diff --git a/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer.hpp b/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer.hpp
index 4d2e7936376..71771b9828c 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer.hpp
@@ -113,10 +113,6 @@ class Renderer {
     void reduceMemoryUse();
     void clearData();
 
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-    void enableAndroidEmulatorGoldfishMitigation(bool enable);
-#endif
-
 private:
     class Impl;
     std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl;
diff --git a/platform/android/MapLibreAndroid/src/cpp/map_renderer.cpp b/platform/android/MapLibreAndroid/src/cpp/map_renderer.cpp
index 9fd889e05ef..fc235a67f4c 100644
--- a/platform/android/MapLibreAndroid/src/cpp/map_renderer.cpp
+++ b/platform/android/MapLibreAndroid/src/cpp/map_renderer.cpp
@@ -13,27 +13,6 @@
 #include "android_renderer_backend.hpp"
 #include "map_renderer_runnable.hpp"
 
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-#include <sys/system_properties.h>
-
-namespace {
-std::string androidSysProp(const char* key) {
-    assert(strlen(key) < PROP_NAME_MAX);
-    if (__system_property_find(key) == nullptr) {
-        return "";
-    }
-    char prop[PROP_VALUE_MAX + 1];
-    __system_property_get(key, prop);
-    return prop;
-}
-
-bool inEmulator() {
-    return androidSysProp("ro.kernel.qemu") == "1" || androidSysProp("ro.boot.qemu") == "1" ||
-           androidSysProp("ro.hardware.egl") == "emulation";
-}
-} // namespace
-#endif
-
 namespace mbgl {
 namespace android {
 
@@ -253,14 +232,6 @@ void MapRenderer::onSurfaceCreated(JNIEnv& env, const jni::Object<AndroidSurface
     renderer = std::make_unique<Renderer>(backend->getImpl(), pixelRatio, localIdeographFontFamily);
     rendererRef = std::make_unique<ActorRef<Renderer>>(*renderer, mailboxData.getMailbox());
 
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-    // If we're running the emulator with the OpenGL backend, we're going to crash eventually,
-    // unless we enable this mitigation.
-    if (inEmulator()) {
-        renderer->enableAndroidEmulatorGoldfishMitigation(true);
-    }
-#endif
-
     backend->setSwapBehavior(swapBehaviorFlush ? gfx::Renderable::SwapBehaviour::Flush
                                                : gfx::Renderable::SwapBehaviour::NoFlush);
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gfx/index_vector.hpp b/src/mbgl/gfx/index_vector.hpp
index c5ba77e82e5..ed42dac7da0 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gfx/index_vector.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gfx/index_vector.hpp
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/gfx/draw_mode.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/ignore.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/monotonic_timer.hpp>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
@@ -41,15 +40,8 @@ class IndexVectorBase {
     void setBuffer(std::unique_ptr<IndexBufferBase>&& value) { buffer = std::move(value); }
 #endif // MLN_DRAWABLE_RENDERER
 
-    std::chrono::duration<double> getLastModified() const { return lastModified; }
-    bool isModifiedAfter(std::chrono::duration<double> t) const { return t < lastModified; }
-
-    void updateModified() {
-        if (dirty) {
-            lastModified = util::MonotonicTimer::now();
-            dirty = false;
-        }
-    }
+    bool getDirty() const { return dirty; }
+    void setDirty(bool value = true) { dirty = value; }
 
     bool isReleased() const { return released; }
 
@@ -107,8 +99,6 @@ class IndexVectorBase {
 #endif // MLN_DRAWABLE_RENDERER
     bool dirty = true;
     bool released = false;
-
-    std::chrono::duration<double> lastModified = util::MonotonicTimer::now();
 };
 
 using IndexVectorBasePtr = std::shared_ptr<IndexVectorBase>;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl.cpp b/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl.cpp
index 80404029ad0..70ad47a91c2 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ DrawableGL::DrawableGL(std::string name_)
       impl(std::make_unique<Impl>()) {}
 
 DrawableGL::~DrawableGL() {
-    impl->indexBuffer = {0, nullptr};
     impl->attributeBuffers.clear();
 }
 
