses."""
-
-    __slots__ = ("_ip", "__weakref__")
-
-    def __init__(self, address):
-        """
-        Args:
-            address: A string or integer representing the IP
-              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
-              IPv4Address('192.0.2.1') == IPv4Address(3221225985).
-              or, more generally
-              IPv4Address(int(IPv4Address('192.0.2.1'))) ==
-                IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
-        Raises:
-            AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address.
-        """
-        # Efficient constructor from integer.
-        if _is_number(address):
-            self._check_int_address(address)
-            self._ip = address
-            return
-
-        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
-        # which converts into a formatted IP string.
-        addr_str = str(address)
-        if "/" in addr_str:
-            raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %s" % address)
-        self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str)
-
-    @property
-    def is_reserved(self):
-        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is within the
-            reserved IPv4 Network range.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._reserved_network
-
-    @property
-    @lru_cache()
-    def is_private(self):
-        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
-            iana-ipv4-special-registry.
-        """
-        return any([self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks])
-
-    @property
-    @lru_cache()
-    def is_global(self):
-        return self not in self._constants._public_network and not self.is_private
-
-    @property
-    def is_multicast(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is multicast.
-            See RFC 3171 for details.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._multicast_network
-
-    @property
-    def is_unspecified(self):
-        """Test if the address is unspecified.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
-            RFC 5735 3.
-        """
-        return self == self._constants._unspecified_address
-
-    @property
-    def is_loopback(self):
-        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback per RFC 3330.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._loopback_network
-
-    @property
-    def is_link_local(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is link-local per RFC 3927.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._linklocal_network
-
-
-class IPv4Network(_BaseV4, _BaseNetwork):
-
-    """This class represents and manipulates 32-bit IPv4 network + addresses..
-    Attributes: [examples for IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/27')]
-        .network_address: IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
-        .hostmask: IPv4Address('0.0.0.31')
-        .broadcast_address: IPv4Address('192.0.2.32')
-        .netmask: IPv4Address('255.255.255.224')
-        .prefixlen: 27
-    """
-
-    # Class to use when creating address objects
-    _address_class = IPv4Address
-
-    def __init__(self, address, strict=True):
-        """Instantiate a new IPv4 network object.
-        Args:
-            address: A string or integer representing the IP [& network].
-              '192.0.2.0/24'
-              '192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0'
-              '192.0.2.0/0.0.0.255'
-              are all functionally the same in IPv4. Similarly,
-              '192.0.2.1'
-              '192.0.2.1/255.255.255.255'
-              '192.0.2.1/32'
-              are also functionally equivalent. That is to say, failing to
-              provide a subnetmask will create an object with a mask of /32.
-              If the mask (portion after the / in the argument) is given in
-              dotted quad form, it is treated as a netmask if it starts with a
-              non-zero field (e.g. /255.0.0.0 == /8) and as a hostmask if it
-              starts with a zero field (e.g. 0.255.255.255 == /8), with the
-              single exception of an all-zero mask which is treated as a
-              netmask == /0. If no mask is given, a default of /32 is used.
-              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
-              IPv4Network('192.0.2.1') == IPv4Network(3221225985)
-              or, more generally
-              IPv4Interface(int(IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1'))) ==
-                IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1')
-        Raises:
-            AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address.
-            NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for
-              an IPv4 address.
-            ValueError: If strict is True and a network address is not
-              supplied.
-        """
-        addr, mask = self._split_addr_prefix(address)
-
-        self.network_address = IPv4Address(addr)
-        self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(mask)
-
-    @property
-    @lru_cache()
-    def is_global(self):
-        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per
-            iana-ipv4-special-registry.
-        """
-        return (
-            not (
-                self.network_address in IPv4Network("100.64.0.0/10")
-                and self.broadcast_address in IPv4Network("100.64.0.0/10")
-            )
-            and not self.is_private
-        )
-
-
-class _IPv4Constants:
-    _linklocal_network = IPv4Network("169.254.0.0/16")
-
-    _loopback_network = IPv4Network("127.0.0.0/8")
-
-    _multicast_network = IPv4Network("224.0.0.0/4")
-
-    _public_network = IPv4Network("100.64.0.0/10")
-
-    _private_networks = [
-        IPv4Network("0.0.0.0/8"),
-        IPv4Network("10.0.0.0/8"),
-        IPv4Network("127.0.0.0/8"),
-        IPv4Network("169.254.0.0/16"),
-        IPv4Network("172.16.0.0/12"),
-        IPv4Network("192.0.0.0/29"),
-        IPv4Network("192.0.0.170/31"),
-        IPv4Network("192.0.2.0/24"),
-        IPv4Network("192.168.0.0/16"),
-        IPv4Network("198.18.0.0/15"),
-        IPv4Network("198.51.100.0/24"),
-        IPv4Network("203.0.113.0/24"),
-        IPv4Network("240.0.0.0/4"),
-        IPv4Network("255.255.255.255/32"),
-    ]
-
-    _reserved_network = IPv4Network("240.0.0.0/4")
-
-    _unspecified_address = IPv4Address("0.0.0.0")
-
-
-IPv4Address._constants = _IPv4Constants
-IPv4Network._constants = _IPv4Constants
-
-
-class _BaseV6:
-
-    """Base IPv6 object.
-    The following methods are used by IPv6 objects in both single IP
-    addresses and networks.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ()
-    _version = 6
-    _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV6LENGTH) - 1
-    _HEXTET_COUNT = 8
-    _HEX_DIGITS = frozenset("0123456789ABCDEFabcdef")
-    _max_prefixlen = IPV6LENGTH
-
-    # There are only a bunch of valid v6 netmasks, so we cache them all
-    # when constructed (see _make_netmask()).
-    _netmask_cache = {}
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _make_netmask(cls, arg):
-        """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument.
-        Argument can be:
-        - an integer (the prefix length)
-        - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24")
-        - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "255.255.255.0")
-        """
-        if arg not in cls._netmask_cache:
-            if _is_number(arg):
-                prefixlen = arg
-                if not (0 <= prefixlen <= cls._max_prefixlen):
-                    cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen)
-            else:
-                prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg)
-            netmask = IPv6Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen))
-            cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen
-        return cls._netmask_cache[arg]
-
-    @classmethod  # noqa C901
-    def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str):  # noqa C901
-        """Turn an IPv6 ip_str into an integer.
-        Args:
-            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 ip_str.
-        Returns:
-            An int, the IPv6 address
-        Raises:
-            AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv6 Address.
-        """
-        if not ip_str:
-            raise AddressValueError("Address cannot be empty")
-
-        parts = ip_str.split(":")
-        # An IPv6 address needs at least 2 colons (3 parts).
-        _min_parts = 3
-        if len(parts) < _min_parts:
-            msg = "At least %d parts expected in %r" % (_min_parts, ip_str)
-            raise AddressValueError(msg)
-
-        # If the address has an IPv4-style suffix, convert it to hexadecimal.
-        if "." in parts[-1]:
-            try:
-                ipv4_int = IPv4Address(parts.pop())._ip
-            except AddressValueError as exc:
-                raise six.raise_from(
-                    AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str)), None
-                )
-            parts.append("%x" % ((ipv4_int >> 16) & 0xFFFF))
-            parts.append("%x" % (ipv4_int & 0xFFFF))
-
-        # An IPv6 address can't have more than 8 colons (9 parts).
-        # The extra colon comes from using the "::" notation for a single
-        # leading or trailing zero part.
-        _max_parts = cls._HEXTET_COUNT + 1
-        if len(parts) > _max_parts:
-            msg = "At most %d colons permitted in %r" % (_max_parts - 1, ip_str)
-            raise AddressValueError(msg)
-
-        # Disregarding the endpoints, find '::' with nothing in between.
-        # This indicates that a run of zeroes has been skipped.
-        skip_index = None
-        for i in range(1, len(parts) - 1):
-            if not parts[i]:
-                if skip_index is not None:
-                    # Can't have more than one '::'
-                    msg = "At most one '::' permitted in %r" % ip_str
-                    raise AddressValueError(msg)
-                skip_index = i
-
-        # parts_hi is the number of parts to copy from above/before the '::'
-        # parts_lo is the number of parts to copy from below/after the '::'
-        if skip_index is not None:
-            # If we found a '::', then check if it also covers the endpoints.
-            parts_hi = skip_index
-            parts_lo = len(parts) - skip_index - 1
-            if not parts[0]:
-                parts_hi -= 1
-                if parts_hi:
-                    msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
-                    raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # ^: requires ^::
-            if not parts[-1]:
-                parts_lo -= 1
-                if parts_lo:
-                    msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
-                    raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # :$ requires ::$
-            parts_skipped = cls._HEXTET_COUNT - (parts_hi + parts_lo)
-            if parts_skipped < 1:
-                msg = "Expected at most %d other parts with '::' in %r"
-                raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT - 1, ip_str))
-        else:
-            # Otherwise, allocate the entire address to parts_hi.  The
-            # endpoints could still be empty, but _parse_hextet() will check
-            # for that.
-            if len(parts) != cls._HEXTET_COUNT:
-                msg = "Exactly %d parts expected without '::' in %r"
-                raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT, ip_str))
-            if not parts[0]:
-                msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
-                raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # ^: requires ^::
-            if not parts[-1]:
-                msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
-                raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # :$ requires ::$
-            parts_hi = len(parts)
-            parts_lo = 0
-            parts_skipped = 0
-
-        try:
-            # Now, parse the hextets into a 128-bit integer.
-            ip_int = 0
-            for i in range(parts_hi):
-                ip_int <<= 16
-                ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i])
-            ip_int <<= 16 * parts_skipped
-            for i in range(-parts_lo, 0):
-                ip_int <<= 16
-                ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i])
-            return ip_int
-        except ValueError as exc:
-            raise six.raise_from(AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str)), None)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _parse_hextet(cls, hextet_str):
-        """Convert an IPv6 hextet string into an integer.
-        Args:
-            hextet_str: A string, the number to parse.
-        Returns:
-            The hextet as an integer.
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: if the input isn't strictly a hex number from
-              [0..FFFF].
-        """
-        # Reject non-ASCII digits.
-        if not cls._HEX_DIGITS.issuperset(hextet_str):
-            raise ValueError("Only hex digits permitted in %r" % hextet_str)
-        # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error
-        # is likely to be more informative for the user
-        if len(hextet_str) > 4:
-            msg = "At most 4 characters permitted in %r"
-            raise ValueError(msg % hextet_str)
-        # Length check means we can skip checking the integer value
-        return int(hextet_str, 16)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _compress_hextets(cls, hextets):
-        """Compresses a list of hextets.
-        Compresses a list of strings, replacing the longest continuous
-        sequence of "0" in the list with "" and adding empty strings at
