From 5bf03ae47ad672d46313c4839334ca5019775148 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: signorecello Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 00:46:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] chore(docs): cut new docs version for tag v0.19.4 --- .../version-v0.19.4/examples/merkle-proof.mdx | 48 +++ .../getting_started/00_nargo_installation.md | 249 +++++++++++++++ .../getting_started/01_hello_world.md | 147 +++++++++ .../getting_started/02_breakdown.md | 198 ++++++++++++ docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/index.md | 100 ++++++ .../language_concepts/01_functions.md | 225 ++++++++++++++ .../language_concepts/02_control_flow.md | 44 +++ .../language_concepts/03_ops.md | 97 ++++++ .../language_concepts/04_assert.md | 26 ++ .../language_concepts/05_unconstrained.md | 96 ++++++ .../language_concepts/06_generics.md | 113 +++++++ .../language_concepts/07_mutability.md | 92 ++++++ .../language_concepts/08_lambdas.md | 80 +++++ .../language_concepts/09_comments.md | 32 ++ .../language_concepts/10_distinct.md | 63 ++++ 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docs/versioned_sidebars/version-v0.19.4-sidebars.json diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/examples/merkle-proof.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/examples/merkle-proof.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..832fb4bb55e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/examples/merkle-proof.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: Merkle Proof Membership +description: + Learn how to use merkle membership proof in Noir to prove that a given leaf is a member of a + merkle tree with a specified root, at a given index. +keywords: + [merkle proof, merkle membership proof, Noir, rust, hash function, Pedersen, sha256, merkle tree] +--- + +Let's walk through an example of a merkle membership proof in Noir that proves that a given leaf is +in a merkle tree. + +```rust +use dep::std; + +fn main(message : [Field; 62], index : Field, hashpath : [Field; 40], root : Field) { + let leaf = std::hash::hash_to_field(message); + let merkle_root = std::merkle::compute_merkle_root(leaf, index, hashpath); + assert(merkle_root == root); +} + +``` + +The message is hashed using `hash_to_field`. The specific hash function that is being used is chosen +by the backend. The only requirement is that this hash function can heuristically be used as a +random oracle. If only collision resistance is needed, then one can call `std::hash::pedersen_hash` +instead. + +```rust +let leaf = std::hash::hash_to_field(message); +``` + +The leaf is then passed to a compute_merkle_root function with the root, index and hashpath. The returned root can then be asserted to be the same as the provided root. + +```rust +let merkle_root = std::merkle::compute_merkle_root(leaf, index, hashpath); +assert (merkle_root == root); +``` + +> **Note:** It is possible to re-implement the merkle tree implementation without standard library. +> However, for most usecases, it is enough. In general, the standard library will always opt to be +> as conservative as possible, while striking a balance with efficiency. + +An example, the merkle membership proof, only requires a hash function that has collision +resistance, hence a hash function like Pedersen is allowed, which in most cases is more efficient +than the even more conservative sha256. + +[View an example on the starter repo](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir-examples/blob/3ea09545cabfa464124ec2f3ea8e60c608abe6df/stealthdrop/circuits/src/main.nr#L20) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/00_nargo_installation.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/00_nargo_installation.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..725c5f4d373 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/00_nargo_installation.md @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ +--- +title: Nargo Installation +description: + nargo is a command line tool for interacting with Noir programs (e.g. compiling, proving, + verifying and more). Learn how to install and use Nargo for your projects with this comprehensive + guide. +keywords: [Nargo, command line tool, Noir programs, installation guide, how to use Nargo] +--- + +`nargo` is a command line tool for interacting with Noir programs (e.g. compiling, proving, +verifying and more). + +Alternatively, the interactions can also be performed in [NoirJS](../noir_js/noir_js.md). + +### UltraPlonk + +Nargo versions <0.5.0 of `aztec_backend` and `aztec_wasm_backend` are based on the TurboPlonk +version of Aztec Backend, which lacks efficient implementations of useful primitives (e.g. Keccak256 in 18k constraints, ECDSA verification in 36k constraints) that the UltraPlonk version offers. + +## Installation + +There are four approaches for installing Nargo: + +- [Option 1: Noirup](#option-1-noirup) +- [Option 2: Binaries](#option-2-binaries) +- [Option 3: Compile from Source](#option-3-compile-from-source) +- [Option 4: WSL for Windows](#option-4-wsl-for-windows) + +Optionally you can also install [Noir VS Code extension] for syntax highlighting. + +### Option 1: Noirup + +If you're on OSX or Linux, the easiest way to start using Noir and Nargo is via noirup. Just open a +terminal and run: + +```bash +curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/noir-lang/noirup/main/install | bash +``` + +Close the terminal, open another one, and run + +```bash +noirup +``` + +Done, you should have the latest version working. You can check with `nargo --version`. + +You can also install nightlies, specific versions +or branches, check out the [noirup repository](https://github.com/noir-lang/noirup) for more +information. + +#### GitHub Actions + +You can use `noirup` with GitHub Actions for CI/CD and automated testing. It is as simple as +installing `noirup` and running tests in your GitHub Action `yml` file. + +See the +[config file](https://github.com/TomAFrench/noir-hashes/blob/master/.github/workflows/noir.yml) in +this repo containing hash functions in Noir for an example. + +#### Nightly versions + +To install the nightly version of Noir (updated daily) run: + +```bash +noirup -n +``` + +### Option 2: Binaries + +See [GitHub Releases](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/releases) for the latest and previous +platform specific binaries. + +#### Step 1 + +Paste and run the following in the terminal to extract and install the binary: + +> **macOS / Linux:** If you are prompted with `Permission denied` when running commands, prepend +> `sudo` and re-run it. + +##### macOS (Apple Silicon) + +```bash +mkdir -p $HOME/.nargo/bin && \ +curl -o $HOME/.nargo/bin/nargo-aarch64-apple-darwin.tar.gz -L https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/releases/download/v0.6.0/nargo-aarch64-apple-darwin.tar.gz && \ +tar -xvf $HOME/.nargo/bin/nargo-aarch64-apple-darwin.tar.gz -C $HOME/.nargo/bin/ && \ +echo '\nexport PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.nargo/bin' >> ~/.zshrc && \ +source ~/.zshrc +``` + +##### macOS (Intel) + +```bash +mkdir -p $HOME/.nargo/bin && \ +curl -o $HOME/.nargo/bin/nargo-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz -L https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/releases/download/v0.6.0/nargo-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz && \ +tar -xvf $HOME/.nargo/bin/nargo-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz -C $HOME/.nargo/bin/ && \ +echo '\nexport PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.nargo/bin' >> ~/.zshrc && \ +source ~/.zshrc +``` + +##### Linux (Bash) + +```bash +mkdir -p $HOME/.nargo/bin && \ +curl -o $HOME/.nargo/bin/nargo-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz -L https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/releases/download/v0.6.0/nargo-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz && \ +tar -xvf $HOME/.nargo/bin/nargo-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz -C $HOME/.nargo/bin/ && \ +echo -e '\nexport PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.nargo/bin' >> ~/.bashrc && \ +source ~/.bashrc +``` + +#### Step 2 + +Check if the installation was successful by running `nargo --help`. + +> **macOS:** If you are prompted with an OS alert, right-click and open the _nargo_ executable from +> Finder. Close the new terminal popped up and `nargo` should now be accessible. + +For a successful installation, you should see something similar to the following after running the +command: + +```sh +$ nargo --help + +Noir's package manager + +Usage: nargo + +Commands: + check Checks the constraint system for errors + codegen-verifier Generates a Solidity verifier smart contract for the program + compile Compile the program and its secret execution trace into ACIR format + new Create a new binary project + execute Executes a circuit to calculate its return value + prove Create proof for this program. The proof is returned as a hex encoded string + verify Given a proof and a program, verify whether the proof is valid + test Run the tests for this program + gates Counts the occurrences of different gates in circuit + help Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s) +``` + +### Option 3: Compile from Source + +Due to the large number of native dependencies, Noir projects uses [Nix](https://nixos.org/) and [direnv](https://direnv.net/) to streamline the development experience. It helps mitigating ssues commonly associated with dependency management, such as conflicts between required package versions for different projects (often referred to as "dependency hell"). + +Combined with direnv, which automatically sets or unsets environment variables based on the directory, it further simplifies the development process by seamlessly integrating with the developer's shell, facilitating an efficient and reliable workflow for managing and deploying Noir projects with multiple dependencies. + +#### Setting up your environment + +For the best experience, please follow these instructions to setup your environment: + +1. Install Nix following [their guide](https://nixos.org/download.html) for your operating system. +2. Create the file `~/.config/nix/nix.conf` with the contents: + +```ini +experimental-features = nix-command +extra-experimental-features = flakes +``` + +3. Install direnv into your Nix profile by running: + +```sh +nix profile install nixpkgs#direnv +``` + +4. Add direnv to your shell following [their guide](https://direnv.net/docs/hook.html). + 1. For bash or zshell, add `eval "$(direnv hook bash)"` or `eval "$(direnv hook zsh)"` to your ~/.bashrc or ~/.zshrc file, respectively. +5. Restart your shell. + +#### Shell & editor experience + +Now that your environment is set up, you can get to work on the project. + +1. Clone the repository, such as: + +```sh +git clone git@github.com:noir-lang/noir +``` + +> Replacing `noir` with whichever repository you want to work on. + +2. Navigate to the directory: + +```sh +cd noir +``` + +> Replacing `noir` with whichever repository you cloned. + +3. You should see a **direnv error** because projects aren't allowed by default. Make sure you've reviewed and trust our `.envrc` file, then you need to run: + +```sh +direnv allow +``` + +4. Now, wait awhile for all the native dependencies to be built. This will take some time and direnv will warn you that it is taking a long time, but we just need to let it run. + +5. Once you are presented with your prompt again, you can start your editor within the project directory (we recommend [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/)): + +```sh +code . +``` + +6. (Recommended) When launching VSCode for the first time, you should be prompted to install our recommended plugins. We highly recommend installing these for the best development experience. + +#### Building and testing + +Assuming you are using `direnv` to populate your environment, building and testing the project can be done +with the typical `cargo build`, `cargo test`, and `cargo clippy` commands. You'll notice that the `cargo` version matches the version we specify in `rust-toolchain.toml`, which is 1.71.1 at the time of this writing. + +If you want to build the entire project in an isolated sandbox, you can use Nix commands: + +1. `nix build .` (or `nix build . -L` for verbose output) to build the project in a Nix sandbox. +2. `nix flake check` (or `nix flake check -L` for verbose output) to run clippy and tests in a Nix sandbox. + +#### Without `direnv` + +If you have hesitations with using direnv, you can launch a subshell with `nix develop` and then launch your editor from within the subshell. However, if VSCode was already launched in the project directory, the environment won't be updated. + +Advanced: If you aren't using direnv nor launching your editor within the subshell, you can try to install Barretenberg and other global dependencies the package needs. This is an advanced workflow and likely won't receive support! + +### Option 4: WSL (for Windows) + +The default backend for Noir (Barretenberg) doesn't provide Windows binaries at this time. For that reason, Noir cannot be installed nativerly. However, it is available by using Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). + +Step 1: Follow the instructions [here](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install) to install and run WSL. + +step 2: Follow the [Noirup instructions](#option-1-noirup). + +## Uninstalling Nargo + +### Noirup + +If you installed Noir with `noirup`, you can uninstall Noir by removing the files in `~/.nargo`, `~/nargo` and `~/noir_cache`. + +```bash +rm -r ~/.nargo +rm -r ~/nargo +rm -r ~/noir_cache +``` + +### Nix + +If you installed Noir with Nix or from source, you can remove the binary located at `~/.nix-profile/bin/nargo`. + +```bash +rm ~/.nix-profile/bin/nargo +``` + +[noir vs code extension]: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=noir-lang.vscode-noir diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/01_hello_world.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/01_hello_world.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8b4416beba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/01_hello_world.md @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +--- +title: Create A Project +description: + Learn how to create and verify your first Noir program using Nargo, a programming language for + zero-knowledge proofs. +keywords: + [ + Nargo, + Noir, + zero-knowledge proofs, + programming language, + create Noir program, + verify Noir program, + step-by-step guide, + ] +--- + +Now that we have installed Nargo, it is time to make our first hello world program! + +## Create a Project Directory + +Noir code can live anywhere on your computer. Let us create a _projects_ folder in the home +directory to house our Noir programs. + +For Linux, macOS, and Windows PowerShell, create the directory and change directory into it by +running: + +```sh +mkdir ~/projects +cd ~/projects +``` + +For Windows CMD, run: + +```sh +> mkdir "%USERPROFILE%\projects" +> cd /d "%USERPROFILE%\projects" +``` + +## Create Our First Nargo Project + +Now that we are in the projects directory, create a new Nargo project by running: + +```sh +nargo new hello_world +``` + +> **Note:** `hello_world` can be any arbitrary project name, we are simply using `hello_world` for +> demonstration. +> +> In production, the common practice is to name the project folder as `circuits` for better +> identifiability when sitting alongside other folders in the codebase (e.g. `contracts`, `scripts`, +> `test`). + +A `hello_world` folder would be created. Similar to Rust, the folder houses _src/main.nr_ and +_Nargo.toml_ that contains the source code and environmental options of your Noir program +respectively. + +### Intro to Noir Syntax + +Let us take a closer look at _main.nr_. The default _main.nr_ generated should look like this: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : pub Field) { + assert(x != y); +} +``` + +The first line of the program specifies the program's inputs: + +```rust +x : Field, y : pub Field +``` + +Program inputs in Noir are private by default (e.g. `x`), but can be labeled public using the +keyword `pub` (e.g. `y`). To learn more about private and public values, check the +[Data Types](../language_concepts/data_types) section. + +The next line of the program specifies its body: + +```rust +assert(x != y); +``` + +The Noir syntax `assert` can be interpreted as something similar to constraints in other zk-contract languages. + +For more Noir syntax, check the [Language Concepts](../language_concepts/comments) chapter. + +## Build In/Output Files + +Change directory into _hello_world_ and build in/output files for your Noir program by running: + +```sh +cd hello_world +nargo check +``` + +Two additional files would be generated in your project directory: + +_Prover.toml_ houses input values, and _Verifier.toml_ houses public values. + +## Prove Our Noir Program + +Now that the project is set up, we can create a proof of correct execution on our Noir program. + +Fill in input values for execution in the _Prover.toml_ file. For example: + +```toml +x = "1" +y = "2" +``` + +Prove the valid execution of your Noir program: + +```sh +nargo prove +``` + +A new folder _proofs_ would then be generated in your project directory, containing the proof file +`.proof`, where the project name is defined in Nargo.toml. + +The _Verifier.toml_ file would also be updated with the public values computed from program +execution (in this case the value of `y`): + +```toml +y = "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +``` + +> **Note:** Values in _Verifier.toml_ are computed as 32-byte hex values. + +## Verify Our Noir Program + +Once a proof is generated, we can verify correct execution of our Noir program by verifying the +proof file. + +Verify your proof by running: + +```sh +nargo verify +``` + +The verification will complete in silence if it is successful. If it fails, it will log the +corresponding error instead. + +Congratulations, you have now created and verified a proof for your very first Noir program! + +In the [next section](breakdown), we will go into more detail on each step performed. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/02_breakdown.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/02_breakdown.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9a17f5d6360 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/getting_started/02_breakdown.md @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +--- +title: Project Breakdown +description: + Learn about the anatomy of a Nargo project, including the purpose of the Prover and Verifier TOML + files, and how to prove and verify your program. +keywords: + [Nargo, Nargo project, Prover.toml, Verifier.toml, proof verification, private asset transfer] +--- + +This section breaks down our hello world program in section _1.2_. We elaborate on the project +structure and what the `prove` and `verify` commands did in the previous section. + +## Anatomy of a Nargo Project + +Upon creating a new project with `nargo new` and building the in/output files with `nargo check` +commands, you would get a minimal Nargo project of the following structure: + + - src + - Prover.toml + - Verifier.toml + - Nargo.toml + +The source directory _src_ holds the source code for your Noir program. By default only a _main.nr_ +file will be generated within it. + +### Prover.toml + +_Prover.toml_ is used for specifying the input values for executing and proving the program. You can specify `toml` files with different names by using the `--prover-name` or `-p` flags, see the [Prover](#provertoml) section below. Optionally you may specify expected output values for prove-time checking as well. + +### Verifier.toml + +_Verifier.toml_ contains public in/output values computed when executing the Noir program. + +### Nargo.toml + +_Nargo.toml_ contains the environmental options of your project. It contains a "package" section and a "dependencies" section. + +Example Nargo.toml: + +```toml +[package] +name = "noirstarter" +type = "bin" +authors = ["Alice"] +compiler_version = "0.9.0" +description = "Getting started with Noir" +entry = "circuit/main.nr" +license = "MIT" + +[dependencies] +ecrecover = {tag = "v0.9.0", git = "https://github.com/colinnielsen/ecrecover-noir.git"} +``` + +Nargo.toml for a [workspace](../modules_packages_crates/workspaces) will look a bit different. For example: + +```toml +[workspace] +members = ["crates/a", "crates/b"] +default-member = "crates/a" +``` + +#### Package section + +The package section requires a number of fields including: + +- `name` (**required**) - the name of the package +- `type` (**required**) - can be "bin", "lib", or "contract" to specify whether its a binary, library or Aztec contract +- `authors` (optional) - authors of the project +- `compiler_version` - specifies the version of the compiler to use. This is enforced by the compiler and follow's [Rust's versioning](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-version-field), so a `compiler_version = 0.18.0` will enforce Nargo version 0.18.0, `compiler_version = ^0.18.0` will enforce anything above 0.18.0 but below 0.19.0, etc. For more information, see how [Rust handles these operators](https://docs.rs/semver/latest/semver/enum.Op.html) +- `description` (optional) +- `entry` (optional) - a relative filepath to use as the entry point into your package (overrides the default of `src/lib.nr` or `src/main.nr`) +- `backend` (optional) +- `license` (optional) + +#### Dependencies section + +This is where you will specify any dependencies for your project. See the [Dependencies page](../modules_packages_crates/dependencies) for more info. + +`./proofs/` and `./contract/` directories will not be immediately visible until you create a proof or +verifier contract respectively. + +### main.nr + +The _main.nr_ file contains a `main` method, this method is the entry point into your Noir program. + +In our sample program, _main.nr_ looks like this: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : Field) { + assert(x != y); +} +``` + +The parameters `x` and `y` can be seen as the API for the program and must be supplied by the +prover. Since neither `x` nor `y` is marked as public, the verifier does not supply any inputs, when +verifying the proof. + +The prover supplies the values for `x` and `y` in the _Prover.toml_ file. + +As for the program body, `assert` ensures the satisfaction of the condition (e.g. `x != y`) is +constrained by the proof of the execution of said program (i.e. if the condition was not met, the +verifier would reject the proof as an invalid proof). + +### Prover.toml + +The _Prover.toml_ file is a file which the prover uses to supply his witness values(both private and +public). + +In our hello world program the _Prover.toml_ file looks like this: + +```toml +x = "1" +y = "2" +``` + +When the command `nargo prove` is executed, two processes happen: + +1. Noir creates a proof that `x` which holds the value of `1` and `y` which holds the value of `2` + is not equal. This not equal constraint is due to the line `assert(x != y)`. + +2. Noir creates and stores the proof of this statement in the _proofs_ directory in a file called your-project.proof. So if your project is named "private_voting" (defined in the project Nargo.toml), the proof will be saved at `./proofs/private_voting.proof`. Opening this file will display the proof in hex format. + +#### Arrays of Structs + +The following code shows how to pass an array of structs to a Noir program to generate a proof. + +```rust +// main.nr +struct Foo { + bar: Field, + baz: Field, +} + +fn main(foos: [Foo; 3]) -> pub Field { + foos[2].bar + foos[2].baz +} +``` + +Prover.toml: + +```toml +[[foos]] # foos[0] +bar = 0 +baz = 0 + +[[foos]] # foos[1] +bar = 0 +baz = 0 + +[[foos]] # foos[2] +bar = 1 +baz = 2 +``` + +#### Custom toml files + +You can specify a `toml` file with a different name to use for proving by using the `--prover-name` or `-p` flags. + +This command looks for proof inputs in the default **Prover.toml** and generates the proof and saves it at `./proofs/.proof`: + +```bash +nargo prove +``` + +This command looks for proof inputs in the custom **OtherProver.toml** and generates proof and saves it at `./proofs/.proof`: + +```bash +nargo prove -p OtherProver +``` + +## Verifying a Proof + +When the command `nargo verify` is executed, two processes happen: + +1. Noir checks in the _proofs_ directory for a proof file with the project name (eg. test_project.proof) + +2. If that file is found, the proof's validity is checked + +> **Note:** The validity of the proof is linked to the current Noir program; if the program is +> changed and the verifier verifies the proof, it will fail because the proof is not valid for the +> _modified_ Noir program. + +In production, the prover and the verifier are usually two separate entities. A prover would +retrieve the necessary inputs, execute the Noir program, generate a proof and pass it to the +verifier. The verifier would then retrieve the public inputs from usually external sources and +verifies the validity of the proof against it. + +Take a private asset transfer as an example: + +A user on browser as the prover would retrieve private inputs (e.g. the user's private key) and +public inputs (e.g. the user's encrypted balance on-chain), compute the transfer, generate a proof +and submit it to the verifier smart contract. + +The verifier contract would then draw the user's encrypted balance directly from the blockchain and +verify the proof submitted against it. If the verification passes, additional functions in the +verifier contract could trigger (e.g. approve the asset transfer). + +Now that you understand the concepts, you'll probably want some editor feedback while you are writing more complex code. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/index.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/index.