diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29d2f60209 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +## Summary + +*Briefly describe what this is about* + + +## Branch or installer method + +*Please specify if you are using the current `develop` branch or which installation source you were using when the issue occurred.* + + - Installer: Windows/OSX/Debian (?) + - Version: 0.15.1 (?) + +or: + + - Branch: develop (?) + + +## Traceback or relevant snippet from server.log + +``` +INSERT TRACEBACK, LOG MESSAGES ETC. HERE +``` + + +## How to reproduce + +1. Steps +1. To +1. Reproduce + +## Screenshots + +*If applicable* + +## Real-life consequences (anything community should be aware, for instance how it affects your deployment) + +*If applicaple* diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ad33153d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +## Summary + +*Short description* + +## TODO + +If not all TODOs are marked, this PR is considered WIP (work in progress) + +- [ ] Have **tests** been written for the new code? If you're fixing a bug, write a regression test (or have a really good reason for not writing one... and I mean **really** good!) +- [ ] Has documentation been written/updated? +- [ ] New dependencies (if any) added to requirements file + +## Reviewer guidance + +*If you PR has a significant size, give the reviewer some helpful remarks* + +## Issues addressed + +List the issues solved or partly solved by the PR + +## Documentation + +*If the PR has documentation, link the file here (either .rst in your repo or if built on Read The Docs)* + +## Screenshots (if appropriate) + +*They're nice. :)* diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 84d0e00a23..137bcb30c0 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ # File created by Coverage .coverage +# PyCharm +.idea + # Eclipse .project .pydevproject @@ -30,6 +33,9 @@ static-updates # MAC stuff .DS_Store +# oh-my-zsh +.venv + # SQLite files (should probably specify the path) *.db *.sqlite* @@ -38,12 +44,20 @@ static-updates *.patch *.pid *.prof +secretkey.txt # Python compiling *.pyc *.pyo + +# Backup files *~ + +# Sublime editor *.sublime-* + +# Ignore all .zip files!? No comment?? Needs fixing, I guess it's to avoid +# committing local assessment items. *.zip # Documentation @@ -53,6 +67,16 @@ docs/images/* # oh-my-zsh convention for automatically # switching on a venv .venv +venv/ + +# Ignore built javascript files +/kalite/*/static/js/*/bundles + +# Ignore changes to Perseus and Khan Exercises that do not come from intentional edits +/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus + +# Ignore file used to store queued video download info. +videos_to_download.json # Lacks documentation locale/ diff --git a/.jshintignore b/.jshintignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..21b6e83bf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/.jshintignore @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +**/*.handlebars +**/*.less +**/*.css +kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/base/backbone-tastypie.js +kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/**/* +kalite/*/static/js/*/bundles/* +static-libraries/** +kalite/i18n/static/js/i18n \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.jshintrc b/.jshintrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..271a6d46a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/.jshintrc @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "sub": true, + "browserify": true, + "browser": true +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Gruntfile.js b/Gruntfile.js deleted file mode 100644 index 3837fd86f1..0000000000 --- a/Gruntfile.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ -module.exports = function(grunt) { - - // Project configuration. - grunt.initConfig({ - pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'), //To read the values of the package.json file - - jshint: { - files: [ - 'Gruntfile.js', - 'kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/', - 'kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/', - 'kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/', - 'kalite/updates/static/js/updates/', - 'python-packages/securesync/static/js/securesync/' - ], - // http://www.jshint.com/docs/options/ - options: { - "-W041": false, // Use '===' to compare with ''. - "-W047": false, // A trailing decimal point can be confused with a dot - - // Enforcing options - bitwise: true, // Unexpected use of '&'. - //curly: true, // Expected '{' and instead saw 'variable'. - //eqeqeq: true, // Expected '===' and instead saw '=='. - es3: true, // 'feature' is available in ECMAScript > 3 - //forin: true, // The body of a for in should be wrapped in an if statement to filter unwanted properties from the prototype. - freeze: true, // Extending prototype of native object: 'Object'. - immed: true, // Function declarations are not invocable. Wrap the whole function invocation in parens. - latedef: 'nofunc', // 'variable' was used before it was defined. - noarg: true, // Avoid arguments.callee. - noempty: true, // Empty block. - nonbsp: true, // "non-breaking whitespace" character - nonew: true, // Do not use 'new' for side effects. - //undef: true, // 'variable' is not defined. - //unused: "vars", // 'variable' is defined but never used. - //strict: true, // Missing "use strict" statement. - trailing: true, // Trailing whitespace. - - // Relaxing options - shadow: true, // 'variable' is already defined. - sub: true, // ['property'] is better written in dot notation. - - // Environments - browser: true, - jquery: true, - globals: { - '_': true, - Exercises: true, - Khan: true, - gettext: true, - sprintf: true - } - } - } - }); - - // Load the plugin that provides the "jshint" task. - grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-jshint'); - - // Default task(s). - grunt.registerTask('default', ['jshint']); - -}; diff --git a/MANIFEST.in.dist b/MANIFEST.in.dist index 7263950694..d5301d9838 100644 --- a/MANIFEST.in.dist +++ b/MANIFEST.in.dist @@ -3,22 +3,35 @@ include kalitectl.py include LICENSE -include README.md +include README.rst include setup.cfg include requirements.txt -recursive-include kalite *.html *.txt *.png *.js *.css *.gif *.less *.mo *.po *.otf *.svg *.woff *.eot *.ttf *.zip *.json *.handlebars +recursive-include kalite *.html *.txt *.png *.js *.css *.gif *.less *.otf *.svg *.woff *.eot *.ttf *.zip *.json *.handlebars -recursive-exclude kalite/static * +# Get the empty DBs -- make sure they are properly generated! +recursive-exclude kalite/database * +recursive-include kalite/database/templates *sqlite +recursive-include kalite/database/templates/content_items *sqlite -exclude kalite/local_settings.py -exclude kalite/settings/local_settings.py -exclude kalite/private_key.pem -exclude kalite/secrets.py +# This can be a huge problem when creating an sdist from +# a local development environment +recursive-exclude kalite/static * # Data files, these are not picked up by sdist unless listed here recursive-include python-packages * recursive-include static-libraries * + +# There are still a couple of files left here, however main part is for build +# process recursive-include data * +recursive-exclude data/khan * +# Necessary because it's a data directory so they +# do not get automatically excluded recursive-exclude python-packages *pyc + +# Docs +recursive-include docs/_build/html * +include docs/kalite.1.gz + diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0a1f78f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +.PHONY: clean-pyc clean-build docs clean + +help: + @echo "clean - remove all build, test, coverage and Python artifacts" + @echo "clean-build - remove build artifacts" + @echo "clean-pyc - remove Python file artifacts" + @echo "clean-test - remove test and coverage artifacts" + @echo "lint - check style with pep8" + @echo "test - run tests the default Python" + @echo "test-bdd - run BDD tests only" + @echo "test-nobdd - run non-BDD tests only" + @echo "assets - build all JS/CSS assets" + @echo "coverage - check code coverage quickly with the default Python" + @echo "docs - generate Sphinx HTML documentation, including API docs" + @echo "release - package and upload a release, options: format=[gztar,zip]" + @echo "dist - package locally, options: format=[gztar,zip]" + @echo "install - install the package to the active Python's site-packages" + +# used for release and dist targets +format?=gztar + +clean: clean-build clean-pyc clean-test + +clean-dev-db: + rm -f kalite/database/data.sqlite + +clean-build: + rm -fr build/ + rm -fr dist/ + rm -fr .eggs/ + rm -fr dist-packages/ + rm -fr dist-packages-temp/ + rm -fr kalite/database/templates + find . -name '*.egg-info' -exec rm -fr {} + + find . -name '*.egg' -exec rm -f {} + + +clean-pyc: + find . -name '*.pyc' -exec rm -f {} + + find . -name '*.pyo' -exec rm -f {} + + find . -name '*~' -exec rm -f {} + + find . -name '__pycache__' -exec rm -fr {} + + +clean-test: + rm -fr .tox/ + rm -f .coverage + rm -fr htmlcov/ + +lint: + pep8 kalite + jshint kalite/*/static/js/*/ + +test: + bin/kalite manage test --bdd-only + +test-bdd: docs + bin/kalite manage test --bdd-only + +test-nobdd: + bin/kalite manage test --no-bdd + +test-all: + @echo "Not supported yet" + # tox + +coverage: + coverage run --source kalite kalitectl.py test + coverage report -m + +coverage-bdd: + coverage run --source kalite kalitectl.py test --bdd-only + coverage report -m + +coverage-nobdd: + coverage run --source kalite kalitectl.py test --no-bdd + coverage report -m + +docs: + # rm -f docs/ka-lite.rst + # rm -f docs/modules.rst + # sphinx-apidoc -o docs/ ka-lite-gtk + $(MAKE) -C docs clean + $(MAKE) -C docs html + # open docs/_build/html/index.html + + +# Runs separately from the docs command for now because of Windows issues +man: + cli2man bin/kalite -o docs/kalite.1.gz + +assets: + # Necessary because NPM may have wrong versions in the cache + npm cache clean + npm install --production + node build.js + bin/kalite manage compileymltojson + bin/kalite manage syncdb --noinput + bin/kalite manage migrate + mkdir -p kalite/database/templates/ + cp kalite/database/data.sqlite kalite/database/templates/ + bin/kalite manage retrievecontentpack download en --minimal --foreground --template + +release: dist man + ls -l dist + echo "uploading above to PyPi, using twine" + twine upload -s dist/* + +dist: clean clean-dev-db docs assets + python setup.py sdist --formats=$(format) + python setup.py sdist --formats=$(format) --static + ls -l dist + +install: clean + python setup.py install diff --git a/README.md b/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7223a2264a..0000000000 --- a/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -[Khan Academy](http://www.khanacademy.org/)'s core mission is to "provide a free world-class education for anyone anywhere", and as [70% of the world's population is without access to the internet](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Internet_usage), primarily in the developing world, providing an alternative delivery mechanism for Khan Academy content is key to fulfilling this mission. - -[KA Lite](http://kalite.learningequality.org/) is a lightweight [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) web app for serving core Khan Academy content (videos and exercises) from a local server, with points and progress-tracking, without needing internet connectivity. - -#### Primary use cases include: -* For servers/**computer labs located in remote schools**, which could be slowly syncing with a central server over a cell/satellite network or via USB keys. -* In **correctional facilities** and other environments where providing educational materials is of value, but users cannot be given general internet access. -* **Mobile school "vans"**, which transport a server and multiple laptops/tablets between a number of schools (or orphanages, community centers, etc) in remote communities on a rotating basis, and syncing up with a central database (to download new content and upload analytics) when in an area with internet connectivity. - -#### We would love for you to get involved! -* **Learn how you can contribute code on our [KA Lite GitHub Wiki](https://github.com/learningequality/ka-lite/wiki)** -* **Report bugs by [creating issues](https://github.com/learningequality/ka-lite/wiki/Report-Bugs-by-Creating-Issues)** -* **Read more about the project's motivation** at ["Introducing KA Lite, an offline version of Khan Academy"](http://jamiealexandre.com/blog/2012/12/12/ka-lite-offline-khan-academy/). - - -Official website: http://kalite.learningequality.org/ - ---- - -#### Documentation - -* Instructions for installation: [See: INSTALL.md](INSTALL.md) -* Further documentation: [See: our wiki](https://github.com/learningequality/ka-lite/wiki) - ---- - -#### License information: - -The KA Lite sourcecode itself is open-source [MIT licensed](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT), and the other included software and content is licensed as described in the [LICENSE](https://raw.github.com/learningequality/ka-lite/master/LICENSE) file. Please note that KA Lite is not officially affiliated with, nor maintained by, Khan Academy, but rather makes use of Khan Academy's open API and Creative Commons content, which may only be used for non-commercial purposes. - -#### Badges - -[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/learningequality/ka-lite.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/learningequality/ka-lite) -[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/learningequality/ka-lite/badge.svg)](https://coveralls.io/r/learningequality/ka-lite) - diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ea78405938 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.rst @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +KA Lite +======= + +by `Foundation for Learning Equality `__ + +|Build Status| |Coverage Status| |Docs| + +.. |Build Status| image:: https://circleci.com/gh/learningequality/ka-lite/tree/develop.svg?style=svg + :target: https://circleci.com/gh/learningequality/ka-lite/tree/develop + +.. |Coverage Status| image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/learningequality/ka-lite/badge.svg + :target: https://coveralls.io/r/learningequality/ka-lite + +.. |Docs| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-latest-brightgreen.svg?style=flat + :target: http://ka-lite.readthedocs.org/ + +`Khan Academy `__'s core mission is to +"provide a free world-class education for anyone anywhere", and as `70% +of the world's population is without access to the +internet `__, +primarily in the developing world, providing an alternative delivery +mechanism for Khan Academy content is key to fulfilling this mission. + +`KA Lite `__ is a lightweight +`Django `__ web app for serving core +Khan Academy content (videos and exercises) from a local server, with +points and progress-tracking, without needing internet connectivity. + +Primary use cases include: +-------------------------- + +- For servers/\ **computer labs located in remote schools**, which + could be slowly syncing with a central server over a cell/satellite + network or via USB keys. +- In **correctional facilities** and other environments where providing + educational materials is of value, but users cannot be given general + internet access. +- **Mobile school "vans"**, which transport a server and multiple + laptops/tablets between a number of schools (or orphanages, community + centers, etc) in remote communities on a rotating basis, and syncing + up with a central database (to download new content and upload + analytics) when in an area with internet connectivity. + +We would love for you to get involved! +-------------------------------------- + +- Learn how you can contribute code on our `KA Lite GitHub Wiki `__ +- Report bugs by `creating issues `__ +- Read more about the project's motivation at `Introducing KA Lite, an offline version of Khan + Academy `__. + +Contact Us +^^^^^^^^^^ + +Tell us about your project and experiences! + +- Email: info@learningequality.org +- Add your project to the map: https://learningequality.org/ka-lite/map/ + +License information +------------------- + +The KA Lite sourcecode itself is open-source `MIT +licensed `__, and the other included +software and content is licensed as described in the +`LICENSE `__ +file. Please note that KA Lite is not officially affiliated with, nor +maintained by, Khan Academy, but rather makes use of Khan Academy's open +API and Creative Commons content, which may only be used for +non-commercial purposes. diff --git a/build.js b/build.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b59d681521 --- /dev/null +++ b/build.js @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +var browserify = require('browserify'); +var lessify = require('node-lessify'); +var hbsfy = require("hbsfy") +var deamdify = require("./javascript_build/deamdify"); +var fs = require("fs"); +var _ = require("underscore"); +var hintify = require("hintify"); +var colors = require("colors"); +var async = require("async"); + +var watch = false; +var debug = false; +var staticfiles = false; + +if (process.argv.indexOf("--watch") > -1 || process.argv.indexOf("-w") > -1) { + watch = true; +} + +if (process.argv.indexOf("--debug") > -1 || process.argv.indexOf("-d") > -1) { + debug = true; +} + +if (process.argv.indexOf("--staticfiles") > -1 || process.argv.indexOf("-s") > -1) { + staticfiles = true; +} + +var log = function(msg, color) { + console.log(color("Watchify: " + msg)); +} + +logging = { + warn: function(msg) { + log(msg, colors.yellow); + }, + + info: function(msg) { + log(msg, colors.green); + }, + + error: function(msg) { + log(msg, colors.red); + } +}; + +var format_jshint = function(error) { + return error.severity + ": in " + error.file + ", " + error.message + " line: " + error.line + " col: " + error.column; +} + +var create_bundles = function (b, bundles) { + b.plugin('factor-bundle', { outputs: _.map(bundles, function(item) {return item.target_file;}) }); + + // Don't use minifyify except in production. + if (!debug) { + b.plugin('minifyify', {map: false}); + } + try { + b.bundle(function(err, buf){ + if (err) { + logging.error(err); + } else { + fs.createWriteStream('kalite' + (staticfiles ? '' : '/distributed') + '/static/js/distributed/bundles/bundle_common.js').write(buf); + logging.info(bundles.length + " Bundles written."); + } + }); + } + catch (err) { + logging.error(err); + } +} + +fs.readdir("kalite", function(err, filenames) { + var bundles = []; + var module_paths = []; + for (var i = 0; i < filenames.length; i++) { + var module_path = "kalite/" + filenames[i] + "/static/js/" + filenames[i]; + if (fs.existsSync(module_path)) { + module_paths.push(module_path); + } + var bundle_path = "kalite/" + filenames[i] + "/static/js/" + filenames[i] + "/bundle_modules"; + if (fs.existsSync(bundle_path)) { + var dir_bundles = fs.readdirSync(bundle_path); + for (var j = 0; j < dir_bundles.length; j++) { + bundles.push({ + target_file: "kalite" + (staticfiles ? '' : "/" + filenames[i]) + "/static/js/" + filenames[i] + "/bundles/" + "bundle_" + dir_bundles[j], + bundle: bundle_path + "/" + dir_bundles[j], + alias: dir_bundles[j].split(".").slice(0,-1).join(".") + }); + } + if (dir_bundles.length > 0) { + if (!fs.existsSync("kalite" + (staticfiles ? '' : "/" + filenames[i]) + "/static/js/" + filenames[i] + "/bundles")) { + fs.mkdirSync("kalite" + (staticfiles ? '' : "/" + filenames[i]) + "/static/js/" + filenames[i] + "/bundles"); + } + } + } + } + + logging.info("Found " + bundles.length + " bundle" + (bundles.length !