@@ -192,12 +191,8 @@ void DrawableGL::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass) {
     auto& glContext = static_cast<gl::Context&>(context);
     constexpr auto usage = gfx::BufferUsageType::StaticDraw;
 
-    // Create an index buffer if necessary
-    if (impl->indexes) {
-        impl->indexes->updateModified();
-    }
-    if (impl->indexes &&
-        (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || !attributeUpdateTime || impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime))) {
+    // Create an index buffer if necessary}
+    if (impl->indexes && (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || impl->indexes->getDirty())) {
         MLN_TRACE_ZONE(build indexes);
         auto indexBufferResource{
             uploadPass.createIndexBufferResource(impl->indexes->data(), impl->indexes->bytes(), usage)};
@@ -205,6 +200,7 @@ void DrawableGL::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass) {
                                                               std::move(indexBufferResource));
         auto buffer = std::make_unique<IndexBufferGL>(std::move(indexBuffer));
         impl->indexes->setBuffer(std::move(buffer));
+        impl->indexes->setDirty(false);
     }
 
     // Build the vertex attributes and bindings, if necessary
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl_impl.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl_impl.hpp
index 37bf3f8a31b..787c5289611 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl_impl.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/drawable_gl_impl.hpp
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ class DrawableGL::Impl final {
     gfx::AttributeDataType vertexType = static_cast<gfx::AttributeDataType>(-1);
 
     AttributeBindingArray attributeBindings;
-
-    gfx::IndexBuffer indexBuffer = {0, nullptr};
     std::vector<gfx::UniqueVertexBufferResource> attributeBuffers;
 
     UniformBufferArrayGL uniformBuffers;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable.cpp b/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable.cpp
index 90caacc9bdb..ce8a7d800cd 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable.cpp
@@ -191,13 +191,13 @@ void Drawable::draw(PaintParameters& parameters) const {
     bindUniformBuffers(renderPass);
     bindTextures(renderPass);
 
-    if (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || !attributeUpdateTime || impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime)) {
+    if (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || impl->indexes->getDirty()) {
         assert(!"Index buffer not uploaded");
         return;
     }
 
     const auto* indexBuffer = getMetalBuffer(impl->indexes);
-    if (!indexBuffer || !attributeUpdateTime || impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime)) {
+    if (!indexBuffer || impl->indexes->getDirty()) {
         assert(!"Index buffer not uploaded");
         return;
     }
@@ -546,19 +546,14 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
     auto& context = static_cast<Context&>(contextBase);
     constexpr auto usage = gfx::BufferUsageType::StaticDraw;
 
-    if (impl->indexes) {
-        impl->indexes->updateModified();
-    }
-
     // We need either raw index data or a buffer already created from them.
     // We can have a buffer and no indexes, but only if it's not marked dirty.
-    if (!impl->indexes || (impl->indexes->empty() && (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || !attributeUpdateTime ||
-                                                      impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime)))) {
+    if (!impl->indexes || (impl->indexes->empty() && (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || impl->indexes->getDirty()))) {
         assert(!"Missing index data");
         return;
     }
 
-    if (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || !attributeUpdateTime || impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime)) {
+    if (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || impl->indexes->getDirty()) {
         // Create or update a buffer for the index data.  We don't update any
         // existing buffer because it may still be in use by the previous frame.
         auto indexBufferResource{uploadPass.createIndexBufferResource(
@@ -568,6 +563,7 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
         auto buffer = std::make_unique<IndexBuffer>(std::move(indexBuffer));
 
         impl->indexes->setBuffer(std::move(buffer));
+        impl->indexes->setDirty(false);
     }
 
     const bool buildAttribs = !impl->vertexDesc || !vertexAttributes || !attributeUpdateTime ||
@@ -593,7 +589,6 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
                                                                     usage,
                                                                     attributeUpdateTime,
                                                                     vertexBuffers);
-        impl->attributeBuffers = std::move(vertexBuffers);
 
         vertexAttributes->visitAttributes([](gfx::VertexAttribute& attrib) { attrib.setDirty(false); });
 