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..75e1abf2932 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +--- +title: Introducing Noir +description: + Learn about the public alpha release of Noir, a domain specific language heavily influenced by + Rust that compiles to an intermediate language which can be compiled to an arithmetic circuit or a + rank-1 constraint system. +keywords: + [ + Noir, + Domain Specific Language, + Rust, + Intermediate Language, + Arithmetic Circuit, + Rank-1 Constraint System, + Ethereum Developers, + Protocol Developers, + Blockchain Developers, + Proving System, + Smart Contract Language, + ] +slug: / +--- + +## What is Noir? + +Noir is a Domain Specific Language for SNARK proving systems. It has been designed to use any ACIR compatible proving system. + +It's design choices are influenced heavily by Rust and focuses on a simple, familiar syntax. + +## Who is Noir for? + +Noir can be used for a variety of purposes. + +### Solidity Developers + +Noir currently includes a command to create a Solidity contract which verifies your Noir program. This will +be modularised in the future; however, as of the alpha, you can use the [`nargo codegen-verifier`](./nargo/commands#nargo-codegen-verifier) command to create +a verifier contract. + +### Protocol Developers + +As a protocol developer, you may not want to use the Aztec backend due to it not being a fit for +your stack, or maybe you simply want to use a different proving system. Since Noir does not compile +to a specific proof system, it is possible for protocol developers to replace the PLONK-based +proving system with a different proving system altogether. + +### Blockchain developers + +As a blockchain developer, you will be constrained by parameters set by your blockchain (for example, the +proving system and smart contract language has been pre-defined). In order for you to use Noir in +your blockchain, a proving system backend and a smart contract interface +must be implemented for it. + +## What's new about Noir? + +Noir is simple and flexible in its design, as it does not compile immediately to a fixed +NP-complete language. Instead, Noir compiles to an intermediate language (ACIR), which itself can be compiled +to an arithmetic circuit (if choosing to target Aztec's barretenberg backend) or a rank-1 constraint system (if choosing to target an R1CS backend like Arkwork's Marlin backend, or others). + +This in itself brings up a few challenges within the design process, but allows one to decouple the programming language completely from the backend. This is similar in theory to LLVM. + +## Current Features + +Compiler: + +- Module System +- For expressions +- Arrays +- Bit Operations +- Binary operations (<, <=, >, >=, +, -, \*, /, %) [See documentation for an extensive list] +- Unsigned integers +- If statements +- Structures and Tuples +- Generics + +ACIR Supported OPCODES: + +- Sha256 +- Blake2s +- Schnorr signature verification +- MerkleMembership +- Pedersen Commitment +- Pedersen Hash +- HashToField + +## Libraries + +Noir does not currently have an official package manager. You can find a list of available Noir libraries in the [awesome-noir repo here](https://github.com/noir-lang/awesome-noir#libraries). + +Some libraries that are available today include: + +- [Standard Library](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/tree/master/noir_stdlib) - the Noir Standard Library +- [Ethereum Storage Proof Verification](https://github.com/aragonzkresearch/noir-trie-proofs) - a library that contains the primitives necessary for RLP decoding (in the form of look-up table construction) and Ethereum state and storage proof verification (or verification of any trie proof involving 32-byte long keys) +- [BigInt](https://github.com/shuklaayush/noir-bigint) - a library that provides a custom BigUint56 data type, allowing for computations on large unsigned integers +- [ECrecover](https://github.com/colinnielsen/ecrecover-noir/tree/main) - a library to verify an ECDSA signature and return the source Ethereum address +- [Sparse Merkle Tree Verifier](https://github.com/vocdoni/smtverifier-noir/tree/main) - a library for verification of sparse Merkle trees +- [Signed Int](https://github.com/resurgencelabs/signed_int) - a library for accessing a custom Signed Integer data type, allowing access to negative numbers on Noir +- [Fraction](https://github.com/resurgencelabs/fraction) - a library for accessing fractional number data type in Noir, allowing results that aren't whole numbers + +See the section on [dependencies](./modules_packages_crates/dependencies) for more information. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/01_functions.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/01_functions.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..47cdea0cf04 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/01_functions.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +--- +title: Functions +description: + Learn how to declare functions and methods in Noir, a programming language with Rust semantics. + This guide covers parameter declaration, return types, call expressions, and more. +keywords: [Noir, Rust, functions, methods, parameter declaration, return types, call expressions] +--- + +Functions in Noir follow the same semantics of Rust, though Noir does not support early returns. + +To declare a function the `fn` keyword is used. + +```rust +fn foo() {} +``` + +By default, functions are visible only within the package they are defined. To make them visible outside of that package (for example, as part of a [library](../modules_packages_crates/crates_and_packages.md#libraries)), you should mark them as `pub`: + +```rust +pub fn foo() {} +``` + +You can also restrict the visibility of the function to only the crate it was defined in, by specifying `pub(crate)`: + +```rust +pub(crate) fn foo() {} //foo can only be called within its crate +``` + +All parameters in a function must have a type and all types are known at compile time. The parameter +is pre-pended with a colon and the parameter type. Multiple parameters are separated using a comma. + +```rust +fn foo(x : Field, y : pub Field){} +``` + +The return type of a function can be stated by using the `->` arrow notation. The function below +states that the foo function must return a `Field`. If the function returns no value, then the arrow +is omitted. + +```rust +fn foo(x : Field, y : pub Field) -> Field { + x + y +} +``` + +Note that a `return` keyword is unneeded in this case - the last expression in a function's body is +returned. + +## Main function + +If you're writing a binary, the `main` function is the starting point of your program. You can pass all types of expressions to it, as long as they have a fixed size at compile time: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field) // this is fine: passing a Field +fn main(x : [Field; 2]) // this is also fine: passing a Field with known size at compile-time +fn main(x : (Field, bool)) // 👌: passing a (Field, bool) tuple means size 2 +fn main(x : str<5>) // this is fine, as long as you pass a string of size 5 + +fn main(x : Vec) // can't compile, has variable size +fn main(x : [Field]) // can't compile, has variable size +fn main(....// i think you got it by now +``` + +Keep in mind [tests](../nargo/02_testing.md) don't differentiate between `main` and any other function. The following snippet passes tests, but won't compile or prove: + +```rust +fn main(x : [Field]) { + assert(x[0] == 1); +} + +#[test] +fn test_one() { + main([1, 2]); +} +``` + +```bash +$ nargo test +[testing] Running 1 test functions +[testing] Testing test_one... ok +[testing] All tests passed + +$ nargo check +The application panicked (crashed). +Message: Cannot have variable sized arrays as a parameter to main +``` + +## Call Expressions + +Calling a function in Noir is executed by using the function name and passing in the necessary +arguments. + +Below we show how to call the `foo` function from the `main` function using a call expression: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : Field) { + let z = foo(x); +} + +fn foo(x : Field) -> Field { + x + x +} +``` + +## Methods + +You can define methods in Noir on any struct type in scope. + +```rust +struct MyStruct { + foo: Field, + bar: Field, +} + +impl MyStruct { + fn new(foo: Field) -> MyStruct { + MyStruct { + foo, + bar: 2, + } + } + + fn sum(self) -> Field { + self.foo + self.bar + } +} + +fn main() { + let s = MyStruct::new(40); + assert(s.sum() == 42); +} +``` + +Methods are just syntactic sugar for functions, so if we wanted to we could also call `sum` as +follows: + +```rust +assert(MyStruct::sum(s) == 42); +``` + +It is also possible to specialize which method is chosen depending on the [generic](./06_generics.md) type that is used. In this example, the `foo` function returns different values depending on its type: + +```rust +struct Foo {} + +impl Foo { + fn foo(self) -> Field { 1 } +} + +impl Foo { + fn foo(self) -> Field { 2 } +} + +fn main() { + let f1: Foo = Foo{}; + let f2: Foo = Foo{}; + assert(f1.foo() + f2.foo() == 3); +} +``` + +Also note that impls with the same method name defined in them cannot overlap. For example, if we already have `foo` defined for `Foo` and `Foo` like we do above, we cannot also define `foo` in an `impl Foo` since it would be ambiguous which version of `foo` to choose. + +```rust +// Including this impl in the same project as the above snippet would +// cause an overlapping impls error +impl Foo { + fn foo(self) -> Field { 3 } +} +``` + +## Lambdas + +Lambdas are anonymous functions. They follow the syntax of Rust - `|arg1, arg2, ..., argN| return_expression`. + +```rust +let add_50 = |val| val + 50; +assert(add_50(100) == 150); +``` + +See [Lambdas](./08_lambdas.md) for more details. + +## Attributes + +Attributes are metadata that can be applied to a function, using the following syntax: `#[attribute(value)]`. + +Supported attributes include: + +- **builtin**: the function is implemented by the compiler, for efficiency purposes. +- **deprecated**: mark the function as _deprecated_. Calling the function will generate a warning: `warning: use of deprecated function` +- **field**: Used to enable conditional compilation of code depending on the field size. See below for more details +- **oracle**: mark the function as _oracle_; meaning it is an external unconstrained function, implemented in noir_js. See [Unconstrained](./05_unconstrained.md) and [NoirJS](../noir_js/noir_js.md) for more details. +- **test**: mark the function as unit tests. See [Tests](../nargo/02_testing.md) for more details + +### Field Attribute + +The field attribute defines which field the function is compatible for. The function is conditionally compiled, under the condition that the field attribute matches the Noir native field. +The field can be defined implicitly, by using the name of the elliptic curve usually associated to it - for instance bn254, bls12_381 - or explicitly by using the field (prime) order, in decimal or hexadecimal form. +As a result, it is possible to define multiple versions of a function with each version specialized for a different field attribute. This can be useful when a function requires different parameters depending on the underlying elliptic curve. + +Example: we define the function `foo()` three times below. Once for the default Noir bn254 curve, once for the field $\mathbb F_{23}$, which will normally never be used by Noir, and once again for the bls12_381 curve. + +```rust +#[field(bn254)] +fn foo() -> u32 { + 1 +} + +#[field(23)] +fn foo() -> u32 { + 2 +} + +// This commented code would not compile as foo would be defined twice because it is the same field as bn254 +// #[field(21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617)] +// fn foo() -> u32 { +// 2 +// } + +#[field(bls12_381)] +fn foo() -> u32 { + 3 +} +``` + +If the field name is not known to Noir, it will discard the function. Field names are case insensitive. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/02_control_flow.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/02_control_flow.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a7f85360197 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/02_control_flow.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: Control Flow +description: + Learn how to use loops and if expressions in the Noir programming language. Discover the syntax + and examples for for loops and if-else statements. +keywords: [Noir programming language, loops, for loop, if-else statements, Rust syntax] +--- + +## Loops + +Noir has one kind of loop: the `for` loop. `for` loops allow you to repeat a block of code multiple +times. + +The following block of code between the braces is run 10 times. + +```rust +for i in 0..10 { + // do something +}; +``` + +The index for loops is of type `u64`. + +## If Expressions + +Noir supports `if-else` statements. The syntax is most similar to Rust's where it is not required +for the statement's conditional to be surrounded by parentheses. + +```rust +let a = 0; +let mut x: u32 = 0; + +if a == 0 { + if a != 0 { + x = 6; + } else { + x = 2; + } +} else { + x = 5; + assert(x == 5); +} +assert(x == 2); +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/03_ops.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/03_ops.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..da02b126059 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/03_ops.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +--- +title: Logical Operations +description: + Learn about the supported arithmetic and logical operations in the Noir programming language. + Discover how to perform operations on private input types, integers, and booleans. +keywords: + [ + Noir programming language, + supported operations, + arithmetic operations, + logical operations, + predicate operators, + bitwise operations, + short-circuiting, + backend, + ] +--- + +# Operations + +## Table of Supported Operations + +| Operation | Description | Requirements | +| :-------- | :------------------------------------------------------------: | -------------------------------------: | +| + | Adds two private input types together | Types must be private input | +| - | Subtracts two private input types together | Types must be private input | +| \* | Multiplies two private input types together | Types must be private input | +| / | Divides two private input types together | Types must be private input | +| ^ | XOR two private input types together | Types must be integer | +| & | AND two private input types together | Types must be integer | +| \| | OR two private input types together | Types must be integer | +| << | Left shift an integer by another integer amount | Types must be integer | +| >> | Right shift an integer by another integer amount | Types must be integer | +| ! | Bitwise not of a value | Type must be integer or boolean | +| < | returns a bool if one value is less than the other | Upper bound must have a known bit size | +| <= | returns a bool if one value is less than or equal to the other | Upper bound must have a known bit size | +| > | returns a bool if one value is more than the other | Upper bound must have a known bit size | +| >= | returns a bool if one value is more than or equal to the other | Upper bound must have a known bit size | +| == | returns a bool if one value is equal to the other | Both types must not be constants | +| != | returns a bool if one value is not equal to the other | Both types must not be constants | + +### Predicate Operators + +`<,<=, !=, == , >, >=` are known as predicate/comparison operations because they compare two values. +This differs from the operations such as `+` where the operands are used in _computation_. + +### Bitwise Operations Example + +```rust +fn main(x : Field) { + let y = x as u32; + let z = y & y; +} +``` + +`z` is implicitly constrained to be the result of `y & y`. The `&` operand is used to denote bitwise +`&`. + +> `x & x` would not compile as `x` is a `Field` and not an integer type. + +### Logical Operators + +Noir has no support for the logical operators `||` and `&&`. This is because encoding the +short-circuiting that these operators require can be inefficient for Noir's backend. Instead you can +use the bitwise operators `|` and `&` which operate indentically for booleans, just without the +short-circuiting. + +```rust +let my_val = 5; + +let mut flag = 1; +if (my_val > 6) | (my_val == 0) { + flag = 0; +} +assert(flag == 1); + +if (my_val != 10) & (my_val < 50) { + flag = 0; +} +assert(flag == 0); +``` + +### Shorthand operators + +Noir shorthand operators for most of the above operators, namely `+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, ^=, <<=`, and `>>=`. These allow for more concise syntax. For example: + +```rust +let mut i = 0; +i = i + 1; +``` + +could be written as: + +```rust +let mut i = 0; +i += 1; +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/04_assert.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/04_assert.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7427ec6cc63 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/04_assert.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: Assert Function +description: + Learn about the assert function in Noir, which can be used to explicitly constrain the predicate or + comparison expression that follows to be true, and what happens if the expression is false at + runtime. +keywords: [Noir programming language, assert statement, predicate expression, comparison expression] +--- + +Noir includes a special `assert` function which will explicitly constrain the predicate/comparison +expression that follows to be true. If this expression is false at runtime, the program will fail to +be proven. Example: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : Field) { + assert(x == y); +} +``` + +You can optionally provide a message to be logged when the assertion fails: + +```rust +assert(x == y, "x and y are not equal"); +``` + +> Assertions only work for predicate operations, such as `==`. If there's any ambiguity on the operation, the program will fail to compile. For example, it is unclear if `assert(x + y)` would check for `x + y == 0` or simply would return `true`. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/05_unconstrained.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/05_unconstrained.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6b621eda3eb --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/05_unconstrained.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: Unconstrained Functions +description: "Learn about what unconstrained functions in Noir are, how to use them and when you'd want to." + +keywords: [Noir programming language, unconstrained, open] +--- + + + +Unconstrained functions are functions which do not constrain any of the included computation and allow for non-determinisitic computation. + +## Why? + +Zero-knowledge (ZK) domain-specific languages (DSL) enable developers to generate ZK proofs from their programs by compiling code down to the constraints of an NP complete language (such as R1CS or PLONKish languages). However, the hard bounds of a constraint system can be very limiting to the functionality of a ZK DSL. + +Enabling a circuit language to perform unconstrained execution is a powerful tool. Said another way, unconstrained execution lets developers generate witnesses from code that does not generate any constraints. Being able to execute logic outside of a circuit is critical for both circuit performance and constructing proofs on information that is external to a circuit. + +Fetching information from somewhere external to a circuit can also be used to enable developers to improve circuit efficiency. + +A ZK DSL does not just prove computation, but proves that some computation was handled correctly. Thus, it is necessary that when we switch from performing some operation directly inside of a circuit to inside of an unconstrained environment that the appropriate constraints are still laid down elsewhere in the circuit. + +## Example + +An in depth example might help drive the point home. This example comes from the excellent [post](https://discord.com/channels/1113924620781883405/1124022445054111926/1128747641853972590) by Tom in the Noir Discord. + +Let's look at how we can optimize a function to turn a `u72` into an array of `u8`s. + +```rust +fn main(num: u72) -> pub [u8; 8] { + let mut out: [u8; 8] = [0; 8]; + for i in 0..8 { + out[i] = (num >> (56 - (i * 8)) as u72 & 0xff) as u8; + } + + out +} +``` + +``` +Total ACIR opcodes generated for language PLONKCSat { width: 3 }: 91 +Backend circuit size: 3619 +``` + +A lot of the operations in this function are optimized away by the compiler (all the bit-shifts turn into divisions by constants). However we can save a bunch of gates by casting to u8 a bit earlier. This automatically truncates the bit-shifted value to fit in a u8 which allows us to remove the XOR against 0xff. This saves us ~480 gates in total. + +```rust +fn main(num: u72) -> pub [u8; 8] { + let mut out: [u8; 8] = [0; 8]; + for i in 0..8 { + out[i] = (num >> (56 - (i * 8)) as u8; + } + + out +} +``` + +``` +Total ACIR opcodes generated for language PLONKCSat { width: 3 }: 75 +Backend circuit size: 3143 +``` + +Those are some nice savings already but we can do better. This code is all constrained so we're proving every step of calculating out using num, but we don't actually care about how we calculate this, just that it's correct. This is where brillig comes in. + +It turns out that truncating a u72 into a u8 is hard to do inside a snark, each time we do as u8 we lay down 4 ACIR opcodes which get converted into multiple gates. It's actually much easier to calculate num from out than the other way around. All we need to do is multiply each element of out by a constant and add them all together, both relatively easy operations inside a snark. + +We can then run u72_to_u8 as unconstrained brillig code in order to calculate out, then use that result in our constrained function and assert that if we were to do the reverse calculation we'd get back num. This looks a little like the below: + +```rust +fn main(num: u72) -> pub [u8; 8] { + let out = u72_to_u8(num); + + let mut reconstructed_num: u72 = 0; + for i in 0..8 { + reconstructed_num += (out[i] as u72 << (56 - (8 * i))); + } + assert(num == reconstructed_num); + out +} + +unconstrained fn u72_to_u8(num: u72) -> [u8; 8] { + let mut out: [u8; 8] = [0; 8]; + for i in 0..8 { + out[i] = (num >> (56 - (i * 8))) as u8; + } + out +} +``` + +``` +Total ACIR opcodes generated for language PLONKCSat { width: 3 }: 78 +Backend circuit size: 2902 +``` + +This ends up taking off another ~250 gates from our circuit! We've ended up with more ACIR opcodes than before but they're easier for the backend to prove (resulting in fewer gates). + +Generally we want to use brillig whenever there's something that's easy to verify but hard to compute within the circuit. For example, if you wanted to calculate a square root of a number it'll be a much better idea to calculate this in brillig and then assert that if you square the result you get back your number. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/06_generics.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/06_generics.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9fb4177c2a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/06_generics.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +--- +title: Generics +description: Learn how to use Generics in Noir +keywords: [Noir, Rust, generics, functions, structs] +--- + +Generics allow you to use the same functions with multiple different concrete data types. You can +read more about the concept of generics in the Rust documentation +[here](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-01-syntax.html). + +Here is a trivial example showing the identity function that supports any type. In Rust, it is +common to refer to the most general type as `T`. We follow the same convention in Noir. + +```rust +fn id(x: T) -> T { + x +} +``` + +## In Structs + +Generics are useful for specifying types in structs. For example, we can specify that a field in a +struct will be of a certain generic type. In this case `value` is of type `T`. + +```rust +struct RepeatedValue { + value: T, + count: Field, +} + +impl RepeatedValue { + fn new(value: T) -> Self { + Self { value, count: 1 } + } + + fn increment(mut repeated: Self) -> Self { + repeated.count += 1; + repeated + } + + fn print(self) { + for _i in 0 .. self.count { + dep::std::println(self.value); + } + } +} + +fn main() { + let mut repeated = RepeatedValue::new("Hello!"); + repeated = repeated.increment(); + repeated.print(); +} +``` + +The `print` function will print `Hello!` an arbitrary number of times, twice in this case. + +If we want to be generic over array lengths (which are type-level integers), we can use numeric +generics. Using these looks just like using regular generics, but these generics can resolve to +integers at compile-time, rather than resolving to types. Here's an example of a struct that is +generic over the size of the array it contains internally: + +```rust +struct BigInt { + limbs: [u32; N], +} + +impl BigInt { + // `N` is in scope of all methods in the impl + fn first(first: BigInt, second: BigInt) -> Self { + assert(first.limbs != second.limbs); + first + + fn second(first: BigInt, second: Self) -> Self { + assert(first.limbs != second.limbs); + second + } +} +``` + +## Calling functions on generic parameters + +Unlike Rust, Noir does not have traits, so how can one translate the equivalent of a trait bound in +Rust into Noir? That is, how can we write a function that is generic over some type `T`, while also +requiring there is a function like `eq: fn(T, T) -> bool` that works on the type? + +The answer is that we can translate this by passing in the function manually. Here's an example of +implementing array equality in Noir: + +```rust +fn array_eq(array1: [T; N], array2: [T; N], elem_eq: fn(T, T) -> bool) -> bool { + if array1.len() != array2.len() { + false + } else { + let mut result = true; + for i in 0 .. array1.len() { + result &= elem_eq(array1[i], array2[i]); + } + result + } +} + +fn main() { + assert(array_eq([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], |a, b| a == b)); + + // We can use array_eq even for arrays of structs, as long as we have + // an equality function for these structs we can pass in + let array = [MyStruct::new(), MyStruct::new()]; + assert(array_eq(array, array, MyStruct::eq)); +} +``` + +You can see an example of generics in the tests +[here](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/master/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/execution_success/generics/src/main.nr). diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/07_mutability.