-        the beginning or at the end of the string such that subsequently
-        calling ":".join(hextets) will produce the compressed version of
-        the IPv6 address.
-        Args:
-            hextets: A list of strings, the hextets to compress.
-        Returns:
-            A list of strings.
-        """
-        best_doublecolon_start = -1
-        best_doublecolon_len = 0
-        doublecolon_start = -1
-        doublecolon_len = 0
-        for index, hextet in enumerate(hextets):
-            if hextet == "0":
-                doublecolon_len += 1
-                if doublecolon_start == -1:
-                    # Start of a sequence of zeros.
-                    doublecolon_start = index
-                if doublecolon_len > best_doublecolon_len:
-                    # This is the longest sequence of zeros so far.
-                    best_doublecolon_len = doublecolon_len
-                    best_doublecolon_start = doublecolon_start
-            else:
-                doublecolon_len = 0
-                doublecolon_start = -1
-
-        if best_doublecolon_len > 1:
-            best_doublecolon_end = best_doublecolon_start + best_doublecolon_len
-            # For zeros at the end of the address.
-            if best_doublecolon_end == len(hextets):
-                hextets += [""]
-            hextets[best_doublecolon_start:best_doublecolon_end] = [""]
-            # For zeros at the beginning of the address.
-            if best_doublecolon_start == 0:
-                hextets = [""] + hextets
-
-        return hextets
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int=None):
-        """Turns a 128-bit integer into hexadecimal notation.
-        Args:
-            ip_int: An integer, the IP address.
-        Returns:
-            A string, the hexadecimal representation of the address.
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: The address is bigger than 128 bits of all ones.
-        """
-        if ip_int is None:
-            ip_int = int(cls._ip)
-
-        if ip_int > cls._ALL_ONES:
-            raise ValueError("IPv6 address is too large")
-
-        hex_str = "%032x" % ip_int
-        hextets = ["%x" % int(hex_str[x : x + 4], 16) for x in range(0, 32, 4)]
-
-        hextets = cls._compress_hextets(hextets)
-        return ":".join(hextets)
-
-    def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
-        """Expand a shortened IPv6 address.
-        Args:
-            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 address.
-        Returns:
-            A string, the expanded IPv6 address.
-        """
-        if isinstance(self, IPv6Network):
-            ip_str = str(self.network_address)
-        else:
-            ip_str = str(self)
-
-        ip_int = self._ip_int_from_string(ip_str)
-        hex_str = "%032x" % ip_int
-        parts = [hex_str[x : x + 4] for x in range(0, 32, 4)]
-
-        return ":".join(parts)
-
-    def _reverse_pointer(self):
-        """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv6 address.
-        This implements the method described in RFC3596 2.5.
-        """
-        reverse_chars = self.exploded[::-1].replace(":", "")
-        return ".".join(reverse_chars) + ".ip6.arpa"
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _split_scope_id(ip_str):
-        """Helper function to parse IPv6 string address with scope id.
-        See RFC 4007 for details.
-        Args:
-            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 address.
-        Returns:
-            (addr, scope_id) tuple.
-        """
-        addr, sep, scope_id = ip_str.partition("%")
-        if not sep:
-            scope_id = None
-        elif not scope_id or "%" in scope_id:
-            raise AddressValueError('Invalid IPv6 address: "%r"' % ip_str)
-        return addr, scope_id
-
-    @property
-    def max_prefixlen(self):
-        return self._max_prefixlen
-
-    @property
-    def version(self):
-        return self._version
-
-
-class IPv6Address(_BaseV6, _BaseAddress):
-
-    """Represent and manipulate single IPv6 Addresses."""
-
-    __slots__ = ("_ip", "_scope_id", "__weakref__")
-
-    def __init__(self, address):
-        """Instantiate a new IPv6 address object.
-        Args:
-            address: A string or integer representing the IP
-              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
-              IPv6Address('2001:db8::') ==
-                IPv6Address(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
-              or, more generally
-              IPv6Address(int(IPv6Address('2001:db8::'))) ==
-                IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
-        Raises:
-            AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address.
-        """
-
-        # Efficient constructor from integer.
-        if _is_number(address):
-            self._check_int_address(address)
-            self._ip = address
-            self._scope_id = None
-            return
-
-        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
-        # which converts into a formatted IP string.
-        addr_str = str(address)
-        if "/" in addr_str:
-            raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %s" % address)
-        addr_str, self._scope_id = self._split_scope_id(addr_str)
-        self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str)
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        ip_str = super().__str__()
-        return ip_str + "%" + self._scope_id if self._scope_id else ip_str
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash((self._ip, self._scope_id))
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        address_equal = super().__eq__(other)
-        if address_equal is NotImplemented:
-            return NotImplemented
-        if not address_equal:
-            return False
-        return self._scope_id == getattr(other, "_scope_id", None)
-
-    @property
-    def scope_id(self):
-        """Identifier of a particular zone of the address's scope.
-        See RFC 4007 for details.
-        Returns:
-            A string identifying the zone of the address if specified, else None.
-        """
-        return self._scope_id
-
-    @property
-    def is_multicast(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address.
-            See RFC 2373 2.7 for details.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._multicast_network
-
-    @property
-    def is_reserved(self):
-        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is within one of the
-            reserved IPv6 Network ranges.
-        """
-        return any(self in x for x in self._constants._reserved_networks)
-
-    @property
-    def is_link_local(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._linklocal_network
-
-    @property
-    def is_site_local(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for site-local.
-        Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879.
-        Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local
-        addresses as defined by RFC 4193.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6.
-        """
-        return self in self._constants._sitelocal_network
-
-    @property
-    @lru_cache()
-    def is_private(self):
-        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
-            iana-ipv6-special-registry, or is ipv4_mapped and is
-            reserved in the iana-ipv4-special-registry.
-        """
-        ipv4_mapped = self.ipv4_mapped
-        if ipv4_mapped is not None:
-            return ipv4_mapped.is_private
-        return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks)
-
-    @property
-    def is_global(self):
-        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, true if the address is not reserved per
-            iana-ipv6-special-registry.
-        """
-        return not self.is_private
-
-    @property
-    def is_unspecified(self):
-        """Test if the address is unspecified.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
-            RFC 2373 2.5.2.
-        """
-        return self._ip == 0
-
-    @property
-    def is_loopback(self):
-        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in
-            RFC 2373 2.5.3.
-        """
-        return self._ip == 1
-
-    @property
-    def ipv4_mapped(self):
-        """Return the IPv4 mapped address.
-        Returns:
-            If the IPv6 address is a v4 mapped address, return the
-            IPv4 mapped address. Return None otherwise.
-        """
-        if (self._ip >> 32) != 0xFFFF:
-            return None
-        return IPv4Address(self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF)
-
-    @property
-    def teredo(self):
-        """Tuple of embedded teredo IPs.
-        Returns:
-            Tuple of the (server, client) IPs or None if the address
-            doesn't appear to be a teredo address (doesn't start with
-            2001::/32)
-        """
-        if (self._ip >> 96) != 0x20010000:
-            return None
-        return (
-            IPv4Address((self._ip >> 64) & 0xFFFFFFFF),
-            IPv4Address(~self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF),
-        )
-
-    @property
-    def sixtofour(self):
-        """Return the IPv4 6to4 embedded address.
-        Returns:
-            The IPv4 6to4-embedded address if present or None if the
-            address doesn't appear to contain a 6to4 embedded address.
-        """
-        if (self._ip >> 112) != 0x2002:
-            return None
-        return IPv4Address((self._ip >> 80) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
-
-
-class IPv6Network(_BaseV6, _BaseNetwork):
-
-    """This class represents and manipulates 128-bit IPv6 networks.
-    Attributes: [examples for IPv6('2001:db8::1000/124')]
-        .network_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
-        .hostmask: IPv6Address('::f')
-        .broadcast_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::100f')
-        .netmask: IPv6Address('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0')
-        .prefixlen: 124
-    """
-
-    # Class to use when creating address objects
-    _address_class = IPv6Address
-
-    def __init__(self, address, strict=True):
-        """Instantiate a new IPv6 Network object.
-        Args:
-            address: A string or integer representing the IPv6 network or the
-              IP and prefix/netmask.
-              '2001:db8::/128'
-              '2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/128'
-              '2001:db8::'
-              are all functionally the same in IPv6.  That is to say,
-              failing to provide a subnetmask will create an object with
-              a mask of /128.
-              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
-              IPv6Network('2001:db8::') ==
-                IPv6Network(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
-              or, more generally
-              IPv6Network(int(IPv6Network('2001:db8::'))) ==
-                IPv6Network('2001:db8::')
-            strict: A boolean. If true, ensure that we have been passed
-              A true network address, eg, 2001:db8::1000/124 and not an
-              IP address on a network, eg, 2001:db8::1/124.
-        Raises:
-            AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address.
-            NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for
-              an IPv6 address.
-            ValueError: If strict was True and a network address was not
-              supplied.
-        """
-        addr, mask = self._split_addr_prefix(address)
-        self.network_address = IPv6Address(addr)
-        self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(mask)
-
-    @property
-    def is_site_local(self):
-        """Test if the address is reserved for site-local.
-        Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879.
-        Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local
-        addresses as defined by RFC 4193.
-        Returns:
-            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6.
-        """
-        return (
-            self.network_address.is_site_local and self.broadcast_address.is_site_local
-        )
-
-
-class _IPv6Constants:
-
-    _linklocal_network = IPv6Network("fe80::/10")
-
-    _multicast_network = IPv6Network("ff00::/8")
-
-    _private_networks = [
-        IPv6Network("::1/128"),
-        IPv6Network("::/128"),
-        IPv6Network("::ffff:0:0/96"),
-        IPv6Network("100::/64"),
-        IPv6Network("2001::/23"),
-        IPv6Network("2001:2::/48"),
-        IPv6Network("2001:db8::/32"),
-        IPv6Network("2001:10::/28"),
-        IPv6Network("fc00::/7"),
-        IPv6Network("fe80::/10"),
-    ]
-
-    _reserved_networks = [
-        IPv6Network("::/8"),
-        IPv6Network("100::/8"),
-        IPv6Network("200::/7"),
-        IPv6Network("400::/6"),
-        IPv6Network("800::/5"),
-        IPv6Network("1000::/4"),
-        IPv6Network("4000::/3"),
-        IPv6Network("6000::/3"),
-        IPv6Network("8000::/3"),
-        IPv6Network("A000::/3"),
-        IPv6Network("C000::/3"),
-        IPv6Network("E000::/4"),
-        IPv6Network("F000::/5"),
-        IPv6Network("F800::/6"),
-        IPv6Network("FE00::/9"),
-    ]
-
-    _sitelocal_network = IPv6Network("fec0::/10")
-
-
-IPv6Address._constants = _IPv6Constants
-IPv6Network._constants = _IPv6Constants
diff --git a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/urls.py b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/urls.py
index dc1cf071a76..ddce9bcc7dc 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/urls.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/discovery/utils/network/urls.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import re
-
-from six import raise_from
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 from . import errors
 