@@ -667,7 +662,6 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
                                                                    usage,
                                                                    attributeUpdateTime,
                                                                    instanceBuffers);
-        impl->instanceBuffers = std::move(instanceBuffers);
 
         // clear dirty flag
         instanceAttributes->visitAttributes([](gfx::VertexAttribute& attrib) { attrib.setDirty(false); });
diff --git a/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable_impl.hpp b/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable_impl.hpp
index 0ed0ca71714..1938050e756 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable_impl.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/mtl/drawable_impl.hpp
@@ -45,10 +45,7 @@ class Drawable::Impl final {
     std::size_t vertexCount = 0;
     gfx::AttributeDataType vertexType = gfx::AttributeDataType::Invalid;
 
-    std::vector<gfx::UniqueVertexBufferResource> attributeBuffers;
     gfx::AttributeBindingArray attributeBindings;
-
-    std::vector<gfx::UniqueVertexBufferResource> instanceBuffers;
     gfx::AttributeBindingArray instanceBindings;
 
     UniformBufferArray uniformBuffers;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/mtl/upload_pass.cpp b/src/mbgl/mtl/upload_pass.cpp
index f003e06142c..a4719310129 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/mtl/upload_pass.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/mtl/upload_pass.cpp
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ gfx::AttributeBindingArray UploadPass::buildAttributeBindings(
     const gfx::VertexAttributeArray& overrides,
     const gfx::BufferUsageType usage,
     const std::optional<std::chrono::duration<double>> lastUpdate,
-    /*out*/ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<gfx::VertexBufferResource>>& outBuffers) {
+    /*out*/ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<gfx::VertexBufferResource>>&) {
     MLN_TRACE_FUNC();
 
     gfx::AttributeBindingArray bindings;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/circle_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/circle_bucket.cpp
index 378370639c1..c54cd593920 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/circle_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/circle_bucket.cpp
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ void CircleBucket::update(const FeatureStates& states,
         uploaded = false;
 
         sharedVertices->updateModified();
-        sharedTriangles->updateModified();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_bucket.cpp
index 88ae37f04f1..5ba1da72f52 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_bucket.cpp
@@ -113,8 +113,6 @@ void FillBucket::update(const FeatureStates& states,
         uploaded = false;
 
         sharedVertices->updateModified();
-        sharedBasicLineIndexes->updateModified();
-        sharedTriangles->updateModified();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_extrusion_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_extrusion_bucket.cpp
index 58942cfbe8c..ae2356a9f98 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_extrusion_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_extrusion_bucket.cpp
@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@ void FillExtrusionBucket::update(const FeatureStates& states,
         uploaded = false;
 
         sharedVertices->updateModified();
-        sharedTriangles->updateModified();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/hillshade_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/hillshade_bucket.cpp
index dd020479a59..991fe45a16b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/hillshade_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/hillshade_bucket.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ void HillshadeBucket::clear() {
     indices.clear();
 
     vertices.updateModified();
-    indices.updateModified();
 
     uploaded = false;
 }
@@ -121,7 +120,6 @@ void HillshadeBucket::setMask(TileMask&& mask_) {
     }
 
     vertices.updateModified();
-    indices.updateModified();
 }
 
 bool HillshadeBucket::hasData() const {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/line_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/line_bucket.cpp
index bf67d23bf40..f8c0198a728 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/line_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/line_bucket.cpp
@@ -168,7 +168,6 @@ void LineBucket::update(const FeatureStates& states,
         uploaded = false;
 
         sharedVertices->updateModified();
-        sharedTriangles->updateModified();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/raster_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/raster_bucket.cpp
index b7073f5df25..3ec3371e387 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/raster_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/raster_bucket.cpp
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ void RasterBucket::clear() {
     indices.clear();
 
     vertices.updateModified();
-    indices.updateModified();
 
     uploaded = false;
 }
@@ -118,7 +117,6 @@ void RasterBucket::setMask(TileMask&& mask_) {
     }
 