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/07_mutability.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4641521b1d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/07_mutability.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +--- +title: Mutability +description: + Learn about mutable variables, constants, and globals in Noir programming language. Discover how + to declare, modify, and use them in your programs. +keywords: [noir programming language, mutability in noir, mutable variables, constants, globals] +--- + +Variables in noir can be declared mutable via the `mut` keyword. Mutable variables can be reassigned +to via an assignment expression. + +```rust +let x = 2; +x = 3; // error: x must be mutable to be assigned to + +let mut y = 3; +let y = 4; // OK +``` + +The `mut` modifier can also apply to patterns: + +```rust +let (a, mut b) = (1, 2); +a = 11; // error: a must be mutable to be assigned to +b = 12; // OK + +let mut (c, d) = (3, 4); +c = 13; // OK +d = 14; // OK + +// etc. +let MyStruct { x: mut y } = MyStruct { x: a }; +// y is now in scope +``` + +Note that mutability in noir is local and everything is passed by value, so if a called function +mutates its parameters then the parent function will keep the old value of the parameters. + +```rust +fn main() -> Field { + let x = 3; + helper(x); + x // x is still 3 +} + +fn helper(mut x: i32) { + x = 4; +} +``` + +## Comptime Values + +:::warning + +The 'comptime' keyword was removed in version 0.10. The comptime keyword and syntax are currently still kept and parsed for backwards compatibility, but are now deprecated and will issue a warning when used. `comptime` has been removed because it is no longer needed for accessing arrays. + +::: + +## Globals + +Noir also supports global variables. However, they must be known at compile-time. The global type can also be inferred by the compiler entirely. Globals can also be used to specify array +annotations for function parameters and can be imported from submodules. + +```rust +global N: Field = 5; // Same as `global N: Field = 5` + +fn main(x : Field, y : [Field; N]) { + let res = x * N; + + assert(res == y[0]); + + let res2 = x * mysubmodule::N; + assert(res != res2); +} + +mod mysubmodule { + use dep::std; + + global N: Field = 10; + + fn my_helper() -> Field { + let x = N; + x + } +} +``` + +## Why only local mutability? + +Witnesses in a proving system are immutable in nature. Noir aims to _closely_ mirror this setting +without applying additional overhead to the user. Modeling a mutable reference is not as +straightforward as on conventional architectures and would incur some possibly unexpected overhead. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/08_lambdas.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/08_lambdas.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ae1e6aecab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/08_lambdas.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +--- +title: Lambdas +description: Learn how to use anonymous functions in Noir programming language. +keywords: [Noir programming language, lambda, closure, function, anonymous function] +--- + +## Introduction + +Lambdas are anonymous functions. The syntax is `|arg1, arg2, ..., argN| return_expression`. + +```rust +let add_50 = |val| val + 50; +assert(add_50(100) == 150); +``` + +A block can be used as the body of a lambda, allowing you to declare local variables inside it: + +```rust +let cool = || { + let x = 100; + let y = 100; + x + y +} + +assert(cool() == 200); +``` + +## Closures + +Inside the body of a lambda, you can use variables defined in the enclosing function. Such lambdas are called **closures**. In this example `x` is defined inside `main` and is accessed from within the lambda: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = 100; + let closure = || x + 150; + assert(closure() == 250); +} +``` + +## Passing closures to higher-order functions + +It may catch you by surprise that the following code fails to compile: + +```rust +fn foo(f: fn () -> Field) -> Field { + f() +} + +fn main() { + let (x, y) = (50, 50); + assert(foo(|| x + y) == 100); // error :( +} +``` + +The reason is that the closure's capture environment affects its type - we have a closure that captures two Fields and `foo` +expects a regular function as an argument - those are incompatible. +:::note + +Variables contained within the `||` are the closure's parameters, and the expression that follows it is the closure's body. The capture environment is comprised of any variables used in the closure's body that are not parameters. + +E.g. in |x| x + y, y would be a captured variable, but x would not be, since it is a parameter of the closure. + +::: +The syntax for the type of a closure is `fn[env](args) -> ret_type`, where `env` is the capture environment of the closure - +in this example that's `(Field, Field)`. + +The best solution in our case is to make `foo` generic over the environment type of its parameter, so that it can be called +with closures with any environment, as well as with regular functions: + +```rust +fn foo(f: fn[Env]() -> Field) -> Field { + f() +} + +fn main() { + let (x, y) = (50, 50); + assert(foo(|| x + y) == 100); // compiles fine + assert(foo(|| 60) == 60); // compiles fine +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/09_comments.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/09_comments.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3bb4d2f25a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/09_comments.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: Comments +description: + Learn how to write comments in Noir programming language. A comment is a line of code that is + ignored by the compiler, but it can be read by programmers. Single-line and multi-line comments + are supported in Noir. +keywords: [Noir programming language, comments, single-line comments, multi-line comments] +--- + +A comment is a line in your codebase which the compiler ignores, however it can be read by +programmers. + +Here is a single line comment: + +```rust +// This is a comment and is ignored +``` + +`//` is used to tell the compiler to ignore the rest of the line. + +Noir also supports multi-line block comments. Start a block comment with `/*` and end the block with `*/`. + +Noir does not natively support doc comments. You may be able to use [Rust doc comments](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/comments.html) in your code to leverage some Rust documentation build tools with Noir code. + +```rust +/* + This is a block comment describing a complex function. +*/ +fn main(x : Field, y : pub Field) { + assert(x != y); +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/10_distinct.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/10_distinct.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e7ff7f5017a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/10_distinct.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: Distinct Witnesses +--- + +The `distinct` keyword prevents repetitions of witness indices in the program's ABI. This ensures +that the witnesses being returned as public inputs are all unique. + +The `distinct` keyword is only used for return values on program entry points (usually the `main()` +function). + +When using `distinct` and `pub` simultaneously, `distinct` comes first. See the example below. + +You can read more about the problem this solves +[here](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/issues/1183). + +## Example + +Without the `distinct` keyword, the following program + +```rust +fn main(x : pub Field, y : pub Field) -> pub [Field; 4] { + let a = 1; + let b = 1; + [x + 1, y, a, b] +} +``` + +compiles to + +```json +{ + //... + "abi": { + //... + "param_witnesses": { "x": [1], "y": [2] }, + "return_witnesses": [3, 2, 4, 4] + } +} +``` + +Whereas (with the `distinct` keyword) + +```rust +fn main(x : pub Field, y : pub Field) -> distinct pub [Field; 4] { + let a = 1; + let b = 1; + [x + 1, y, a, b] +} +``` + +compiles to + +```json +{ + //... + "abi": { + //... + "param_witnesses": { "x": [1], "y": [2] }, + //... + "return_witnesses": [3, 4, 5, 6] + } +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/11_shadowing.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/11_shadowing.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..efd743e764f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/11_shadowing.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: Shadowing +--- + +Noir allows for inheriting variables' values and re-declaring them with the same name similar to Rust, known as shadowing. + +For example, the following function is valid in Noir: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = 5; + + { + let x = x * 2; + assert (x == 10); + } + + assert (x == 5); +} +``` + +In this example, a variable x is first defined with the value 5. + +The local scope that follows shadows the original x, i.e. creates a local mutable x based on the value of the original x. It is given a value of 2 times the original x. + +When we return to the main scope, x once again refers to just the original x, which stays at the value of 5. + +## Temporal mutability + +One way that shadowing is useful, in addition to ergonomics across scopes, is for temporarily mutating variables. + +```rust +fn main() { + let age = 30; + // age = age + 5; // Would error as `age` is immutable by default. + + let mut age = age + 5; // Temporarily mutates `age` with a new value. + + let age = age; // Locks `age`'s mutability again. + + assert (age == 35); +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d546cc463a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: Data Types +description: + Get a clear understanding of the two categories of Noir data types - primitive types and compound + types. Learn about their characteristics, differences, and how to use them in your Noir + programming. +keywords: + [ + noir, + data types, + primitive types, + compound types, + private types, + public types, + ] +--- + +Every value in Noir has a type, which determines which operations are valid for it. + +All values in Noir are fundamentally composed of `Field` elements. For a more approachable +developing experience, abstractions are added on top to introduce different data types in Noir. + +Noir has two category of data types: primitive types (e.g. `Field`, integers, `bool`) and compound +types that group primitive types (e.g. arrays, tuples, structs). Each value can either be private or +public. + +## Private & Public Types + +A **private value** is known only to the Prover, while a **public value** is known by both the +Prover and Verifier. Mark values as `private` when the value should only be known to the prover. All +primitive types (including individual fields of compound types) in Noir are private by default, and +can be marked public when certain values are intended to be revealed to the Verifier. + +> **Note:** For public values defined in Noir programs paired with smart contract verifiers, once +> the proofs are verified on-chain the values can be considered known to everyone that has access to +> that blockchain. + +Public data types are treated no differently to private types apart from the fact that their values +will be revealed in proofs generated. Simply changing the value of a public type will not change the +circuit (where the same goes for changing values of private types as well). + +_Private values_ are also referred to as _witnesses_ sometimes. + +> **Note:** The terms private and public when applied to a type (e.g. `pub Field`) have a different +> meaning than when applied to a function (e.g. `pub fn foo() {}`). +> +> The former is a visibility modifier for the Prover to interpret if a value should be made known to +> the Verifier, while the latter is a visibility modifier for the compiler to interpret if a +> function should be made accessible to external Noir programs like in other languages. + +### pub Modifier + +All data types in Noir are private by default. Types are explicitly declared as public using the +`pub` modifier: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : pub Field) -> pub Field { + x + y +} +``` + +In this example, `x` is **private** while `y` and `x + y` (the return value) are **public**. Note +that visibility is handled **per variable**, so it is perfectly valid to have one input that is +private and another that is public. + +> **Note:** Public types can only be declared through parameters on `main`. + +## Type Aliases + +A type alias is a new name for an existing type. Type aliases are declared with the keyword `type`: + +```rust +type Id = u8; + +fn main() { + let id: Id = 1; + let zero: u8 = 0; + assert(zero + 1 == id); +} +``` + +Type aliases can also be used with [generics](./06_generics.md): + +```rust +type Id = Size; + +fn main() { + let id: Id = 1; + let zero: u32 = 0; + assert(zero + 1 == id); +} +``` + +### BigInt + +You can acheive BigInt functionality using the [Noir BigInt](https://github.com/shuklaayush/noir-bigint) library. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/00_fields.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/00_fields.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..658a0441ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/00_fields.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +--- +title: Fields +description: + Dive deep into the Field data type in Noir. Understand its methods, practical examples, and best practices to effectively use Fields in your Noir programs. +keywords: + [ + noir, + field type, + methods, + examples, + best practices, + ] +--- + +The field type corresponds to the native field type of the proving backend. + +The size of a Noir field depends on the elliptic curve's finite field for the proving backend +adopted. For example, a field would be a 254-bit integer when paired with the default backend that +spans the Grumpkin curve. + +Fields support integer arithmetic and are often used as the default numeric type in Noir: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : Field) { + let z = x + y; +} +``` + +`x`, `y` and `z` are all private fields in this example. Using the `let` keyword we defined a new +private value `z` constrained to be equal to `x + y`. + +If proving efficiency is of priority, fields should be used as a default for solving problems. +Smaller integer types (e.g. `u64`) incur extra range constraints. + +## Methods + +After declaring a Field, you can use these common methods on it: + +### to_le_bits + +Transforms the field into an array of bits, Little Endian. + +```rust +fn to_le_bits(_x : Field, _bit_size: u32) -> [u1; N] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2; + let bits = field.to_le_bits(32); +} +``` + +### to_be_bits + +Transforms the field into an array of bits, Big Endian. + +```rust +fn to_be_bits(_x : Field, _bit_size: u32) -> [u1; N] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2; + let bits = field.to_be_bits(32); +} +``` + +### to_le_bytes + +Transforms into an array of bytes, Little Endian + +```rust +fn to_le_bytes(_x : Field, byte_size: u32) -> [u8] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2; + let bytes = field.to_le_bytes(4); +} +``` + +### to_be_bytes + +Transforms into an array of bytes, Big Endian + +```rust +fn to_be_bytes(_x : Field, byte_size: u32) -> [u8] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2; + let bytes = field.to_be_bytes(4); +} +``` + +### to_le_radix + +Decomposes into a vector over the specified base, Little Endian + +```rust +fn to_le_radix(_x : Field, _radix: u32, _result_len: u32) -> [u8] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2; + let radix = field.to_le_radix(256, 4); +} +``` + +### to_be_radix + +Decomposes into a vector over the specified base, Big Endian + +```rust +fn to_be_radix(_x : Field, _radix: u32, _result_len: u32) -> [u8] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2; + let radix = field.to_be_radix(256, 4); +} +``` + +### pow_32 + +Returns the value to the power of the specified exponent + +```rust +fn pow_32(self, exponent: Field) -> Field +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let field = 2 + let pow = field.pow_32(4); + assert(pow == 16); +} +``` + +### sgn0 + +Parity of (prime) Field element, i.e. sgn0(x mod p) = 0 if x ∈ {0, ..., p-1} is even, otherwise sgn0(x mod p) = 1. + +```rust +fn sgn0(self) -> u1 +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/01_integers.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/01_integers.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b1e7ad11bfd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/01_integers.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +--- +title: Integers +description: Explore the Integer data type in Noir. Learn about its methods, see real-world examples, and grasp how to efficiently use Integers in your Noir code. +keywords: [noir, integer types, methods, examples, arithmetic] +--- + +An integer type is a range constrained field type. The Noir frontend supports arbitrarily-sized, both unsigned and signed integer types. + +:::info + +When an integer is defined in Noir without a specific type, it will default to `Field`. + +The one exception is for loop indices which default to `u64` since comparisons on `Field`s are not possible. + +::: + +## Unsigned Integers + +An unsigned integer type is specified first with the letter `u` (indicating its unsigned nature) followed by its bit size (e.g. `8`): + +```rust +fn main() { + let x: u8 = 1; + let y: u8 = 1; + let z = x + y; + assert (z == 2); +} +``` + +The bit size determines the maximum value the integer type can store. For example, a `u8` variable can store a value in the range of 0 to 255 (i.e. $\\2^{8}-1\\$). + +## Signed Integers + +A signed integer type is specified first with the letter `i` (which stands for integer) followed by its bit size (e.g. `8`): + +```rust +fn main() { + let x: i8 = -1; + let y: i8 = -1; + let z = x + y; + assert (z == -2); +} +``` + +The bit size determines the maximum and minimum range of value the integer type can store. For example, an `i8` variable can store a value in the range of -128 to 127 (i.e. $\\-2^{7}\\$ to $\\2^{7}-1\\$). + +:::tip + +If you are using the default proving backend with Noir, both even (e.g. _u2_, _i2_) and odd (e.g. _u3_, _i3_) arbitrarily-sized integer types up to 127 bits (i.e. _u127_ and _i127_) are supported. + +::: + +## Overflows + +Computations that exceed the type boundaries will result in overflow errors. This happens with both signed and unsigned integers. For example, attempting to prove: + +```rust +fn main(x: u8, y: u8) { + let z = x + y; +} +``` + +With: + +```toml +x = "255" +y = "1" +``` + +Would result in: + +``` +$ nargo prove +error: Assertion failed: 'attempt to add with overflow' +┌─ ~/src/main.nr:9:13 +│ +│ let z = x + y; +│ ----- +│ += Call stack: + ... +``` + +A similar error would happen with signed integers: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x: i8 = -118; + let y: i8 = -11; + let z = x + y; +} +``` + +### Wrapping methods + +Although integer overflow is expected to error, some use-cases rely on wrapping. For these use-cases, the standard library provides `wrapping` variants of certain common operations: + +```rust +fn wrapping_add(x: T, y: T) -> T; +fn wrapping_sub(x: T, y: T) -> T; +fn wrapping_mul(x: T, y: T) -> T; +``` + +Example of how it is used: + +```rust +use dep::std; + +fn main(x: u8, y: u8) -> pub u8 { + std::wrapping_add(x + y) +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/02_booleans.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/02_booleans.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..885db167d83 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/02_booleans.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: Booleans +description: + Delve into the Boolean data type in Noir. Understand its methods, practical examples, and best practices for using Booleans in your Noir programs. +keywords: + [ + noir, + boolean type, + methods, + examples, + logical operations, + ] +--- + + +The `bool` type in Noir has two possible values: `true` and `false`: + +```rust +fn main() { + let t = true; + let f: bool = false; +} +``` + +> **Note:** When returning a boolean value, it will show up as a value of 1 for `true` and 0 for +> `false` in _Verifier.toml_. + +The boolean type is most commonly used in conditionals like `if` expressions and `assert` +statements. More about conditionals is covered in the [Control Flow](../control_flow) and +[Assert Function](../assert) sections. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/03_strings.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/03_strings.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c42f34ec3ad --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/03_strings.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: Strings +description: + Discover the String data type in Noir. Learn about its methods, see real-world examples, and understand how to effectively manipulate and use Strings in Noir. +keywords: + [ + noir, + string type, + methods, + examples, + concatenation, + ] +--- + + +The string type is a fixed length value defined with `str`. + +You can use strings in `assert()` functions or print them with +`std::println()`. See more about [Logging](../../standard_library/logging). + +```rust +use dep::std; + +fn main(message : pub str<11>, hex_as_string : str<4>) { + std::println(message); + assert(message == "hello world"); + assert(hex_as_string == "0x41"); +} +``` + +You can convert a `str` to a byte array by calling `as_bytes()` +or a vector by calling `as_bytes_vec()`. + +```rust +fn main() { + let message = "hello world"; + let message_bytes = message.as_bytes(); + let mut message_vec = message.as_bytes_vec(); + assert(message_bytes.len() == 11); + assert(message_bytes[0] == 104); + assert(message_bytes[0] == message_vec.get(0)); +} +``` + +## Escape characters + +You can use escape characters for your strings: + +| Escape Sequence | Description | +|-----------------|-----------------| +| `\r` | Carriage Return | +| `\n` | Newline | +| `\t` | Tab | +| `\0` | Null Character | +| `\"` | Double Quote | +| `\\` | Backslash | + +Example: + +```rust +let s = "Hello \"world" // prints "Hello "world" +let s = "hey \tyou"; // prints "hey you" +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/04_arrays.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/04_arrays.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..bdbd1798bef --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/04_arrays.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +--- +title: Arrays +description: + Dive into the Array data type in Noir. Grasp its methods, practical examples, and best practices for efficiently using Arrays in your Noir code. +keywords: + [ + noir, + array type, + methods, + examples, + indexing, + ] +--- + +An array is one way of grouping together values into one compound type. Array types can be inferred +or explicitly specified via the syntax `[; ]`: + +```rust +fn main(x : Field, y : Field) { + let my_arr = [x, y]; + let your_arr: [Field; 2] = [x, y]; +} +``` + +Here, both `my_arr` and `your_arr` are instantiated as an array containing two `Field` elements. + +Array elements can be accessed using indexing: + +```rust +fn main() { + let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + + let first = a[0]; + let second = a[1]; +} +``` + +All elements in an array must be of the same type (i.e. homogeneous). That is, an array cannot group +a `Field` value and a `u8` value together for example. + +You can write mutable arrays, like: + +```rust +fn main() { + let mut arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + assert(arr[0] == 1); + + arr[0] = 42; + assert(arr[0] == 42); +} +``` + +You can instantiate a new array of a fixed size with the same value repeated for each element. The following example instantiates an array of length 32 where each element is of type Field and has the value 0. + +```rust +let array: [Field; 32] = [0; 32]; +``` + +Like in Rust, arrays in Noir are a fixed size. However, if you wish to convert an array to a [slice](./slices), you can just call `as_slice` on your array: + +```rust +let array: [Field; 32] = [0; 32]; +let sl = array.as_slice() +``` + +You can define multidimensional arrays: + +```rust +let array : [[Field; 2]; 2]; +let element = array[0][0]; +``` + +## Types + +You can create arrays of primitive types or structs. There is not yet support for nested arrays +(arrays of arrays) or arrays of structs that contain arrays. + +## Methods + +For convenience, the STD provides some ready-to-use, common methods for arrays: + +### len + +Returns the length of an array + +```rust +fn len(_array: [T; N]) -> comptime Field +``` + +example + +```rust +fn main() { + let array = [42, 42]; + assert(array.len() == 2); +} +``` + +### sort + +Returns a new sorted array. The original array remains untouched. Notice that this function will +only work for arrays of fields or integers, not for any arbitrary type. This is because the sorting +logic it uses internally is optimized specifically for these values. If you need a sort function to +sort any type, you should use the function `sort_via` described below. + +```rust +fn sort(_array: [T; N]) -> [T; N] +``` + +example + +```rust +fn main() { + let arr = [42, 32]; + let sorted = arr.sort(); + assert(sorted == [32, 42]); +} +``` + +### sort_via + +Sorts the array with a custom comparison function + +```rust +fn sort_via(mut a: [T; N], ordering: fn(T, T) -> bool) -> [T; N] +``` + +example + +```rust +fn main() { + let arr = [42, 32] + let sorted_ascending = arr.sort_via(|a, b| a < b); + assert(sorted_ascending == [32, 42]); // verifies + + let sorted_descending = arr.sort_via(|a, b| a > b); + assert(sorted_descending == [32, 42]); // does not verify +} +``` + +### map + +Applies a function to each element of the array, returning a new array containing the mapped elements. + +```rust +fn map(f: fn(T) -> U) -> [U; N] +``` + +example + +```rust +let a = [1, 2, 3]; +let b = a.map(|a| a * 2); // b is now [2, 4, 6] +``` + +### fold + +Applies a function to each element of the array, returning the final accumulated value. The first +parameter is the initial value. + +```rust +fn fold(mut accumulator: U, f: fn(U, T) -> U) -> U +``` + +This is a left fold, so the given function will be applied to the accumulator and first element of +the array, then the second, and so on. For a given call the expected result would be equivalent to: + +```rust +let a1 = [1]; +let a2 = [1, 2]; +let a3 = [1, 2, 3]; + +let f = |a, b| a - b; +a1.fold(10, f) //=> f(10, 1) +a2.fold(10, f) //=> f(f(10, 1), 2) +a3.fold(10, f) //=> f(f(f(10, 1), 2), 3) +``` + +example: + +```rust + +fn main() { + let arr = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]; + let folded = arr.fold(0, |a, b| a + b); + assert(folded == 10); +} + +``` + +### reduce + +Same as fold, but uses the first element as starting element. + +```rust +fn reduce(f: fn(T, T) -> T) -> T +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let arr = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]; + let reduced = arr.reduce(|a, b| a + b); + assert(reduced == 10); +} +``` + +### all + +Returns true if all the elements satisfy the given predicate + +```rust +fn all(predicate: fn(T) -> bool) -> bool +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let arr = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]; + let all = arr.all(|a| a == 2); + assert(all); +} +``` + +### any + +Returns true if any of the elements satisfy the given predicate + +```rust +fn any(predicate: fn(T) -> bool) -> bool +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let arr = [2, 2, 2, 2, 5]; + let any = arr.any(|a| a == 5); + assert(any); +} + +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/05_slices.