[ci] upgrade actions/checkout to v2.4.0

[jameslamb]

This project's CI jobs running on GitHub Actions use the actions/checkout action to clone the repo at the beginning of builds. Most jobs in the repo are currently using v2.3.4 of this action (CUDA jobs are using v1).

This PR proposes upgrading all jobs to v2.4.0, the newest release of that action. Just to keep up with changes there and take advantage of small bugfixes.

See https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases for details on the newest releases of this action.

[jameslamb]

/gha run r-solaris

Workflow Solaris CRAN check has been triggered! 🚀
https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/actions/runs/1414520755

solaris-x86-patched: https://builder.r-hub.io/status/lightgbm_3.3.1.99.tar.gz-9b734af66be2457db65e441b78a6f708
solaris-x86-patched-ods: https://builder.r-hub.io/status/lightgbm_3.3.1.99.tar.gz-8b1c0e2884bf437a9249afbd3c457a55
Reports also have been sent to LightGBM public e-mail: https://yopmail.com?lightgbm_rhub_checks
Status: success ✔️.

[jameslamb]

/gha run r-valgrind

Workflow R valgrind tests has been triggered! 🚀
https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/actions/runs/1414521973

Status: success ✔️.

[jameslamb]

hmmm, I guess this must be the reason CUDA builds were still on actions/checkout@v1:

Syncing repository: microsoft/LightGBM
Getting Git version info
Working directory is '/home/guoke/actions-runner/_work/LightGBM/LightGBM'
/usr/bin/git version
git version 2.17.1
Deleting the contents of '/home/guoke/actions-runner/_work/LightGBM/LightGBM'
The repository will be downloaded using the GitHub REST API
To create a local Git repository instead, add Git 2.18 or higher to the PATH
Error: Input 'submodules' not supported when falling back to download using the GitHub REST API. To create a local Git repository instead, add Git 2.18 or higher to the PATH.

https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/runs/4086585308?check_suite_focus=true

I'll revert the changes to those jobs in this PR.

[StrikerRUS]

We cannot use v2 on CUDA builds because of node.js installation issues: #3549 (comment).

[jameslamb]

We cannot use v2 on CUDA builds because of node.js installation issues: #3549 (comment).

ah ok, thanks! I wasn't able to find that from search but I had a feeling there must be a specific reason I'd forgotten.

[StrikerRUS]

Linking #3763.

[StrikerRUS]

Just a note: it is OK that solaris and valgrind checks are still using 2.3.4 version.

Run actions/[email protected]
https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/runs/4086606076?check_suite_focus=true#step:4:1

That happens because ChatOps CI jobs are pulling GitHub Actions Workflow configuration file from the master branch. Refer to #4503 (comment).

[StrikerRUS]

Thank you for updating all occurrences!

[jameslamb]

Ha right right! I keep forgetting that, sorry.

[github-actions]

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