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ def parse_address_into_components(address):  # noqa C901
     try:
         parsed = urlparse(address)
     except ValueError as e:
-        raise_from(errors.InvalidHostname(address), e)
+        raise errors.InvalidHostname(address) from e
     p_scheme = parsed.scheme
     p_hostname = parsed.hostname
     p_path = parsed.path.rstrip("/") + "/"
diff --git a/kolibri/core/exams/test/test_exam_api.py b/kolibri/core/exams/test/test_exam_api.py
index 7108fba8e57..6d1854b20da 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/exams/test/test_exam_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/exams/test/test_exam_api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import uuid
 
 from django.urls import reverse
diff --git a/kolibri/core/fields.py b/kolibri/core/fields.py
index ce34d7e318c..3abfce1e072 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/fields.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/fields.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from django.db.backends.utils import typecast_timestamp
 from django.db.models.fields import Field
 from django.utils import timezone
-from django.utils.six import string_types
 from jsonfield import JSONField as JSONFieldBase
 
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ def get_prep_value(self, value):
         # Casts datetimes into the format expected by the backend
         if value is None:
             return value
-        if isinstance(value, string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             value = parse_timezonestamp(value)
         return create_timezonestamp(value)
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ def value_from_object_json_compatible(self, obj):
 
 class JSONField(JSONFieldBase):
     def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection, context):
-        if isinstance(value, string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             try:
                 return json.loads(value, **self.load_kwargs)
             except ValueError:
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection, context):
         return value
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             try:
                 return json.loads(value, **self.load_kwargs)
             except ValueError:
diff --git a/kolibri/core/hooks.py b/kolibri/core/hooks.py
index 31b68058682..215d8f8826f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/hooks.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/hooks.py
@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@
 
 Anyways, for now to get hooks started, we have some defined here...
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from abc import abstractproperty
 
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
diff --git a/kolibri/core/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/core/kolibri_plugin.py
index 64f6ddbeadf..9904558bc38 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.template.loader import render_to_string
 from django.templatetags.static import static
diff --git a/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_api.py b/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_api.py
index 03b81251527..5d701eb4800 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 from rest_framework import status
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
diff --git a/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_create.py b/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_create.py
index 1ac1f6b4fbe..4b0a0f55e8b 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_create.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/lessons/test/test_lesson_create.py
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/apps.py b/kolibri/core/logger/apps.py
index 4bb4fcd1036..c5aafee1123 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/apps.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/apps.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/management/commands/generateuserdata.py b/kolibri/core/logger/management/commands/generateuserdata.py
index e4727a47411..099f3731634 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/management/commands/generateuserdata.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/management/commands/generateuserdata.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import csv
 import io
 import logging
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_api.py b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_api.py
index 2501f8a2ab0..f91932926c2 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_api.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import csv
 import datetime
 import os
-import sys
 import tempfile
 import uuid
 
@@ -72,11 +71,7 @@ def test_csv_download(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for row in results[1:]:
             self.assertEqual(len(results[0]), len(row))
@@ -100,11 +95,7 @@ def test_csv_download_deleted_content(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for row in results[1:]:
             self.assertEqual(len(results[0]), len(row))
@@ -136,11 +127,7 @@ def test_csv_download_unicode_username(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for row in results[1:]:
             self.assertEqual(len(results[0]), len(row))
@@ -246,11 +233,7 @@ def test_csv_download(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for row in results[1:]:
             self.assertEqual(len(results[0]), len(row))
@@ -274,11 +257,7 @@ def test_csv_download_deleted_content(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for row in results[1:]:
             self.assertEqual(len(results[0]), len(row))
@@ -310,11 +289,7 @@ def test_csv_download_unicode_username(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for row in results[1:]:
             self.assertEqual(len(results[0]), len(row))
@@ -335,11 +310,7 @@ def test_csv_download_no_completion_timestamp(self):
             start_date=self.start_date,
             end_date=self.end_date,
         )
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "rb")
-        else:
-            csv_file = open(filepath, "r", newline="")
-        with csv_file as f:
+        with open(filepath, "r", newline="") as f:
             results = list(csv.reader(f))
         for column_label in results[0]:
             self.assertNotEqual(column_label, labels["completion_timestamp"])
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_attempt_log_consolidation.py b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_attempt_log_consolidation.py
index 7469b465831..197e4235540 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_attempt_log_consolidation.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_attempt_log_consolidation.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import uuid
 from random import choice
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_exam_log_migration.py b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_exam_log_migration.py
index 276b41aa4de..4880ec4fbce 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_exam_log_migration.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_exam_log_migration.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from datetime import timedelta
 from uuid import uuid4
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_integrated_api.py b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_integrated_api.py
index 08ab5db19a3..ac3131a348a 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_integrated_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/test/test_integrated_api.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 from le_utils.constants import modalities
 from mock import patch
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
-from six import string_types
 
 from ..models import AttemptLog
 from ..models import ContentSessionLog
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ def test_start_assessment_session_logged_in_coach_assigned_succeeds(self):
                 save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][0], quiz_started_notification
             )
             self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][1], MasteryLog)
-            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], string_types)
+            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], str)
 