== 1 ? "s" : "") + ", compiling."); + + if (!fs.existsSync('kalite' + (staticfiles ? '' : '/distributed') + '/static/js/distributed/bundles/')) { + fs.mkdirSync('kalite' + (staticfiles ? '' : '/distributed') + '/static/js/distributed/bundles/'); + } + + var b = browserify({ + paths: module_paths, + cache: {}, + packageCache: {}, + debug: true, + }); + + // Special transform to turn all Khan Exercise utils files into CommonJS modules using deamdify + + + + var kalite_utils_dir = "kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/utils"; + + if (!fs.existsSync(kalite_utils_dir + "/../backuputils")) { + + // Assume if the backup exists then we don't need to do this + + logging.warn("DeAMDifying Khan Exercise Util Files"); + + var util_files = fs.readdirSync(kalite_utils_dir); + + if (!staticfiles) { + + fs.mkdirSync(kalite_utils_dir + "/../backuputils"); + + } + + util_files = _.map(util_files, function(file_name){ + return { + target_file: "kalite" + (staticfiles ? '' : '/distributed') + "/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/utils" + "/" + file_name, + bundle: kalite_utils_dir + "/" + file_name, + alias: "khan_utils_" + file_name.split(".").slice(0,-1).join("."), + backup_file: kalite_utils_dir + "/../backuputils/" + file_name + };}); + + var redefine = function(err) { + if (!err) { + async.each(util_files, function(item, callback) { + var brow = browserify(staticfiles ? item.bundle : item.backup_file); + brow.transform(deamdify); + brow.plugin('minifyify', {map: false}); + var out = brow.bundle() + out.pipe(fs.createWriteStream(item.target_file)); + logging.info("Writing " + item.alias); + out.on('end', callback); + }); + } else { + logging.error(err); + } + } + + if (!staticfiles) { + async.each(util_files, function(item, callback) { + var out = fs.createReadStream(item.bundle) + out.pipe(fs.createWriteStream(item.backup_file)); + out.on('end', callback); + }, redefine); + } else { + redefine(); + } + + } else { + logging.warn("Assuming that Khan Util files are already deAMDified"); + } + + + _.each(bundles, function(item) {b.add(item.bundle, {expose: item.alias});}) + + // Run jshint first to avoid unnecessary errors due to Syntax. + b.transform(hintify); + b.transform(hbsfy); + + b.transform(deamdify); + b.transform(lessify, {global: true}); + + if (watch) { + var watchify = require("watchify"); + b = watchify(b, { + verbose: true + }); + logging.info("Starting watcher"); + b.on('update', function (ids) { + logging.info('files changed, bundle updated'); + _.each(ids, function(id) {logging.info(id + " changed");}); + create_bundles(b, bundles); + }); + } + + b.on('log', logging.info); + b.on('error', function(error) { + logging.error(error); + this.emit("end"); + }); + + create_bundles(b, bundles); +}); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/circle.yml b/circle.yml index 913fe6591f..6588cb8970 100644 --- a/circle.yml +++ b/circle.yml @@ -3,17 +3,32 @@ machine: version: 2.7.9 dependencies: + cache_directories: + - "content" + - "data" + - "sc-latest-linux" override: - - pip install -r requirements_test.txt + - pip install -r requirements_sphinx.txt - pip install -e . - - npm install - - npm install -g grunt-cli + # This cannot be done because pip on Circle doesn't understand our sdist + # - make sdist + # - pip install dist/ka-lite-"$(python setup.py --version)".tar.gz + post: + - if [[ ! -e sc-latest-linux/bin/sc ]]; then wget https://saucelabs.com/downloads/sc-latest-linux.tar.gz && tar -xzf sc-latest-linux.tar.gz && mv sc-*-linux sc-latest-linux; fi test: override: + - make assets - kalite start --traceback -v2 - kalite status - kalite stop --traceback -v2 - - case $CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX in 0) kalite manage test --bdd-only ;; 1) kalite manage test --no-bdd;; esac: + - cd sc-*-linux && ./bin/sc -u $SAUCE_USERNAME -k $SAUCE_ACCESS_KEY --tunnel-identifier $CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM-$CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX --readyfile ~/sauce_is_ready > sc_output.txt 2>&1: + background: true + - while [ ! -e ~/sauce_is_ready ]; do sleep 1; done + - case $CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX in 0) make test-bdd ;; 1) make test-nobdd;; esac: parallel: true - - grunt jshint \ No newline at end of file + # TODO: replace below with "make lint" when we're pep8 + - npm install -g jshint + - jshint kalite/*/static/js/*/ + post: + - killall --wait sc # wait for Sauce Connect to close the tunnel diff --git a/data/khan/channel_data.json b/data/khan/channel_data.json deleted file mode 100644 index a6eb028daa..0000000000 --- a/data/khan/channel_data.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -{ - "channel_name": "KA Lite", - "head_line": "A free world-class education for anyone anywhere.", - "tag_line": "KA Lite is a light-weight web server for viewing and interacting with core Khan Academy content (videos and exercises) without needing an Internet connection.", - "channel_license": "CC-BY-NC-SA", - "footer_text": "Videos © 2015 Khan Academy (Creative Commons) // Exercises © 2015 Khan Academy" -} diff --git a/data/khan/contents.json b/data/khan/contents.json deleted file mode 100644 index cef824cf2a..0000000000 --- a/data/khan/contents.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -{"C-2Ln0pK3kY": {"download_urls": {"mp4": "http://fastly.kastatic.org/KA-youtube-converted/C-2Ln0pK3kY.mp4/C-2Ln0pK3kY.mp4", "png": "http://fastly.kastatic.org/KA-youtube-converted/C-2Ln0pK3kY.mp4/C-2Ln0pK3kY.png", "m3u8": "http://fastly.kastatic.org/KA-youtube-converted/C-2Ln0pK3kY.m3u8/C-2Ln0pK3kY.m3u8"}, "path": "khan/math/algebra2/complex-numbers-a2/complex_numbers/algebra-ii-imaginary-and-complex-numbers/", "duration": 595, "id": "C-2Ln0pK3kY", "title": "Algebra II: Imaginary and complex numbers", "format": "mp4", "description": "21-26, mostly imaginary and complex numbers", "slug": "algebra-ii-imaginary-and-complex-numbers", "kind": "Video", "video_id": "C-2Ln0pK3kY", "keywords": "algebra, complex, imaginary", "youtube_id": "C-2Ln0pK3kY", "readable_id": "algebra-ii-imaginary-and-complex-numbers"}, "ER49EweKwW8": {"download_urls": {"mp4": "http://fastly.kastatic.org/KA-youtube-converted/ER49EweKwW8.mp4/ER49EweKwW8.mp4", "png": "http://fastly.kastatic.org/KA-youtube-converted/ER49EweKwW8.mp4/ER49EweKwW8.png", "m3u8": "http://fastly.kastatic.org/KA-youtube-converted/ER49EweKwW8.m3u8/ER49EweKwW8.m3u8"}, "duration": 699, "id": "ER49EweKwW8", "title": "Endocrine gland hormone review", "format": "mp4", "description": "Welcome to the Endocrine System. 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These statues would have been in the inner sanctuary of a Hindu temple, a huge stone complex built up like a step pyramid, with the sanctuary at the top. Images of Shiva acting out his power in the world might be found on the outside of an ancient Cambodian temple, but inside the temple the deity would be shown standing upright and still, conveying a sense of resolute calm to all who gazed upon him. Learn more about the deities Shiva and Parvati on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\n\nThe third eye in the middle of the forehead of the male figure identifies him as the Hindu deity Shiva. His wife is Parvati. Both these deities can be represented in supernatural forms with multiple arms, and both have violent and frightening forms as well. Here, however, they are shown in the guise of a graceful young man and woman. Before and after the period of these sculptures, Angkorian art usually emphasized the power and remoteness of the gods. 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"Met curator Adela Oppenheim on emptiness in Pectoral and Necklace of Sithathoryunet with the Name of Senwosret II dating from Egypt\u2019s Middle Kingdom.\n\nThis pectoral is composed around the throne name of King Senwosret II. It was found among the jewelry of Princess Sithathoryunet in a special niche of her underground tomb beside the pyramid of Senwosret II at Lahun. Hieroglyphic signs make up the design, and the whole may be read: \"The god of the rising sun grants life and dominion over all that the sun encircles for one million one hundred thousand years [i.e., eternity] to King Khakheperre [Senwosret II].\"\n\nThis cloisonn\u00e9 pectoral is inlaid with 372 carefully cut pieces of semiprecious stones. The heraldic design is replete with symbolism. Zigzag lines on the base bar represent the primordial waters out of which the primeval hill emerged. Each of the falcons, symbols of the sun god, clasps a circular hieroglyph meaning \"encircled,\" thus declaring the solar deity's supreme power over the universe. The same hieroglyph, elongated to form a cartouche, encircles the throne name of Senwosret II, Khakheperre. Flanking the king's name are two ankh hieroglyphs (meaning \"life\") suspended from cobras whose tails are wound around the sun disk on the falcons' heads. These snakes represent Nekhbet and Udjo, the traditional protector goddesses of the king. Supporting the royal cartouche is the kneeling god Heh clutching two palm ribs symbolizing \"millions of years.\" Thus the king's life and existence in time are described as part of a universe created and sustained by the supreme sun god.\n\nJewelry worn by royal women during the Middle Kingdom was not simply for adornment or an indication of status but was also symbolic of concepts and myths surrounding Egyptian royalty. Jewelry imbued a royal woman with superhuman powers and thus enabled her to support the king in his role as guarantor of divine order on earth. 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Whatever the age of the owner at her death, she was given a youthful countenance for the eternal afterlife. The shape of the face, with its long slender nose, sloe eyes, and sensuous mouth, identifies it as a product of the latter half of the Amarna period. The jar and lid were altered in antiquity, making it extremely difficult to identify the original owner.\n\nThe striking face carved on the jar lid represents one of the royal women of Amarna. Her hairstyle of overlapping curls, known as the Nubian wig, was worn only by adults and was popular among the female members of Akhenaten's family. The hole at the center of the forehead once secured the separately carved upper body of a rearing cobra whose tail is visible across the top of the wig. This royal protector was exclusively worn by kings and queens.\u00a0Since its discovery in 1907, the face has been variously identified as that of Queen Tiye, Akhenaten's mother; Queen Nefertiti, his principal wife; Queen Kiya, his beloved secondary wife; and Princess Merytaten, his eldest daughter. For a time, it was even identified as Akhenaten himself. This confusion is understandable, since the inscription identifying the owner was almost completely erased. Faint traces of hieroglyphs indicate that the jar was originally inscribed for Kiya, and the Nubian wig is most frequently associated with this queen. In some respects, however, the face more closely resembles later representations of Tiye, and it is possible that the lid originally belonged to her burial equipment and was later placed on Kiya's canopic jar.\n\nThe tomb in which the jar was found, KV 55 in the Valley of the Kings, is probably the most controversial of all Egyptian tombs. It contained burial equipment inscribed for Queen Tiye and magical bricks with the name of Akhenaten. There were also four canopic jars (including this one) and an inlaid wooden coffin almost certainly made for Kiya. It appears that, for safekeeping, Tutankhamun had this material transferred to Thebes from Akhenaten's tomb at Amarna, which seems to have been plundered soon after Akhenaten's death. The jars and coffin of Kiya may have been reused at that time for the burial of another member of the royal family.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\u00a0\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a\u00a0related lesson plan. 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We wish to ensure the constraint that sibling nodes have unique slugs. -Executing this utility with "python make_unique_slugs.py" will search the topic tree and rename slugs as needed. -The result will be in "updated_topics.json", so that you can inspect the difference before overwriting. - -TODO: Fixup the contentload module to ensure this constraint is met. -""" - -import json -import re - -TOPICS_FILE = "topics.json" - -def recurse_nodes(node): - children = node.get("children", None) - if children: - for c in children: - recurse_nodes(c) - make_unique_child_slugs(node) - -def make_unique_child_slugs(node): - children = node.get("children", None) - if children: - new_children = [] - for c in children: - base_slug = c["slug"] - i = 2 - while c["slug"] in [x["slug"] for x in new_children]: - c["slug"] = base_slug + "-{0}".format(i) - i += 1 - print("{0} is a duplicate, trying {1}".format(base_slug, c["slug"])) - if c["slug"] != base_slug: # Update the path as well - c["path"] = re.sub(base_slug, c["slug"], c["path"]) - new_children.append(c) - node["children"] = new_children - -if __name__ == "__main__": - with open(TOPICS_FILE, "r") as f: - topics = json.load(f) - recurse_nodes(topics) - with open("updated_topics.json", "w") as f: - json.dump(topics, f) diff --git a/data/khan/topic_hierarchy.json b/data/khan/topic_hierarchy.json deleted file mode 100644 index 6d6acde852..0000000000 --- a/data/khan/topic_hierarchy.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7642 +0,0 @@ -{ - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-counting", - "title": "Counting" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-count-object-topic", - "title": "Counting objects" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-comparing-numbers", - "title": "Comparing numbers through 10" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-counting-topic", - "title": "Counting" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-tens", - "title": "Tens" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-hundreds", - "title": "Hundreds" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-skip-counting", - "title": "Skip-counting" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-patterns-topic", - "title": "Patterns" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-place-value-topic", - "title": "Place value and patterns" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "basic-addition-subtraction", - "title": "Basic addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-add-subtract-10", - "title": "Addition and subtraction within 10" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-add-subtract-20", - "title": "Addition and subtraction within 20" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-add-subtract-100", - "title": "Addition and subtraction within 100" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-add-subtract-1000", - "title": "Addition and subtraction within 1000" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-add-sub-topic", - "title": "Addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-measurement", - "title": "Measurement" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-data", - "title": "Data" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-time-money-topic", - "title": "Time and money" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-measure-data-topic", - "title": "Measurement and data" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-recognizing-shapes", - "title": "Recognizing shapes" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-composing-shapes", - "title": "Composing shapes" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cc-early-math-geometry-topic", - "title": "Geometry" - } - ], - "description": " ", - "id": "early-math", - "title": "Early math" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Adding and subtracting is the basis of all mathematics. This tutorial introduces you to one-digit addition and subtraction. You might become pretty familiar with the number line too!", - "id": "basic_addition", - "title": "Intro to addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll start adding and subtracting numbers that have two (yes, two!) digits. We won't be doing any carrying or borrowing (you'll learn what those are shortly) so you can see that adding or subtracting two digit numbers is really just an extension of what you already know.", - "id": "two_dig_add_sub", - "title": "Two digit addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "description": "You're somewhat familar with adding, say, 17+12 or 21+32, but what happens for 13+19? Essentially, what happens when I max out the \"ones place\". In this tutorial, we'll introduce you to the powerful tool of carrying and why it works.", - "id": "addition_carrying", - "title": "Addition with carrying" - }, - { - "description": "You can subtract 21 from 45, but are a bit perplexed trying to subtract 26 from 45 (how do you subtract the 6 in 26 from the 5 in 45). This tutorial is your answer. You'll see that we can essentially \"regroup\" the value in a number from one place to another to solve your problem. This is also often called borrowing (although it is like \"borrowing\" sugar from your neighbor in that you never give it back).", - "id": "sub_borrowing", - "title": "Subtraction with borrowing (regrouping)" - } - ], - "description": "Adding and subtracting positive and negative whole numbers. Starts with 1+1=2 and covers carrying, borrowing, and word problems.", - "id": "addition-subtraction", - "title": "Addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Let's introduce ourselves to two of the most fundamental ideas in all of mathematics: multiplication and division!", - "id": "mult-div-concept", - "title": "Concept of multiplication and division" - }, - { - "description": "If 3 kids each have two robot possums, how many total robot possums do we have?\n\nYou liked addition, but now you're ready to go to the next level. Depending on how you view it, multiplication is about repeated addition or scaling a number or seeing what number you get when you have another number multiple times. If that last sentence made little sense, you might enjoy this tutorial.", - "id": "multiplication_fun", - "title": "Basic multiplication" - }, - { - "description": "Every time you split your avocado harvest with your 10 pet robot possums, you've been dividing. You don't farm avocados? You only have 8 robot possums? No worries. I'm sure you've divided as well.\n\nMultiplication is awesome, but you're ready for the next step. Division is the art of trying to split things into equal groups. Like subtraction undoes addition, division also undoes multiplication. After this tutorial, you'll have a basic understanding of all of the core operations in arithmetic!", - "id": "delightful_division", - "title": "One-digit division" - }, - { - "description": "Math is super useful in the real world. In this tutorial, we'll get some practice figuring out things that would have been tough without the powerful tools of multiplication and division!", - "id": "mult-div-word-problems", - "title": "Starter multiplication and division word problems" - }, - { - "description": "You know your multiplication tables and are ready to learn how to multiply *any* number (actually, any whole number). Imagine the possibilities! This tutorial will make you unstoppable.", - "id": "multi_digit_multiplication", - "title": "Multi-digit multiplication" - }, - { - "description": "You know your multiplication tables and are getting the hang of basic division. In this tutorial, we will journey into the world of loooong division (sometimes, referred to as \"long division\", but that's not as much fun to say).