     vertices.updateModified();
-    indices.updateModified();
 }
 
 bool RasterBucket::hasData() const {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/symbol_bucket.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/symbol_bucket.hpp
index 6fdfe1041e1..9960c72fc6d 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/symbol_bucket.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/symbol_bucket.hpp
@@ -161,9 +161,6 @@ class SymbolBucket final : public Bucket {
             if (sharedOpacityVertices) {
                 sharedOpacityVertices->updateModified();
             }
-            if (sharedTriangles) {
-                sharedTriangles->updateModified();
-            }
         }
 
         std::shared_ptr<VertexVector> sharedVertices = std::make_shared<VertexVector>();
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_heatmap_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_heatmap_layer.hpp
index 49dec62b0a5..7f04191925b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_heatmap_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_heatmap_layer.hpp
@@ -33,10 +33,6 @@ class RenderHeatmapLayer final : public RenderLayer {
                 const std::shared_ptr<UpdateParameters>&,
                 const RenderTree&,
                 UniqueChangeRequestVec&) override;
-
-    /// Remove all the drawables for tiles
-    /// @return The number of drawables actually removed.
-    std::size_t removeAllDrawables() override;
 #endif
 
 private:
@@ -67,6 +63,10 @@ class RenderHeatmapLayer final : public RenderLayer {
     /// Remove all drawables for the tile from the layer group
     /// @return The number of drawables actually removed.
     std::size_t removeTile(RenderPass, const OverscaledTileID&) override;
+
+    /// Remove all the drawables for tiles
+    /// @return The number of drawables actually removed.
+    std::size_t removeAllDrawables() override;
 #endif
 
     // Paint properties
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp
index a639c3e478b..837741d843f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ void RenderRasterLayer::update(gfx::ShaderRegistry& shaders,
         [&](const gfx::UniqueDrawableBuilder& builder, gfx::Drawable* drawable, const RasterBucket& bucket) {
             // The bucket may later add, remove, or change masking.  In that case, the tile's
             // shared data and segments are not updated, and it needs to be re-created.
-            if (drawable && (bucket.sharedVertices->isModifiedAfter(drawable->createTime) ||
-                             bucket.sharedTriangles->isModifiedAfter(drawable->createTime))) {
+            if (drawable &&
+                (bucket.sharedVertices->isModifiedAfter(drawable->createTime) || bucket.sharedTriangles->getDirty())) {
                 return false;
             }
 
@@ -464,8 +464,7 @@ void RenderRasterLayer::update(gfx::ShaderRegistry& shaders,
                     }
                 });
 
-                if (tileUpdateTime && (bucket.vertices.isModifiedAfter(*tileUpdateTime) ||
-                                       bucket.indices.isModifiedAfter(*tileUpdateTime))) {
+                if (tileUpdateTime && (bucket.vertices.isModifiedAfter(*tileUpdateTime) || bucket.indices.getDirty())) {
                     removeTile(renderPass, tileID);
                     cleared = true;
                 }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp
index be0d512a03d..a1e483313ab 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp
@@ -98,9 +98,6 @@ class RenderSymbolLayer final : public RenderLayer {
                 const std::shared_ptr<UpdateParameters>&,
                 const RenderTree&,
                 UniqueChangeRequestVec&) override;
-
-    /// Remove all the drawables for tiles
-    std::size_t removeAllDrawables() override;
 #endif // MLN_DRAWABLE_RENDERER
 
 protected:
@@ -122,6 +119,9 @@ class RenderSymbolLayer final : public RenderLayer {
 
     /// Remove all drawables for the tile from the layer group
     std::size_t removeTile(RenderPass, const OverscaledTileID&) override;
+
+    /// Remove all the drawables for tiles
+    std::size_t removeAllDrawables() override;
 #endif // MLN_DRAWABLE_RENDERER
 
 private:
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp
index 417d1750325..be8d6da94cb 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp
@@ -191,9 +191,6 @@ class RenderLayer {
 