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -2365,7 +2364,7 @@ def test_update_assessment_session_create_attempt_succeeds(self):
                 save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][0], quiz_answered_notification
             )
             self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][1], AttemptLog)
-            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], string_types)
+            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], str)
 
     def test_update_assessment_session_create_errored_attempt_succeeds(self):
         with patch("kolibri.core.logger.api.wrap_to_save_queue") as save_queue_mock:
@@ -2377,7 +2376,7 @@ def test_update_assessment_session_create_errored_attempt_succeeds(self):
                 save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][0], quiz_answered_notification
             )
             self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][1], AttemptLog)
-            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], string_types)
+            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], str)
 
     def test_update_assessment_session_create_hinted_attempt_succeeds(self):
         with patch("kolibri.core.logger.api.wrap_to_save_queue") as save_queue_mock:
@@ -2389,7 +2388,7 @@ def test_update_assessment_session_create_hinted_attempt_succeeds(self):
                 save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][0], quiz_answered_notification
             )
             self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][1], AttemptLog)
-            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], string_types)
+            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], str)
 
     def test_update_session_absolute_progress_triggers_completion(self):
         with patch("kolibri.core.logger.api.wrap_to_save_queue") as save_queue_mock:
@@ -2415,7 +2414,7 @@ def test_update_session_absolute_progress_triggers_completion(self):
                 save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][0], quiz_completed_notification
             )
             self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][1], MasteryLog)
-            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], string_types)
+            self.assertIsInstance(save_queue_mock.mock_calls[0][1][2], str)
 
     def test_update_assessment_session_update_attempt_submitted_quiz_fails(self):
         timestamp = local_now()
diff --git a/kolibri/core/logger/utils/user_data.py b/kolibri/core/logger/utils/user_data.py
index 818bcbdf100..1c1f356a902 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/logger/utils/user_data.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/logger/utils/user_data.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import logging
 import random
diff --git a/kolibri/core/notifications/apps.py b/kolibri/core/notifications/apps.py
index 036790b37ef..0190ebddb11 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/notifications/apps.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/notifications/apps.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/oidc_provider_hook.py b/kolibri/core/oidc_provider_hook.py
index 45de9616850..2b0fdd9647b 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/oidc_provider_hook.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/oidc_provider_hook.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.plugins import hooks
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/public/api_urls.py b/kolibri/core/public/api_urls.py
index 5fda56eb11d..2b56003a0ce 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/public/api_urls.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/public/api_urls.py
@@ -11,10 +11,6 @@
 endpoint in place and maintained to the best extent possible so older clients can still use it.
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.conf.urls import include
 from django.conf.urls import url
 from rest_framework import routers
diff --git a/kolibri/core/public/test/test_api.py b/kolibri/core/public/test/test_api.py
index c26e2f105c6..2895617dfc1 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/public/test/test_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/public/test/test_api.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 from rest_framework import status
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 from rest_framework.test import APITransactionTestCase
-from six import iteritems
 
 import kolibri
 from kolibri.core.auth.models import Facility
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ def test_public_channel_lookup(self):
             "matching_tokens": [],
             "public": True,
         }
-        for key, value in iteritems(expected):
+        for key, value in expected.items():
             self.assertEqual(data[key], value)
         # we don't care what order these elements are in
         self.assertSetEqual(set(["en", "es"]), set(data["included_languages"]))
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/api.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/api.py
index 6e5ff71c041..f6feb521ee9 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/api.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/api.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 from rest_framework import viewsets
 from rest_framework.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from rest_framework.response import Response
-from six import string_types
 
 from kolibri.core.tasks.exceptions import JobNotFound
 from kolibri.core.tasks.exceptions import JobNotRestartable
@@ -216,7 +215,7 @@ def create(self, request):
 
     def _get_job_for_pk(self, request, pk):
         try:
-            if not isinstance(pk, string_types):
+            if not isinstance(pk, str):
                 raise JobNotFound
             job = job_storage.get_job(job_id=pk)
             registered_task = TaskRegistry[job.func]
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/apps.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/apps.py
index b0b117ee811..34bf022ca79 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/apps.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/apps.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/job.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/job.py
index 43c7faa1e95..31cc905e4b0 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/job.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/job.py
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@
 import uuid
 from collections import namedtuple
 
-from six import raise_from
-from six import string_types
-
 from kolibri.core.tasks.constants import (  # noqa F401 - imported for backwards compatibility
     Priority,
 )
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ def to_json(self):
         except TypeError as e:
             # A Job's arguments, results, or metadata are prime suspects for
             # what might cause this error.
-            raise_from(TypeError("Job objects need to be JSON-serializable"), e)
+            raise TypeError("Job objects need to be JSON-serializable") from e
         return string_result
 
     @classmethod
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ def __init__(
         :param func: func can be a callable object, in which case it is turned into an importable string,
         or it can be an importable string already.
         """
-        if not callable(func) and not isinstance(func, string_types):
+        if not callable(func) and not isinstance(func, str):
             raise TypeError(
                 "Cannot create Job for object of type {}".format(type(func))
             )
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/permissions.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/permissions.py
index 36e6cc7b700..851b06d8f45 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/permissions.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/permissions.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 from abc import ABCMeta
 from abc import abstractmethod
 
-from six import with_metaclass
-
 from kolibri.core.auth.permissions.general import _user_is_admin_for_own_facility
 
 
-class BasePermission(with_metaclass(ABCMeta)):
+class BasePermission(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     """
     Base Permission class from which all other Permission classes should inherit.
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/registry.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/registry.py
index ae3bc7de377..e220328678f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/registry.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/registry.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 from django.apps import apps
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.exceptions import PermissionDenied
-from six import string_types
 
 from kolibri.core.tasks.constants import DEFAULT_QUEUE
 from kolibri.core.tasks.constants import Priority
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ def update(self, other):
             self[key] = value
 
     def validate_task(self, task):
-        if not isinstance(task, string_types):
+        if not isinstance(task, str):
             raise serializers.ValidationError("The task type must be a string.")
         if task not in self:
             raise serializers.ValidationError(
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ def __init__(  # noqa: C901
             raise ValueError("priority must be one of '5' or '10' (integer).")
         if not isinstance(permission_classes, list):
             raise TypeError("permission_classes must be of list type.")
-        if not isinstance(queue, string_types):
+        if not isinstance(queue, str):
             raise TypeError("queue must be of string type.")
         if not isinstance(cancellable, bool):
             raise TypeError("cancellable must be of bool type.")
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/utils.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/utils.py
index 8ffad76cb00..4fd488f65c1 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/utils.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/utils.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sqlite3
-import sys
 import time
 import uuid
 from threading import Thread
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@
 import click
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
-from six import string_types
 from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 from sqlalchemy import event
 from sqlalchemy import exc
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ def callable_to_import_path(func):
         funcstring = "{module}.{funcname}".format(
             module=func.__module__, funcname=func.__name__
         )
-    elif isinstance(func, string_types):
+    elif isinstance(func, str):
         funcstring = func
     else:
         raise TypeError("Can't handle a function of type {}".format(type(func)))
@@ -228,22 +226,17 @@ def __init__(self, total=100):
         # store provided arguments
         self.total = total
 
-        # Also check that we are not running Python 2:
-        # https://github.com/learningequality/kolibri/issues/6597
-        if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        # Check that we are executing inside a click context
+        # as we only want to display progress bars from the command line.
+        try:
+            click.get_current_context()
+            # Coerce to an integer for safety, as click uses Python `range` on this
+            # value, which requires an integer argument
+            # N.B. because we are only doing this in Python3, safe to just use int,
+            # as long is Py2 only
+            self.progressbar = click.progressbar(length=int(total), width=0)
+        except RuntimeError:
             self.progressbar = None
-        else:
-            # Check that we are executing inside a click context
-            # as we only want to display progress bars from the command line.
-            try:
-                click.get_current_context()
-                # Coerce to an integer for safety, as click uses Python `range` on this
-                # value, which requires an integer argument
-                # N.B. because we are only doing this in Python3, safe to just use int,
-                # as long is Py2 only
-                self.progressbar = click.progressbar(length=int(total), width=0)
-            except RuntimeError:
-                self.progressbar = None
 
     def set_progress(self, current_progress, message):
         increment = current_progress - self.progress
diff --git a/kolibri/core/tasks/worker.py b/kolibri/core/tasks/worker.py
index b4093a8fa1b..3b2d9786161 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/tasks/worker.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/tasks/worker.py
@@ -43,20 +43,13 @@ def execute_job_with_python_worker(job_id):
     """
     import os
     import socket
-    import sys
     import threading
 
-    # get_ident was added in Python 3.3 and never backported to 2.7
-    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-        thread_ident = threading.current_thread().ident
-    else:
-        thread_ident = threading.get_ident()
-
     execute_job(
         job_id,
         worker_host=socket.gethostname(),
         worker_process=str(os.getpid()),
-        worker_thread=str(thread_ident),
+        worker_thread=str(threading.get_ident()),
     )
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/templatetags/core_tags.py b/kolibri/core/templatetags/core_tags.py
index ee542fbc2f2..45f74d2599b 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/templatetags/core_tags.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/templatetags/core_tags.py
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 Kolibri template tags
 =====================
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django import template
 from django.templatetags.static import static
 from django.utils.html import format_html
diff --git a/kolibri/core/test/test_datetimetzfield.py b/kolibri/core/test/test_datetimetzfield.py
index 181fdd22900..03566e880c6 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/test/test_datetimetzfield.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/test/test_datetimetzfield.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import pytz
 from django.test import override_settings
 from django.test import TestCase
diff --git a/kolibri/core/test/test_key_urls.py b/kolibri/core/test/test_key_urls.py
index e6f6bd1024f..0b8a558215f 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/test/test_key_urls.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/test/test_key_urls.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.urls.exceptions import NoReverseMatch
diff --git a/kolibri/core/test/test_query.py b/kolibri/core/test/test_query.py
index 735f5731f78..2aa51d3e06b 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/test/test_query.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/test/test_query.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/theme_hook.py b/kolibri/core/theme_hook.py
index 69489e7432e..642ba12f4b6 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/theme_hook.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/theme_hook.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 from abc import abstractproperty
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/urls.py b/kolibri/core/urls.py
index 60d39130827..7c2ce762f37 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/urls.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/urls.py
@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@
 Place a url.py and have your plugin's definition class's ``url_module`` method
 return the module.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.conf.urls import include
 from django.conf.urls import url
 from rest_framework import routers
diff --git a/kolibri/core/utils/csv.py b/kolibri/core/utils/csv.py
index ea962ccd79d..010232e9672 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/utils/csv.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/utils/csv.py
@@ -2,19 +2,14 @@
 