\n\nAfter this tutorial, you'll be able to divide any whole number by any other. The fun will not stop!", - "id": "long_division", - "title": "Loooong division!" - }, - { - "description": "Tired of \"standard multiplication\". In this tutorial we'll explore a different way. Not only is lattice multiplication interesting, it'll help us appreciate that there are many ways to do things. We'll also try to grasp why it works in the first place. Enjoy!", - "id": "lattice_multiplication", - "title": "Lattice multiplication" - }, - { - "description": "Feeling constrained by traditional long division? Want to impress your friends, family and even your enemies? Well, partial quotient division may be for you (or it might not). This very optional tutorial will show you that there are many ways to slice a walnut (just made up that colloquialism).", - "id": "partial_quotient_division", - "title": "Partial quotient division" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll start to challenge you with more sophisticated multiplication and division word problems.\n\nIf you understand mult-digit multiplication and long division, you have all the tools you need to tackle these.\n\nMay the force be with you!", - "id": "advanced-mult-div-word-problems", - "title": "Fancy multiplication and division word problems" - }, - { - "description": "Most of us learn to multiply eventually, but only a select-few actually understand what the multiplication represents. This tutorial, with the help of area models, will allow you to be part of this elite group. ", - "id": "area-models-multiplication", - "title": "Area models and multiplication" - } - ], - "description": "Multiplying and dividing positive and negative whole numbers, understanding place value, and rounding numbers.", - "id": "multiplication-division", - "title": "Multiplication and division" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "What is a \"negative number\"? What happens when I add or subtract one of these?\n\nIf you come to this tutorial armed with the basics of adding and subtracting numbers, you'll learn about what happens in the world below zero! You will learn what negative numbers are and how we can add and subtract them.\n\n", - "id": "add-sub-negatives", - "title": "Negative number basics" - }, - { - "description": "You understand that negative numbers represent how far we are \"below zero\". Now you are ready to add and subtract them! In this tutorial, we will explain, give examples, and give practice adding and subtracting negative numbers. \n\nThis is a super-important concept for the rest of your mathematical career so, no pressure, learn it as well as you can!", - "id": "adding_subtracting_negatives", - "title": "Adding and subtracting negative numbers" - }, - { - "description": "It is starting to dawn on you that negative numbers are incredibly awesome. So awesome that you are feeling embarrassed to think how excited you are about them!\n\nWell, the journey is just beginning. In this tutorial we will think about multiplying and dividing numbers throughout the number line!", - "id": "mult_div_negatives", - "title": "Multiplying and dividing negative numbers" - }, - { - "description": "You'll find absolute value absolutely straightforward--it is just the \"distance from zero.\" If you have a positive number, it is its own absolute value. If you have a negative number, just make it positive to get the absolute value. \n\nAs you'll see as you develop mathematically, this idea will eventually extend to more contexts and dimensions, so it's super important that you understand this core concept now.", - "id": "abs_value_tutorial", - "title": "Absolute value" - } - ], - "description": "Extending our understanding of numbers below 0. Thinking about \"absolute\" distance from 0.", - "id": "absolute-value", - "title": "Negative numbers and absolute value" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You've been using decimals all of your life. When you pay $0.75 at a vending machine, 0.75 is a decimal. When you see the ratings of gymnastics judges at the Olympics (\"9.5, 9.4, 7.5 (booooo)\"), those are decimals. This tutorial will help you understand this powerful tool all the better. Before you know it, you'll be representing numbers that are in-between whole numbers all the time!", - "id": "decimal_place_value", - "title": "Conceptualizing decimals and place notation" - }, - { - "description": "Let's explore how we can regroup and redistribute value among the various place values in a decimal number.", - "id": "regrouping-decimals", - "title": "Regrouping decimals" - }, - { - "description": "Let's think about where decimals are on a number line. It will help us understand what decimals represent in general!", - "id": "decimals-on-number-line", - "title": "Decimals on a number line" - }, - { - "description": "Let's test our understanding of decimals by comparing them to one another!", - "id": "comparing-decimals", - "title": "Comparing decimals" - }, - { - "description": "You get the general idea of decimal is and what the digits in different places represent (place value). Now you're ready to do something with the decimals. Adding and subtracting is a good place to start. This will allow you to add your family's expenses to figure out if your little brother is laundering money (perhaps literally). Have fun!", - "id": "adding_decimals", - "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals" - }, - { - "description": "The real world is seldom about whole numbers. If you precisely measure anything, you're likely to get a decimal. If you don't know how to multiply these decimals, then you won't be able to do all the powerful things that multiplication can do in the real world (figure out your commission as a robot possum salesperson, determining how much shag carpet you need for your secret lair, etc.).", - "id": "multiplying_decimals", - "title": "Multiplying decimals" - }, - { - "description": "You can add, subtract and multiply decimals. You know you'd feel a bit empty if you couldn't divide them as well. But something more powerful is going to happen. If you are like us, you never quite liked those pesky remainders when dividing whole numbers. Well, those pesky remainders better watch out because they are going to be divided too!!!! Ah ha ha ha ha!!!!!", - "id": "dividing_decimals", - "title": "Dividing decimals" - }, - { - "description": "Both fractions and decimals are desperate to capture that little part of our heart that desires to express non-whole numbers. But must we commit? Can't we have business in the front and party in the back (younger people should look up the word \"mullet\" to see a hair-style worth considering for your next trip to the barber)? Can't it look like a pump, but feel like a sneaker? Well, if 18-wheelers can turn into self-righteous robots, then why can't decimals and fractions turn into each other?", - "id": "decimal_to_fraction", - "title": "Converting between fractions and decimals" - }, - { - "description": "At least 50% of the math that you end up doing in your real life will involve percentages. We're not really sure about that figure, but it sounds authoritative. Anyway, unless you've watched this tutorial, you're really in no position to argue otherwise.\n\nAs you'll see \"percent\" literally means \"per cent\" or \"per hundred\". It's a pseudo-decimally thing that our society likes to use even though decimals or fractions alone would have done the trick. Either way, we're 100% sure you'll find this useful.", - "id": "percent_tutorial", - "title": "Intro to percentages" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you're calculating a tip at your favorite restaurant or figuring out how many decades you'll be paying your student debt because of the interest, percents will show up again and again and again in your life. This tutorial will expose you to some of these problems before they show up in your actual life so you can handle them with ease (kind of like a vaccine for the brain). Enjoy.", - "id": "percent_word_probs", - "title": "Percent word problems" - }, - { - "description": "Laziness is usually considered a bad thing. But sometimes, it is useful to be lazy in a smart way. Why do a big, hairy calculation if you just need a rough estimate? Why keep track of 2.345609 when you only need 2.35? \n\nThis tutorial will get you comfortable with sometimes being a little rough with numbers. By being able to round and estimate them, it'll only add one more tool to your toolkit.", - "id": "decimal_rounding_estimation", - "title": "Estimating and rounding with decimals" - }, - { - "description": "There is a strong temptation in life to appear precise, even when you are aren't accurate. If you precisely measure one dimension of a carpet to be 3.256 meters and eyeball the other dimensional to be \"roughly 2 meters\", can you really claim that the area is 6.512 square meters (3.256 x 2)? Isn't that a little misleading? \n\nThis tutorial gets us thinking about this conundrum and gives us the best practices that scientists and engineers use to not mislead each other.", - "id": "significant_figures_tutorial", - "title": "Significant figures" - }, - { - "description": "In our decimal number system, as we move places to the left, the place values increase by a factor of 10 (likewise, they decrease by a factor of 10 as we move rightward). This idea gets direct application when we multiply or divide a decimal number by 10 because it has the effect of shifting every place value one to the right or left (sometime seen as moving the decimal point).", - "id": "multiplying-dividing-by-10-decim", - "title": "Moving the decimal to multiply and divide by 10" - }, - { - "description": "If you think you know how to convert between decimals, fractions and percentages and are familiar with negative numbers, this tutorial is a good place to test all of those skills at the same time.", - "id": "decimals-percentages-fractions", - "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals, percentages, and fractions" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding decimals conceptually, using operations with decimals, rounding and estimating with decimals, and converting decimals.", - "id": "decimals", - "title": "Decimals" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If you don't understand fractions, you won't be even 1/3 educated. Glasses will seem half empty rather than half full. You'll be lucky to not be duped into some type of shady real-estate scheme or putting far too many eggs in your cake batter.\n\nGood thing this tutorial is here. You'll see that fractions allow us to view the world in entirely new ways. You'll see that everything doesn't have to be a whole. You'll be able to slice and dice and then put it all back together (and if you order now, we'll throw in a spatula warmer for no extra charge).", - "id": "understanding_fractions", - "title": "Understanding fractions" - }, - { - "description": "Do you want 2/3 or 4/6 of this pizza? Doesn't matter because they are both the same fraction. This tutorial will help us explore this idea by really visualizing what equivalent fractions represent.", - "id": "visualizing-equivalent-fractions", - "title": "Visualizing equivalent fractions" - }, - { - "description": "There are literally infinite ways to represent any fraction (or number for that matter). Don't believe us? Let's take 1/3. 2/6, 3/9, 4/12 ... 10001/30003 are all equivalent fractions (and we could keep going)! \n\nIf you know the basics of what a fraction is, this is a great tutorial for recognizing when fractions are equivalent and then simplifying them as much as possible!", - "id": "Equivalent_fractions", - "title": "Equivalent fractions and simplified form" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll practice understanding what quantities fractions actually represent and comparing those to each other.", - "id": "comparing-fractions", - "title": "Comparing fractions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll see that a fraction can be broken up (or decomposed) into a bunch of other fractions. You might see the world in a completely different way after this.", - "id": "decomposing-fractions", - "title": "Decomposing fractions" - }, - { - "description": "You've already got 2 cups of sugar in the cupboard. Your grandmother's recipe for disgustingly-sweet-fudge-cake calls for 3 and 1/3 cups of sugar. How much sugar do you need to borrow from you robot neighbor?\n\nAdding and subtracting fractions is key. It might be a good idea to look at the equivalent fractions tutorial before tackling this one.", - "id": "Adding_and_subtracting_fractions", - "title": "Adding and subtracting fractions" - }, - { - "description": "We've already had some good practice adding fractions with like denominators. We'll now add fractions with unlike denominators. This is a very big deal. After this tutorial, you'll be able to add, pretty much, any two (or three or four or... ) fractions!", - "id": "fractions-unlike-denom", - "title": "Adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators" - }, - { - "description": "You know what a fraction is and are now eager to apply this knowledge to real-world situations (especially ones where the denominators aren't equal)? Well, you're about to see that adding and subtracting fractions is far more powerful (and fun) then you've ever dreamed possible!", - "id": "adding-subtracting-fractions-wp", - "title": "Adding and subtracting with unlike denominator word problems" - }, - { - "description": "What is 2/3 of 2/3? If 4/7 of the class are boys, how many boys are there?\n\nMultiplying fractions is not only super-useful, but super-fun as well.", - "id": "multiplying_fractions", - "title": "Multiplying fractions" - }, - { - "description": "Multiplying fractions is useful. Period. That's all we really have to say. Believe us don't believe us. You'll learn eventually. \n\nThis tutorial will have you multiplying in real-world scenarios (which is almost as fun as completely artificial, fake scenarios).", - "id": "multiplying-fractions-word-probl", - "title": "Multiplying fractions word problems" - }, - { - "description": "We can often have fractions whose numerators are not less than the denominators (like 23/4 or 3/2 or even 6/6). These top-heavy friends are called improper fractions. Since they represent a whole or more (in absolute terms), they can also be expressed as a combination of a whole number and a \"proper fraction\" (one where the numerator is less than the denominator) which is called a \"mixed number.\" They are both awesome ways of representing a number and getting acquainted with both (as this tutorial does) is super useful in life!", - "id": "mixed_numbers", - "title": "Mixed numbers and improper fractions" - }, - { - "description": "You know the basics of what mixed numbers are. You're now ready to add and subtract them. This tutorial gives you plenty of examples and practice in this core skill!", - "id": "Mixed_number_add_sub", - "title": "Mixed number addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "description": "My recipe calls for a cup and a half of blueberries and serves 10 people. But I have 23 people coming over. How many cups of blueberries do I need?\n\nYou know that mixed numbers and improper fractions are two sides of the same coin (and you can convert between the two). In this tutorial we'll learn to multiply and divide mixed numbers (mainly by converting them into improper fractions first).", - "id": "mixed_number_mult_div", - "title": "Mixed number multiplication and division" - }, - { - "description": "If you already know a bit about both decimals and fractions, this tutorial will help build a bridge between the two. Through a bunch of examples and practice, you'll be able operate in both worlds. Have fun!", - "id": "decimals_fractions", - "title": "Decimals and fractions" - }, - { - "description": "This is one exciting tutorial. In it, we will understand that fractions can represent division (and the other way around). Then we will create fractions by dividing whole numbers and then start dividing the fractions themselves. We'll see that dividing by something is the exact same thing as multiplying by that thing's reciprocal!", - "id": "dividing-fractions-tutorial", - "title": "Dividing fractions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll become fraction dividing experts! In particular, we'll understand what it means to divide a fraction by another fraction. Too much fun!!!", - "id": "div-fractions-fractions", - "title": "Dividing fractions by fractions" - }, - { - "description": "The world of numbers can be split up into multiple \"sets\", many of which overlap with each other (integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, etc.). This tutorial works through examples that expose you to the terminology of the various sets and how you can differentiate them.", - "id": "number_sets", - "title": "Number sets" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding fractions conceptually, using operations with fractions, and converting fractions.", - "id": "fractions", - "title": "Fractions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Learn to tell time with some fun exercises!", - "id": "telling-time", - "title": "Telling time" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "telling-time-topic", - "title": "Telling time" - } - ], - "description": "The first math topic. Start here if you want to learn the basics (or just want to make sure you know these topics).", - "id": "arithmetic", - "title": "Arithmetic" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "What is a \"negative number\"? What happens when I add or subtract one of these?\n\nIf you come to this tutorial armed with the basics of adding and subtracting numbers, you'll learn about what happens in the world below zero! You will learn what negative numbers are and how we can add and subtract them.\n\n", - "id": "add-sub-negatives-pre-alg", - "title": "Negative number basics" - }, - { - "description": "You understand that negative numbers represent how far we are \"below zero\". Now you are ready to add and subtract them! In this tutorial, we will explain, give examples, and give practice adding and subtracting negative numbers. \n\nThis is a super-important concept for the rest of your mathematical career so, no pressure, learn it as well as you can!", - "id": "add-subtract-negatives-pre-alg", - "title": "Adding and subtracting negative numbers" - }, - { - "description": "It is starting to dawn on you that negative numbers are incredibly awesome. So awesome that you are feeling embarrassed to think how excited you are about them!\n\nWell, the journey is just beginning. In this tutorial we will think about multiplying and dividing numbers throughout the number line!", - "id": "mult-div-negatives-pre-alg", - "title": "Multiplying and dividing negative numbers" - }, - { - "description": "You'll find absolute value absolutely straightforward--it is just the \"distance from zero.