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HyVM

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...the execution core of mass.money


HyVM is an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Hypervisor written in Huff, allowing the execution of arbitrary EVM Bytecode.

👉 See it in action with HyVM live playground


function execute() public returns (uint256 result) {
    // Bytecode for “3 + 4" and return the result
    (bool success, bytes memory data) = HyVM.delegatecall(hex”600360040160005260ff6000f3");
    result = abi.decode(data, (uint256));
}

What is a hypervisor?

According to vmware

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor allows one host computer to support multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.

In our case, the HyVM allows to run an EVM on top the EVM and execute opcodes directly.

Why?

Using the HyVM gives a maximum of flexibility, it replaces using specific scripts to interact with external protocols. There is no limit on which interactions that can be created. Custom and complex logic with chained calls can be executed by the HyVM opening a lot possibilities. Repetitive intructions and common ones could also be called as helper contract if needed.

How to use the HyVM

The way to use the HyVM is to use it as a library called with delegatecall. As shown below, a contract wallet allows to execute a delegatecall (or several), and thus to call the HyVM. The DApp managing the contract wallet gives the bytecode for the HyVM to execute. For example:

  • Swap multiple assets.
  • Approve & deposit.
image

How it works?

Calling the HyVM

The HyVM ingests raw bytecode (as input) via delegateCall, then processes the opcodes and executes them.

image

Bytecode processing

A pointer reads an opcode from the bytecode (extracted from calldata), translates it into a HyVM opcode implementation (more details below), executes and moves on to the next opcode. The pointer is stored in memory and updated each time it moves.

image

Each opcode is re-implemented to fit the HyVM memory layout and logic.

image

Memory Layout

When running a smart contract, you have the whole memory available (from 0x00 to infinity). However, the HyVM needs some memory for its internals. This memory is taken from the 0x00 offset. Every opcode call that accesses memory (ran by the host) will be fixed to skip this reserved memory.

The HyVM private memory layout is as follows:

  • [0x00-0x20] 👉 Execution pointer
  • [0x20-0x220] 👉 Jump table
  • [0x220-0x340] 👉 Memory reserved for debug purposes (see debug-utils.huff)
  • [0x220-0x460] (when contract contract verifier is enabled) 👉 Memory used to store contract verification call args & result. nb: It overlaps debug memory (because we dont need them both at the same time)

Thus, the actual memory of the host is starting at either 0x340 or 0x460 depending on the chosen configuration.

Disclaimer on jumpdest validity

⚠️ The HyVM skips jumpdest (0x5B) validations that might appear in push opcodes values. This is OK if the executed bytecode is well formed (for instance, if you compiled it using solc or equivalent). But if you feed broken bytecode to the HyVM, this could lead to some discrepancies between the HyVM and the actual EVM behaviour.
There is an open issue to implement the validation if needed here.

Compatibility

The HyVM supports PUSH0. It possible to execute bytecode compiled with Shanghai EVM version. As the HyVM is deployed with the Paris EVM version, it will be converted to PUSH1 0x00 during the execution. This is due to the fact that most chains do not support PUSH0 yet.

HyVM / EVM divergence

The HyVM consistently behaves as if the executed code did not receive any calldata.
The calldata in the delegatecall to the HyVM is the code to be executed.
Consequently, there are some opcodes divergence:

  • calldataload: pushes 0 on stack
  • calldatasize: pushes 0 on stack
  • calldatacopy: copies zeros in the specified location
  • selfdestruct: reverts to prevent malicious or erroneous selfdestruct
  • jumpdest: as mentioned in the disclaimer, there is no check to ensure the validity of the opcode.
  • codesize: returns the calldatasize, not the VM size
  • callcode will revert : it is deprecated and generally considered unsafe.
  • codecopy: copies from the calldata, not the code

Addresses

Deployed at 0xCBD19f5728BE69c76e14473fFDe478170Be91eEb on Polygon

Getting Started

You will need:

  • Huff (huffc 0.3.2 / nightly-813b6b683dd214dfca71d49284afd885dd9eef09) This is the last version with which the HyVM was tested. It is not possible to pin the Huffc version in CI consistently as pre-released versions are pruned and only the 3 newest nightlies are kept.
  • Foundry/Forge

You can find easm, the basic EVM assembly compiler that is used to compile tests here.
You can use pyevmasm to disassemble bytecode.

How to test

It is possible to test for different versions of solidity or different EVM versions. It is set to paris by default in the foundry.toml file but it is also compatible with shanghai.

forge test

How to deploy

Example of how to deploy to Polygon:

forge script script/Deploy.s.sol --private-key XXXXXXXXXXXXX --chain-id 137 --rpc-url https://polygon-rpc.com --broadcast