feat: Support patternProperties in JSON schema helpers

[edgarrmondragon]

Closes #1189

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📚 Documentation preview 📚: https://meltano-sdk--1197.org.readthedocs.build/en/1197/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #1197 (acc38f3) into main (61ed7b4) will increase coverage by 0.03%.
The diff coverage is 89.65%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1197      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   83.56%   83.59%   +0.03%     
==========================================
  Files          42       42              
  Lines        3881     3908      +27     
  Branches      659      665       +6     
==========================================
+ Hits         3243     3267      +24     
- Misses        474      475       +1     
- Partials      164      166       +2     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
singer_sdk/sinks/sql.py	89.18% <60.00%> (-1.47%)	⬇️
singer_sdk/target_base.py	86.89% <93.75%> (+0.45%)	⬆️
singer_sdk/_singerlib/__init__.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
singer_sdk/helpers/capabilities.py	91.52% <100.00%> (+0.14%)	⬆️
singer_sdk/typing.py	94.89% <100.00%> (+0.16%)	⬆️

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[cjohnhanson]

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