\" If you have a positive number, it is its own absolute value. If you have a negative number, just make it positive to get the absolute value. \n\nAs you'll see as you develop mathematically, this idea will eventually extend to more contexts and dimensions, so it's super important that you understand this core concept now.", - "id": "abs-value-pre-alg", - "title": "Absolute value" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "negatives-absolute-value-pre-alg", - "title": "Negative numbers and absolute value" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Whether you are trying to impress your dog's friends (who are obsessed with figuring out number divisibility) or quickly factor a number, it can be very useful to tell whether a number is divisible by another. This tutorial walks through some of the more standard divisibility methods and describes why they work.", - "id": "divisibility_tests", - "title": "Divisibility tests" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll begin to think about the numbers that \"make up\" the number. This will be useful throughout our study of math. Whether we are adding fractions, exploring mystical number patterns, or breaking computer codes, factoring numbers are key! Eye of the tiger!", - "id": "divisibility_and_factors", - "title": "Divisibility and factors" - }, - { - "description": "Prime numbers have been studied by mathematicians and mystics for ages (seriously). They are both basic and mysterious. The more you explore them, the more you will realize that the universe is a fascinating place. This tutorial will introduce you to the magical world of prime numbers.", - "id": "prime_numbers", - "title": "Prime numbers" - }, - { - "description": "You know what prime numbers are and how to identify them. In this tutorial, we'll see that *all* positive whole numbers can be broken down into products of prime numbers (In some way, prime numbers are the \"atoms\" of the number world that can be multiplied to create any other number). Besides being a fascinating idea, it is also extremely useful. Prime factorization can be used to decrypt encrypted information!", - "id": "prime_factorization", - "title": "Prime factorization" - }, - { - "description": "Life is good, but it can always get better. Just imagine being able to find the smallest number that is a multiple of two other numbers! Other than making your life more fulfilling, it will allow you to do incredible things like adding fractions.", - "id": "least_common_multiple", - "title": "Least common multiple" - }, - { - "description": "You know how to find factors of a number. But what about factors that are common to two numbers? Even better, imagine the largest factors that are common to two numbers. I know. Too exciting!", - "id": "greatest_common_divisor", - "title": "Greatest common divisor" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding and finding factors and multiples. After these videos, you'll be ready for fractions.", - "id": "factors-multiples", - "title": "Factors and multiples" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You've been using decimals all of your life. When you pay $0.75 at a vending machine, 0.75 is a decimal. When you see the ratings of gymnastics judges at the Olympics (\"9.5, 9.4, 7.5 (booooo)\"), those are decimals. This tutorial will help you understand this powerful tool all the better. Before you know it, you'll be representing numbers that are in-between whole numbers all the time!", - "id": "decimal-place-value-pre-alg", - "title": "Conceptualizing decimals and place notation" - }, - { - "description": "Let's explore how we can regroup and redistribute value among the various place values in a decimal number.", - "id": "regrouping-decimals-pre-alg", - "title": "Regrouping decimals" - }, - { - "description": "Let's think about where decimals are on a number line. It will help us understand what decimals represent in general!", - "id": "decimals-on-number-line-pre-alg", - "title": "Decimals on a number line" - }, - { - "description": "Let's test our understanding of decimals by comparing them to one another!", - "id": "comparing-decimals-pre-alg", - "title": "Comparing decimals" - }, - { - "description": "You get the general idea of decimal is and what the digits in different places represent (place value). Now you're ready to do something with the decimals. Adding and subtracting is a good place to start. This will allow you to add your family's expenses to figure out if your little brother is laundering money (perhaps literally). Have fun!", - "id": "adding-decimals-pre-alg", - "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals" - }, - { - "description": "The real world is seldom about whole numbers. If you precisely measure anything, you're likely to get a decimal. If you don't know how to multiply these decimals, then you won't be able to do all the powerful things that multiplication can do in the real world (figure out your commission as a robot possum salesperson, determining how much shag carpet you need for your secret lair, etc.).", - "id": "multiplying-decimals-pre-alg", - "title": "Multiplying decimals" - }, - { - "description": "You can add, subtract and multiply decimals. You know you'd feel a bit empty if you couldn't divide them as well. But something more powerful is going to happen. If you are like us, you never quite liked those pesky remainders when dividing whole numbers. Well, those pesky remainders better watch out because they are going to be divided too!!!! Ah ha ha ha ha!!!!!", - "id": "dividing-decimals-pre-alg", - "title": "Dividing decimals" - }, - { - "description": "Both fractions and decimals are desperate to capture that little part of our heart that desires to express non-whole numbers. But must we commit? Can't we have business in the front and party in the back (younger people should look up the word \"mullet\" to see a hair-style worth considering for your next trip to the barber)? Can't it look like a pump, but feel like a sneaker? Well, if 18-wheelers can turn into self-righteous robots, then why can't decimals and fractions turn into each other?", - "id": "decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg", - "title": "Converting between fractions and decimals" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "percent-intro-pre-alg", - "title": "Intro to percentages" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you're calculating a tip at your favorite restaurant or figuring out how many decades you'll be paying your student debt because of the interest, percents will show up again and again and again in your life. This tutorial will expose you to some of these problems before they show up in your actual life so you can handle them with ease (kind of like a vaccine for the brain). Enjoy.", - "id": "percent-word-probs-pre-alg", - "title": "Percent word problems" - }, - { - "description": "Laziness is usually considered a bad thing. But sometimes, it is useful to be lazy in a smart way. Why do a big, hairy calculation if you just need a rough estimate? Why keep track of 2.345609 when you only need 2.35? \n\nThis tutorial will get you comfortable with sometimes being a little rough with numbers. By being able to round and estimate them, it'll only add one more tool to your toolkit.", - "id": "dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg", - "title": "Estimating and rounding with decimals" - }, - { - "description": "There is a strong temptation in life to appear precise, even when you are aren't accurate. If you precisely measure one dimension of a carpet to be 3.256 meters and eyeball the other dimensional to be \"roughly 2 meters\", can you really claim that the area is 6.512 square meters (3.256 x 2)? Isn't that a little misleading? \n\nThis tutorial gets us thinking about this conundrum and gives us the best practices that scientists and engineers use to not mislead each other.", - "id": "sig-figs-pre-alg", - "title": "Significant figures" - }, - { - "description": "In our decimal number system, as we move places to the left, the place values increase by a factor of 10 (likewise, they decrease by a factor of 10 as we move rightward). This idea gets direct application when we multiply or divide a decimal number by 10 because it has the effect of shifting every place value one to the right or left (sometime seen as moving the decimal point).", - "id": "mult-div-by-10-dec-pre-alg", - "title": "Moving the decimal to multiply and divide by 10" - }, - { - "description": "If you think you know how to convert between decimals, fractions and percentages and are familiar with negative numbers, this tutorial is a good place to test all of those skills at the same time.", - "id": "dec-perc-frac-pre-alg", - "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals percentages and fractions" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "decimals-pre-alg", - "title": "Decimals" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If you don't understand fractions, you won't be even 1/3 educated. Glasses will seem half empty rather than half full. You'll be lucky to not be duped into some type of shady real-estate scheme or putting far too many eggs in your cake batter.\n\nGood thing this tutorial is here. You'll see that fractions allow us to view the world in entirely new ways. You'll see that everything doesn't have to be a whole. You'll be able to slice and dice and then put it all back together (and if you order now, we'll throw in a spatula warmer for no extra charge).", - "id": "understanding-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Understanding fractions" - }, - { - "description": "Do you want 2/3 or 4/6 of this pizza? Doesn't matter because they are both the same fraction. This tutorial will help us explore this idea by really visualizing what equivalent fractions represent.", - "id": "visualizing-equiv-fracs-pre-alg", - "title": "Visualizing equivalent fractions" - }, - { - "description": "There are literally infinite ways to represent any fraction (or number for that matter). Don't believe us? Let's take 1/3. 2/6, 3/9, 4/12 ... 10001/30003 are all equivalent fractions (and we could keep going)! \n\nIf you know the basics of what a fraction is, this is a great tutorial for recognizing when fractions are equivalent and then simplifying them as much as possible!", - "id": "equivalent-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Equivalent fractions and simplified form" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll practice understanding what quantities fractions actually represent and comparing those to each other.", - "id": "comparing-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Comparing fractions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll see that a fraction can be broken up (or decomposed) into a bunch of other fractions. You might see the world in a completely different way after this.", - "id": "decomposing-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Decomposing fractions" - }, - { - "description": "We've already had some good practice adding fractions with like denominators. We'll now add fractions with unlike denominators. This is a very big deal. After this tutorial, you'll be able to add, pretty much, any two (or three or four or... ) fractions!", - "id": "fractions-unlike-denom-pre-alg", - "title": "Adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators" - }, - { - "description": "You've already got 2 cups of sugar in the cupboard. Your grandmother's recipe for disgustingly-sweet-fudge-cake calls for 3 and 1/3 cups of sugar. How much sugar do you need to borrow from you robot neighbor?\n\nAdding and subtracting fractions is key. It might be a good idea to look at the equivalent fractions tutorial before tackling this one.", - "id": "add-and-subtract-fracs-pre-alg", - "title": "Adding and subtracting fractions" - }, - { - "description": "You know what a fraction is and are now eager to apply this knowledge to real-world situations (especially ones where the denominators aren't equal)? Well, you're about to see that adding and subtracting fractions is far more powerful (and fun) then you've ever dreamed possible!", - "id": "add-subtract-fracs-wp-pre-alg", - "title": "Adding and subtracting with unlike denominator word problems" - }, - { - "description": "What is 2/3 of 2/3? If 4/7 of the class are boys, how many boys are there?\n\nMultiplying fractions is not only super-useful, but super-fun as well.", - "id": "multiplying-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Multiplying fractions" - }, - { - "description": "Multiplying fractions is useful. Period. That's all we really have to say. Believe us don't believe us. You'll learn eventually. \n\nThis tutorial will have you multiplying in real-world scenarios (which is almost as fun as completely artificial, fake scenarios).", - "id": "mult-fracs-word-probs-pre-alg", - "title": "Multiplying fractions word problems" - }, - { - "description": "We can often have fractions whose numerators are not less than the denominators (like 23/4 or 3/2 or even 6/6). These top-heavy friends are called improper fractions. Since they represent a whole or more (in absolute terms), they can also be expressed as a combination of a whole number and a \"proper fraction\" (one where the numerator is less than the denominator) which is called a \"mixed number.\" They are both awesome ways of representing a number and getting acquainted with both (as this tutorial does) is super useful in life!", - "id": "mixed-numbers-pre-alg", - "title": "Mixed numbers and improper fractions" - }, - { - "description": "You know the basics of what mixed numbers are. You're now ready to add and subtract them. This tutorial gives you plenty of examples and practice in this core skill!", - "id": "mixed-number-add-sub-pre-alg", - "title": "Mixed number addition and subtraction" - }, - { - "description": "My recipe calls for a cup and a half of blueberries and serves 10 people. But I have 23 people coming over. How many cups of blueberries do I need?\n\nYou know that mixed numbers and improper fractions are two sides of the same coin (and you can convert between the two). In this tutorial we'll learn to multiply and divide mixed numbers (mainly by converting them into improper fractions first).", - "id": "mixed-number-mult-div-pre-alg", - "title": "Mixed number multiplication and division" - }, - { - "description": "If you already know a bit about both decimals and fractions, this tutorial will help build a bridge between the two. Through a bunch of examples and practice, you'll be able operate in both worlds. Have fun!", - "id": "decimals-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Decimals and fractions" - }, - { - "description": "This is one exciting tutorial. In it, we will understand that fractions can represent division (and the other way around). Then we will create fractions by dividing whole numbers and then start dividing the fractions themselves. We'll see that dividing by something is the exact same thing as multiplying by that thing's reciprocal!", - "id": "dividing-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Dividing fractions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll become fraction dividing experts! In particular, we'll understand what it means to divide a fraction by another fraction. Too much fun!!!", - "id": "div-fractions-fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Dividing fractions by fractions" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "fractions-pre-alg", - "title": "Fractions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Would you rather go to a college with a high teacher-to-student ratio or a low one? What about the ratio of girls-to-boys? What is the ratio of eggs to butter in your favorite dessert?\n\nRatios show up EVERYWHERE in life. This tutorial introduces you to what they (and proportions) are and how to make good use of them!", - "id": "ratios_and_proportions", - "title": "Ratios and proportions" - }, - { - "description": "How fast can a robot possum fly? What is the rate at which a hungry you can consume avocados? \n\nThis tutorial helps you make sense of these fundamental questions in life.", - "id": "rates_tutorial", - "title": "Rates" - }, - { - "description": "Wait, I'm in Europe and my car only tells my distance traveled in kilometers! But I'm used to a units of distance devised by the Romans to measure the average length of 1000 paces of a soldier (the \"mile\")! How do I operate? \n\nThis tutorial is about the fundamental skill of unit conversion. Sal's cousin Nadia being a bit confused with this was actually the reason why he started tutoring her (which led to the creation of the Khan Academy).", - "id": "unit_conversion", - "title": "Unit conversion" - }, - { - "description": "You might be surprised to realize that only two countries in the world use feet, miles, or yards or a bunch of other \"English System\" conventions (the irony being that the English don't even use the \"English System\" any more). Everyone else, including the English, now use the metric system which is actually much more logical.\n\nLearn about kilo and milli and centi and become a metric unit megastar!", - "id": "metric-system-tutorial", - "title": "Metric system unit conversion" - }, - { - "description": "There are three major conventions for measuring temperature in the world, Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin. If converting between the three gives you cold feet, then this tutorial might warm them up.", - "id": "farenheit-celsius-conversion", - "title": "Fahrenheit and Celsius conversion" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "rates-and-ratios", - "title": "Ratios, proportions, units, and rates" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial is less about statistics and more about interpreting data--whether it is presented as a table, pictograph, bar graph or line graph. Good for someone new to these ideas. For a student in high school or college looking to learn statistics, it might make sense to skip (although it might not hurt either).", - "id": "reading_data", - "title": "Reading and interpreting data" - }, - { - "description": "The world seldom gives you two numbers and tells you which operation to perform. More likely, you'll be presented with a bunch of information and you (yes, YOU) need to make sense of them. This tutorial gives you practice doing exactly that. When watching videos, pause and attempt it before Sal. Then work on as many problems as you want in the exercise at the end of the tutorial.", - "id": "multistep-word-problems-tut", - "title": "Multi-step word problems" - }, - { - "description": "Equality is usually a good thing, but the world is not a perfect place. No matter how hard we try, we can't help but compare one thing to another and realize how unequal they may be.