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/05_slices.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1be0ec4a137 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/05_slices.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +--- +title: Slices +description: Explore the Slice data type in Noir. Understand its methods, see real-world examples, and learn how to effectively use Slices in your Noir programs. +keywords: [noir, slice type, methods, examples, subarrays] +--- + +import Experimental from '@site/src/components/Notes/_experimental.mdx'; + + + +A slice is a dynamically-sized view into a sequence of elements. They can be resized at runtime, but because they don't own the data, they cannot be returned from a circuit. You can treat slices as arrays without a constrained size. + +```rust +use dep::std::slice; + +fn main() -> pub Field { + let mut slice: [Field] = [0; 2]; + + let mut new_slice = slice.push_back(6); + new_slice.len() +} +``` + +View the corresponding test file [here][test-file]. + +[test-file]: https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/f387ec1475129732f72ba294877efdf6857135ac/crates/nargo_cli/tests/test_data_ssa_refactor/slices/src/main.nr + +## Methods + +For convenience, the STD provides some ready-to-use, common methods for slices: + +### push_back + +Pushes a new element to the end of the slice, returning a new slice with a length one greater than the original unmodified slice. + +```rust +fn push_back(_self: [T], _elem: T) -> [T] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() -> pub Field { + let mut slice: [Field] = [0; 2]; + + let mut new_slice = slice.push_back(6); + new_slice.len() +} +``` + +View the corresponding test file [here][test-file]. + +### push_front + +Returns a new array with the specified element inserted at index 0. The existing elements indexes are incremented by 1. + +```rust +fn push_front(_self: Self, _elem: T) -> Self +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let mut new_slice: [Field] = []; +new_slice = new_slice.push_front(20); +assert(new_slice[0] == 20); // returns true +``` + +View the corresponding test file [here][test-file]. + +### pop_front + +Returns a tuple of two items, the first element of the array and the rest of the array. + +```rust +fn pop_front(_self: Self) -> (T, Self) +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let (first_elem, rest_of_slice) = slice.pop_front(); +``` + +View the corresponding test file [here][test-file]. + +### pop_back + +Returns a tuple of two items, the beginning of the array with the last element omitted and the last element. + +```rust +fn pop_back(_self: Self) -> (Self, T) +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let (popped_slice, last_elem) = slice.pop_back(); +``` + +View the corresponding test file [here][test-file]. + +### append + +Loops over a slice and adds it to the end of another. + +```rust +fn append(mut self, other: Self) -> Self +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let append = [1, 2].append([3, 4, 5]); +``` + +### insert + +Inserts an element at a specified index and shifts all following elements by 1. + +```rust +fn insert(_self: Self, _index: Field, _elem: T) -> Self +``` + +Example: + +```rust +new_slice = rest_of_slice.insert(2, 100); +assert(new_slice[2] == 100); +``` + +View the corresponding test file [here][test-file]. + +### remove + +Remove an element at a specified index, shifting all elements after it to the left, returning the altered slice and the removed element. + +```rust +fn remove(_self: Self, _index: Field) -> (Self, T) +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let (remove_slice, removed_elem) = slice.remove(3); +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/06_vectors.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/06_vectors.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4617e90d038 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/06_vectors.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +--- +title: Vectors +description: Delve into the Vector data type in Noir. Learn about its methods, practical examples, and best practices for using Vectors in your Noir code. +keywords: [noir, vector type, methods, examples, dynamic arrays] +--- + +import Experimental from '@site/src/components/Notes/_experimental.mdx'; + + + +A vector is a collection type similar to Rust's Vector type. It's convenient way to use slices as mutable arrays. + +Example: + +```rust +use dep::std::collections::vec::Vec; + +let mut vector: Vec = Vec::new(); +for i in 0..5 { + vector.push(i); +} +assert(vector.len() == 5); +``` + +## Methods + +### new + +Creates a new, empty vector. + +```rust +pub fn new() -> Self { + Self { slice: [] } +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let empty_vector: Vec = Vec::new(); +assert(empty_vector.len() == 0); +``` + +### from_slice + +Creates a vector containing each element from a given slice. Mutations to the resulting vector will not affect the original slice. + +```rust +pub fn from_slice(slice: [T]) -> Self { + Self { slice } +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let arr: [Field] = [1, 2, 3]; +let vector_from_slice = Vec::from_slice(arr); +assert(vector_from_slice.len() == 3); +``` + +### get + +Retrieves an element from the vector at a given index. Panics if the index points beyond the vector's end. + +```rust +pub fn get(self, index: Field) -> T { + self.slice[index] +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let vector: Vec = Vec::from_slice([10, 20, 30]); +assert(vector.get(1) == 20); +``` + +### push + +Adds a new element to the vector's end, returning a new vector with a length one greater than the original unmodified vector. + +```rust +pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) { + self.slice = self.slice.push_back(elem); +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let mut vector: Vec = Vec::new(); +vector.push(10); +assert(vector.len() == 1); +``` + +### pop + +Removes an element from the vector's end, returning a new vector with a length one less than the original vector, along with the removed element. Panics if the vector's length is zero. + +```rust +pub fn pop(&mut self) -> T { + let (popped_slice, last_elem) = self.slice.pop_back(); + self.slice = popped_slice; + last_elem +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let mut vector = Vec::from_slice([10, 20]); +let popped_elem = vector.pop(); +assert(popped_elem == 20); +assert(vector.len() == 1); +``` + +### insert + +Inserts an element at a specified index, shifting subsequent elements to the right. + +```rust +pub fn insert(&mut self, index: Field, elem: T) { + self.slice = self.slice.insert(index, elem); +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let mut vector = Vec::from_slice([10, 30]); +vector.insert(1, 20); +assert(vector.get(1) == 20); +``` + +### remove + +Removes an element at a specified index, shifting subsequent elements to the left, and returns the removed element. + +```rust +pub fn remove(&mut self, index: Field) -> T { + let (new_slice, elem) = self.slice.remove(index); + self.slice = new_slice; + elem +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let mut vector = Vec::from_slice([10, 20, 30]); +let removed_elem = vector.remove(1); +assert(removed_elem == 20); +assert(vector.len() == 2); +``` + +### len + +Returns the number of elements in the vector. + +```rust +pub fn len(self) -> Field { + self.slice.len() +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +let empty_vector: Vec = Vec::new(); +assert(empty_vector.len() == 0); +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/07_tuples.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/07_tuples.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5f6cab974a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/07_tuples.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: Tuples +description: + Dive into the Tuple data type in Noir. Understand its methods, practical examples, and best practices for efficiently using Tuples in your Noir code. +keywords: + [ + noir, + tuple type, + methods, + examples, + multi-value containers, + ] +--- + +A tuple collects multiple values like an array, but with the added ability to collect values of +different types: + +```rust +fn main() { + let tup: (u8, u64, Field) = (255, 500, 1000); +} +``` + +One way to access tuple elements is via destructuring using pattern matching: + +```rust +fn main() { + let tup = (1, 2); + + let (one, two) = tup; + + let three = one + two; +} +``` + +Another way to access tuple elements is via direct member access, using a period (`.`) followed by +the index of the element we want to access. Index `0` corresponds to the first tuple element, `1` to +the second and so on: + +```rust +fn main() { + let tup = (5, 6, 7, 8); + + let five = tup.0; + let eight = tup.3; +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/08_structs.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/08_structs.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..35421734639 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/08_structs.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: Structs +description: + Explore the Struct data type in Noir. Learn about its methods, see real-world examples, and grasp how to effectively define and use Structs in your Noir programs. +keywords: + [ + noir, + struct type, + methods, + examples, + data structures, + ] +--- + +A struct also allows for grouping multiple values of different types. Unlike tuples, we can also +name each field. + +> **Note:** The usage of _field_ here refers to each element of the struct and is unrelated to the +> field type of Noir. + +Defining a struct requires giving it a name and listing each field within as `: ` pairs: + +```rust +struct Animal { + hands: Field, + legs: Field, + eyes: u8, +} +``` + +An instance of a struct can then be created with actual values in `: ` pairs in any +order. Struct fields are accessible using their given names: + +```rust +fn main() { + let legs = 4; + + let dog = Animal { + eyes: 2, + hands: 0, + legs, + }; + + let zero = dog.hands; +} +``` + +Structs can also be destructured in a pattern, binding each field to a new variable: + +```rust +fn main() { + let Animal { hands, legs: feet, eyes } = get_octopus(); + + let ten = hands + feet + eyes as u8; +} + +fn get_octopus() -> Animal { + let octopus = Animal { + hands: 0, + legs: 8, + eyes: 2, + }; + + octopus +} +``` + +The new variables can be bound with names different from the original struct field names, as +showcased in the `legs --> feet` binding in the example above. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/09_references.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/09_references.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b0c35ce2cb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/09_references.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: References +--- + +Noir supports first-class references. References are a bit like pointers: they point to a specific address that can be followed to access the data stored at that address. You can use Rust-like syntax to use pointers in Noir: the `&` operator references the variable, the `*` operator dereferences it. + +Example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let mut x = 2; + + // you can reference x as &mut and pass it to multiplyBy2 + multiplyBy2(&mut x); +} + +// you can access &mut here +fn multiplyBy2(x: &mut Field) { + // and dereference it with * + *x = *x * 2; +} +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/10_function_types.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/10_function_types.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1ec92efd594 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/language_concepts/data_types/10_function_types.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: Function types +--- + +Noir supports higher-order functions. The syntax for a function type is as follows: + +```rust +fn(arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) -> return_type +``` + +Example: + +```rust +fn assert_returns_100(f: fn() -> Field) { // f takes no args and returns a Field + assert(f() == 100); +} + +fn main() { + assert_returns_100(|| 100); // ok + assert_returns_100(|| 150); // fails +} +``` + +A function type also has an optional capture environment - this is necessary to support closures. +See [Lambdas](../08_lambdas.md) for more details. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/migration_notes.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/migration_notes.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e87eb1feaba --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/migration_notes.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- +title: Migration notes +description: Read about migration notes from previous versions, which could solve problems while updating +keywords: [Noir, notes, migration, updating, upgrading] +--- + +Noir is in full-speed development. Things break fast, wild, and often. This page attempts to leave some notes on errors you might encounter when upgrading and how to resolve them until proper patches are built. + +## ≥0.19 + +### Enforcing `compiler_version` + +From this version on, the compiler will check for the `compiler_version` field in `Nargo.toml`, and will error if it doesn't match the current Nargo version in use. + +To update, please make sure this field in `Nargo.toml` matches the output of `nargo --version`. + +## ≥0.14 + +The index of the [for loops](./language_concepts/02_control_flow.md#loops) is now of type `u64` instead of `Field`. An example refactor would be: + +```rust +for i in 0..10 { + let i = i as Field; +} +``` + +## ≥v0.11.0 and Nargo backend + +From this version onwards, Nargo starts managing backends through the `nargo backend` command. Upgrading to the versions per usual steps might lead to: + +### `backend encountered an error` + +This is likely due to the existing locally installed version of proving backend (e.g. barretenberg) is incompatible with the version of Nargo in use. + +To fix the issue: + +1. Uninstall the existing backend + +```bash +nargo backend uninstall acvm-backend-barretenberg +``` + +You may replace _acvm-backend-barretenberg_ with the name of your backend listed in `nargo backend ls` or in ~/.nargo/backends. + +2. Reinstall a compatible version of the proving backend. + +If you are using the default barretenberg backend, simply run: + +``` +nargo prove +``` + +with you Noir program. + +This will trigger the download and installation of the latest version of barretenberg compatible with your Nargo in use. + +### `backend encountered an error: illegal instruction` + +On certain Intel-based systems, an `illegal instruction` error may arise due to incompatibility of barretenberg with certain CPU instructions. + +To fix the issue: + +1. Uninstall the existing backend + +```bash +nargo backend uninstall acvm-backend-barretenberg +``` + +You may replace _acvm-backend-barretenberg_ with the name of your backend listed in `nargo backend ls` or in ~/.nargo/backends. + +2. Reinstall a compatible version of the proving backend. + +If you are using the default barretenberg backend, simply run: + +``` +nargo backend install acvm-backend-barretenberg https://github.com/noir-lang/barretenberg-js-binary/raw/master/run-bb.tar.gz +``` + +This downloads and installs a specific bb.js based version of barretenberg binary from GitHub. + +The gzipped filed is running this bash script: , where we need to gzip it as the Nargo currently expect the backend to be zipped up. + +Then run: + +``` +DESIRED_BINARY_VERSION=0.8.1 nargo info +``` + +This overrides the bb native binary with a bb.js node application instead, which should be compatible with most if not all hardware. This does come with the drawback of being generally slower than native binary. + +0.8.1 indicates bb.js version 0.8.1, so if you change that it will update to a different version or the default version in the script if none was supplied. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/crates_and_packages.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/crates_and_packages.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fb83a33d94e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/crates_and_packages.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: Crates and Packages +description: Learn how to use Crates and Packages in your Noir project +keywords: [Nargo, dependencies, package management, crates, package] +--- + +## Crates + +A crate is the smallest amount of code that the Noir compiler considers at a time. +Crates can contain modules, and the modules may be defined in other files that get compiled with the crate, as we’ll see in the coming sections. + +### Crate Types + +A Noir crate can come in several forms: binaries, libraries or contracts. + +#### Binaries + +_Binary crates_ are programs which you can compile to an ACIR circuit which you can then create proofs against. Each must have a function called `main` that defines the ACIR circuit which is to be proved. + +#### Libraries + +_Library crates_ don't have a `main` function and they don't compile down to ACIR. Instead they define functionality intended to be shared with multiple projects, and eventually included in a binary crate. + +#### Contracts + +Contract crates are similar to binary crates in that they compile to ACIR which you can create proofs against. They are different in that they do not have a single `main` function, but are a collection of functions to be deployed to the [Aztec network](https://aztec.network). You can learn more about the technical details of Aztec in the [monorepo](https://github.com/AztecProtocol/aztec-packages) or contract [examples](https://github.com/AztecProtocol/aztec-packages/tree/master/yarn-project/noir-contracts/src/contracts). + +### Crate Root + +Every crate has a root, which is the source file that the compiler starts, this is also known as the root module. The Noir compiler does not enforce any conditions on the name of the file which is the crate root, however if you are compiling via Nargo the crate root must be called `lib.nr` or `main.nr` for library or binary crates respectively. + +## Packages + +A Nargo _package_ is a collection of one of more crates that provides a set of functionality. A package must include a Nargo.toml file. + +A package _must_ contain either a library or a binary crate, but not both. + +### Differences from Cargo Packages + +One notable difference between Rust's Cargo and Noir's Nargo is that while Cargo allows a package to contain an unlimited number of binary crates and a single library crate, Nargo currently only allows a package to contain a single crate. + +In future this restriction may be lifted to allow a Nargo package to contain both a binary and library crate or multiple binary crates. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/dependencies.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/dependencies.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..75f95aaa305 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/dependencies.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +--- +title: Dependencies +description: + Learn how to specify and manage dependencies in Nargo, allowing you to upload packages to GitHub + and use them easily in your project. +keywords: [Nargo, dependencies, GitHub, package management, versioning] +--- + +Nargo allows you to upload packages to GitHub and use them as dependencies. + +## Specifying a dependency + +Specifying a dependency requires a tag to a specific commit and the git url to the url containing +the package. + +Currently, there are no requirements on the tag contents. If requirements are added, it would follow +semver 2.0 guidelines. + +> Note: Without a `tag` , there would be no versioning and dependencies would change each time you +> compile your project. + +For example, to add the [ecrecover-noir library](https://github.com/colinnielsen/ecrecover-noir) to your project, add it to `Nargo.toml`: + +```toml +# Nargo.toml + +[dependencies] +ecrecover = {tag = "v0.8.0", git = "https://github.com/colinnielsen/ecrecover-noir"} +``` + +If the module is in a subdirectory, you can define a subdirectory in your git repository, for example: + +```toml +# Nargo.toml + +[dependencies] +easy_private_token_contract = {tag ="v0.1.0-alpha62", git = "https://github.com/AztecProtocol/aztec-packages", directory = "yarn-project/noir-contracts/src/contracts/easy_private_token_contract"} +``` + +## Specifying a local dependency + +You can also specify dependencies that are local to your machine. + +For example, this file structure has a library and binary crate + +```tree +├── binary_crate +│   ├── Nargo.toml +│   └── src +│   └── main.nr +└── liba + ├── Nargo.toml + └── src + └── lib.nr +``` + +Inside of the binary crate, you can specify: + +```toml +# Nargo.toml + +[dependencies] +libA = { path = "../liba" } +``` + +## Importing dependencies + +You can import a dependency to a Noir file using the following syntax. For example, to import the +ecrecover-noir library and local liba referenced above: + +```rust +use dep::ecrecover; +use dep::libA; +``` + +You can also import only the specific parts of dependency that you want to use, like so: + +```rust +use dep::std::hash::sha256; +use dep::std::scalar_mul::fixed_base_embedded_curve; +``` + +Lastly, as demonstrated in the +[elliptic curve example](../standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/ec_primitives#examples), you +can import multiple items in the same line by enclosing them in curly braces: + +```rust +use dep::std::ec::tecurve::affine::{Curve, Point}; +``` + +We don't have a way to consume libraries from inside a [workspace](./workspaces) as external dependencies right now. + +Inside a workspace, these are consumed as `{ path = "../to_lib" }` dependencies in Nargo.toml. + +## Dependencies of Dependencies + +Note that when you import a dependency, you also get access to all of the dependencies of that package. + +For example, the [phy_vector](https://github.com/resurgencelabs/phy_vector) library imports an [fraction](https://github.com/resurgencelabs/fraction) library. If you're importing the phy_vector library, then you can access the functions in fractions library like so: + +```rust +use dep::phy_vector; + +fn main(x : Field, y : pub Field) { + //... + let f = phy_vector::fraction::toFraction(true, 2, 1); + //... +} +``` + +## Available Libraries + +Noir does not currently have an official package manager. You can find a list of available Noir libraries in the [awesome-noir repo here](https://github.com/noir-lang/awesome-noir#libraries). + +Some libraries that are available today include: + +- [Standard Library](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/tree/master/noir_stdlib) - the Noir Standard Library +- [Ethereum Storage Proof Verification](https://github.com/aragonzkresearch/noir-trie-proofs) - a library that contains the primitives necessary for RLP decoding (in the form of look-up table construction) and Ethereum state and storage proof verification (or verification of any trie proof involving 32-byte long keys) +- [BigInt](https://github.com/shuklaayush/noir-bigint) - a library that provides a custom BigUint56 data type, allowing for computations on large unsigned integers +- [ECrecover](https://github.com/colinnielsen/ecrecover-noir/tree/main) - a library to verify an ECDSA signature and return the source Ethereum address +- [Sparse Merkle Tree Verifier](https://github.com/vocdoni/smtverifier-noir/tree/main) - a library for verification of sparse Merkle trees +- [Signed Int](https://github.com/resurgencelabs/signed_int) - a library for accessing a custom Signed Integer data type, allowing access to negative numbers on Noir +- [Fraction](https://github.com/resurgencelabs/fraction) - a library for accessing fractional number data type in Noir, allowing results that aren't whole numbers diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/modules.