 import io
 import re
-import sys
 from numbers import Number
 
 
 def open_csv_for_writing(filepath):
-    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-        return io.open(filepath, "wb")
     return io.open(filepath, "w", newline="", encoding="utf-8-sig")
 
 
 def open_csv_for_reading(filepath):
-    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-        return io.open(filepath, "rb")
     return io.open(filepath, "r", newline="", encoding="utf-8-sig")
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/utils/exception_handler.py b/kolibri/core/utils/exception_handler.py
index 8af3d0049ea..9a092f2604a 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/utils/exception_handler.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/utils/exception_handler.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from django.utils import six
 from rest_framework import status
 from rest_framework.exceptions import ErrorDetail
 from rest_framework.views import exception_handler
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ def _return_errors(data, path=None):
     path = path or []
     errors = []
     if isinstance(data, dict):
-        for key, value in six.iteritems(data):
+        for key, value in data.items():
             new_path = path + [key]
             # handle drf error responses
             if isinstance(value, list):
diff --git a/kolibri/core/utils/pagination.py b/kolibri/core/utils/pagination.py
index 0d3322064fc..736ec7c2466 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/utils/pagination.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/utils/pagination.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import hashlib
 from base64 import b64encode
 from collections import OrderedDict
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from django.core.cache import cache
 from django.core.exceptions import EmptyResultSet
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@
 from rest_framework.pagination import NotFound
 from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
 from rest_framework.response import Response
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 
 class ValuesPage(Page):
diff --git a/kolibri/core/utils/urls.py b/kolibri/core/utils/urls.py
index 9325237e6c3..692dbee28ae 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/utils/urls.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/utils/urls.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from urllib.parse import urljoin
+
 from django.urls import reverse
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 from kolibri.utils.conf import OPTIONS
 
diff --git a/kolibri/core/views.py b/kolibri/core/views.py
index 347d824e07b..19e038233f9 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/views.py
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
+from urllib.parse import urlunsplit
+
 from django.contrib.auth import logout
 from django.http import Http404
 from django.http import HttpResponse
@@ -7,8 +10,6 @@
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.urls import translate_url
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
-from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlsplit
-from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlunsplit
 from django.utils.translation import check_for_language
 from django.utils.translation import LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
diff --git a/kolibri/core/webpack/hooks.py b/kolibri/core/webpack/hooks.py
index 837b8639907..7c23c4d0c65 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/webpack/hooks.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/webpack/hooks.py
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@
 To manage assets, we use the webpack format. In order to have assets bundled in,
 you should put them in ``yourapp/assets/src``.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import codecs
 import io
 import json
@@ -18,6 +14,7 @@
 import time
 from abc import abstractproperty
 from functools import partial
+from urllib.request import url2pathname
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.staticfiles.finders import find as find_staticfiles
@@ -25,12 +22,10 @@
 from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
-from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.request import url2pathname
 from django.utils.translation import get_language
 from django.utils.translation import get_language_info
 from django.utils.translation import to_locale
 from importlib_resources import files
-from six import text_type
 
 from kolibri.plugins import hooks
 
@@ -250,7 +245,7 @@ def get_basename(self, url):
         # a string-alike object to e.g. add ``SCRIPT_NAME``
         # WSGI param as a *path prefix* to the output URL.
         # See https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/25598.
-        base_url = text_type(base_url)
+        base_url = str(base_url)
 
         if not url.startswith(base_url):
             return None
diff --git a/kolibri/core/webpack/templatetags/webpack_tags.py b/kolibri/core/webpack/templatetags/webpack_tags.py
index e0d11f34ff3..b3bedcfb2a5 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/webpack/templatetags/webpack_tags.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/webpack/templatetags/webpack_tags.py
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@
     {% base_frontend_async %}
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django import template
 
 from .. import hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/core/webpack/test/base.py b/kolibri/core/webpack/test/base.py
index 4a08c2976bc..eb523865e3a 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/webpack/test/base.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/webpack/test/base.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import copy
 
 from ..hooks import WebpackBundleHook
diff --git a/kolibri/core/webpack/test/test_webpack_tags.py b/kolibri/core/webpack/test/test_webpack_tags.py
index c4fd998a87d..8e2419c287a 100644
--- a/kolibri/core/webpack/test/test_webpack_tags.py
+++ b/kolibri/core/webpack/test/test_webpack_tags.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.test.testcases import TestCase
 
 from .base import Hook
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/__init__.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/__init__.py
index 98eec85dedc..e69de29bb2d 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/__init__.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/base.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/base.py
index 0a13e93d0ad..8b3eb645f9c 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/base.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/base.py
@@ -8,17 +8,13 @@
 For the full list of settings and their values, see
 https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import sys
+from urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 import pytz
 from django.conf import locale
 from morango.constants import settings as morango_settings
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
 from tzlocal import get_localzone
 
 import kolibri
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/debug_panel.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/debug_panel.py
index 9e32ea16e8f..1287d059999 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/debug_panel.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/debug_panel.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from .dev import *  # noqa
 
 INTERNAL_IPS = ["127.0.0.1"]
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/dev.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/dev.py
index e008dd80a69..7d7a6e343dd 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/dev.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/dev.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 
 from .base import *  # noqa isort:skip @UnusedWildImport
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/test.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/test.py
index f8e5d3b4abc..1a772118119 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/test.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 import tempfile
 
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/translation.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/translation.py
index e088897441d..0b46bc4abe0 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/translation.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/settings/translation.py
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import django.conf.locale
 
 from .base import *  # noqa isort:skip @UnusedWildImport
diff --git a/kolibri/deployment/default/urls.py b/kolibri/deployment/default/urls.py
index ec949c41f8c..1c12c4d9b2b 100644
--- a/kolibri/deployment/default/urls.py
+++ b/kolibri/deployment/default/urls.py
@@ -17,10 +17,6 @@
 .. moduleauthor:: Learning Equality <info@learningequality.org>
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.conf.urls import include
 from django.conf.urls import url
 from django.contrib import admin
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/__init__.py b/kolibri/plugins/__init__.py
index 732f2b6338c..b8b68ed092d 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/__init__.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 import logging
 import os
@@ -10,7 +6,6 @@
 from importlib import import_module
 
 from django.utils.module_loading import module_has_submodule
-from six import with_metaclass
 
 from kolibri.utils.build_config.default_plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS
 from kolibri.utils.conf import KOLIBRI_HOME
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@ def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         return cls._instances[cls]
 
 
-class KolibriPluginBase(with_metaclass(SingletonMeta)):
+class KolibriPluginBase(metaclass=SingletonMeta):
     """
     This is the base class that all Kolibri plugins need to implement.
     """
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/app/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/app/kolibri_plugin.py
index ff970491376..5943f63728d 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/app/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/app/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.plugins import KolibriPluginBase
 
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/coach/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/coach/kolibri_plugin.py
index 1ffa55e3606..9e854c47827 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/coach/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/coach/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.user_kinds import COACH
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_class_summary.py b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_class_summary.py
index aa65a72991a..462738ad344 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_class_summary.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_class_summary.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import uuid
 
 from django.urls import reverse
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_classroom_notifications.py b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_classroom_notifications.py
index ab744e4db74..665e32c02af 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_classroom_notifications.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_classroom_notifications.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_difficult_questions.py b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_difficult_questions.py
index 93175c8f0fa..6106b83e819 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_difficult_questions.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_difficult_questions.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import json
 from datetime import timedelta
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_lesson_report.py b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_lesson_report.py
index 4aa7cb44f53..8c5982d2fdb 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_lesson_report.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/coach/test/test_lesson_report.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import datetime
 import json
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/coach/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/coach/views.py
index 935b7075229..dd904872adc 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/coach/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/coach/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/default_theme/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/default_theme/kolibri_plugin.py
index c4703336d3e..8d8f8318bf2 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/default_theme/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/default_theme/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.templatetags.static import static
 
 from kolibri.core import theme_hook
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/demo_server/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/demo_server/kolibri_plugin.py
index 8d0578009d3..f553be30243 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/demo_server/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/demo_server/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.webpack import hooks as webpack_hooks
 from kolibri.plugins import KolibriPluginBase
 from kolibri.plugins.hooks import register_hook
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/device/assets/src/views/DeprecationWarningBanner.vue b/kolibri/plugins/device/assets/src/views/DeprecationWarningBanner.vue
index ed88a3f993d..b2190147b5e 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/device/assets/src/views/DeprecationWarningBanner.vue
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/device/assets/src/views/DeprecationWarningBanner.vue
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
       </div>
 