\n\nThis tutorial gives you the tools to do these comparisons in the mathematical world (which we call inequalities). You'll become familiar with the \"greater than\" and \"less than symbols\" and learn to use them.", - "id": "greater-than-less-than", - "title": "Inequalities : Greater than and less than basics" - }, - { - "description": "You've probably been learning how to do arithmetic for some time and feel pretty good about it. This tutorial will make you feel even better once by showing you a bunch of examples of where it can be applied (using multiple skills at a time). Get through the exercises here and you really are an arithmetic rock star!", - "id": "cross-topic-arithmetic", - "title": "Cross topic arithmetic" - }, - { - "description": "Let's explore how numbers can grow in different ways and use what we learn to figure out where they can go. We think you'll find this tutorial on number patterns more fun that you do :)\n\n", - "id": "number-patterns", - "title": "Number patterns" - }, - { - "description": "Let's construct and interpret expressions from word problems. We can also think about what the effects of parentheses are.", - "id": "constructing-numeric-expressions", - "title": "Constructing numeric expressions" - } - ], - "description": "You already have many tools in your mathematical toolkit. In this topic, you'll use these in settings that you're likely to encounter in the real world!", - "id": "applying-math-reasoning-topic", - "title": "Applying mathematical reasoning" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Addition was nice. Multiplication was cooler. In the mood for a new operation that grows numbers even faster? Ever felt like expressing repeated multiplication with less writing? Ever wanted to describe how most things in the universe grow and shrink? Well, exponents are your answer!\n\nThis tutorial covers everything from basic exponents to negative and fractional ones. It assumes you remember your multiplication, negative numbers and fractions.", - "id": "world-of-exponents", - "title": "The world of exponents" - }, - { - "description": "A strong contender for coolest symbol in mathematics is the radical. What is it? How does it relate to exponents? How is the square root different than the cube root? How can I simplify, multiply and add these things? \n\nThis tutorial assumes you know the basics of exponents and exponent properties and takes you through the radical world for radicals (and gives you some good practice along the way)!", - "id": "radical-radicals", - "title": "The square root" - }, - { - "description": "If you're familiar with the idea of a square root, we're about to take things one step (dimension?) further with the cube root. This generally refers to finding a number that ,when cubed, is equal to the number that you're trying to find the cube root of!", - "id": "cube-root-tutorial", - "title": "The cube root" - }, - { - "description": "Tired of hairy exponent expressions? Feel compelled to clean them up? Well, this tutorial might just give you the tools you need.\n\nIf you know a bit about exponents, you'll learn a ton more in this tutorial as you learn about the rules for simplifying exponents.", - "id": "exponent-properties", - "title": "Exponent properties" - }, - { - "description": "It's normally a bad idea to hang around with negative people or do negative things, but we think it's OK to associate with negative exponents. And fractional exponents are even more fun.\n\nThis idea will open up entirely new vistas to your mathematical life. ", - "id": "negative-exponents-tutorial", - "title": "Negative and fractional exponents" - }, - { - "description": "Scientists and engineers often have to deal with super huge (like 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) and super small numbers (like 0.0000000000532) . How can they do this without tiring their hands out? How can they look at a number and understand how large or small it is without counting the digits? The answer is to use scientific notation.\n\nIf you come to this tutorial with a basic understanding of positive and negative exponents, it should leave you with a new appreciation for representing really huge and really small numbers!", - "id": "scientific-notation", - "title": "Scientific notation" - }, - { - "description": "When people want to think about the general size of things but not worry about the exact number, they tend to think in terms of \"orders of magnitude\". This allows us to analyze and make comparisons between numbers very quickly, which allows us to make decisions about them quickly as well.", - "id": "orders-of-magnitude", - "title": "Orders of magnitude" - }, - { - "description": "You already understand what scientific notation is. Now you'll actually use it to compute values and solve real-world problems.", - "id": "computing-scientific-notation", - "title": "Computing with scientific notation" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding and solving exponents without algebra.", - "id": "exponents-radicals", - "title": "Exponents, radicals, and scientific notation" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You've been counting for a while now. It's second nature to go from \"9\" to \"10\" or \"99\" to \"100\", but what are you really doing when you add another digit? How do we represent so many numbers (really as many as we want) with only 10 number symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)?\n\nIn this tutorial you'll learn about place value. This is key to better understanding what you're really doing when you count, carry, regroup, multiply and divide with mult-digit numbers. If you really think about it, it might change your worldview forever!", - "id": "place_value", - "title": "Place value" - }, - { - "description": "If you're looking to create an army of robot dogs, will it really make a difference if you have 10,300 dogs, 9,997 dogs or 10,005 dogs? Probably not. All you really care about is how many dogs you have to, say, the nearest thousand (10,000 dogs).\n\nIn this tutorial, you'll learn about conventions for rounding whole numbers. Very useful when you might not need to (or cannot) be completely precise.", - "id": "rounding_whole_numbers", - "title": "Rounding whole numbers" - }, - { - "description": "Whether with words or numbers, we'll try to understand multiple ways of representing a whole number quantity. We'll even play with place value a good bit to make sure that everything is clicking!", - "id": "whole-number-representations-tut", - "title": "Understanding whole number representations" - }, - { - "description": "Regrouping involves taking value from one place and giving it to another. It is a great way to make sure you understand place value. It is also super useful when subtracting multi-digit numbers (the process is often called \"borrowing\" even though you never really \"pay back\" the value taken from one place and given to another).", - "id": "regrouping-whole-numbers", - "title": "Regrouping whole numbers" - }, - { - "description": "How many times do you need to cut a cake? How many fence posts do you need?\n\nThese life altering decisions will be based on how well you count. ", - "id": "counting tutorial", - "title": "Counting" - }, - { - "description": "More numbers than you probably imagine can be represented as the ratio of two integers. We call these rational numbers. But there are also really amazing numbers that can't. As you can guess, we call them irrational numbers.", - "id": "rational-irrational-numbers", - "title": "Rational and irrational numbers" - }, - { - "description": "If you have the expression \"3 + 4 x 5\", do you add the 3 to the 4 first or multiply the 4 and 5 first? To clear up confusion here, the math world has defined which operation should get priority over others. This is super important. You won't really be able to do any involved math if you don't get this clear. But don't worry, this tutorial has your back.", - "id": "order_of_operations", - "title": "Order of operations" - }, - { - "description": "The distributive property is an idea that shows up over and over again in mathematics. It is the idea that 5 x (3 + 4) = (5 x 3) + (5 x 4). If that last statement made complete sense, no need to watch this tutorial. If it didn't or you don't know why it's true, then this tutorial might be a good way to pass the time :)", - "id": "ditributive_property", - "title": "The distributive property" - }, - { - "description": "2 + 3 = 3 + 2, 6 x 4 = 4 x 6. Adding zero to a number does not change the number. Likewise, multiplying a number by 1 does not change it.\n\nYou may already know these things from working through other tutorials, but some people (not us) like to give these properties names that sound far more complicated than the property themselves. This tutorial (which we're not a fan of), is here just in case you're asked to identify the \"Commutative Law of Multiplication\". We believe the important thing isn't the fancy label, but the underlying idea (which isn't that fancy).", - "id": "arithmetic_properties", - "title": "Arithmetic properties" - } - ], - "description": "This tutorial will help us make sure we can go deep on arithmetic. We'll explore various ways to represent whole numbers, place value, order of operations, rounding and various other properties of arithmetic.", - "id": "order-of-operations", - "title": "Arithmetic properties" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Area is how we thinking about how much space something takes in two dimensions such as comparing how much land one property takes up versus another. In this tutorial, we'll take a conceptual look at how area is actually measured (especially for rectangles).", - "id": "area-basics", - "title": "Area basics" - }, - { - "description": "Have you ever wondered how much fencing you need to surround a plot of land? No? Well, you should still go through this tutorial just in case. You'll learn all about how to think about and calculate perimeter--essentially the length of the boundary of a figure.", - "id": "perimeter", - "title": "Perimeter" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you'll stretch your understanding of area and perimeter by applying it to word problems.", - "id": "rectangle-area-perimeter-word-pr", - "title": "Rectangle area and perimeter word problems" - }, - { - "description": "Volume measures how much 3-dimensional \"space\" an object takes up. We'll see in this tutorial that it is an extension of length (1-D) or area (2-D) to three dimensions!", - "id": "volume-introduction-rectangular", - "title": "Volume of a box or rectangular prism" - } - ], - "description": "From length to area to volume to time, thinking about how we measure things.", - "id": "measurement", - "title": "Measurement" - } - ], - "description": "If you've mastered the basics of arithmetic and are ready to learn more about numbers and operations, you're in the right place!", - "id": "pre-algebra", - "title": "Pre-algebra" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Did you realize that the word \"algebra\" comes from Arabic (just like \"algorithm\" and \"al jazeera\" and \"Aladdin\")? And what is so great about algebra anyway? \n\nThis tutorial doesn't explore algebra so much as it introduces the history and ideas that underpin it.", - "id": "overview_hist_alg", - "title": "Overview and history of algebra" - }, - { - "description": "Wait, why are we using letters in math? How can an 'x' represent a number? What number is it? I must figure this out!!! Yes, you must.\n\nThis tutorial is great if you're just beginning to delve into the world of algebraic variables and expressions.", - "id": "variable-and-expressions", - "title": "Variables and expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Using the combined powers of Chuck Norris and polar bears (which are much less powerful than Mr. Norris) to better understand what expressions represent and how we can manipulate them.\n\nGreat tutorial if you want to understand that expressions are just a way to express things!", - "id": "manipulating-expressions", - "title": "Manipulating expressions" - }, - { - "description": "All the symbols you write in math are just a language or short-hand to represent real-world ideas. In this tutorial, we'll get experience writing algebraic expressions to elegantly represent real-life ideas.", - "id": "writing-expressions-tutorial", - "title": "Writing and interpreting expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Much of algebra seems obsessed with \"doing the same thing to both sides\". Why is this? How can we develop an intuition for which algebraic operations are valid and which ones aren't?\n\nThis tutorial takes a high-level, conceptual walk-through of what an equation represents and why we do the same thing to both sides of it.", - "id": "algebra_why", - "title": "The why of algebra" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial is a survey of all the core ideas in a traditional first-year algebra course. It is by no means comprehensive (that's what the other 600+ videos are for), but it will hopefully whet your appetite for more algebra!", - "id": "yoga_plans", - "title": "Super Yoga plans" - }, - { - "description": "The core underlying concepts in algebra are variables, expressions, equations and inequalities. You will see them throughout your math life (and even life after school). \n\nThis tutorial won't give you all the tools that you'll later learn to analyze and interpret these ideas, but it'll get you started thinking about them.", - "id": "feel-for-equations-and-inequalit", - "title": "Getting a feel for equations and inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "You already know some basic algebra and you've been exposed to units for some time now. In this tutorial, we meld these two ideas to think about units within the context of algebraic expressions.", - "id": "units-algebra", - "title": "Working with units algebraically" - } - ], - "description": "Videos exploring why algebra was developed and how it helps us explain our world.", - "id": "introduction-to-algebra", - "title": "Introduction to algebra" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Algebra seems mysterious to me. I really don't \"get\" what an equation represents. Why do we do the same thing to both sides?\n\nThis tutorial is a conceptual journey through the basics of algebra. It is made for someone just beginning their algebra adventure. But even folks who feel pretty good that they know how to manipulate equations might pick up a new intuition or two.", - "id": "why-of-algebra", - "title": "The why of algebra" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial is a survey of the major themes in basic algebra in five videos! From basic equations to graphing to systems, it has it all. Great for someone looking for a gentle, but broad understanding of the use of algebra. Also great for anyone unsure of which gym plan they should pick!", - "id": "super-yoga", - "title": "Super Yoga plans" - }, - { - "description": "Like the \"Why of algebra\" and \"Super Yoga plans\" tutorials, we'll introduce you to the most fundamental ideas of what equations mean and how to solve them. We'll then do a bunch of examples to make sure you're comfortable with things like 3x \u2013 7 = 8. So relax, grab a cup of hot chocolate, and be on your way to becoming an algebra rockstar.\n\nAnd, by the way, in any of the \"example\" videos, try to solve the problem on your own before seeing how Sal does it. It makes the learning better!", - "id": "equations_beginner", - "title": "Equations for beginners" - }, - { - "description": "Now that we are reasonably familiar with what a linear equation is and how we can solve them, let's apply these skills to tackling real-world problems.", - "id": "linear-equation-word-problems-tu", - "title": "Linear equation word problems" - }, - { - "description": "You've been through \"Equation examples for beginners\" and are feeling good. Well, this tutorial continues that journey by addressing equations that are just a bit more fancy. By the end of this tutorial, you really will have some of the core algebraic tools in your toolkit!", - "id": "basic-equation-practice", - "title": "More fancy equations for beginners" - }, - { - "description": "Not every linear equation has exactly one solution. Some have no solutions and others might have an infinite number of solutions. This tutorial will give you the intuition on when these different situations arise.", - "id": "solutions-linear-equations", - "title": "Solutions to linear equations" - }, - { - "description": "You feel comfortable solving for an unknown. But life is all about stepping outside of your comfort zone--it's the only way you can grow! This tutorial takes solving equations to another level by making things a little more abstract. You will now solve for a variable, but it will be in terms of other variables. Don't worry, we think you'll find it quite therapeutic once you get the hang of it.", - "id": "solving_for_variable", - "title": "Solving for a variable" - }, - { - "description": "You know that converting a fraction into a decimal can sometimes result in a repeating decimal. For example: 2/3 = 0.666666..., and 1/7 = 0.142857142857... \n\nBut how do you convert a repeating decimal into a fraction? As we'll see in this tutorial, a little bit of algebra magic can do the trick!", - "id": "conv_rep_decimals", - "title": "Converting repeating decimals to fractions" - }, - { - "description": "In 72 years, Sal will be 3 times as old as he is today (although he might not be... um... capable of doing much). How old is Sal today?\n\nThese classic questions have plagued philosophers through the ages. Actually, they haven't. But they have plagued algebra students! Even though few people ask questions like this in the real-world, these are strangely enjoyable problems.", - "id": "age_word_problems_tut", - "title": "Age word problems" - }, - { - "description": "You are absolutely tired of not knowing how to deal with equations that have absolute values in them. Well, this tutorial might help.", - "id": "absolute-value-equations", - "title": "Absolute value equations" - }, - { - "description": "You feel good about your rapidly developing equation-solving ability. Now you're ready to fully flex your brain. \n\nIn this tutorial, we'll explore equations that don't look so simple at first, but that, with a bit of skill, we can turn into equations that don't cause any stress! Have fun!", - "id": "complicated_equations", - "title": "Simplifying complicated equations" - }, - { - "description": "When solving equations, there is a natural hunger to figure out what an unknown is equal to. This is especially the case if we want to evaluate an expression that the unknown is part of. This tutorial exposes us to a class of solvable problems that challenges this hunger and forces us to be the thinking human beings that we are!