     /// Returns the current renderability mode of the layer
     bool isLayerRenderable() const noexcept { return isRenderable; }
-
-    /// Remove all the drawables for tiles
-    virtual std::size_t removeAllDrawables();
 #endif
 
     using Dependency = style::expression::Dependency;
@@ -250,6 +247,9 @@ class RenderLayer {
     /// @return The number of drawables actually removed.
     virtual std::size_t removeTile(RenderPass, const OverscaledTileID&);
 
+    /// Remove all the drawables for tiles
+    virtual std::size_t removeAllDrawables();
+
     /// Update `renderTileIDs` from `renderTiles`
     void updateRenderTileIDs();
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.cpp
index 58ea59f69e6..21ae10f54bd 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.cpp
@@ -993,13 +993,6 @@ void RenderOrchestrator::updateLayers(gfx::ShaderRegistry& shaders,
 
     for (const auto& item : items) {
         auto& renderLayer = item.layer.get();
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-        // Android Emulator: Goldfish is *very* broken. This will prevent a crash
-        // inside the GL translation layer at the cost of emulator performance.
-        if (androidGoldfishMitigationEnabled) {
-            renderLayer.removeAllDrawables();
-        }
-#endif
         renderLayer.update(shaders, context, state, updateParameters, renderTree, changes);
     }
     addChanges(changes);
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.hpp
index f703de4a8b9..56ee9790e26 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_orchestrator.hpp
@@ -61,10 +61,6 @@ class RenderOrchestrator final : public GlyphManagerObserver, public ImageManage
                        const std::optional<std::string>& localFontFamily_);
     ~RenderOrchestrator() override;
 
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-    void enableAndroidEmulatorGoldfishMitigation(bool enable) { androidGoldfishMitigationEnabled = enable; }
-#endif
-
     void markContextLost() { contextLost = true; };
     // TODO: Introduce RenderOrchestratorObserver.
     void setObserver(RendererObserver*);
@@ -216,10 +212,6 @@ class RenderOrchestrator final : public GlyphManagerObserver, public ImageManage
     bool placedSymbolDataCollected = false;
     bool tileCacheEnabled = true;
 
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-    bool androidGoldfishMitigationEnabled{false};
-#endif
-
     // Vectors with reserved capacity of layerImpls->size() to avoid
     // reallocation on each frame.
     std::vector<Immutable<style::LayerProperties>> filteredLayersForSource;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer.cpp
index 611144d2aba..0df78b07199 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer.cpp
@@ -152,10 +152,4 @@ void Renderer::clearData() {
     impl->orchestrator.clearData();
 }
 
-#if MLN_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL
-void Renderer::enableAndroidEmulatorGoldfishMitigation(bool enable) {
-    impl->orchestrator.enableAndroidEmulatorGoldfishMitigation(enable);
-}
-#endif
-
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp b/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp
index fb87dcdb8b4..6c4997048ca 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/vulkan/drawable.cpp
@@ -144,13 +144,12 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
 
     // We need either raw index data or a buffer already created from them.
     // We can have a buffer and no indexes, but only if it's not marked dirty.
-    if (!impl->indexes || (impl->indexes->empty() && (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || !attributeUpdateTime ||
-                                                      impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime)))) {
+    if (!impl->indexes || (impl->indexes->empty() && (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || impl->indexes->getDirty()))) {
         assert(!"Missing index data");
         return;
     }
 
-    if (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || !attributeUpdateTime || impl->indexes->isModifiedAfter(*attributeUpdateTime)) {
+    if (!impl->indexes->getBuffer() || impl->indexes->getDirty()) {
         // Create a buffer for the index data.  We don't update any
         // existing buffer because it may still be in use by the previous frame.
         auto indexBufferResource{uploadPass.createIndexBufferResource(
@@ -160,6 +159,7 @@ void Drawable::upload(gfx::UploadPass& uploadPass_) {
         auto buffer = std::make_unique<IndexBuffer>(std::move(indexBuffer));
 
         impl->indexes->setBuffer(std::move(buffer));
+        impl->indexes->setDirty(false);
     }
 
     const bool buildAttribs = !vertexAttributes || !attributeUpdateTime ||