       <div class="error-message">
-        <p v-if="py27Deprecated">
-          {{ coreString('pythonSupportWillBeDropped') }}
-        </p>
         <p v-if="currentUserOnIE11">
           {{ coreString('currentDeviceUsingIE11') }}
         </p>
@@ -45,14 +42,11 @@
     mixins: [commonCoreStrings],
     computed: {
       showBanner() {
-        return this.currentUserOnIE11 || this.userDevicesUsingIE11 || this.py27Deprecated;
+        return this.currentUserOnIE11 || this.userDevicesUsingIE11;
       },
       userDevicesUsingIE11() {
         return plugin_data.deprecationWarnings.ie11;
       },
-      py27Deprecated() {
-        return plugin_data.deprecationWarnings.py27;
-      },
       currentUserOnIE11() {
         return browser.name === 'IE';
       },
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/device/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/device/kolibri_plugin.py
index e7ca03ea8e5..9945202c4d3 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/device/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/device/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import sys
-
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.user_kinds import SUPERUSER
 from kolibri.core.hooks import NavigationHook
 from kolibri.core.hooks import RoleBasedRedirectHook
@@ -35,7 +29,6 @@ def plugin_data(self):
             "isRemoteContent": OPTIONS["Deployment"]["REMOTE_CONTENT"],
             "canRestart": bool(OPTIONS["Deployment"]["RESTART_HOOKS"]),
             "deprecationWarnings": {
-                "py27": sys.version_info.major == 2,
                 "ie11": any_ie11_users(),
             },
         }
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/device/test/test_api.py b/kolibri/plugins/device/test/test_api.py
index 9beb5237469..54076044f68 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/device/test/test_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/device/test/test_api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import uuid
 
 import mock
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/device/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/device/views.py
index 659e9f283d0..7b974239908 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/device/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/device/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/epub_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/epub_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
index 45bb298f973..74a546896b6 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/epub_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/epub_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from le_utils.constants import format_presets
 
 from kolibri.core.content import hooks as content_hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/facility/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/facility/kolibri_plugin.py
index fa1f7989518..85c0a19c9c4 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/facility/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/facility/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.user_kinds import ADMIN
 from kolibri.core.hooks import NavigationHook
 from kolibri.core.hooks import RoleBasedRedirectHook
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/facility/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/facility/views.py
index 65608f87500..9aa8f091e77 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/facility/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/facility/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import io
 import json
 import os
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/hooks.py b/kolibri/plugins/hooks.py
index 96d7458782c..122d365840b 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/hooks.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/hooks.py
@@ -153,17 +153,11 @@ def navigation_tags(self):
 
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 from abc import abstractproperty
 from functools import partial
 from inspect import isabstract
 
-import six
-
 from kolibri.plugins import SingletonMeta
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -188,6 +182,24 @@ def new(cls, *args, **kwds):
     subclass.__new__ = new
 
 
+def _add_kolibri_hook_meta(subclass):
+    """
+    Vendored from six add_metaclass.
+    """
+    orig_vars = subclass.__dict__.copy()
+    slots = orig_vars.get("__slots__")
+    if slots is not None:
+        if isinstance(slots, str):
+            slots = [slots]
+        for slots_var in slots:
+            orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+    orig_vars.pop("__dict__", None)
+    orig_vars.pop("__weakref__", None)
+    if hasattr(subclass, "__qualname__"):
+        orig_vars["__qualname__"] = subclass.__qualname__
+    return KolibriHookMeta(subclass.__name__, subclass.__bases__, orig_vars)
+
+
 def define_hook(subclass=None, only_one_registered=False):
     """
     This method must be used as a decorator to define a new hook inheriting from
@@ -200,7 +212,7 @@ def define_hook(subclass=None, only_one_registered=False):
     if subclass is None:
         return partial(define_hook, only_one_registered=only_one_registered)
 
-    subclass = six.add_metaclass(KolibriHookMeta)(subclass)
+    subclass = _add_kolibri_hook_meta(subclass)
 
     subclass._setup_base_class(only_one_registered=only_one_registered)
 
@@ -324,7 +336,7 @@ def get_hook(cls, unique_id):
         return cls._registered_hooks.get(unique_id, None)
 
 
-class KolibriHook(six.with_metaclass(KolibriHookMeta)):
+class KolibriHook(metaclass=KolibriHookMeta):
     @abstractproperty
     def _not_abstract(self):
         """
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/html5_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/html5_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
index be9b888afa7..b3af7aea151 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/html5_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/html5_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from le_utils.constants import format_presets
 
 from kolibri.core.content import hooks as content_hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/learn/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/learn/kolibri_plugin.py
index 6a6e2fc688d..442171befbc 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/learn/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/learn/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.user_kinds import ANONYMOUS
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_classroom.py b/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_classroom.py
index d47c51cd06a..bc69742ca7a 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_classroom.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_classroom.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.timezone import now
 from le_utils.constants import content_kinds
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_lesson.py b/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_lesson.py
index 567841e8963..1e920cff4ff 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_lesson.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/learn/test/test_learner_lesson.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/learn/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/learn/views.py
index 58539512af5..83455496aaf 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/learn/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/learn/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/media_player/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/media_player/kolibri_plugin.py
index caf6175ac6c..25fef8593bb 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/media_player/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/media_player/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from le_utils.constants import format_presets
 
 from kolibri.core.content import hooks as content_hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/pdf_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/pdf_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
index 31e92b5ca26..b5f8b8c019b 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/pdf_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/pdf_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from le_utils.constants import format_presets
 
 from kolibri.core.content import hooks as content_hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/perseus_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/perseus_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
index aab79229eb8..fd1cb02477f 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/perseus_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/perseus_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from le_utils.constants import format_presets
 
 from kolibri.core.content import hooks as content_hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/policies/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/policies/kolibri_plugin.py
index 61cb7c4ac1d..d3fd61521dc 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/policies/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/policies/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.webpack import hooks as webpack_hooks
 from kolibri.plugins import KolibriPluginBase
 from kolibri.plugins.hooks import register_hook
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/policies/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/policies/views.py
index f9cc723377a..42643be40f8 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/policies/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/policies/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/pwa/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/pwa/kolibri_plugin.py
index c35f0f6e361..0709903772b 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/pwa/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/pwa/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -3,10 +3,6 @@
 #
 # Copyright 2023 Endless OS Foundation, LLC
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.template.loader import render_to_string
 
 from kolibri.core.hooks import FrontEndBaseHeadHook
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/pwa/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/pwa/views.py
index 5712c928389..d1411338653 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/pwa/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/pwa/views.py
@@ -3,10 +3,6 @@
 #
 # Copyright 2023 Endless OS Foundation, LLC
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from urllib.parse import quote
 
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/registry.py b/kolibri/plugins/registry.py
index a5cb0bedbc2..ed3a8e57403 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/registry.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/registry.py
@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@
 
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 from importlib import import_module
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/kolibri_plugin.py
index 6d964acbb51..9d96505770c 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.device.hooks import SetupHook
 from kolibri.core.webpack import hooks as webpack_hooks
 from kolibri.plugins import KolibriPluginBase
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/test/test_api.py b/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/test/test_api.py
index 21ff4d6135b..559eac739c8 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/test/test_api.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/test/test_api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.urls import reverse
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/views.py
index 9a7a657a04e..9d2c28fcec5 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/setup_wizard/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.shortcuts import redirect
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/slideshow_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/slideshow_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
index b4741a79f95..8eedca83645 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/slideshow_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/slideshow_viewer/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from le_utils.constants import format_presets
 
 from kolibri.core.content import hooks as content_hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/hooks.py b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/hooks.py
index b92be66adce..2c5ea7fc758 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/hooks.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/hooks.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.webpack.hooks import WebpackInclusionSyncMixin
 from kolibri.plugins.hooks import define_hook
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/kolibri_plugin.py
index 2c627f7b518..72803616c5b 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.auth.constants.user_kinds import ANONYMOUS
 from kolibri.core.device.utils import get_device_setting
 from kolibri.core.device.utils import is_landing_page
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/templatetags/user_auth_tags.py b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/templatetags/user_auth_tags.py
index 33ea148c297..1262feee1ee 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/templatetags/user_auth_tags.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/templatetags/user_auth_tags.py
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@
 ========================
 Tags for including plugin javascript assets into a template.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django import template
 
 from .. import hooks
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/views.py
index 4328dfc3141..77027442159 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/user_auth/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
 
 from kolibri.core.views import RootURLRedirectView
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/kolibri_plugin.py b/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/kolibri_plugin.py
index 669013ad69f..44eb94327cd 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/kolibri_plugin.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/kolibri_plugin.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from kolibri.core.hooks import NavigationHook
 from kolibri.core.webpack import hooks as webpack_hooks
 from kolibri.plugins import KolibriPluginBase
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/views.py b/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/views.py
index 5a0566663e7..a13ecda4e9c 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/views.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/user_profile/views.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
 