\n\nIn case you're curious, these types of problems are known to show up on standardized exams to see if you are really a thinking human (as opposed to a robot possum).", - "id": "exp_unknown_vars", - "title": "Evaluating expressions with unknown variables" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial is for you if you already have the basics of solving equations and are looking to put your newfound powers to work in more examples.", - "id": "More-equation-practice", - "title": "More equation practice" - }, - { - "description": "Some of Sal's oldest (and roughest) videos on algebra. Great tutorial if you want to see what Khan Academy was like around 2006. You might also like it if you feel like Sal has lost his magic now that he doesn't use the cheapest possible equipment to make the videos.", - "id": "old-school-equations", - "title": "Old school equations with Sal" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities", - "title": "Linear equations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial you'll discover that much of the logic you've used to solve equations can also be applied to think about inequalities!", - "id": "inequalities", - "title": "Thinking algebraically about inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "You're starting to get comfortable with a world where everything isn't equal. In this tutorial, we'll add more constraints to think of at the same time. You may not realize it, but the ability to understand and manipulate compound and absolute value inequalities is key to many areas of science, engineering, and manufacturing (especially when tolerances are concerned)!", - "id": "compound_absolute_value_inequali", - "title": "Compound and absolute value inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "Algebra isn't just some voodoo concocted to keep you from running outside. It is a way of representing logic and manipulating ideas. This tutorial will have blood flowing to your brain in record quantities as you actually have to think about what the algebraic expressions and equations actually mean!", - "id": "structure-expressions-linear", - "title": "Structure in linear expressions" - } - ], - "description": "Exploring a world where both sides aren't equal anymore!", - "id": "linear_inequalities", - "title": "Linear inequalities" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "How can we communicate exactly where something is in two dimensions? Who was this Descartes character? \n\nIn this tutorial, we cover the basics of the coordinate plane. We then delve into graphing points and determining whether a point is a solution of an equation. This will be a great tutorial experience if you are just starting to ramp up your understanding of graphing or need some fundamental review.", - "id": "coordinate-plane", - "title": "Coordinate plane" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll work through examples that show how a line can be viewed as all of coordinates whose x and y values satisfy a linear equation. Likewise, a linear equation can be viewed as describing a relationship between the x and y values on a line.", - "id": "graphing_solutions2", - "title": "Graphing solutions to equations" - }, - { - "description": "There are many ways to graph a line and this tutorial covers one of the simpler ones. Since you only need two points for a line, let's find what value an equation takes on when x = 0 (essentially the y-intercept) and what value it takes on when y = 0 (the x-intercept). Then we can graph the line by going through those two points.", - "id": "graphing_with_intercepts", - "title": "x-intercepts and y-intercepts of linear functions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial we'll think deeper about how one variable changes with respect to another. Pay attention because you'll find that these ideas will keep popping up in your life!", - "id": "proportional-relationships", - "title": "Proportional relationships" - }, - { - "description": "In proportional relationships, the ratio between one variable and the other is always constant. In the context of rate problems, this constant ratio can also be considered a rate of change. This tutorial allows you dig deeper into this idea.", - "id": "rates-proportional", - "title": "Rates for proportional relationships" - }, - { - "description": "If you've ever struggled to tell someone just how steep something is, you'll find the answer here. In this tutorial, we cover the idea of the slope of a line. We also think about how slope relates to the equation of a line and how you can determine the slope or y-intercept given some clues.\n\nThis tutorial is appropriate for someone who understands the basics of graphing equations and want to dig a bit deeper. After this tutorial, you will be prepared to start thinking deeper about the equation of a line.", - "id": "slope-and-intercepts", - "title": "Slope" - }, - { - "description": "Math is beautiful because there are so many way to appreciate the same relationship. In this tutorial, we'll use our knowledge of slope to actually graph lines that have been expressed in slope-intercept form.", - "id": "graphing-slope-intercept", - "title": "Graphing linear equations in slope-intercept form" - }, - { - "description": "You know a bit about slope and intercepts. Now we will develop that know-how even further to construct the equation of a line in slope-intercept form.\n\n", - "id": "equation-of-a-line", - "title": "Constructing equations in slope-intercept form" - }, - { - "description": "You know the slope of a line and you know that it contains a certain point. Well, in this tutorial, you'll see that you can quickly take this information (and that knowledge the definition of what slope is) to construct the equation of this line in point-slope form! You'll also manipulate between point-slope, slope-intercept and standard form.", - "id": "point-slope-form", - "title": "Point-slope form and standard form" - }, - { - "description": "You're familiar with graphing lines, slope and y-intercepts. Now we are going to go further into analytic geometry by thinking about distances between points, midpoints, parallel lines and perpendicular ones. Enjoy!", - "id": "more-analytic-geometry", - "title": "More analytic geometry" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial we'll see how to graph linear inequalities on the coordinate plane. We'll also learn how to determine if a particular point is a solution of an inequality.", - "id": "graphing-linear-inequalities", - "title": "Graphing linear inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane. We'll connect this idea to the equation y = mx for a line through the origin and the equation y = mx + b for a line intercepting the vertical axis at b (cc.8.ee.6). ", - "id": "triangle-similarity-slope", - "title": "Triangle similarity and constant slope" - }, - { - "description": "Even when a function is nonlinear, we can calculate the average rate of change over an interval (we'll need calculus to calculate the rate of change at a particular value of the independent variable). This tutorial will give you practice doing just that.", - "id": "average-rate-of-change", - "title": "Average rate of change" - }, - { - "description": "Much of the reason why math is interesting is that it can be used to model real-world phenomena. In this tutorial, we'll do just this with graphs.", - "id": "equations-modeling", - "title": "Modeling with graphs" - } - ], - "description": "Use the power of algebra to understand and interpret points and lines (something we typically do in geometry). This will include slope and the equation of a line.", - "id": "linear-equations-and-inequalitie", - "title": "Graphing and analyzing linear functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Whether in the real world or a cliche fantasy one, systems of equations are key to solving super-important issues like \"the make-up of change in a troll's pocket\" or \"how can order the right amount of potato chips for a King's party.\" Join us as we cover (and practice with examples and exercises) all of the major ways of solving a system: graphically, elimination, and substitution. This tutorial will also help you think about when system might have no solution or an infinite number of solutions. Very, very exciting stuff!", - "id": "systems-of-eq-overview", - "title": "A system for solving the King's problems" - }, - { - "description": "Have no time for trolls, kings and parrots and just want to get to the essence of system. This might be a good tutorial for you. As you can see, this stuff is so important that we're covering it in several tutorials!", - "id": "fast-systems-of-equations", - "title": "Super fast systems of equations" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial focuses on solving systems graphically. This is covered in several other tutorials, but this one gives you more examples than you can shake a chicken at. Pause the videos and try to do them before Sal does.", - "id": "systems-through-examples", - "title": "Solving systems graphically" - }, - { - "description": "You know how to solve systems of equations (for the most part). This tutorial will take things a bit deeper by exploring cases when you might have no solutions or an infinite number of them.", - "id": "systems-solutions", - "title": "Thinking about solutions to systems" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial is focused on solving systems through substitution. This is covered in several other tutorials, but this one focuses on substitution with more examples than you can shake a dog at. As always, pause the video and try to solve before Sal does.", - "id": "systems-with-substitution", - "title": "Solving systems with substitution" - }, - { - "description": "You can solve a system of equations with either substitution or elimination. This tutorial focuses with a ton of examples on elimination. It is covered in other tutorials, but we give you far more examples here. You'll learn best if you pause the videos and try to do the problem before Sal does.", - "id": "solving-systems-addition-elimination", - "title": "Solving systems with elimination (addition-elimination)" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial doesn't involve talking parrots and greedy trolls, but it takes many of the ideas you might have learned in that tutorial and applies them to word problems. These include rate problems, mixture problems, and others. If you can pause and solve the example videos before Sal does, we'd say that you have a pretty good grasp of systems. Enjoy!", - "id": "systems-word-problems", - "title": "Systems of equations word problems" - }, - { - "description": "You feel comfortable with systems of equations, but you begin to realize that the world is not always fair. Not everything is equal! In this short tutorial, we will explore systems of inequalities. We'll graph them. We'll think about whether a point satisfies them. We'll even give you as much practice as you need. All for 3 easy installments of... just kidding, it's free (although the knowledge obtained in priceless). A good deal if we say so ourselves!", - "id": "system-of-inequalities", - "title": "Systems of inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "Two equations with two unknowns not challenging enough for you? How about three equations with three unknowns? Visualizing lines in 2-D too easy? Well, now you're going to visualize intersecting planes in 3-D, baby. (Okay, we admit that it is weird for a website to call you \"baby.\") Tired of linear systems? Well, we might just bring a little nonlinearity into your life, honey. (You might want to brush up on your solving quadratics before tackling the non-linear systems.) As always, try to pause the videos and do them before Sal does!", - "id": "fancier-systems", - "title": "Systems with three variables" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll use what we know about equations, inequalities and systems to answer some very practical real-world problems (and a few fake, impractical ones as well just for fun).", - "id": "modeling-constraints", - "title": "Modeling constraints" - } - ], - "description": "Solving a system of equations or inequalities in two variables by elimination, substitution, and graphing.", - "id": "systems-of-eq-and-ineq", - "title": "Systems of equations and inequalities" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "\"Monomials\" sounds like a fancy word, but it just refers to single terms like \"4x\" or \"8xy\" or \"17x^2z\". In this tutorial, we'll learn to multiply and divide them using ideas you're already familiar with (like exponent properties and greatest common factor).", - "id": "multiplying monomials", - "title": "Multiplying and dividing monomials" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial you'll learn that multiplying things like (4x-7)(-9x+5) just require the distributive property that you learned in elementary school. We'll touch on the FOIL method because it seems to be covered in a lot of schools, but we don't like it (we don't think it is good to memorize processes without knowing the why). ", - "id": "multiplying-binomials", - "title": "Multiplying binomials" - }, - { - "description": "You already know a bit about multiplying expressions. We'll now reverse course and look at how to think about an expression as the product of simpler ones (just like we did when we find the factors of numbers).", - "id": "Factoring-simple-expressions", - "title": "Factoring simple expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Not only is factoring quadratic expressions (essentially second-degree polynomials) fun, but it is good for you. It will allow you to analyze and solve a whole range of equations. It will allow you to impress people at parties and move up the career ladder. How exciting!", - "id": "factoring-quadratic-expressions", - "title": "Factoring quadratic expressions" - }, - { - "description": "You will encounter very factorable quadratics that don't always seem so. This tutorial will expand your arsenal by exposing you to special products like difference-of-squares and perfect square quadratics.", - "id": "factoring-special-products", - "title": "Factoring special products" - }, - { - "description": "Factoring by grouping is probably the one thing that most people never really learn well. Your fate doesn't have to be the same. In this tutorial, you'll see how factoring by grouping can be used to factor a quadratic expression where the coefficient on the x^2 term is something other than 1? ", - "id": "factoring-by-grouping", - "title": "Factoring by grouping" - }, - { - "description": "We'll now extend the application of our quadratic-factoring toolkit, by factoring expressions with two variables. As we'll see, this is really just an extension of what you probably already know (or at least will know after working through this tutorial). Onward!", - "id": "factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari", - "title": "Factoring quadratics in two variables" - }, - { - "description": "\"Polynomials\" sound like a fancy word, but you just have to break down the root words. \"Poly\" means \"many\". So we're just talking about \"many nomials\" and everyone knows what a \"nomial\" is. Okay, most of us don't. Well, a polynomials has \"many\" terms. \n\nFrom understanding what a \"term\" is to basic simplification, addition and subtraction of polynomials, this tutorial will get you very familiar with the world of many \"nomials.\" :)", - "id": "polynomial_basics", - "title": "Polynomial basics" - }, - { - "description": "You'll see in this tutorial that multiplying polynomials is just an extension of the same distributive property that you've already learned to multiply simpler expression (that's why we think FOIL is lame--it doesn't generalize and it is more memorization than real understanding).", - "id": "multiplying_polynomials", - "title": "Multiplying polynomials" - } - ], - "description": "This topic will add a ton of tools to your algebraic toolbox. You'll be able to multiply any expression and learn to factor a bunch a well. This will allow you to solve a broad array of problems in algebra.", - "id": "multiplying-factoring-expression", - "title": "Multiplying and factoring expressions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Let's explore one of the most fundamental ways to solve a quadratic equation when it is already written in terms of a square of an expression in x--solve for the expression and take the square root. As we'll see, equations are not always in this form, and that is where completing the square--which puts equations in this form--is essential!", - "id": "quadratics-square-root", - "title": "Solving quadratics by taking square root" - }, - { - "description": "Just saying the word \"quadratic\" will make you feel smart and powerful. Try it. Imagine how smart and powerful you would actually be if you know what a quadratic is. Even better, imagine being able to completely dominate these \"quadratics\" with new found powers of factorization. Well, dream no longer.\n\nThis tutorial will be super fun. Just bring to it your equation solving skills, your ability to multiply binomials and a non-linear way of thinking!", - "id": "factoring_quadratics", - "title": "Solving quadratics by factoring" - }, - { - "description": "You're already familiar with factoring quadratics, but have begun to realize that it only is useful in certain cases. Well, this tutorial will introduce you to something far more powerful and general. Even better, it is the bridge to understanding and proving the famous quadratic formula.\n\nWelcome to the world of completing the square!", - "id": "completing_the_square", - "title": "Completing the square" - }, - { - "description": "Probably one of the most famous tools in mathematics, the quadratic formula (a.k.a. quadratic equation) helps you think about the roots of ANY quadratic (even ones that have no real roots)! As you'll see, it is just the by-product of completing the square, but understanding and applying the formula will take your algebra skills to new heights.\n\nIn theory, one could apply the quadratic formula in a brainless way without understanding factoring or completing the square, but that's lame and uninteresting. We recommend coming to this tutorial with a solid background in both of those techniques. Have fun!", - "id": "quadratic-formula", - "title": "The quadratic formula (quadratic equation)" - }, - { - "description": "Tired of lines? Not sure if a parabola is a disease of the gut or a new mode of transportation? Ever wondered what would happen to the graph of a function if you stuck an x\u00b2 someplace? Well, look no further.\n\nIn this tutorial, we will study the graphs of quadratic functions (parabolas), including their foci and whatever the plural of directrix is.", - "id": "solving_graphing_quadratics", - "title": "Graphing quadratics" - }, - { - "description": "You are familiar with factoring quadratic expressions and solving quadratic equations. Well, as you might guess, not everything in life has to be equal.\n\nIn this short tutorial we will look at quadratic inequalities.", - "id": "quadratic_inequalities", - "title": "Quadratic inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial has a bunch of extra, but random, videos on quadratics. A completely optional tutorial that you may or may not want to look at. If you do, watch it last. There are some Sal oldies here and some random examples.", - "id": "quadratic_odds_ends", - "title": "Quadratic odds and ends" - } - ], - "description": "In this topic, we'll analyze, graph and solve quadratic equations.", - "id": "quadratics", - "title": "Quadratic equations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we're going to significantly deepen our understanding of the world of exponents. In particular, we'll look at what it means to raise something to a negative exponent and also think about various exponent properties for rewriting expressions.", - "id": "alg-integer-exponents", - "title": "Properties of exponents" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you will learn about how to manipulate expressions with exponents in them. We'll give lots of example to make sure you see a lot of scenarios. For optimal learning (and fun), pause the video before Sal does an example.", - "id": "exponent-properties-algebra", - "title": "Exponent properties examples with variables" - }, - { - "description": "If you're familiar with taking square roots and cube roots (and other roots), then you're ready to see that we can also express these as exponents in ways that are consistent with the exponent properties you know and love!", - "id": "fractional-exponents-tut", - "title": "Fractional exponents" - }, - { - "description": "You already know what square roots and cube roots are, now you will apply that knowledge to simplify variable expressions that involve radicals.", - "id": "simplifying-radical-expressions", - "title": "Simplifying radical expressions" - }, - { - "description": "You're enjoying algebra and equations, but you miss radicals. Wouldn't it be unbelievably awesome if you could solve equations with radicals in them. Well, your dreams can come true.