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/modules.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..147c9b284e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/modules.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +--- +title: Modules +description: + Learn how to organize your files using modules in Noir, following the same convention as Rust's + module system. Examples included. +keywords: [Noir, Rust, modules, organizing files, sub-modules] +--- + +Noir's module system follows the same convention as the _newer_ version of Rust's module system. + +## Purpose of Modules + +Modules are used to organise files. Without modules all of your code would need to live in a single +file. In Noir, the compiler does not automatically scan all of your files to detect modules. This +must be done explicitly by the developer. + +## Examples + +### Importing a module in the crate root + +Filename : `src/main.nr` + +```rust +mod foo; + +fn main() { + foo::hello_world(); +} +``` + +Filename : `src/foo.nr` + +```rust +fn from_foo() {} +``` + +In the above snippet, the crate root is the `src/main.nr` file. The compiler sees the module +declaration `mod foo` which prompts it to look for a foo.nr file. + +Visually this module hierarchy looks like the following : + +``` +crate + ├── main + │ + └── foo + └── from_foo + +``` + +### Importing a module throughout the tree + +All modules are accessible from the `crate::` namespace. + +``` +crate + ├── bar + ├── foo + └── main + +``` + +In the above snippet, if `bar` would like to use functions in `foo`, it can do so by `use crate::foo::function_name`. + +### Sub-modules + +Filename : `src/main.nr` + +```rust +mod foo; + +fn main() { + foo::from_foo(); +} +``` + +Filename : `src/foo.nr` + +```rust +mod bar; +fn from_foo() {} +``` + +Filename : `src/foo/bar.nr` + +```rust +fn from_bar() {} +``` + +In the above snippet, we have added an extra module to the module tree; `bar`. `bar` is a submodule +of `foo` hence we declare bar in `foo.nr` with `mod bar`. Since `foo` is not the crate root, the +compiler looks for the file associated with the `bar` module in `src/foo/bar.nr` + +Visually the module hierarchy looks as follows: + +``` +crate + ├── main + │ + └── foo + ├── from_foo + └── bar + └── from_bar +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/workspaces.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/workspaces.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a979ef9f0a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/modules_packages_crates/workspaces.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: Workspaces +--- + +Workspaces are a feature of nargo that allow you to manage multiple related Noir packages in a single repository. A workspace is essentially a group of related projects that share common build output directories and configurations. + +Each Noir project (with it's own Nargo.toml file) can be thought of as a package. Each package is expected to contain exactly one "named circuit", being the "name" defined in Nargo.toml with the program logic defined in `./src/main.nr`. + +For a project with the following structure: + +```tree +├── crates +│   ├── a +│   │   ├── Nargo.toml +│   │   └── src +│   │   └── main.nr +│   └── b +│   ├── Nargo.toml +│   └── src +│   └── main.nr +├── Nargo.toml +└── Prover.toml +``` + +You can define a workspace in Nargo.toml like so: + +```toml +[workspace] +members = ["crates/a", "crates/b"] +default-member = "crates/a" +``` + +`members` indicates which packages are included in the workspace. As such, all member packages of a workspace will be processed when the `--workspace` flag is used with various commands or if a `default-member` is not specified. + +`default-member` indicates which package various commands process by default. + +Libraries can be defined in a workspace. Inside a workspace, these are consumed as `{ path = "../to_lib" }` dependencies in Nargo.toml. + +Inside a workspace, these are consumed as `{ path = "../to_lib" }` dependencies in Nargo.toml. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/01_commands.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/01_commands.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..65e2bdb44e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/01_commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,250 @@ +--- +title: Commands +description: + Noir CLI Commands for Noir Prover and Verifier to create, execute, prove and verify programs, + generate Solidity verifier smart contract and compile into JSON file containing ACIR + representation and ABI of circuit. +keywords: + [ + Nargo, + Noir CLI, + Noir Prover, + Noir Verifier, + generate Solidity verifier, + compile JSON file, + ACIR representation, + ABI of circuit, + TypeScript, + ] +--- + +## General options + +| Option | Description | +| -------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | +| `--show-ssa` | Emit debug information for the intermediate SSA IR | +| `--deny-warnings` | Quit execution when warnings are emitted | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo help [subcommand]` + +Prints the list of available commands or specific information of a subcommand. + +_Arguments_ + +| Argument | Description | +| -------------- | -------------------------------------------- | +| `` | The subcommand whose help message to display | + +## `nargo backend` + +Installs and selects custom backends used to generate and verify proofs. + +### Commands + +| Command | Description | +| ----------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | +| `current` | Prints the name of the currently active backend | +| `ls` | Prints the list of currently installed backends | +| `use` | Select the backend to use | +| `install` | Install a new backend from a URL | +| `uninstall` | Uninstalls a backend | +| `help` | Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s) | + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| ------------ | ----------- | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo check` + +Generate the `Prover.toml` and `Verifier.toml` files for specifying prover and verifier in/output +values of the Noir program respectively. + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------------- | ------------------------------------- | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to check | +| `--workspace` | Check all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +### `nargo codegen-verifier` + +Generate a Solidity verifier smart contract for the program. + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------------- | ------------------------------------- | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to codegen | +| `--workspace` | Codegen all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo compile` + +Compile the program into a JSON build artifact file containing the ACIR representation and the ABI +of the circuit. This build artifact can then be used to generate and verify proofs. + +You can also use "build" as an alias for compile (e.g. `nargo build`). + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | +| `--include-keys` | Include Proving and Verification keys in the build artifacts | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to compile | +| `--workspace` | Compile all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo new ` + +Creates a new Noir project in a new folder. + +**Arguments** + +| Argument | Description | +| -------- | -------------------------------- | +| `` | The path to save the new project | + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | +| `--name ` | Name of the package [default: package directory name] | +| `--lib` | Use a library template | +| `--bin` | Use a binary template [default] | +| `--contract` | Use a contract template | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo init` + +Creates a new Noir project in the current directory. + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | +| `--name ` | Name of the package [default: current directory name] | +| `--lib` | Use a library template | +| `--bin` | Use a binary template [default] | +| `--contract` | Use a contract template | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo execute [WITNESS_NAME]` + +Runs the Noir program and prints its return value. + +**Arguments** + +| Argument | Description | +| ---------------- | ----------------------------------------- | +| `[WITNESS_NAME]` | Write the execution witness to named file | + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | +| `-p, --prover-name ` | The name of the toml file which contains the inputs for the prover [default: Prover] | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to execute | +| `--workspace` | Execute all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +_Usage_ + +The inputs to the circuit are read from the `Prover.toml` file generated by `nargo check`, which +must be filled in. + +To save the witness to file, run the command with a value for the `WITNESS_NAME` argument. A +`.tr` file will then be saved in the `./target` folder. + +## `nargo prove` + +Creates a proof for the program. + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `-p, --prover-name ` | The name of the toml file which contains the inputs for the prover [default: Prover] | +| `-v, --verifier-name ` | The name of the toml file which contains the inputs for the verifier [default: Verifier] | +| `--verify` | Verify proof after proving | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to prove | +| `--workspace` | Prove all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo verify` + +Given a proof and a program, verify whether the proof is valid. + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `-v, --verifier-name ` | The name of the toml file which contains the inputs for the verifier [default: Verifier] | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to verify | +| `--workspace` | Verify all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo test [TEST_NAME]` + +Nargo will automatically compile and run any functions which have the decorator `#[test]` on them if +you run `nargo test`. To print `println` statements in tests, use the `--show-output` flag. + +Takes an optional `--exact` flag which allows you to select tests based on an exact name. + +See an example on the [testing page](./testing). + +### Options + +| Option | Description | +| --------------------- | -------------------------------------- | +| `--show-output` | Display output of `println` statements | +| `--exact` | Only run tests that match exactly | +| `--package ` | The name of the package to test | +| `--workspace` | Test all packages in the workspace | +| `--print-acir` | Display the ACIR for compiled circuit | +| `--deny-warnings` | Treat all warnings as errors | +| `--silence-warnings` | Suppress warnings | +| `-h, --help` | Print help | + +## `nargo info` + +Prints a table containing the information of the package. + +Currently the table provide + +1. The number of ACIR opcodes +2. The final number gates in the circuit used by a backend + +If the file contains a contract the table will provide the +above information about each function of the contract. + +## `nargo lsp` + +Start a long-running Language Server process that communicates over stdin/stdout. +Usually this command is not run by a user, but instead will be run by a Language Client, such as [vscode-noir](https://github.com/noir-lang/vscode-noir). + +## `nargo fmt` + +Automatically formats your Noir source code based on the default formatting settings. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/02_testing.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/02_testing.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..da767274efd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/02_testing.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: Testing in Noir +description: Learn how to use Nargo to test your Noir program in a quick and easy way +keywords: [Nargo, testing, Noir, compile, test] +--- + +You can test your Noir programs using Noir circuits. + +Nargo will automatically compile and run any functions which have the decorator `#[test]` on them if +you run `nargo test`. + +For example if you have a program like: + +```rust +fn add(x: u64, y: u64) -> u64 { + x + y +} +#[test] +fn test_add() { + assert(add(2,2) == 4); + assert(add(0,1) == 1); + assert(add(1,0) == 1); +} +``` + +Running `nargo test` will test that the `test_add` function can be executed while satisfying the all +the contraints which allows you to test that add returns the expected values. Test functions can't +have any arguments currently. + +### Test fail + +You can write tests that are expected to fail by using the decorator `#[test(should_fail)]`. For example: + +```rust +fn add(x: u64, y: u64) -> u64 { + x + y +} +#[test(should_fail)] +fn test_add() { + assert(add(2,2) == 5); +} +``` + +You can be more specific and make it fail with a specific reason by using `should_fail_with = "`: + +```rust +fn main(african_swallow_avg_speed : Field) { + assert(african_swallow_avg_speed == 65, "What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow"); +} + +#[test] +fn test_king_arthur() { + main(65); +} + +#[test(should_fail_with = "What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow")] +fn test_bridgekeeper() { + main(32); +} + +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/03_solidity_verifier.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/03_solidity_verifier.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9ac60cb0ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/03_solidity_verifier.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +--- +title: Solidity Verifier +description: + Learn how to run the verifier as a smart contract on the blockchain. Compile a Solidity verifier + contract for your Noir program and deploy it on any EVM blockchain acting as a verifier smart + contract. Read more to find out! +keywords: + [ + solidity verifier, + smart contract, + blockchain, + compiler, + plonk_vk.sol, + EVM blockchain, + verifying Noir programs, + proving backend, + Barretenberg, + ] +--- + +For certain applications, it may be desirable to run the verifier as a smart contract instead of on +a local machine. + +Compile a Solidity verifier contract for your Noir program by running: + +```sh +nargo codegen-verifier +``` + +A new `contract` folder would then be generated in your project directory, containing the Solidity +file `plonk_vk.sol`. It can be deployed on any EVM blockchain acting as a verifier smart contract. + +> **Note:** It is possible to compile verifier contracts of Noir programs for other smart contract +> platforms as long as the proving backend supplies an implementation. +> +> Barretenberg, the default proving backend for Nargo, supports compilation of verifier contracts in +> Solidity only for the time being. + +## Verify + +To verify a proof using the Solidity verifier contract, call the `verify` function with the +following signature: + +```solidity +function verify(bytes calldata _proof, bytes32[] calldata _publicInputs) external view returns (bool) +``` + +You can see an example of how the `verify` function is called in the example zk voting application [here](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir-examples/blob/33e598c257e2402ea3a6b68dd4c5ad492bce1b0a/foundry-voting/src/zkVote.sol#L35): + +```solidity +function castVote(bytes calldata proof, uint proposalId, uint vote, bytes32 nullifierHash) public returns (bool) { + // ... + bytes32[] memory publicInputs = new bytes32[](4); + publicInputs[0] = merkleRoot; + publicInputs[1] = bytes32(proposalId); + publicInputs[2] = bytes32(vote); + publicInputs[3] = nullifierHash; + require(verifier.verify(proof, publicInputs), "Invalid proof"); +``` + +### Public Inputs + +:::tip + +A circuit doesn't have the concept of a return value. Return values are just syntactic sugar in +Noir. + +Under the hood, the return value is passed as an input to the circuit and is checked at the end of +the circuit program. + +::: + +The verifier contract uses the output (return) value of a Noir program as a public input. So if you +have the following function + +```rust +fn main( + // Public inputs + pubkey_x: pub Field, + pubkey_y: pub Field, + // Private inputs + priv_key: Field, +) -> pub Field +``` + +then `verify` in `plonk_vk.sol` will expect 3 public inputs. Passing two inputs will result in an +error like `Reason: PUBLIC_INPUT_COUNT_INVALID(3, 2)`. + +In this case the 3 inputs to `verify` would be ordered as `[pubkey_x, pubkey_y, return]`. + +#### Struct inputs + +Consider the following program: + +```rust +struct Type1 { + val1: Field, + val2: Field, +} + +struct Nested { + t1: Type1, + is_true: bool, +} + +fn main(x: pub Field, nested: pub Nested, y: pub Field) { + //... +} +``` + +Structs will be flattened so that the array of inputs is 1-dimensional array. The order of these inputs would be flattened to: `[x, nested.t1.val1, nested.t1.val2, nested.is_true, y]` + +## Noir for EVM chains + +You can currently deploy the Solidity verifier contracts to most EVM compatible chains. EVM chains that have been tested and are known to work include: + +- Optimism +- Arbitrum +- Polygon PoS +- Scroll +- Celo + +Other EVM chains should work, but have not been tested directly by our team. If you test any other chains, please open a PR on this page to update the list. See [this doc](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir-starter/tree/main/with-foundry#testing-on-chain) for more info about testing verifier contracts on different EVM chains. + +### Unsupported chains + +Unfortunately not all "EVM" chains are supported. + +**zkSync** and the **Polygon zkEVM** do _not_ currently support proof verification via Solidity verifier contracts. They are missing the bn256 precompile contract that the verifier contract requires. Once these chains support this precompile, they may work. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/04_language_server.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/04_language_server.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..48c01465f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/nargo/04_language_server.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: Language Server +description: Learn about the Noir Language Server, how to install the components, and configuration that may be required. +keywords: [Nargo, Language Server, LSP, VSCode, Visual Studio Code] +--- + +This section helps you install and configure the Noir Language Server. + +The Language Server Protocol (LSP) has two components, the [Server](#language-server) and the [Client](#language-client). Below we describe each in the context of Noir. + +## Language Server + +The Server component is provided by the Nargo command line tool that you installed at the beginning of this guide. +As long as Nargo is installed and you've used it to run other commands in this guide, it should be good to go! + +If you'd like to verify that the `nargo lsp` command is available, you can run `nargo --help` and look for `lsp` in the list of commands. If you see it, you're using a version of Noir with LSP support. + +## Language Client + +The Client component is usually an editor plugin that launches the Server. It communicates LSP messages between the editor and the Server. For example, when you save a file, the Client will alert the Server, so it can try to compile the project and report any errors. + +Currently, Noir provides a Language Client for Visual Studio Code via the [vscode-noir](https://github.com/noir-lang/vscode-noir) extension. You can install it via the [Visual Studio Marketplace](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=noir-lang.vscode-noir). + +> **Note:** Noir's Language Server Protocol support currently assumes users' VSCode workspace root to be the same as users' Noir project root (i.e. where Nargo.toml lies). +> +> If LSP features seem to be missing / malfunctioning, make sure you are opening your Noir project directly (instead of as a sub-folder) in your VSCode instance. + +When your language server is running correctly and the VSCode plugin is installed, you should see handy codelens buttons for compilation, measuring circuit size, execution, and tests: + +![Compile and Execute](@site/static/img/codelens_compile_execute.png) +![Run test](@site/static/img/codelens_run_test.png) + +You should also see your tests in the `testing` panel: + +![Testing panel](@site/static/img/codelens_testing_panel.png) + +### Configuration + +- **Noir: Enable LSP** - If checked, the extension will launch the Language Server via `nargo lsp` and communicate with it. +- **Noir: Nargo Flags** - Additional flags may be specified if you require them to be added when the extension calls `nargo lsp`. +- **Noir: Nargo Path** - An absolute path to a Nargo binary with the `lsp` command. This may be useful if Nargo is not within the `PATH` of your editor. +- **Noir > Trace: Server** - Setting this to `"messages"` or `"verbose"` will log LSP messages between the Client and Server. Useful for debugging. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/getting_started/01_tiny_noir_app.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/getting_started/01_tiny_noir_app.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c51ed61de52 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/getting_started/01_tiny_noir_app.md @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +--- +title: End-to-end +description: Learn how to setup a new app that uses Noir to generate and verify zero-knowledge SNARK proofs in a typescript or javascript environment +keywords: [how to, guide, javascript, typescript, noir, barretenberg, zero-knowledge, proofs] +--- + +NoirJS works both on the browser and on the server, and works for both ESM and CJS module systems. In this page, we will learn how can we write a simple test and a simple web app to verify the standard Noir example. + +You can find the complete app code for this guide [here](https://github.com/noir-lang/tiny-noirjs-app). + +## Before we start + +:::note + +Feel free to use whatever versions, just keep in mind that Nargo and the NoirJS packages are meant to be in sync. For example, Nargo 0.18.x matches `noir_js@0.18.x`, etc. + +In this guide, we will be pinned to 0.17.0. + +::: + +Make sure you have Node installed on your machine by opening a terminal and executing `node --version`. If you don't see a version, you should install [node](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm). You can also use `yarn` if you prefer that package manager over npm (which comes with node). + +First of all, follow the the [Nargo guide](../../getting_started/00_nargo_installation.md) to install nargo version 0.17.0 and create a new project with `nargo new circuit`. Once there, `cd` into the `circuit` folder. You should then be able to compile your circuit into `json` format and see it inside the `target` folder: + +```bash +nargo compile +``` + +Your folder structure should look like: + +```tree +. +└── circuit + ├── Nargo.toml + ├── src + │ └── main.nr + └── target + └── circuit.json +``` + +## Starting a new project + +Go back to the previous folder and start a new project by running run `npm init`. You can configure your project or just leave the defaults, and see a `package.json` appear in your root folder. + +## Installing dependencies + +We'll need two `npm` packages. These packages will provide us the methods we need to run and verify proofs: + +```bash +npm i @noir-lang/backend_barretenberg@^0.17.0 @noir-lang/noir_js@^0.17.0 +``` + +To serve our page, we can use a build tool such as `vite`. Because we're gonna use some `wasm` files, we need to install a plugin as well. Run: + +```bash +npm i --save-dev vite rollup-plugin-copy +``` + +Since we're on the dependency world, we may as well define a nice starting script. Vite makes it easy. Just open `package.json`, find the block "scripts" and add this just below the line with `"test" : "echo......."`: + +```json + "start": "vite --open" +``` + +If you want do build a static website, you can also add some build and preview scripts: + +```json + "build": "vite build", + "preview": "vite preview" +``` + +## Vite plugins + +Vite is great, but support from `wasm` doesn't work out-of-the-box. We're gonna write a quick plugin and use another one. Just copy and paste this into a file named `vite.config.js`. You don't need to understand it, just trust me bro. + +```js +import { defineConfig } from 'vite'; +import copy from 'rollup-plugin-copy'; +import fs from 'fs'; +import path from 'path'; + +const wasmContentTypePlugin = { + name: 'wasm-content-type-plugin', + configureServer(server) { + server.middlewares.use(async (req, res, next) => { + if (req.url.endsWith('.wasm')) { + res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/wasm'); + const newPath = req.url.replace('deps', 'dist'); + const targetPath = path.join(__dirname, newPath); + const wasmContent = fs.readFileSync(targetPath); + return res.end(wasmContent); + } + next(); + }); + }, +}; + +export default defineConfig(({ command }) => { + if (command === 'serve') { + return { + plugins: [ + copy({ + targets: [{ src: 'node_modules/**/*.wasm', dest: 'node_modules/.vite/dist' }], + copySync: true, + hook: 'buildStart', + }), + command === 'serve' ? wasmContentTypePlugin : [], + ], + }; + } + + return {}; +}); +``` + +## HTML + +Here's the simplest HTML with some terrible UI. Create a file called `index.html` and paste this: + +```html + + + + + + +