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/utils/__init__.py b/kolibri/plugins/utils/__init__.py
index 1892ac22225..ee441800a78 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/utils/__init__.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.urls import reverse
 from semver import VersionInfo
-from six import string_types
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
     from importlib_metadata import entry_points
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ def _update_plugin(self, plugin_name):
             )
             return
         for app in plugin_instance.INSTALLED_APPS:
-            if not isinstance(app, AppConfig) and isinstance(app, string_types):
+            if not isinstance(app, AppConfig) and isinstance(app, str):
                 app = apps.get_containing_app_config(app)
             app_configs.append(app)
         old_version = config["PLUGIN_VERSIONS"].get(plugin_name, "")
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/utils/settings.py b/kolibri/plugins/utils/settings.py
index 089f04c227e..8d023b8d214 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/utils/settings.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/utils/settings.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 from types import ModuleType
 
 from django.apps import AppConfig
-from six import string_types
 
 from kolibri.plugins.registry import registered_plugins
 from kolibri.plugins.utils import is_external_plugin
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@
 
 
 def _validate_settings_module(settings_module):
-    if isinstance(settings_module, string_types):
+    if isinstance(settings_module, str):
         try:
             return importlib.import_module(settings_module)
         except ImportError:
diff --git a/kolibri/plugins/utils/test/test_hooks.py b/kolibri/plugins/utils/test/test_hooks.py
index bf92dedc535..573b3719626 100644
--- a/kolibri/plugins/utils/test/test_hooks.py
+++ b/kolibri/plugins/utils/test/test_hooks.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from inspect import isabstract
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/cli.py b/kolibri/utils/cli.py
index 4ee533c8e50..149e71dcd45 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/cli.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/cli.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import signal
 import sys
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/compat.py b/kolibri/utils/compat.py
index 7cb4b0f46dc..7ec084bbf75 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/compat.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/compat.py
@@ -1,38 +1,19 @@
 """
 Compatibility layer for Python 2+3
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import sys
+from importlib.util import find_spec
 
 
 def module_exists(module_path):
     """
-    Determines if a module exists without loading it (Python 3)
-    In Python 2, the module will be loaded
+    Determines if a module exists without loading it
     """
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
-        from importlib.util import find_spec
-
-        try:
-            return find_spec(module_path) is not None
-        except ImportError:
-            return False
-    elif sys.version_info < (3,):
-        from imp import find_module
-
-        try:
-            if "." in module_path:
-                __import__(module_path)
-            else:
-                find_module(module_path)
-            return True
-        except ImportError:
-            return False
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError("No compatibility with Python 3.0 and 3.2")
+
+    try:
+        return find_spec(module_path) is not None
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
 
 
 def monkey_patch_collections():
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/conf.py b/kolibri/utils/conf.py
index 9b1ef053624..1b86834c218 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/conf.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/conf.py
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@
 instead of a dict.
 
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import os
 
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/data.py b/kolibri/utils/data.py
index 5e683f45273..48956b31959 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/data.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/data.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import re
 
-from six import string_types
 
 BYTES_PREFIXES = ("", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P")
 PREFIX_FACTOR_BYTES = 1000.0
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def bytes_from_humans(size, suffix="B"):
     if isinstance(size, int):
         # If it is already an integer, return early.
         return size
-    if not isinstance(size, string_types):
+    if not isinstance(size, str):
         raise ValueError("size must be an integer or string")
     # Be lenient by making all input uppercase to maximize chance of a match.
     size = size.upper()
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/env.py b/kolibri/utils/env.py
index 142782097c7..1f2d766b181 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/env.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/env.py
@@ -67,18 +67,9 @@ def prepend_cext_path(dist_path):
     dirname = os.path.join(dist_path, "cext", python_version, system_name)
     abi3_dirname = os.path.join(dist_path, "cext", "abi3", system_name, machine_name)
 
-    # For Linux system with cpython<3.3, there could be abi tags 'm' and 'mu'
-    if system_name == "Linux" and sys.version_info < (3, 3):
-        # encode with ucs2
-        if sys.maxunicode == 65535:
-            dirname = os.path.join(dirname, python_version + "m")
-        # encode with ucs4
-        else:
-            dirname = os.path.join(dirname, python_version + "mu")
-
     dirname = os.path.join(dirname, machine_name)
     noarch_dir = os.path.join(dist_path, "cext")
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 6) and os.path.exists(abi3_dirname):
+    if os.path.exists(abi3_dirname):
         sys.path = [str(abi3_dirname)] + sys.path
 
     if os.path.exists(dirname):
@@ -112,23 +103,6 @@ def set_env():
     # Add path for c extensions to sys.path
     prepend_cext_path(os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(kolibri_dist.__file__)))
 
-    # This was added in
-    # https://github.com/learningequality/kolibri/pull/580
-    # ...we need to (re)move it /benjaoming
-    # Force python2 to interpret every string as unicode.
-    if sys.version[0] == "2":
-        reload(sys)  # noqa
-        sys.setdefaultencoding("utf8")
-
-        # Dynamically add the path of `py2only` to PYTHONPATH in Python 2 so that
-        # we only import the `future` and `futures` packages from system packages when
-        # running with Python 3. Please see `build_tools/py2only.py` for details.
-        sys.path = sys.path + [
-            os.path.join(
-                os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(kolibri_dist.__file__)), "py2only"
-            )
-        ]
-
     # Set default env
     for key, value in ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES.items():
         if "default" in value:
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/file_transfer.py b/kolibri/utils/file_transfer.py
index 12a2c1cd955..dc8398b5f0d 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/file_transfer.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/file_transfer.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 from requests.exceptions import ConnectionError
 from requests.exceptions import HTTPError
 from requests.exceptions import Timeout
-from six import with_metaclass
 
 from kolibri.utils.filesystem import mkdirp
 
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ def seekable(self):
         return True
 
 
-class Transfer(with_metaclass(ABCMeta)):
+class Transfer(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 60
 
     def __init__(
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/kolibri_whitenoise.py b/kolibri/utils/kolibri_whitenoise.py
index 379710dfd99..18d39bc9da0 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/kolibri_whitenoise.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/kolibri_whitenoise.py
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 import stat
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from io import BufferedIOBase
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs
+from urllib.parse import urljoin
 from wsgiref.headers import Headers
 
 from django.contrib.staticfiles import finders
 from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousFileOperation
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
 from django.utils._os import safe_join
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import parse_qs
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
 from whitenoise import WhiteNoise
 from whitenoise.httpstatus_backport import HTTPStatus
 from whitenoise.responders import MissingFileError
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/main.py b/kolibri/utils/main.py
index d02a4bd2eb3..2c0cf0e38af 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/main.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/main.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging.config
 import os
 import shutil
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/options.py b/kolibri/utils/options.py
index 8a3005e196c..34677055514 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/options.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/options.py
@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@
 import os
 import sys
 from functools import update_wrapper
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from urllib.parse import urlunparse
 
 from configobj import ConfigObj
 from configobj import flatten_errors
 from configobj import get_extra_values
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
-from django.utils.six import string_types
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlunparse
 from validate import is_boolean
 from validate import Validator
 from validate import VdtTypeError
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ def _process_list(value, separator=","):
     if not isinstance(value, list):
         if not value:
             value = []
-        elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
             value = value.split(separator)
         else:
             value = [value]
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ def language_list(value):
 def path(value):
     from kolibri.utils.conf import KOLIBRI_HOME
 
-    if not isinstance(value, string_types):
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
         raise VdtValueError(repr(value))
     # Allow for blank paths
     if value:
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ def path_list(value):
     Check that the supplied value is a semicolon-delimited list of paths.
     Note: we do not guarantee that these paths all currently exist.
     """
-    if isinstance(value, string_types):
+    if isinstance(value, str):
         value = value.split(";")
 
     out = []
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ def validate_bytes(value):
 
 
 def url_prefix(value):
-    if not isinstance(value, string_types):
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
         raise VdtValueError(value)
     return value.lstrip("/").rstrip("/") + "/"
 
@@ -301,7 +300,7 @@ def lazy_import_callback(value):
     is internal to Kolibri, and also because the module may not be available
     in some contexts.
     """
-    if not isinstance(value, string_types):
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
         raise VdtValueError(value)
     try:
         # Check that the string is at least parseable as a module name
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/__init__.py b/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/__init__.py
index 9b64abebe7c..7e552797efa 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/__init__.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/__init__.py
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@
 from kolibri.utils.pskolibri.common import LINUX
 from kolibri.utils.pskolibri.common import memoize_when_activated
 from kolibri.utils.pskolibri.common import NoSuchProcess
-from kolibri.utils.pskolibri.common import PY3
 from kolibri.utils.pskolibri.common import WINDOWS
 
 
@@ -222,8 +221,6 @@ def _init(self, pid, _ignore_nsp=False):
         if pid is None:
             pid = os.getpid()
         else:
-            if not PY3 and not isinstance(pid, (int, long)):  # noqa F821
-                raise TypeError("pid must be an integer (got %r)" % pid)
             if pid < 0:
                 raise ValueError("pid must be a positive integer (got %s)" % pid)
         self._pid = pid
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/common.py b/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/common.py
index a85e121a461..43bc7d5f259 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/common.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/pskolibri/common.py
@@ -10,32 +10,21 @@
 from kolibri.utils.android import on_android
 
 
-PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
 POSIX = os.name == "posix"
 WINDOWS = os.name == "nt"
 LINUX = sys.platform.startswith("linux") and not on_android()
 MACOS = sys.platform.startswith("darwin")
 
-if PY3:
 
-    def b(s):
-        return s.encode("latin-1")
-
-
-else:
-
-    def b(s):
-        return s
+def b(s):
+    return s.encode("latin-1")
 
