diff --git a/.chloggen/aggregate_labels_empty.yaml b/.chloggen/aggregate_labels_empty.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a98c8ed4f3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.chloggen/aggregate_labels_empty.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Use this changelog template to create an entry for release notes.
+
+# One of 'breaking', 'deprecation', 'new_component', 'enhancement', 'bug_fix'
+change_type: bug_fix
+
+# The name of the component, or a single word describing the area of concern, (e.g. filelogreceiver)
+component: metricstransform
+
+# A brief description of the change.  Surround your text with quotes ("") if it needs to start with a backtick (`).
+note: The previously removed functionality of aggregating against an empty label set is restored.
+
+# Mandatory: One or more tracking issues related to the change. You can use the PR number here if no issue exists.
+issues: [34430]
+
+# (Optional) One or more lines of additional information to render under the primary note.
+# These lines will be padded with 2 spaces and then inserted directly into the document.
+# Use pipe (|) for multiline entries.
+subtext:
+
+# If your change doesn't affect end users or the exported elements of any package,
+# you should instead start your pull request title with [chore] or use the "Skip Changelog" label.
+# Optional: The change log or logs in which this entry should be included.
+# e.g. '[user]' or '[user, api]'
+# Include 'user' if the change is relevant to end users.
+# Include 'api' if there is a change to a library API.
+# Default: '[user]'
+change_logs: []
diff --git a/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate.go b/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate.go
index dcfe176be121..c7bc4613b716 100644
--- a/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate.go
+++ b/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate.go
@@ -33,9 +33,21 @@ func CopyMetricDetails(from, to pmetric.Metric) {
 }
 
 func FilterAttrs(metric pmetric.Metric, filterAttrKeys []string) {
-	if len(filterAttrKeys) == 0 {
+	// filterAttrKeys being nil means the filter is to be skipped.
+	if filterAttrKeys == nil {
 		return
 	}
+	// filterAttrKeys being empty means it is explicitly expected to filter
+	// against an empty label set, which is functionally the same as removing
+	// all attributes.
+	if len(filterAttrKeys) == 0 {
+		RangeDataPointAttributes(metric, func(attrs pcommon.Map) bool {
+			attrs.Clear()
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+	// filterAttrKeys having provided attributes means the filter continues
+	// as normal.
 	RangeDataPointAttributes(metric, func(attrs pcommon.Map) bool {
 		attrs.RemoveIf(func(k string, _ pcommon.Value) bool {
 			return isNotPresent(k, filterAttrKeys)
diff --git a/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate_test.go b/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate_test.go
index a1e986b988e2..642e44996dd8 100644
--- a/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate_test.go
+++ b/internal/coreinternal/aggregateutil/aggregate_test.go
@@ -125,9 +125,7 @@ func Test_FilterAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 			want: func() pmetric.Metric {
 				m := pmetric.NewMetric()
 				s := m.SetEmptySum()
-				d := s.DataPoints().AppendEmpty()
-				d.Attributes().PutStr("attr1", "val1")
-				d.Attributes().PutStr("attr2", "val2")
+				s.DataPoints().AppendEmpty()
 				return m
 			},
 		},
diff --git a/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_testcase_builder_test.go b/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_testcase_builder_test.go
index dc2142b2ca76..55579b24b8b4 100644
--- a/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_testcase_builder_test.go
+++ b/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_testcase_builder_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 package metricstransformprocessor
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata/pcommon"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata/pmetric"
 )
@@ -54,7 +56,12 @@ func (b builder) addDoubleDatapoint(start, ts pcommon.Timestamp, val float64, at
 
 func (b builder) setAttrs(attrs pcommon.Map, attrValues []string) {
 	if len(attrValues) != len(b.attrs) {
-		panic(attrValues)
+		panic(
+			fmt.Sprintf(
+				"not enough attributes, expected %d attributes but got %s",
+				len(b.attrs),
+				attrValues),
+		)
 	}
 	for i, a := range b.attrs {
 		attrs.PutStr(a, attrValues[i])
diff --git a/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_otlp.go b/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_otlp.go
index ad2e3b42c6e8..1d1abac32830 100644
--- a/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_otlp.go
+++ b/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_otlp.go
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ func transformMetric(metric pmetric.Metric, transform internalTransform) bool {
 			updateLabelOp(metric, op, transform.MetricIncludeFilter)
 		case aggregateLabels:
 			if canChangeMetric {
-				attrs := []string{}
+				attrs := make([]string, 0, len(op.labelSetMap))
 				for k, v := range op.labelSetMap {
 					if v {
 						attrs = append(attrs, k)
diff --git a/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_testcases_test.go b/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_testcases_test.go
index cc6e5ff742d7..5d5191e57664 100644
--- a/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_testcases_test.go
+++ b/processor/metricstransformprocessor/metrics_transform_processor_testcases_test.go
@@ -667,6 +667,35 @@ var (
 					build(),
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "metric_label_aggregation_empty_label_set",
+			transforms: []internalTransform{
+				{
+					MetricIncludeFilter: internalFilterStrict{include: "metric1"},
+					Action:              Update,
+					Operations: []internalOperation{
+						{
+							configOperation: Operation{
+								Action:          aggregateLabels,
+								AggregationType: aggregateutil.Sum,
+								LabelSet:        []string{},
+							},
+							labelSetMap: map[string]bool{},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			in: []pmetric.Metric{
+				metricBuilder(pmetric.MetricTypeGauge, "metric1", "label1", "label2", "label3").
+					addIntDatapoint(0, 1, 1, "a", "b", "c").
+					build(),
+			},
+			out: []pmetric.Metric{
+				metricBuilder(pmetric.MetricTypeGauge, "metric1").
+					addIntDatapoint(0, 1, 1).
+					build(),
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "metric_label_aggregation_ignored_for_partial_metric_match",
 			transforms: []internalTransform{