Very basic Noir app

+
+

Logs

+

Proof

+
+ + +``` + +## Some good old vanilla Javascript + +Create a new file `app.js`, which is where our javascript code will live. Let's start with this code inside: + +```js +document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', async () => { + // here's where the magic happens +}); + +function display(container, msg) { + const c = document.getElementById(container); + const p = document.createElement('p'); + p.textContent = msg; + c.appendChild(p); +} +``` + +We can manipulate our website with this little function, so we can see our website working. + +## Adding Noir + +If you come from the previous page, your folder structure should look like this: + +```tree +├── app.js +├── circuit +│ ├── Nargo.toml +│ ├── src +│ │ └── main.nr +│ └── target +│ └── circuit.json +├── index.html +├── package.json +└── vite.config.js +``` + +You'll see other files and folders showing up (like `package-lock.json`, `yarn.lock`, `node_modules`) but you shouldn't have to care about those. + +## Importing our dependencies + +We're starting with the good stuff now. At the top of the new javascript file, import the packages: + +```ts +import { BarretenbergBackend } from '@noir-lang/backend_barretenberg'; +import { Noir } from '@noir-lang/noir_js'; +``` + +We also need to import the `circuit` JSON file we created. If you have the suggested folder structure, you can add this line: + +```ts +import circuit from './circuit/target/circuit.json'; +``` + +## Write code + +:::note + +We're gonna be adding code inside the `document.addEventListener...etc` block: + +```js +// forget stuff here +document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', async () => { + // here's where the magic happens +}); +// forget stuff here +``` + +::: + +Our dependencies exported two classes: `BarretenbergBackend` and `Noir`. Let's `init` them and add some logs, just to flex: + +```ts +const backend = new BarretenbergBackend(circuit); +const noir = new Noir(circuit, backend); +``` + +## Proving + +Now we're ready to prove stuff! Let's feed some inputs to our circuit and calculate the proof: + +```js +const input = { x: 1, y: 2 }; +display('logs', 'Generating proof... ⌛'); +const proof = await noir.generateFinalProof(input); +display('logs', 'Generating proof... ✅'); +display('results', proof.proof); +``` + +You're probably eager to see stuff happening, so go and run your app now! + +From your terminal, run `npm start` (or `yarn start`). If it doesn't open a browser for you, just visit `localhost:5173`. On a modern laptop, proof will generate in less than 100ms, and you'll see this: + +![Getting Started 0](@site/static/img/noir_getting_started_1.png) + +If you're human, you shouldn't be able to understand anything on the "proof" box. That's OK. We like you, human. + +In any case, this means your proof was generated! But you shouldn't trust me just yet. Add these lines to see it being verified: + +```js +display('logs', 'Verifying proof... ⌛'); +const verification = await noir.verifyFinalProof(proof); +if (verification) display('logs', 'Verifying proof... ✅'); +``` + +By saving, your app will refresh and here's our complete Tiny Noir App! + +You can find the complete app code for this guide [here](https://github.com/noir-lang/tiny-noirjs-app). + +## Further Reading + +You can see how noirjs is used in a full stack Next.js hardhat application in the [noir-starter repo here](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir-starter/tree/main/next-hardhat). The example shows how to calculate a proof in the browser and verify it with a deployed Solidity verifier contract from noirjs. + +You should also check out the more advanced examples in the [noir-examples repo](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir-examples), where you'll find reference usage for some cool apps. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/noir_js.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/noir_js.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f895b22eaf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/noir_js.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: NoirJS +description: Interact with Noir in Typescript or Javascript +keywords: [Noir project, javascript, typescript, node.js, browser, react] +--- + +NoirJS is a TypeScript library that make it easy to use Noir on your dapp, webapp, Node.js server, website, etc. + +A typical workflow would be composed of two major elements: + +- NoirJS +- Proving backend of choice's JavaScript package + + + +To install NoirJS, install Node.js if you have not already and run this in your JavaScript project: + +```bash +npm i @noir-lang/noir_js +``` + +## Proving backend + +Since Noir is backend agnostic, you can instantiate NoirJS without any backend (i.e. to execute a function). But for proving, you would have to instantiate NoirJS with any of the supported backends through their own `js` interface. + +### Barretenberg + +Aztec Labs maintains the `barretenberg` proving backend, which you can instantiate and make use of alongside NoirJS. It is also the default proving backend installed and used with Nargo, the Noir CLI tool. + +To install its JavaScript library, run this in your project: + +```bash +npm i @noir-lang/backend_barretenberg +``` + +For more details on how to instantiate and use the libraries, refer to the [Full Noir App Guide](./getting_started/01_tiny_noir_app.md) and [Reference](./reference/noir_js/classes/Noir.md) sections. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/.nojekyll b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e2ac6616add --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/.nojekyll @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +TypeDoc added this file to prevent GitHub Pages from using Jekyll. You can turn off this behavior by setting the `githubPages` option to false. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/classes/BarretenbergBackend.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/classes/BarretenbergBackend.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5cbe9421b92 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/classes/BarretenbergBackend.md @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +# BarretenbergBackend + +## Implements + +- [`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md) + +## Constructors + +### new BarretenbergBackend(acirCircuit, options) + +```ts +new BarretenbergBackend(acirCircuit, options): BarretenbergBackend +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `acirCircuit` | [`CompiledCircuit`](../type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md) | +| `options` | [`BackendOptions`](../type-aliases/BackendOptions.md) | + +#### Returns + +[`BarretenbergBackend`](BarretenbergBackend.md) + +## Methods + +### destroy() + +```ts +destroy(): Promise +``` + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`void`\> + +#### Implementation of + +[`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md).[`destroy`](../interfaces/Backend.md#destroy) + +#### Description + +Destroys the backend + +*** + +### generateFinalProof() + +```ts +generateFinalProof(decompressedWitness): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `decompressedWitness` | `Uint8Array` | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<[`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md)\> + +#### Implementation of + +[`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md).[`generateFinalProof`](../interfaces/Backend.md#generatefinalproof) + +#### Description + +Generates a final proof (not meant to be verified in another circuit) + +*** + +### generateIntermediateProof() + +```ts +generateIntermediateProof(witness): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `witness` | `Uint8Array` | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<[`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md)\> + +#### Implementation of + +[`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md).[`generateIntermediateProof`](../interfaces/Backend.md#generateintermediateproof) + +#### Example + +```typescript +const intermediateProof = await backend.generateIntermediateProof(witness); +``` + +*** + +### generateIntermediateProofArtifacts() + +```ts +generateIntermediateProofArtifacts(proofData, numOfPublicInputs): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Default value | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | `undefined` | +| `numOfPublicInputs` | `number` | `0` | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`object`\> + +#### Implementation of + +[`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md).[`generateIntermediateProofArtifacts`](../interfaces/Backend.md#generateintermediateproofartifacts) + +#### Example + +```typescript +const artifacts = await backend.generateIntermediateProofArtifacts(proof, numOfPublicInputs); +``` + +*** + +### verifyFinalProof() + +```ts +verifyFinalProof(proofData): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`boolean`\> + +#### Implementation of + +[`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md).[`verifyFinalProof`](../interfaces/Backend.md#verifyfinalproof) + +#### Description + +Verifies a final proof + +*** + +### verifyIntermediateProof() + +```ts +verifyIntermediateProof(proofData): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`boolean`\> + +#### Implementation of + +[`Backend`](../interfaces/Backend.md).[`verifyIntermediateProof`](../interfaces/Backend.md#verifyintermediateproof) + +#### Example + +```typescript +const isValidIntermediate = await backend.verifyIntermediateProof(proof); +``` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/index.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/index.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93b248b0f65 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +# Backend Barretenberg + +## Exports + +### Classes + +| Class | Description | +| :------ | :------ | +| [BarretenbergBackend](classes/BarretenbergBackend.md) | - | + +### Interfaces + +| Interface | Description | +| :------ | :------ | +| [Backend](interfaces/Backend.md) | - | + +### Type Aliases + +| Type alias | Description | +| :------ | :------ | +| [BackendOptions](type-aliases/BackendOptions.md) | - | +| [CompiledCircuit](type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md) | - | +| [ProofData](type-aliases/ProofData.md) | - | + +## Functions + +### flattenPublicInputs() + +```ts +flattenPublicInputs(publicInputs): string[] +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `publicInputs` | `WitnessMap` | + +#### Returns + +`string`[] + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/interfaces/Backend.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/interfaces/Backend.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3eb9645c8d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/interfaces/Backend.md @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +# Backend + +## Methods + +### destroy() + +```ts +destroy(): Promise +``` + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`void`\> + +#### Description + +Destroys the backend + +*** + +### generateFinalProof() + +```ts +generateFinalProof(decompressedWitness): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `decompressedWitness` | `Uint8Array` | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<[`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md)\> + +#### Description + +Generates a final proof (not meant to be verified in another circuit) + +*** + +### generateIntermediateProof() + +```ts +generateIntermediateProof(decompressedWitness): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `decompressedWitness` | `Uint8Array` | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<[`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md)\> + +#### Description + +Generates an intermediate proof (meant to be verified in another circuit) + +*** + +### generateIntermediateProofArtifacts() + +```ts +generateIntermediateProofArtifacts(proofData, numOfPublicInputs): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | +| `numOfPublicInputs` | `number` | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`object`\> + +#### Description + +Retrieves the artifacts from a proof in the Field format + +*** + +### verifyFinalProof() + +```ts +verifyFinalProof(proofData): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`boolean`\> + +#### Description + +Verifies a final proof + +*** + +### verifyIntermediateProof() + +```ts +verifyIntermediateProof(proofData): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`boolean`\> + +#### Description + +Verifies an intermediate proof + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/BackendOptions.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/BackendOptions.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..266ade75d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/BackendOptions.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# BackendOptions + +```ts +type BackendOptions: object; +``` + +## Description + +An options object, currently only used to specify the number of threads to use. + +## Type declaration + +| Member | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `threads` | `number` | **Description**

Number of threads | + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..34e0dd04205 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# CompiledCircuit + +```ts +type CompiledCircuit: object; +``` + +## Description + +The representation of a compiled circuit + +## Type declaration + +| Member | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `abi` | `Abi` | **Description**

ABI representation of the circuit | +| `bytecode` | `string` | **Description**

The bytecode of the circuit | + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/ProofData.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/ProofData.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3eb360a78f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/ProofData.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# ProofData + +```ts +type ProofData: object; +``` + +## Description + +The representation of a proof + +## Type declaration + +| Member | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `proof` | `Uint8Array` | **Description**