 
 ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
-if not PY3:
-    ENCODING_ERRS = "replace"
-else:
-    try:
-        ENCODING_ERRS = sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors()  # py 3.6
-    except AttributeError:
-        ENCODING_ERRS = "surrogateescape" if POSIX else "replace"
+try:
+    ENCODING_ERRS = sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors()  # py 3.6
+except AttributeError:
+    ENCODING_ERRS = "surrogateescape" if POSIX else "replace"
 
 pcputimes = namedtuple(
     "pcputimes", ["user", "system", "children_user", "children_system"]
@@ -149,9 +138,7 @@ def open_binary(fname, **kwargs):
 def open_text(fname, **kwargs):
     """On Python 3 opens a file in text mode by using fs encoding and
     a proper en/decoding errors handler.
-    On Python 2 this is just an alias for open(name, 'rt').
     """
-    if PY3:
-        kwargs.setdefault("encoding", ENCODING)
-        kwargs.setdefault("errors", ENCODING_ERRS)
+    kwargs.setdefault("encoding", ENCODING)
+    kwargs.setdefault("errors", ENCODING_ERRS)
     return io.open(fname, "rt", **kwargs)
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/system.py b/kolibri/utils/system.py
index 34d04efac85..143b26de8dc 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/system.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/system.py
@@ -12,15 +12,10 @@
 
 etc..
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import os
 import sys
 
-import six
 from django.db import connections
 
 from .conf import KOLIBRI_HOME
@@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ def _windows_pid_exists(pid):
     return False
 
 
-buffering = int(six.PY3)  # No unbuffered text I/O on Python 3 (#20815).
+buffering = 1  # No unbuffered text I/O on Python 3 (#20815).
 
 
 def _posix_become_daemon(
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_data.py b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_data.py
index b92e4b90ea2..ecaef68ac7c 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_data.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_data.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from kolibri.utils.data import bytes_for_humans
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_options.py b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_options.py
index 7e08b7441f9..cd9031cf221 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_options.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_options.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 """
 Tests for `kolibri.utils.options` module.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import logging
 import os
 import sys
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_sanity_check.py b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_sanity_check.py
index d6e09d4e9f0..d2aa72e8a08 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_sanity_check.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_sanity_check.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import sys
 import tempfile
-import unittest
 
 from django.db.utils import OperationalError
 from django.test import TestCase
@@ -14,14 +13,6 @@
 
 
 class SanityCheckTestCase(TestCase):
-    @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.version_info[0] < 3,
-        """
-        This test fails on CI for Python 2.7, but not locally.
-        Seems to be something to do with the wonky way we're
-        creating the test container for the test.
-        """,
-    )
     @patch("kolibri.utils.sanity_checks.logging.error")
     @override_option(
         "Paths", "CONTENT_DIR", "Z:\\NOTREAL" if sys.platform == "win32" else "/dir_dne"
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_server.py b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_server.py
index e9b88dc32fe..53e63836a6f 100755
--- a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_server.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 """
 Tests for `kolibri.utils.server` module.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 from unittest import TestCase
 
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_version.py b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_version.py
index e5815923ee5..6a78b549653 100755
--- a/kolibri/utils/tests/test_version.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/tests/test_version.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 """
 Tests for `kolibri` module.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import unittest
 
 import mock
diff --git a/kolibri/utils/translation.py b/kolibri/utils/translation.py
index 724e00b7a33..362aefe596d 100644
--- a/kolibri/utils/translation.py
+++ b/kolibri/utils/translation.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 
 from django.core.exceptions import AppRegistryNotReady
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils import translation as django_translation_module
 from django.utils.decorators import ContextDecorator
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
@@ -164,10 +163,4 @@ def gettext(message):
     return do_translate(message, "gettext")
 
 
-if six.PY3:
-    ugettext = gettext
-else:
-
-    @prefer_django
-    def ugettext(message):
-        return do_translate(message, "ugettext")
+ugettext = gettext
diff --git a/packages/kolibri-tools/lib/i18n/utils.py b/packages/kolibri-tools/lib/i18n/utils.py
index 195011ec862..5015fd51311 100644
--- a/packages/kolibri-tools/lib/i18n/utils.py
+++ b/packages/kolibri-tools/lib/i18n/utils.py
@@ -114,26 +114,14 @@ def json_dump_formatted(data, file_path, file_name):
 
     # Format and write the JSON file
     with io.open(file_path_with_file_name, mode="w+", encoding="utf-8") as file_object:
-        # Manage unicode for the JSON dumping
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            output = json.dumps(
-                data,
-                sort_keys=True,
-                indent=2,
-                separators=(",", ": "),
-                ensure_ascii=False,
-            )
-            output = unicode(output, "utf-8")  # noqa
-            file_object.write(output)
-        else:
-            json.dump(
-                data,
-                file_object,
-                sort_keys=True,
-                indent=2,
-                separators=(",", ": "),
-                ensure_ascii=False,
-            )
+        json.dump(
+            data,
+            file_object,
+            sort_keys=True,
+            indent=2,
+            separators=(",", ": "),
+            ensure_ascii=False,
+        )
 
 
 def read_config_file():
diff --git a/requirements/base.txt b/requirements/base.txt
index 5e1096c2557..05dc4828b0e 100644
--- a/requirements/base.txt
+++ b/requirements/base.txt
@@ -4,18 +4,14 @@ django-filter==1.1.0 # pyup: <2.0.0
 django-js-reverse==0.9.1
 djangorestframework==3.9.1
 django==1.11.29  # pyup: >=1.11,<2
-six==1.14.0
 colorlog==3.2.0 # pyup: <4.0.0
 configobj==5.0.6
 django-mptt==0.9.1
 requests==2.27.1
 cheroot==8.6.0
 magicbus==4.1.2
-futures==3.1.1  # Temporarily pinning this until we can do a Python 2/3 compatible solution of newer versions # pyup: <=3.1.1
-more-itertools==5.0.0  # Last Python 2.7 friendly release # pyup: <6.0
 le-utils==0.2.2
 jsonfield==2.0.2
-requests-toolbelt==0.9.1
 morango==0.7.1
 tzlocal==2.1
 pytz==2022.1
@@ -26,7 +22,6 @@ django-redis-cache==2.0.0
 redis==3.2.1
 html5lib==1.0.1
 zeroconf-py2compat==0.19.17
-ifcfg==0.21
 Click==7.0
 whitenoise==4.1.4
 idna==2.8
diff --git a/requirements/build.txt b/requirements/build.txt
index fbef5cda989..500c3120fdc 100644
--- a/requirements/build.txt
+++ b/requirements/build.txt
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 # Requirements for building wheels
-# These requirements have to support Python 2.7
+# These requirements have to support Python 3.6
 # This does not depend on runtime stuff so we do not
 # include base.txt
-pex<1.6
+pex==2.1.153
 pip>=20.3.4
 setuptools>=20.3,<41,!=34.*,!=35.*  # https://github.com/pantsbuild/pex/blob/master/pex/version.py#L6 # pyup: ignore
 beautifulsoup4==4.8.2
 requests==2.21.0
 pkginfo==1.8.2
+wheel>=0.31.1
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index af2a27b81ff..2e4451232f2 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 import os
 
 from setuptools import setup
@@ -96,8 +92,6 @@ def run(self):
         "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
         "Natural Language :: English",
         "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 2",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
@@ -108,5 +102,5 @@ def run(self):
         "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
     ],
     cmdclass={"install_scripts": gen_windows_batch_files},
-    python_requires=">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*, !=3.5.*,  <3.12",
+    python_requires=">=3.6,  <3.12",
 )
diff --git a/test/coverage_blame.py b/test/coverage_blame.py
index 18fe4afe7f5..e33d757db75 100755
--- a/test/coverage_blame.py
+++ b/test/coverage_blame.py
@@ -3,10 +3,6 @@
 # Derived from http://scottlobdell.me/2015/04/gamifying-test-coverage-project/
 # Before running this script, first run tests with coverage using:
 #  tox -e py3.9
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from collections import Counter
 from subprocess import PIPE
 from subprocess import Popen
diff --git a/test/test_future_and_futures.py b/test/test_future_and_futures.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6639491d783..00000000000
--- a/test/test_future_and_futures.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import imp
-import os
-import sys
-
-# Import from kolibri first to ensure Kolibri's monkey patches are applied.
-from kolibri import dist as kolibri_dist  # noreorder
-
-
-dist_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(kolibri_dist.__file__))
-
-
-def test_import_concurrent_py3():
-    import concurrent
-
-    if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
-        # Python 3 is supposed to import its builtin package `concurrent`
-        # instead of being inside kolibri/dist/py2only or kolibri/dist
-        concurrent_parent_path = os.path.realpath(
-            os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(concurrent.__file__))
-        )
-
-        assert dist_dir != concurrent_parent_path
-        assert os.path.join(dist_dir, "py2only") != concurrent_parent_path
-
-
-def test_import_future_py2():
-    from future.standard_library import TOP_LEVEL_MODULES
-
-    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
-        for module_name in TOP_LEVEL_MODULES:
-            if "test" in module_name:
-                continue
-
-            module_parent_path = os.path.realpath(
-                os.path.dirname(imp.find_module(module_name)[1])
-            )
-            # future's standard libraries such as `html` should not be found
-            # at the same level as kolibri/dist; otherwise, python3 will try to
-            # import them from kolibri/dist instead of its builtin packages
-            assert dist_dir != module_parent_path
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 2525a1a4add..011f418a103 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tox]
-envlist = py{2.7,3.6,3.7,3.8,3.9,3.10,3.11}, postgres
+envlist = py{3.6,3.7,3.8,3.9,3.10,3.11}, postgres
 
 [testenv]
 usedevelop = True
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ setenv =
     KOLIBRI_RUN_MODE = tox
     SKIP_PY_CHECK = 1
 basepython =
-    py2.7: python2.7
     py3.6: python3.6
     py3.7: python3.7
     py3.8: python3.8