\n\nIn this tutorial, we work through a bunch of examples to help you understand how to solve radical equations. As always, pause the videos and try to solve the example before Sal does.", - "id": "radical_equations", - "title": "Radical equations" - } - ], - "description": "Solving exponential and radical expressions and equations. Using scientific notation and significant figures.", - "id": "exponent-equations", - "title": "Exponent expressions and equations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Relationships can be any association between sets of numbers while functions have only one output for a given input. This tutorial works through a bunch of examples of testing whether something is a valid function. As always, we really encourage you to pause the videos and try the problems before Sal does!", - "id": "relationships_functions", - "title": "Function introduction" - }, - { - "description": "Not all relationships are functions. In this tutorial, you'll learn which are!", - "id": "recognizing-functions", - "title": "Recognizing functions" - }, - { - "description": "What values can you and can you not input into a function? What values can the function output? The domain is the set of values that the function is defined for (i.e., the values that you can input into a function). The range is the set of values that the function output can take on.\n\nThis tutorial covers the ideas of domain and range through multiple worked examples. These are really important ideas as you study higher mathematics.", - "id": "domain_and_range", - "title": "Domain and range" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you are talking about how force relates to acceleration or how the cost of movie tickets relates to the number of people going, it is not uncommon in this universe for things to vary directly. Similarly, when you are, say, talking about how hunger might relate to seeing roadkill, things can vary inversely.\n\nThis tutorial digs deeper into these ideas with a bunch of examples of direct and inverse variation.", - "id": "direct_inverse_variation", - "title": "Direct and inverse variation" - }, - { - "description": "You've already graphed functions when you graphed lines and curves in other topics so this really isn't anything new. Now we'll do a few more examples in this tutorial, but we'll use the function notation to make things a bit more explicit.", - "id": "graphing_functions", - "title": "Graphing functions" - }, - { - "description": "This is a super fun tutorial where we'll evaluate expressions that involve functions. We'll add, subtract, multiply and divide them. We'll also do composite functions which involves taking the output of one function to be the input of another one!\n\nAs always, pause the video and try the problem before Sal does!", - "id": "eval-function-expressions", - "title": "Evaluating function expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Functions associate a set of inputs with a set of outputs (in fancy language, they \"map\" one set to another). But can we go the other way around? Are there functions that can start with the outputs as inputs and produce the original inputs as outputs? Yes, there are! They are called function inverses!\n\nThis tutorial works through a bunch of examples to get you familiar with the world of function inverses.", - "id": "function_inverses", - "title": "Function inverses" - }, - { - "description": "Are you bored of the traditional operators of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division? Do even exponents seem a little run-of-the-mill?\n\nWell in this tutorial, we will--somewhat arbitrarily--define completely new operators and notation (which are essentially new function definitions without the function notation). Not only will this tutorial expand your mind, it could be the basis of a lot of fun at your next dinner party!", - "id": "new_operators", - "title": "New operator definitions" - }, - { - "description": "These oldie-but-maybe-goodies are the original function videos that Sal made years ago for his cousins. Despite the messy handwriting, some people claim that they like these better than the new ones (they claim that there is a certain charm to them). We'll let you decide.", - "id": "classic-function-videos", - "title": "Classic function videos" - }, - { - "description": "Now that you know how to solve linear, quadratic and exponential equations, we'll apply these incredible skills to a wide-range of real-world (and sometimes not-so-real-world) situations.", - "id": "one-variable-modeling", - "title": "Modeling with one-variable equations and inequalities" - } - ], - "description": "Identifying, solving, and graphing various types of functions.", - "id": "algebra-functions", - "title": "Functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You remember a thing or two about ratios and proportions from you pre-algebra days. Well, how can we use these same ideas to solve problems in algebra.\n\nThis tutorial re-introduces ratios in an algebraic context and helps us solve some awesome problems!", - "id": "ratios_algebra", - "title": "Ratios and proportions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will explore more advanced examples involving ratios, proportions, and rates.", - "id": "advanced-ratios", - "title": "Advanced ratios, proportions, and rates" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll use the powers of algebra to actually prove what we've always suspected to be true of rational and irrational numbers!", - "id": "alg-rational-irrational-numbers", - "title": "Rational and irrational numbers" - } - ], - "description": "What ratios and proportions are. Using them to solve problems in the real world.", - "id": "ratio-proportion-topic", - "title": "Ratios and proportions" - } - ], - "description": "Conceptual videos and worked examples from basic algebra.", - "id": "algebra", - "title": "Algebra I" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Roughly 2400 years ago, Euclid of Alexandria wrote Elements which served as the world's geometry textbook until recently. Studied by Abraham Lincoln in order to sharpen his mind and truly appreciate mathematical deduction, it is still the basis of what we consider a first year course in geometry.\n\nThis tutorial gives a bit of this background and then lays the conceptual foundation of points, lines, circles and planes that we will use as we journey through the world of Euclid.", - "id": "intro_euclid", - "title": "Introduction to Euclidean geometry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial will define what an angle is and help us think about how to measure them. If you're new to angles, this is a great place to start.", - "id": "Angle_basics", - "title": "Angle basics and measurement" - }, - { - "description": "Welcome. I'd like to introduce you to Mr. Angle. Nice to meet you. So nice to meet you. \n\nThis tutorial introduces us to angles. It includes how we measure them, how angles relate to each other and properties of angles created from various types of intersecting lines. Mr. Angle is actually far more fun than you might initially presume him to be.", - "id": "ang_intro", - "title": "Angles between intersecting and parallel lines" - }, - { - "description": "Do the angles in a triangle always add up to the same thing? Would I ask it if they didn't? What do we know about the angles of a triangle if two of the sides are congruent (an isosceles triangle) or all three are congruent (an equilateral)? This tutorial is the place to find out.", - "id": "triang_prop_tut", - "title": "Angles with triangles and polygons" - }, - { - "description": "These are some of the classic, original angle video that Sal had done way back when (like 2007). Other tutorials are more polished than this one, but this one has charm. Also not bad if you're looking for more examples of angles between intersected lines, transversals and parallel lines.", - "id": "old_angles", - "title": "Sal's old angle videos" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial we'll look at the most famous types of angle-pairs--complementary and supplementary angles. This aren't particularly deep concepts, but you'll find they do come in handy!", - "id": "complementary-supplementary-angl", - "title": "Complementary and supplementary angles" - } - ], - "description": "This topic continues our journey through the world of Euclid by helping us understand angles and how they can relate to each other.", - "id": "parallel-and-perpendicular-lines", - "title": "Angles and intersecting lines" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Two figures are congruent if you can go from one to another through some combination of translations, reflections and rotations. In this tutorial, we'll really internalize this by working through the actual transformations.", - "id": "transformations-congruence", - "title": "Transformations and congruence" - }, - { - "description": "We begin to seriously channel Euclid in this tutorial to really, really (no, really) prove things--in particular, that triangles are congruents. You'll appreciate (and love) what rigorous proofs are. It will sharpen your mind and make you a better friend, relative and citizen (and make you more popular in general). Don't have too much fun.", - "id": "cong_triangle", - "title": "Congruence postulates" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial uses our understanding of congruence postulates to prove some neat properties of isosceles and equilateral triangles.", - "id": "isoscleles_equil", - "title": "Congruence and isosceles and equilateral triangles" - } - ], - "description": "If you can take one figure and flip, shift and rotate (not resize) it to be identical to another figure, then the two figures are congruent. This topic explores this foundational idea in geometry.", - "id": "congruent-triangles", - "title": "Congruence" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Two figures are similar if you can get from one to another through some combinations of translations, reflections, rotations AND DILATIONS (so you can scale up and down). This tutorial helps give us an intuition for this.", - "id": "similarity-and-transformations", - "title": "Similarity and transformations" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial explains a similar (but not congruent) idea to congruency (if that last sentence made sense, you might not need this tutorial). Seriously, we'll take a rigorous look at similarity and think of some reasonable postulates for it. We'll then use these to prove some results and solve some problems. The fun must not stop!", - "id": "triangle_similarlity", - "title": "Triangle similarity" - }, - { - "description": "We spend a lot of time in geometry proving that triangles are congruent or similar. We now apply this ability to some really interesting problems (seriously, these are fun)!", - "id": "cc-solving-prob-similar-tri", - "title": "Solving problems with similar and congruent triangles" - }, - { - "description": "These videos may look similar (pun-intended) to videos in another playlist but they are older, rougher and arguably more charming. These are some of the original videos that Sal made on similarity. They are less formal than those in the \"other\" similarity tutorial, but, who knows, you might like them more.", - "id": "old_school_similarity", - "title": "Old school similarity" - } - ], - "description": null, - "id": "similarity", - "title": "Similarity" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Named after the Greek philosopher who lived nearly 2600 years ago, the Pythagorean theorem is as good as math theorems get (Pythagoras also started a religious movement). It's simple. It's beautiful. It's powerful.\n\nIn this tutorial, we will cover what it is and how it can be used. We have another tutorial that gives you as many proofs of it as you might need.", - "id": "pyth_theor", - "title": "Pythagorean theorem" - }, - { - "description": "The Pythagorean theorem is one of the most famous ideas in all of mathematics. This tutorial proves it. Then proves it again... and again... and again. More than just satisfying any skepticism of whether the Pythagorean theorem is really true (only one proof would be sufficient for that), it will hopefully open your mind to new and beautiful ways to prove something very powerful.", - "id": "pythagorean_proofs", - "title": "Pythagorean theorem proofs" - }, - { - "description": "We hate to pick favorites, but there really are certain right triangles that are more special than others. In this tutorial, we pick them out, show why they're special, and prove it! These include 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangles (the numbers refer to the measure of the angles in the triangle).", - "id": "special_right_triangles", - "title": "Special right triangles" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you will learn all the trigonometry that you are likely to remember in ten years (assuming you are a lazy non-curious, non-lifelong learner). But even in that non-ideal world where you forgot everything else, you'll be able to do more than you might expect with the concentrated knowledge you are about to get.", - "id": "cc-geometry-trig", - "title": "Sine, cosine and tangent trigonometric functions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will build on our understanding of similarity to get a deeper appreciation for the motivation behind trigonometric ratios and relationships.", - "id": "cc-geometry-trig-similarity", - "title": "Trig ratios and similarity" - } - ], - "description": "Triangles are not always right (although they are never wrong), but when they are it opens up an exciting world of possibilities. Not only are right triangles cool in their own right (pun intended), they are the basis of very important ideas in analytic geometry (the distance between two points in space) and trigonometry.", - "id": "right_triangles_topic", - "title": "Right triangles and trigonometry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You first learned about perimeter and area when you were in grade school. In this tutorial, we will revisit those ideas with a more mathy lense. We will use our prior knowledge of congruence to really start to prove some neat (and useful) results (including some that will be useful in our study of similarity).", - "id": "perimeter_area_tutorial", - "title": "Perimeter and area of triangles" - }, - { - "description": "The triangle inequality theorem is, on some level, kind of simple. But, as you'll see as you go into high level mathematics, it is often used in fancy proofs.\n\nThis tutorial introduces you to what it is and gives you some practice understanding the constraints on the dimensions of a triangle.", - "id": "triangle_inequality_theorem", - "title": "Triangle inequality theorem" - }, - { - "description": "Named after Helge von Koch, the Koch snowflake is one of the first fractals to be discovered. It is created by adding smaller and smaller equilateral bumps to an existing equilateral triangle. Quite amazingly, it produces a figure of infinite perimeter and finite area!", - "id": "koch_snowflake", - "title": "Koch snowflake fractal" - }, - { - "description": "Named after Heron of Alexandria, Heron's formula is a power (but often overlooked) method for finding the area of ANY triangle. In this tutorial we will explain how to use it and then prove it!", - "id": "heron_formula_tutorial", - "title": "Heron's formula" - }, - { - "description": "Circles are everywhere. How can we measure how big they are? Well, we could think about the distance around the circle (circumference). Another option would be to think about how much space it takes up on our paper (area). Have fun!", - "id": "circum_area_circles", - "title": "Circumference and area of circles" - }, - { - "description": "Not everything in the world is a rectangle, circle or triangle. In this tutorial, we give you practice at finding the perimeters and areas of these less-than-standard shapes!", - "id": "area_non_standard", - "title": "Perimeter and area of non-standard shapes" - }, - { - "description": "Tired of perimeter and area and now want to measure 3-D space-take-upness. Well you've found the right tutorial. Enjoy!", - "id": "volume_tutorial", - "title": "Volume and surface area" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cross-sections", - "title": "Cross sections of 3D objects" - } - ], - "description": "A broad set of tutorials covering perimeter area and volume with and without algebra.", - "id": "basic-geometry", - "title": "Perimeter, area, and volume" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial will review some of the basic of circles and then think about lengths of arcs and areas of sectors.", - "id": "circles", - "title": "Circle arcs and sectors" - }, - { - "description": "We'll now dig a bit deeper in our understanding of circles by looking at central, inscribed and circumscribed angles. This is fun and beautiful as is, but you'll also see that it shows up on a lot of math standardized tests. Why do people like to put geometry like this on standardized tests? Because it shows deductive reasoning skills which are super important in every walk of life!", - "id": "central-inscribed-circumscribed", - "title": "Central, inscribed and circumscribed angles" - }, - { - "description": "You know that a circle can be viewed as the set of all points that whose distance from the center is equal to the radius. In this tutorial, we use this information and the Pythagorean Theorem to derive the equation of a circle.", - "id": "equation-of-a-circle", - "title": "Equation of a circle" - }, - { - "description": "This more advanced (and very optional) tutorial is fun to look at for enrichment. It builds to figuring out the formula for the area of a triangle inscribed in a circle!", - "id": "area-inscribed-triangle", - "title": "Area of inscribed triangle" - }, - { - "description": "Let's use what we know about geometry to answer some really, really interesting questions.", - "id": "geometric-models", - "title": "Geometric models" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cc-geometry-circles", - "title": "Circles" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we study lines that are perpendicular to the sides of a triangle and divide them in two (perpendicular bisectors). As we'll prove, they intersect at a unique point called the cicumcenter (which, quite amazingly, is equidistant to the vertices). We can then create a circle (circumcircle) centered at this point that goes through all the vertices. \n\nThis tutorial is the extension of the core narrative of the Geometry \"course\". After this, you might want to look at the tutorial on angle bisectors.", - "id": "perpendicular_bisectors", - "title": "Perpendicular bisectors" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial experiments with lines that divide the angles of a triangle in two (angle bisectors). As we'll prove, all three angle bisectors actually intersect at