An byte array representing the proof | +| `publicInputs` | `WitnessMap` | **Description**

Public inputs of a proof | + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/typedoc-sidebar.cjs b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/typedoc-sidebar.cjs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..04e662c845f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/typedoc-sidebar.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +// @ts-check +/** @type {import('@docusaurus/plugin-content-docs').SidebarsConfig} */ +const typedocSidebar = { items: [{"type":"category","label":"Classes","items":[{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/classes/BarretenbergBackend","label":"BarretenbergBackend"}]},{"type":"category","label":"Interfaces","items":[{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/interfaces/Backend","label":"Backend"}]},{"type":"category","label":"Type Aliases","items":[{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/BackendOptions","label":"BackendOptions"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit","label":"CompiledCircuit"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/backend_barretenberg/type-aliases/ProofData","label":"ProofData"}]}]}; +module.exports = typedocSidebar.items; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/.nojekyll b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e2ac6616add --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/.nojekyll @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +TypeDoc added this file to prevent GitHub Pages from using Jekyll. You can turn off this behavior by setting the `githubPages` option to false. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/classes/Noir.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/classes/Noir.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e54116fb1d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/classes/Noir.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +# Noir + +## Constructors + +### new Noir(circuit, backend) + +```ts +new Noir(circuit, backend?): Noir +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `circuit` | [`CompiledCircuit`](../type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md) | +| `backend`? | `Backend` | + +#### Returns + +[`Noir`](Noir.md) + +## Methods + +### destroy() + +```ts +destroy(): Promise +``` + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`void`\> + +#### Description + +Destroys the underlying backend instance. + +#### Example + +```typescript +await noir.destroy(); +``` + +*** + +### execute() + +```ts +execute(inputs, foreignCallHandler?): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `inputs` | [`InputMap`](../type-aliases/InputMap.md) | +| `foreignCallHandler`? | [`ForeignCallHandler`](../type-aliases/ForeignCallHandler.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`object`\> + +#### Description + +Allows to execute a circuit to get its witness and return value. + +#### Example + +```typescript +async execute(inputs) +``` + +*** + +### generateFinalProof() + +```ts +generateFinalProof(inputs): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `inputs` | [`InputMap`](../type-aliases/InputMap.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<[`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md)\> + +#### Description + +Generates a witness and a proof given an object as input. + +#### Example + +```typescript +async generateFinalproof(input) +``` + +*** + +### verifyFinalProof() + +```ts +verifyFinalProof(proofData): Promise +``` + +#### Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | +| :------ | :------ | +| `proofData` | [`ProofData`](../type-aliases/ProofData.md) | + +#### Returns + +`Promise`\<`boolean`\> + +#### Description + +Instantiates the verification key and verifies a proof. + +#### Example + +```typescript +async verifyFinalProof(proof) +``` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/and.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/and.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c783283e396 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/and.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# and() + +```ts +and(lhs, rhs): string +``` + +Performs a bitwise AND operation between `lhs` and `rhs` + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `lhs` | `string` | | +| `rhs` | `string` | | + +## Returns + +`string` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/blake2s256.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/blake2s256.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7882d0da8d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/blake2s256.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# blake2s256() + +```ts +blake2s256(inputs): Uint8Array +``` + +Calculates the Blake2s256 hash of the input bytes + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `inputs` | `Uint8Array` | | + +## Returns + +`Uint8Array` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256k1_verify.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256k1_verify.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0ba5783f0d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256k1_verify.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +# ecdsa\_secp256k1\_verify() + +```ts +ecdsa_secp256k1_verify( + hashed_msg, + public_key_x_bytes, + public_key_y_bytes, + signature): boolean +``` + +Calculates the Blake2s256 hash of the input bytes and represents these as a single field element. +Verifies a ECDSA signature over the secp256k1 curve. + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `hashed_msg` | `Uint8Array` | | +| `public_key_x_bytes` | `Uint8Array` | | +| `public_key_y_bytes` | `Uint8Array` | | +| `signature` | `Uint8Array` | | + +## Returns + +`boolean` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256r1_verify.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256r1_verify.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0b20ff68957 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256r1_verify.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# ecdsa\_secp256r1\_verify() + +```ts +ecdsa_secp256r1_verify( + hashed_msg, + public_key_x_bytes, + public_key_y_bytes, + signature): boolean +``` + +Verifies a ECDSA signature over the secp256r1 curve. + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `hashed_msg` | `Uint8Array` | | +| `public_key_x_bytes` | `Uint8Array` | | +| `public_key_y_bytes` | `Uint8Array` | | +| `signature` | `Uint8Array` | | + +## Returns + +`boolean` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/keccak256.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/keccak256.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d10f155ce86 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/keccak256.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# keccak256() + +```ts +keccak256(inputs): Uint8Array +``` + +Calculates the Keccak256 hash of the input bytes + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `inputs` | `Uint8Array` | | + +## Returns + +`Uint8Array` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/sha256.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/sha256.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6ba4ecac022 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/sha256.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# sha256() + +```ts +sha256(inputs): Uint8Array +``` + +Calculates the SHA256 hash of the input bytes + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `inputs` | `Uint8Array` | | + +## Returns + +`Uint8Array` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/xor.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/xor.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8d762b895d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/xor.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# xor() + +```ts +xor(lhs, rhs): string +``` + +Performs a bitwise XOR operation between `lhs` and `rhs` + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `lhs` | `string` | | +| `rhs` | `string` | | + +## Returns + +`string` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/index.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/index.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..348453c0059 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# Noir JS + +## Exports + +### Classes + +| Class | Description | +| :------ | :------ | +| [Noir](classes/Noir.md) | - | + +### Type Aliases + +| Type alias | Description | +| :------ | :------ | +| [CompiledCircuit](type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md) | - | +| [ForeignCallHandler](type-aliases/ForeignCallHandler.md) | A callback which performs an foreign call and returns the response. | +| [ForeignCallInput](type-aliases/ForeignCallInput.md) | - | +| [ForeignCallOutput](type-aliases/ForeignCallOutput.md) | - | +| [InputMap](type-aliases/InputMap.md) | - | +| [ProofData](type-aliases/ProofData.md) | - | +| [WitnessMap](type-aliases/WitnessMap.md) | - | + +### Functions + +| Function | Description | +| :------ | :------ | +| [and](functions/and.md) | Performs a bitwise AND operation between `lhs` and `rhs` | +| [blake2s256](functions/blake2s256.md) | Calculates the Blake2s256 hash of the input bytes | +| [ecdsa\_secp256k1\_verify](functions/ecdsa_secp256k1_verify.md) | Calculates the Blake2s256 hash of the input bytes and represents these as a single field element. | +| [ecdsa\_secp256r1\_verify](functions/ecdsa_secp256r1_verify.md) | Verifies a ECDSA signature over the secp256r1 curve. | +| [keccak256](functions/keccak256.md) | Calculates the Keccak256 hash of the input bytes | +| [sha256](functions/sha256.md) | Calculates the SHA256 hash of the input bytes | +| [xor](functions/xor.md) | Performs a bitwise XOR operation between `lhs` and `rhs` | + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..34e0dd04205 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# CompiledCircuit + +```ts +type CompiledCircuit: object; +``` + +## Description + +The representation of a compiled circuit + +## Type declaration + +| Member | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `abi` | `Abi` | **Description**

ABI representation of the circuit | +| `bytecode` | `string` | **Description**

The bytecode of the circuit | + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallHandler.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallHandler.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..812b8b16481 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallHandler.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# ForeignCallHandler + +```ts +type ForeignCallHandler: (name, inputs) => Promise; +``` + +A callback which performs an foreign call and returns the response. + +## Parameters + +| Parameter | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `name` | `string` | The identifier for the type of foreign call being performed. | +| `inputs` | [`ForeignCallInput`](ForeignCallInput.md)[] | An array of hex encoded inputs to the foreign call. | + +## Returns + +`Promise`\<[`ForeignCallOutput`](ForeignCallOutput.md)[]\> + +outputs - An array of hex encoded outputs containing the results of the foreign call. + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallInput.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallInput.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dd95809186a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallInput.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# ForeignCallInput + +```ts +type ForeignCallInput: string[]; +``` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallOutput.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallOutput.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b71fb78a946 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallOutput.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# ForeignCallOutput + +```ts +type ForeignCallOutput: string | string[]; +``` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/InputMap.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/InputMap.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c714e999d93 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/InputMap.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# InputMap + +```ts +type InputMap: object; +``` + +## Index signature + + \[`key`: `string`\]: `InputValue` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ProofData.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ProofData.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3eb360a78f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ProofData.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# ProofData + +```ts +type ProofData: object; +``` + +## Description + +The representation of a proof + +## Type declaration + +| Member | Type | Description | +| :------ | :------ | :------ | +| `proof` | `Uint8Array` | **Description**

An byte array representing the proof | +| `publicInputs` | `WitnessMap` | **Description**

Public inputs of a proof | + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/WitnessMap.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/WitnessMap.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..258c46f9d0c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/WitnessMap.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# WitnessMap + +```ts +type WitnessMap: Map; +``` + +*** + +Generated using [typedoc-plugin-markdown](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typedoc-plugin-markdown) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/) diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/typedoc-sidebar.cjs b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/typedoc-sidebar.cjs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..077ebeb133e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/noir_js/reference/noir_js/typedoc-sidebar.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +// @ts-check +/** @type {import('@docusaurus/plugin-content-docs').SidebarsConfig} */ +const typedocSidebar = { items: [{"type":"category","label":"Classes","items":[{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/classes/Noir","label":"Noir"}]},{"type":"category","label":"Type Aliases","items":[{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/CompiledCircuit","label":"CompiledCircuit"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallHandler","label":"ForeignCallHandler"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallInput","label":"ForeignCallInput"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ForeignCallOutput","label":"ForeignCallOutput"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/InputMap","label":"InputMap"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/ProofData","label":"ProofData"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/type-aliases/WitnessMap","label":"WitnessMap"}]},{"type":"category","label":"Functions","items":[{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/and","label":"and"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/blake2s256","label":"blake2s256"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256k1_verify","label":"ecdsa_secp256k1_verify"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/ecdsa_secp256r1_verify","label":"ecdsa_secp256r1_verify"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/keccak256","label":"keccak256"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/sha256","label":"sha256"},{"type":"doc","id":"noir_js/reference/noir_js/functions/xor","label":"xor"}]}]}; +module.exports = typedocSidebar.items; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/black_box_fns.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/black_box_fns.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1dfabfe8f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/black_box_fns.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: Black Box Functions +description: Black box functions are functions in Noir that rely on backends implementing support for specialized constraints. +keywords: [noir, black box functions] +--- + +Black box functions are functions in Noir that rely on backends implementing support for specialized constraints. This makes certain zk-snark unfriendly computations cheaper than if they were implemented in Noir. + +:::warning + +It is likely that not all backends will support a particular black box function. + +::: + +Because it is not guaranteed that all backends will support black box functions, it is possible that certain Noir programs won't compile against a particular backend if they use an unsupported black box function. It is possible to fallback to less efficient implementations written in Noir/ACIR in some cases. + +Black box functions are specified with the `#[foreign(black_box_fn)]` attribute. For example, the SHA256 function in the Noir [source code](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/v0.5.1/noir_stdlib/src/hash.nr) looks like: + +```rust +#[foreign(sha256)] +fn sha256(_input : [u8; N]) -> [u8; 32] {} +``` + +## Function list + +Here is a list of the current black box functions that are supported by UltraPlonk: + +- AES +- [SHA256](./cryptographic_primitives/hashes#sha256) +- [Schnorr signature verification](./cryptographic_primitives/schnorr) +- [Blake2s](./cryptographic_primitives/hashes#blake2s) +- [Pedersen Hash](./cryptographic_primitives/hashes#pedersen_hash) +- [Pedersen Commitment](./cryptographic_primitives/hashes#pedersen_commitment) +- [HashToField128Security](./cryptographic_primitives/hashes#hash_to_field) +- [ECDSA signature verification](./cryptographic_primitives/ecdsa_sig_verification) +- [Fixed base scalar multiplication](./cryptographic_primitives/scalar) +- [Compute merkle root](./merkle_trees#compute_merkle_root) +- AND +- XOR +- RANGE +- [Keccak256](./cryptographic_primitives/hashes#keccak256) +- [Recursive proof verification](./recursion) + +Most black box functions are included as part of the Noir standard library, however `AND`, `XOR` and `RANGE` are used as part of the Noir language syntax. For instance, using the bitwise operator `&` will invoke the `AND` black box function. To ensure compatibility across backends, the ACVM has fallback implementations of `AND`, `XOR` and `RANGE` defined in its standard library which it can seamlessly fallback to if the backend doesn't support them. + +You can view the black box functions defined in the ACVM code [here](https://github.com/noir-lang/acvm/blob/acir-v0.12.0/acir/src/circuit/black_box_functions.rs). diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2df4f929474 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: Cryptographic primitives in Noir +description: + Learn about the cryptographic primitives ready to use for any Noir project +keywords: + [ + cryptographic primitives, + Noir project, + ] +--- + +The Noir team is progressively adding new cryptographic primitives to the standard library. Reach out for news or if you would be interested in adding more of these calculations in Noir. + +Some methods are available thanks to the Aztec backend, not being performed using Noir. When using other backends, these methods may or may not be supplied. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/00_hashes.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/00_hashes.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..76745196681 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/00_hashes.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +--- +title: Hash methods +description: + Learn about the cryptographic primitives ready to use for any Noir project, including sha256, + blake2s, pedersen, mimc_bn254 and mimc +keywords: + [cryptographic primitives, Noir project, sha256, blake2s, pedersen, mimc_bn254, mimc, hash] +--- + +import BlackBoxInfo from '@site/src/components/Notes/_blackbox.mdx'; + +## sha256 + +Given an array of bytes, returns the resulting sha256 hash. + +```rust +fn sha256(_input : [u8]) -> [u8; 32] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = [163, 117, 178, 149]; // some random bytes + let hash = std::hash::sha256(x); +} +``` + + + +## blake2s + +Given an array of bytes, returns an array with the Blake2 hash + +```rust +fn blake2s(_input : [u8]) -> [u8; 32] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = [163, 117, 178, 149]; // some random bytes + let hash = std::hash::blake2s(x); +} +``` + + + +## pedersen_hash + +Given an array of Fields, returns the Pedersen hash. + +```rust +fn pedersen_hash(_input : [Field]) -> Field +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = [163, 117, 178, 149]; // some random bytes + let hash = std::hash::pedersen_hash(x); +} +``` + + + + + +## pedersen_commitment + +Given an array of Fields, returns the Pedersen commitment. + +```rust +fn pedersen_commitment(_input : [Field]) -> [Field; 2] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = [163, 117, 178, 149]; // some random bytes + let commitment = std::hash::pedersen_commitment(x); +} +``` + + + +## keccak256 + +Given an array of bytes (`u8`), returns the resulting keccak hash as an array of 32 bytes +(`[u8; 32]`). Specify a message_size to hash only the first `message_size` bytes +of the input. + +```rust +fn keccak256(_input : [u8; N], _message_size: u32) -> [u8; 32] +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = [163, 117, 178, 149]; // some random bytes + let message_size = 4; + let hash = std::hash::keccak256(x, message_size); +} +``` + + + +## poseidon + +Given an array of Fields, returns a new Field with the Poseidon Hash. Mind that you need to specify +how many inputs are there to your Poseidon function. + +```rust +// example for hash_1, hash_2 accepts an array of length 2, etc +fn hash_1(input: [Field; 1]) -> Field +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main() +{ + let hash1 = std::hash::poseidon::bn254::hash_2([1, 2]); + assert(hash1 == 0x115cc0f5e7d690413df64c6b9662e9cf2a3617f2743245519e19607a4417189a); +} +``` + +## mimc_bn254 and mimc + +`mimc_bn254` is `mimc`, but with hardcoded parameters for the BN254 curve. You can use it by +providing an array of Fields, and it returns a Field with the hash. You can use the `mimc` method if +you're willing to input your own constants: + +```rust +fn mimc(x: Field, k: Field, constants: [Field; N], exp : Field) -> Field +``` + +otherwise, use the `mimc_bn254` method: + +```rust +fn mimc_bn254(array: [Field; N]) -> Field +``` + +example: + +```rust + +fn main() { + let x = [163, 117, 178, 149]; // some random bytes + let hash = std::hash::mimc::mimc_bn254(x); +} +``` + +## hash_to_field + +```rust +fn hash_to_field(_input : [Field; N]) -> Field {} +``` + +Calculates the `blake2s` hash of the inputs and returns the hash modulo the field modulus to return +a value which can be represented as a `Field`. + + diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/01_scalar.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/01_scalar.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c7eed820a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/01_scalar.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: Scalar multiplication +description: See how you can perform scalar multiplications over a fixed base in Noir +keywords: [cryptographic primitives, Noir project, scalar multiplication] +--- + +import BlackBoxInfo from '@site/src/components/Notes/_blackbox.mdx'; + +## scalar_mul::fixed_base_embedded_curve + +Performs scalar multiplication over the embedded curve whose coordinates are defined by the +configured noir field. For the BN254 scalar field, this is BabyJubJub or Grumpkin. + +```rust +fn fixed_base_embedded_curve(_input : Field) -> [Field; 2] +``` + +example + +```rust +fn main(x : Field) { + let scal = std::scalar_mul::fixed_base_embedded_curve(x); + std::println(scal); +} +``` + + diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/02_schnorr.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/02_schnorr.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c184ce28120 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/02_schnorr.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: Schnorr Signatures +description: Learn how you can verify Schnorr signatures using Noir +keywords: [cryptographic primitives, Noir project, schnorr, signatures] +--- + +import BlackBoxInfo from '@site/src/components/Notes/_blackbox.mdx'; + +## schnorr::verify_signature + +Verifier for Schnorr signatures over the embedded curve (for BN254 it is Grumpkin). + +```rust +fn verify_signature(_public_key_x: Field, _public_key_y: Field, _signature: [u8; 64], _message: [u8]) -> bool +``` + +where `_signature` can be generated like so using the npm package +[@noir-lang/barretenberg](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@noir-lang/barretenberg) + +```js +const { BarretenbergWasm } = require('@noir-lang/barretenberg/dest/wasm'); +const { Schnorr } = require('@noir-lang/barretenberg/dest/crypto/schnorr'); + +... + +const barretenberg = await BarretenbergWasm.new(); +const schnorr = new Schnorr(barretenberg); +const pubKey = schnorr.computePublicKey(privateKey); +const message = ... +const signature = Array.from( + schnorr.constructSignature(hash, privateKey).toBuffer() +); + +... +``` + + diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/03_ecdsa_sig_verification.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/03_ecdsa_sig_verification.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..72bce984821 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/03_ecdsa_sig_verification.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: ECDSA Signature Verification +description: Learn about the cryptographic primitives regarding ECDSA over the secp256k1 and secp256r1 curves +keywords: [cryptographic primitives, Noir project, ecdsa, secp256k1, secp256r1, signatures] +--- + +import BlackBoxInfo from '@site/src/components/Notes/_blackbox.mdx'; + +Noir supports ECDSA signatures verification over the secp256k1 and secp256r1 curves. + +## ecdsa_secp256k1::verify_signature + +Verifier for ECDSA Secp256k1 signatures + +```rust +fn verify_signature(_public_key_x : [u8; 32], _public_key_y : [u8; 32], _signature: [u8; 64], _message: [u8]) -> bool +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main(hashed_message : [u8;32], pub_key_x : [u8;32], pub_key_y : [u8;32], signature : [u8;64]) { + let valid_signature = std::ecdsa_secp256k1::verify_signature(pub_key_x, pub_key_y, signature, hashed_message); + assert(valid_signature); +} +``` + +## ecdsa_secp256r1::verify_signature + +Verifier for ECDSA Secp256r1 signatures + +```rust +fn verify_signature(_public_key_x : [u8; 32], _public_key_y : [u8; 32], _signature: [u8; 64], _message: [u8]) -> bool +``` + +example: + +```rust +fn main(hashed_message : [u8;32], pub_key_x : [u8;32], pub_key_y : [u8;32], signature : [u8;64]) { + let valid_signature = std::ecdsa_secp256r1::verify_signature(pub_key_x, pub_key_y, signature, hashed_message); + assert(valid_signature); +} +``` + + diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/04_ec_primitives.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/04_ec_primitives.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6e6b19b6861 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/04_ec_primitives.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +--- +title: Elliptic Curve Primitives +keywords: [cryptographic primitives, Noir project] +--- + +Data structures and methods on them that allow you to carry out computations involving elliptic +curves over the (mathematical) field corresponding to `Field`. For the field currently at our +disposal, applications would involve a curve embedded in BN254, e.g. the +[Baby Jubjub curve](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2494). + +## Data structures + +### Elliptic curve configurations + +(`std::ec::{tecurve,montcurve,swcurve}::{affine,curvegroup}::Curve`), i.e. the specific elliptic +curve you want to use, which would be specified using any one of the methods +`std::ec::{tecurve,montcurve,swcurve}::{affine,curvegroup}::new` which take the coefficients in the +defining equation together with a generator point as parameters. You can find more detail in the +comments in +[`noir_stdlib/src/ec.nr`](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/master/noir_stdlib/src/ec.nr), but +the gist of it is that the elliptic curves of interest are usually expressed in one of the standard +forms implemented here (Twisted Edwards, Montgomery and Short Weierstraß), and in addition to that, +you could choose to use `affine` coordinates (Cartesian coordinates - the usual (x,y) - possibly +together with a point at infinity) or `curvegroup` coordinates (some form of projective coordinates +requiring more coordinates but allowing for more efficient implementations of elliptic curve +operations). Conversions between all of these forms are provided, and under the hood these +conversions are done whenever an operation is more efficient in a different representation (or a +mixed coordinate representation is employed). + +### Points + +(`std::ec::{tecurve,montcurve,swcurve}::{affine,curvegroup}::Point`), i.e. points lying on the +elliptic curve. For a curve configuration `c` and a point `p`, it may be checked that `p` +does indeed lie on `c` by calling `c.contains(p1)`. + +## Methods + +(given a choice of curve representation, e.g. use `std::ec::tecurve::affine::Curve` and use +`std::ec::tecurve::affine::Point`) + +- The **zero element** is given by `Point::zero()`, and we can verify whether a point `p: Point` is + zero by calling `p.is_zero()`. +- **Equality**: Points `p1: Point` and `p2: Point` may be checked for equality by calling + `p1.eq(p2)`. +- **Addition**: For `c: Curve` and points `p1: Point` and `p2: Point` on the curve, adding these two + points is accomplished by calling `c.add(p1,p2)`. +- **Negation**: For a point `p: Point`, `p.negate()` is its negation. +- **Subtraction**: For `c` and `p1`, `p2` as above, subtracting `p2` from `p1` is accomplished by + calling `c.subtract(p1,p2)`. +- **Scalar multiplication**: For `c` as above, `p: Point` a point on the curve and `n: Field`, + scalar multiplication is given by `c.mul(n,p)`. If instead `n :: [u1; N]`, i.e. `n` is a bit + array, the `bit_mul` method may be used instead: `c.bit_mul(n,p)` +- **Multi-scalar multiplication**: For `c` as above and arrays `n: [Field; N]` and `p: [Point; N]`, + multi-scalar multiplication is given by `c.msm(n,p)`. +- **Coordinate representation conversions**: The `into_group` method converts a point or curve + configuration in the affine representation to one in the CurveGroup representation, and + `into_affine` goes in the other direction. +- **Curve representation conversions**: `tecurve` and `montcurve` curves and points are equivalent + and may be converted between one another by calling `into_montcurve` or `into_tecurve` on their + configurations or points. `swcurve` is more general and a curve c of one of the other two types + may be converted to this representation by calling `c.into_swcurve()`, whereas a point `p` lying + on the curve given by `c` may be mapped to its corresponding `swcurve` point by calling + `c.map_into_swcurve(p)`. +- **Map-to-curve methods**: The Elligator 2 method of mapping a field element `n: Field` into a + `tecurve` or `montcurve` with configuration `c` may be called as `c.elligator2_map(n)`. For all of + the curve configurations, the SWU map-to-curve method may be called as `c.swu_map(z,n)`, where + `z: Field` depends on `Field` and `c` and must be chosen by the user (the conditions it needs to + satisfy are specified in the comments + [here](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/master/noir_stdlib/src/ec.nr)). + +## Examples + +The +[ec_baby_jubjub test](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/master/crates/nargo_cli/tests/test_data/ec_baby_jubjub/src/main.nr) +illustrates all of the above primitives on various forms of the Baby Jubjub curve. A couple of more +interesting examples in Noir would be: + +Public-key cryptography: Given an elliptic curve and a 'base point' on it, determine the public key +from the private key. This is a matter of using scalar multiplication. In the case of Baby Jubjub, +for example, this code would do: + +```rust +use dep::std::ec::tecurve::affine::{Curve, Point}; + +fn bjj_pub_key(priv_key: Field) -> Point +{ + + let bjj = Curve::new(168700, 168696, G::new(995203441582195749578291179787384436505546430278305826713579947235728471134,5472060717959818805561601436314318772137091100104008585924551046643952123905)); + + let base_pt = Point::new(5299619240641551281634865583518297030282874472190772894086521144482721001553, 16950150798460657717958625567821834550301663161624707787222815936182638968203); + + bjj.mul(priv_key,base_pt) +} +``` + +This would come in handy in a Merkle proof. + +- EdDSA signature verification: This is a matter of combining these primitives with a suitable hash + function. See + [feat(stdlib): EdDSA sig verification noir#1136](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/pull/1136) for + the case of Baby Jubjub and the Poseidon hash function. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/05_eddsa.mdx b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/05_eddsa.mdx new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9a5beb55ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/cryptographic_primitives/05_eddsa.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: EdDSA Verification +description: Learn about the cryptographic primitives regarding EdDSA +keywords: [cryptographic primitives, Noir project, eddsa, signatures] +--- + +import BlackBoxInfo from '@site/src/components/Notes/_blackbox.mdx'; + +## eddsa::eddsa_poseidon_verify + +Verifier for EdDSA signatures + +```rust +fn eddsa_poseidon_verify(public_key_x : Field, public_key_y : Field, signature_s: Field, signature_r8_x: Field, signature_r8_y: Field, message: Field) -> bool +``` + + diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/logging.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/logging.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7e2fd9b9aff --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/logging.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: Logging +description: + Learn how to use the println statement for debugging in Noir with this tutorial. Understand the + basics of logging in Noir and how to implement it in your code. +keywords: + [ + noir logging, + println statement, + debugging in noir, + noir std library, + logging tutorial, + basic logging in noir, + noir logging implementation, + noir debugging techniques, + rust, + ] +--- + +The standard library provides a familiar `println` statement you can use. Despite being a limited +implementation of rust's `println!` macro, this construct can be useful for debugging. + +You can print the output of println statements in your Noir code by using the `nargo execute` command or the `--show-output` flag when using `nargo test` (provided there are println statements in your tests). + +It is recommended to use `nargo execute` if you want to debug failing constrains with `println` statements. This is due to every input in a test being a constant rather than a witness, so we issue an error during compilation while we only print during execution (which comes after compilation). `println` will not work for failed constraints caught at compile time. + +The `println` statement is unconstrained, so it works for outputting integers, fields, strings, and even structs or expressions. For example: + +```rust +use dep::std; + +struct Person { + age : Field, + height : Field, +} + +fn main(age : Field, height : Field) { + let person = Person { age : age, height : height }; + std::println(person); + std::println(age + height); + std::println("Hello world!"); +} + +``` + +You can print multiple different types in the same statement and string as well as a new "fmtstr" type. A `fmtstr` can be specified in the same way as a normal string it just should be prepended with an "f" character: + +```rust + let fmt_str = f"i: {i}, j: {j}"; + std::println(fmt_str); + + let s = myStruct { y: x, x: y }; + std::println(s); + + std::println(f"i: {i}, s: {s}"); + + std::println(x); + std::println([x, y]); + + let foo = fooStruct { my_struct: s, foo: 15 }; + std::println(f"s: {s}, foo: {foo}"); +``` diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/merkle_trees.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/merkle_trees.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dc383a1426b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/merkle_trees.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: Merkle Trees +description: Learn about Merkle Trees in Noir with this tutorial. Explore the basics of computing a merkle root using a proof, with examples. +keywords: + [ + Merkle trees in Noir, + Noir programming language, + check membership, + computing root from leaf, + Noir Merkle tree implementation, + Merkle tree tutorial, + Merkle tree code examples, + Noir libraries, + pedersen hash., + ] +--- + +## compute_merkle_root + +Returns the root of the tree from the provided leaf and its hash path, using a [Pedersen hash](cryptographic_primitives/00_hashes.mdx#pedersen_hash). + +```rust +fn compute_merkle_root(leaf : Field, index : Field, hash_path: [Field]) -> Field +``` + +example: + +```rust +/** + // these values are for this example only + index = "0" + priv_key = "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000616c696365" + secret = "0x1929ea3ab8d9106a899386883d9428f8256cfedb3c4f6b66bf4aa4d28a79988f" + note_hash_path = [ + "0x1e61bdae0f027b1b2159e1f9d3f8d00fa668a952dddd822fda80dc745d6f65cc", + "0x0e4223f3925f98934393c74975142bd73079ab0621f4ee133cee050a3c194f1a", + "0x2fd7bb412155bf8693a3bd2a3e7581a679c95c68a052f835dddca85fa1569a40" + ] + */ +fn main(index: Field, priv_key: Field, secret: Field, note_hash_path: [Field; 3]) { + + let pubkey = std::scalar_mul::fixed_base_embedded_curve(priv_key); + let pubkey_x = pubkey[0]; + let pubkey_y = pubkey[1]; + let note_commitment = std::hash::pedersen([pubkey_x, pubkey_y, secret]); + + let root = std::merkle::compute_merkle_root(note_commitment[0], index, note_hash_path); + std::println(root); +} +``` + +To check merkle tree membership: + +1. Include a merkle root as a program input. +2. Compute the merkle root of a given leaf, index and hash path. +3. Assert the merkle roots are equal. + +For more info about merkle trees, see the Wikipedia [page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree). diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/options.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/options.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3d3139fb98b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/options.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: Option Type +--- + +The `Option` type is a way to express that a value might be present (`Some(T))` or absent (`None`). It's a safer way to handle potential absence of values, compared to using nulls in many other languages. + +```rust +struct Option { + None, + Some(T), +} +``` + +You can import the Option type into your Noir program like so: + +```rust +use dep::std::option::Option; + +fn main() { + let none = Option::none(); + let some = Option::some(3); +} +``` + +See [this test](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/blob/5cbfb9c4a06c8865c98ff2b594464b037d821a5c/crates/nargo_cli/tests/test_data/option/src/main.nr) for a more comprehensive set of examples of each of the methods described below. + +## Methods + +### none + +Constructs a none value. + +### some + +Constructs a some wrapper around a given value. + +### is_none + +Returns true if the Option is None. + +### is_some + +Returns true of the Option is Some. + +### unwrap + +Asserts `self.is_some()` and returns the wrapped value. + +### unwrap_unchecked + +Returns the inner value without asserting `self.is_some()`. This method can be useful within an if condition when we already know that `option.is_some()`. If the option is None, there is no guarantee what value will be returned, only that it will be of type T for an `Option`. + +### unwrap_or + +Returns the wrapped value if `self.is_some()`. Otherwise, returns the given default value. + +### unwrap_or_else + +Returns the wrapped value if `self.is_some()`. Otherwise, calls the given function to return a default value. + +### map + +If self is `Some(x)`, this returns `Some(f(x))`. Otherwise, this returns `None`. + +### map_or + +If self is `Some(x)`, this returns `f(x)`. Otherwise, this returns the given default value. + +### map_or_else + +If self is `Some(x)`, this returns `f(x)`. Otherwise, this returns `default()`. + +### and + +Returns None if self is None. Otherwise, this returns `other`. + +### and_then + +If self is None, this returns None. Otherwise, this calls the given function with the Some value contained within self, and returns the result of that call. In some languages this function is called `flat_map` or `bind`. + +### or + +If self is Some, return self. Otherwise, return `other`. + +### or_else + +If self is Some, return self. Otherwise, return `default()`. + +### xor + +If only one of the two Options is Some, return that option. Otherwise, if both options are Some or both are None, None is returned. + +### filter + +Returns `Some(x)` if self is `Some(x)` and `predicate(x)` is true. Otherwise, this returns `None`. + +### flatten + +Flattens an `Option>` into a `Option`. This returns `None` if the outer Option is None. Otherwise, this returns the inner Option. diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/recursion.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/recursion.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ff4c63acaa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/recursion.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: Recursive Proofs +description: Learn about how to write recursive proofs in Noir. +keywords: [recursion, recursive proofs, verification_key, aggregation object, verify_proof] +--- + +Noir supports recursively verifying proofs, meaning you verify the proof of a Noir program in another Noir program. This enables creating proofs of arbitrary size by doing step-wise verification of smaller components of a large proof. + +The `verify_proof` function takes a verification key, proof and public inputs for a zk program, as well as a key hash and an input aggregation object. The key hash is used to check the validity of the verification key and the input aggregation object is required by some proving systems. The `verify_proof` function returns an output aggregation object that can then be fed into future iterations of the proof verification if required. + +```rust +#[foreign(verify_proof)] +fn verify_proof(_verification_key : [Field], _proof : [Field], _public_input : Field, _key_hash : Field, _input_aggregation_object : [Field]) -> [Field] {} +``` + +:::info + +This is a black box function. Read [this section](./black_box_fns) to learn more about black box functions in Noir. + +::: + +## Aggregation Object + +The purpose of the input aggregation object is a little less clear though (and the output aggregation object that is returned from the `std::verify_proof` method). Recursive zkSNARK schemes do not necessarily "verify a proof" in the sense that you expect a true or false to be spit out by the verifier. Rather an aggregation object is built over the public inputs. In the case of PLONK the recursive aggregation object is two G1 points (expressed as 16 witness values). The final verifier (in our case this is most often the smart contract verifier) has to be aware of this aggregation object to execute a pairing and check the validity of these points (thus completing the recursive verification). + +So for example in this circuit: + +```rust +use dep::std; + +fn main( + verification_key : [Field; 114], + proof : [Field; 94], + public_inputs : [Field; 1], + key_hash : Field, + input_aggregation_object : [Field; 16], + proof_b : [Field; 94], +) -> pub [Field; 16] { + let output_aggregation_object_a = std::verify_proof( + verification_key, + proof, + public_inputs, + key_hash, + input_aggregation_object + ); + + let output_aggregation_object = std::verify_proof( + verification_key, + proof_b, + public_inputs, + key_hash, + output_aggregation_object_a + ); + + let mut output = [0; 16]; + for i in 0..16 { + output[i] = output_aggregation_object[i]; + } + output +} +``` + +In this example we have a circuit, that generates proofs A and B, that is being verified in circuit C. Assuming that the proof being passed in is not already a recursive proof, the `input_aggregation_object` will be all zeros. It will then generate an `output_aggregation_object`. This blob of data then becomes the `input_aggregation_object` of the next recursive aggregation we wish to compute. We can see here as the same public inputs, verification key, and key hash are used that we are verifying two proofs generated from the same circuit in this single circuit. `std::verify_proof` returns a `[Field]` because the size of an aggregation object is proof system dependent--in barretenberg, aggregation objects are two G1 points, while in Halo2, the aggregation object is a list of G1 points that is log the circuit size. So for the final step we convert the slice into an array of size 16 because we are generating proofs using UltraPlonk. + +## Parameters + +### `verification_key` + +The verification key for the zk program that is being verified. + +### `proof` + +The proof for the zk program that is being verified. + +### `public_inputs` + +These represent the public inputs of the proof we are verifying. They should be checked against in the circuit after construction of a new aggregation state. + +### `key_hash` + +A key hash is used to check the validity of the verification key. The circuit implementing this opcode can use this hash to ensure that the key provided to the circuit matches the key produced by the circuit creator. + +### `input_aggregation_object` + +An aggregation object is blob of data that the top-level verifier must run some proof system specific algorithm on to complete verification. The size is proof system specific and will be set by the backend integrating this opcode. The input aggregation object is only not `None` when we are verifying a previous recursive aggregation in the current circuit. If this is the first recursive aggregation there is no input aggregation object. It is left to the backend to determine how to handle when there is no input aggregation object. + +## Return value + +### `output_aggregation_object` + +This is the result of a recursive aggregation and is what will be fed into the next verifier. +The next verifier can either perform a final verification (returning true or false) or perform another recursive aggregation where this output aggregation object will be the input aggregation object of the next recursive aggregation. + +## Example + +You can see an example of how to do recursive proofs in [this example recursion demo repo](https://github.com/noir-lang/noir-examples/tree/master/recursion). diff --git a/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/zeroed.md b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/zeroed.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..97dab02dac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_docs/version-v0.19.4/standard_library/zeroed.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: Zeroed Function +description: + The zeroed function returns a zeroed value of any type. +keywords: + [ + zeroed + ] +--- + +Implements `fn zeroed() -> T` to return a zeroed value of any type. This function is generally unsafe to use as the zeroed bit pattern is not guaranteed to be valid for all types. It can however, be useful in cases when the value is guaranteed not to be used such as in a BoundedVec library implementing a growable vector, up to a certain length, backed by an array. The array can be initialized with zeroed values which are guaranteed to be inaccessible until the vector is pushed to. Similarly, enumerations in noir can be implemented using this method by providing zeroed values for the unused variants. + +You can access the function at `std::unsafe::zeroed`. + +This function currently supports the following types: + +- Field +- Bool +- Uint +- Array +- String +- Tuple +- Function + +Using it on other types could result in unexpected behavior. diff --git a/docs/versioned_sidebars/version-v0.19.4-sidebars.json b/docs/versioned_sidebars/version-v0.19.4-sidebars.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a1675eca18d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/versioned_sidebars/version-v0.19.4-sidebars.json @@ -0,0 +1,293 @@ +{ + "sidebar": [ + { + "type": "doc", + "id": "index", + "label": "Noir" + }, + { + "type": "category", + "label": "Getting Started", + "items": [ + { + "type": "autogenerated", + "dirName": "getting_started" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "category", + "label": "Examples", + "items": [ + { + "type": "autogenerated", + "dirName": "examples" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": 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a/docs/versions.json b/docs/versions.json index 7391f71ae5b..7f45b37e432 100644 --- a/docs/versions.json +++ b/docs/versions.json @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [ - "v0.19.3", "v0.19.2", - "v0.17.0", - "v0.10.5" -] + "v0.19.1", + "v0.19.0", + "v0.17.0" +] \ No newline at end of file