one point called the incenter (amazing!). We'll also prove that this incenter is equidistant from the sides of the triangle (even more amazing!). This allows us to create a circle centered at the incenter that is tangent to the sides of the triangle (not surprisingly called the \"incircle\").", - "id": "angle_bisectors", - "title": "Angle bisectors" - }, - { - "description": "You've explored perpendicular bisectors and angle bisectors, but you're craving to study lines that intersect the vertices of a a triangle AND bisect the opposite sides. Well, you're luck because that (medians) is what we are going to study in this tutorial. We'll prove here that the medians intersect at a unique point (amazing!) called the centroid and divide the triangle into six mini triangles of equal area (even more amazing!). The centroid also always happens to divide all the medians in segments with lengths at a 1:2 ration (stupendous!).", - "id": "medians_centroids", - "title": "Medians and centroids" - }, - { - "description": "Ok. You knew triangles where cool, but you never imagined they were this cool! Well, this tutorial will take things even further. After perpendicular bisectors, angle bisector and medians, the only other thing (that I can think of) is a line that intersects a vertex and the opposite side (called an altitude). As we'll see, these are just as cool as the rest and, as you may have guessed, intersect at a unique point called the orthocenter (unbelievable!).", - "id": "altitudes", - "title": "Altitudes" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial brings together all of the major ideas in this topic. First, it starts off with a light-weight review of the various ideas in the topic. It then goes into a heavy-weight proof of a truly, truly, truly amazing idea. It was amazing enough that orthocenters, circumcenters, and centroids exist , but we'll see in the videos on Euler lines that they sit on the same line themselves (incenters must be feeling lonely)!!!!!!!", - "id": "triangle_property_review", - "title": "Bringing it all together" - } - ], - "description": "You probably like triangles. You think they are useful. They show up a lot. What you'll see in this topic is that they are far more magical and mystical than you ever imagined!", - "id": "triangle-properties", - "title": "Special properties and parts of triangles" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Not all things with four sides have to be squares or rectangles! We will now broaden our understanding of quadrilaterals!", - "id": "quadrilaterals", - "title": "Quadrilaterals" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "quadrilaterals-and-polygons", - "title": "Quadrilaterals" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Let's get an intuitive understanding for symmetry of two dimensional shapes.", - "id": "transformations-symmetry", - "title": "Symmetry" - }, - { - "description": "Let's use some pretty cool software widgets to see how we can transform a shape through translations, rotations, dilations and reflections.", - "id": "exploring-rigid-transformations", - "title": "Exploring rigid transformations" - }, - { - "description": "We understand the idea of scaling/dilation from everyday life (hey, let's make it bigger or smaller keeping the same proportions!). In this tutorial, you'll understand this type of transformation in a much, much deeper way.", - "id": "dilations-scaling", - "title": "Dilations or scaling around a point" - }, - { - "description": "Let's continue our deep voyage through the world of transformations by thinking about how points map to each other after a transformation.", - "id": "coordinate-plane-transformations", - "title": "Transformations on the coordinate plane" - } - ], - "description": "Let's think more visually about things like shifts, rotations, scaling and symmetry.", - "id": "transformations", - "title": "Transformations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You are familiar with the ideas of slope and distance on the coordinate plane. You also feel comfortable with congruence an similarity and many of the other core ideas in Euclidean geometry. In this, tutorial, Descartes and Euclid are forced to work together as we tackle geometry problems on the coordinate plane!", - "id": "geometry-problems-coordinate-pla", - "title": "Geometry problems on the coordinate plane" - }, - { - "description": "We are now going to leverage our understanding of the coordinate plane to think about distances between points and ratios of lengths of segments between points.", - "id": "cc-distances-between-points", - "title": "Distances between points" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "analytic-geometry-topic", - "title": "Analytic geometry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "With just a compass and a straightedge (or virtual versions of them), you'll be amazed by how many geometric shapes you can construct perfectly. This tutorial gets you started with the building block of how to bisect angle and lines (and how to construct perpendicular bisectors of lines).", - "id": "geo-bisectors", - "title": "Constructing bisectors of lines and angles" - }, - { - "description": "Have you ever wondered how people would draw a square, equilateral triangle or even hexagon before there were computers? Well, now you're going to do just that (ironically, with a computer). Using our virtual compass and straightedge, you'll construct several regular shapes (by inscribing them inside circles).", - "id": "polygons-inscribed-in-circles", - "title": "Constructing regular polygons inscribed in circles" - }, - { - "description": "In our study of triangles, we spent a decent amount of time think about incenters (the intersections of the angle bisectors) and circumcenters (the intersections of the perpendicular bisectors). We'll now leverage this knowledge to actually construct circle inscribed and circumscribed about a triangle using only a compass and straightedge (actually virtual versions of them).", - "id": "circum-in-circles", - "title": "Constructing circumcircles and incircles" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "constructing-tangents", - "title": "Constructing a line tangent to a circle" - } - ], - "description": "We now have fancy computers to help us perfectly draw things, but have you ever wondered how people drew perfect circles or angle bisectors or perpendicular bisectors back in the day. Well this tutorial will have you doing just as your grandparents did (actually, a little different since you'll still be using a computer to draw circles and lines with a virtual compass and straightedge).", - "id": "geometric-constructions", - "title": "Geometric constructions" - }, - { - "description": "Sal does the 80 problems from the released questions from the California Standards Test for Geometry. Basic understanding of Algebra I necessary.", - "id": "geometry-worked-examples", - "title": "Worked examples" - } - ], - "description": "This is a first year, high-school level course on Geometry (which is based on Euclid's elements). It revisits many of the basic geometrical concepts studied in earlier courses, but addresses them with more mathematical rigor. There is strong focus on proving theorems and results from basic postulates.", - "id": "geometry", - "title": "Geometry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Whether in the real world or a cliche fantasy one, systems of equations are key to solving super-important issues like \"the make-up of change in a troll's pocket\" or \"how can order the right amount of potato chips for a King's party.\" Join us as we cover (and practice with examples and exercises) all of the major ways of solving a system: graphically, elimination, and substitution. This tutorial will also help you think about when system might have no solution or an infinite number of solutions. Very, very exciting stuff!", - "id": "systems_tutorial_precalc", - "title": "Solving systems of equations for the king" - }, - { - "description": "You feel comfortable with systems of equations, but you begin to realize that the world is not always fair. Not everything is equal! In this short tutorial, we will explore systems of inequalities. We'll graph them. We'll think about whether a point satisfies them. We'll even give you as much practice as you need. All for 3 easy installments of... just kidding, it's free (although the knowledge obtained in priceless). A good deal if we say so ourselves!", - "id": "systems_inequalities_precalc", - "title": "Systems of inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "Tired of linear systems? Well, we might just bring a little nonlinearity into your life, honey. (You might want to brush up on your solving quadratics before tackling the non-linear systems.) As always, try to pause the videos and do them before Sal does!", - "id": "non-linear-systems-tutorial", - "title": "Non-linear systems of equations" - } - ], - "description": "What happens when we have many variables but also many constraints.", - "id": "systems_eq_ineq", - "title": "Systems of equations and inequalities" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Relationships can be any association between sets of numbers while functions have only one output for a given input. This tutorial works through a bunch of examples of testing whether something is a valid function. As always, we really encourage you to pause the videos and try the problems before Sal does!", - "id": "copy-of-relationships_functions-2014-03-28T18:09:49.924Z", - "title": "Function introduction" - }, - { - "description": "We'll now see what it means to add, subtract, multiply and divide functions!", - "id": "function_expressions", - "title": "Function expressions" - }, - { - "description": "What values can you and can you not input into a function? What values can the function output? The domain is the set of values that the function is defined for (i.e., the values that you can input into a function). The range is the set of values that the function output can take on.\n\nThis tutorial covers the ideas of domain and range through multiple worked examples. These are really important ideas as you study higher mathematics.", - "id": "domain_range", - "title": "Domain and range" - }, - { - "description": "Not all relationships are functions. In this tutorial, you'll learn which are!", - "id": "copy-of-recognizing-functions-2014-03-28T18:10:35.918Z", - "title": "Recognizing functions" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "composing-functions", - "title": "Composing functions" - }, - { - "description": "Functions associate a set of inputs with a set of outputs (in fancy language, they \"map\" one set to another). But can we go the other way around? Are there functions that can start with the outputs as inputs and produce the original inputs as outputs? Yes, there are! They are called function inverses!\n\nThis tutorial works through a bunch of examples to get you familiar with the world of function inverses.", - "id": "fucntion_inverses", - "title": "Function inverses" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will get practice looking at wackier functions that are defined interval by interval (or piece by piece)!", - "id": "piecewise-functions-tutorial", - "title": "Piecewise functions" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "shifting-reflecting-functions", - "title": "Shifting and reflecting functions" - }, - { - "description": "You know a function when you see one, but are curious to start looking deeper at their properties. Some functions seem to be mirror images around the y-axis while others seems to be flipped mirror images while others are neither. How can we shift and reflect them? \n\nThis tutorial addresses these questions by covering even and odd functions. It also covers how we can shift and reflect them. Enjoy!", - "id": "analyzing_functions", - "title": "Properties and features of functions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll dive deeper into actually thinking about what functions represent and how one function compares to another.", - "id": "comparing-interpreting-functions", - "title": "Comparing and interpreting functions" - }, - { - "description": "In second grade you may have raised your hand in class and asked what you get when you divide by zero. The answer was probably \"it's not defined.\" In this tutorial we'll explore what that (and \"indeterminate\") means and why the math world has left this gap in arithmetic. (They could define something divided by 0 as 7 or 9 or 119.57 but have decided not to.)", - "id": "undefined_indeterminate", - "title": "Undefined and indeterminate answers" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll start to use and define functions in more \"mathy\" or formal ways.", - "id": "mathy-functions", - "title": "More mathy functions" - } - ], - "description": "Revisiting what a function is and how we can define and visualize one.", - "id": "functions_and_graphs", - "title": "Functions and their graphs" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Just saying the word \"quadratic\" will make you feel smart and powerful. Try it. Imagine how smart and powerful you would actually be if you know what a quadratic is. Even better, imagine being able to completely dominate these \"quadratics\" with new found powers of factorization. Well, dream no longer.\n\nThis tutorial will be super fun. Just bring to it your equation solving skills, your ability to multiply binomials and a non-linear way of thinking!", - "id": "quad_factoring", - "title": "Factoring quadratics" - }, - { - "description": "You're already familiar with factoring quadratics, but have begun to realize that it only is useful in certain cases. Well, this tutorial will introduce you to something far more powerful and general. Even better, it is the bridge to understanding and proving the famous quadratic formula.\n\nWelcome to the world of completing the square!", - "id": "quad_formula_tutorial", - "title": "Completing the square and the quadratic formula" - }, - { - "description": "You are familiar with factoring quadratic expressions and solving quadratic equations. Well, as you might guess, not everything in life has to be equal.\n\nIn this short tutorial we will look at quadratic inequalities.", - "id": "quad_ineq", - "title": "Quadratic inequalities" - }, - { - "description": "\"Polynomials\" sound like a fancy word, but you just have to break down the root words. \"Poly\" means \"many\". So we're just talking about \"many nomials\" and everyone knows what a \"nomial\" is. Okay, most of us don't. Well, a polynomials has \"many\" terms. \n\nFrom understanding what a \"term\" is to basic simplification, addition and subtraction of polynomials, this tutorial will get you very familiar with the world of many \"nomials.\" :)", - "id": "polynomial_tutorial", - "title": "Adding and multiplying polynomials" - }, - { - "description": "You know what polynomials are. You know how to add, subtract, and multiply them. Unless you are completely incurious, you must be wondering how to divide them!\n\nIn this tutorial we'll explore how we divide polynomials--both through algebraic long division and synthetic division. (We like classic algebraic long division more since you can actually understand what you're doing.)", - "id": "dividing_polynomials", - "title": "Dividing polynomials" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll learn a technique for dividing one polynomial by another--synthetic division. As always, we'll also explore why it works!", - "id": "synthetic-division", - "title": "Synthetic division" - }, - { - "description": "Factoring quadratics are now second nature to you. Even when traditional factoring is difficult, you know about completing the square and the quadratic formula. Now you're ready for something more interesting. Well, as you'll see in this tutorial, factoring higher degree polynomials is definitely the challenge you're looking for!", - "id": "factoring-higher-deg-polynomials", - "title": "Factoring and roots of higher degree polynomials" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will study the behavior of polynomials and their graphs. In particular, we'll look at which forms of a polynomial are best for determining various aspects of its graph.", - "id": "polynomial-end-behavior", - "title": "Polynomial graphs and end behavior" - }, - { - "description": "You can keep taking the powers of a binomial by hand, but, as we'll see in this tutorial, there is a much more elegant way to do it using the binomial theorem and/or Pascal's Triangle.", - "id": "binomial_theorem", - "title": "Binomial theorem" - }, - { - "description": "You get a rational expression when you divide one polynomial by another. If you have a good understanding of factoring quadratics, you'll be able to apply this skill here to help realize where a rational expression may not be defined and how we can go about simplifying it.", - "id": "simplifying-rational-expressions", - "title": "Simplifying rational expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Have you ever wondered what would happen if you divide one polynomial by another? What if you set that equal to something else? Would it be as unbelievably epic as you suspect it would be?", - "id": "rational_funcs_tutorial", - "title": "Rational functions" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "asymptotes-graphing-rational", - "title": "Asymptotes and graphing rational functions" - }, - { - "description": "If you add several rational expressions with lower degree denominator, you are likely to get a sum with a higher degree denominator (which is the least-common multiple of the lower-degree ones). This tutorial lets us think about going the other way--start with a rational expression with a higher degree denominator and break it up as the sum of simpler rational expressions.\n\nThis has many uses throughout mathematics. In particular, it is key when taking inverse Laplace transforms in differential equations (which you'll take, and rock, after calculus).", - "id": "partial-fraction-expansion", - "title": "Partial fraction expansion" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial is all about *really* being able to interpret and see meaning in algebraic expressions--including those that involve rational expressions, exponentials, and polynomials. If you enjoy these ideas and problems, then you're really begun to develop your mathematical maturity.\n\n\n", - "id": "advanced-structure-in-expression", - "title": "Advanced structure in expressions" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial will better connect the world of complex numbers to roots of polynomials. It will show us that when we couldn't find roots, we just weren't looking hard enough. In particular, the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra tells us that every non-zero polynomial in one-variable of degree n has exactly n-roots (although they might not all be real!)", - "id": "fundamental-theorem-of-algebra", - "title": "Fundamental Theorem of Algebra" - } - ], - "description": "Exploring quadratics and higher degree polynomials. Also in-depth look at rational functions.", - "id": "polynomial_and_rational", - "title": "Polynomial and rational functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You get a rational expression when you divide one polynomial by another. If you have a good understanding of factoring quadratics, you'll be able to apply this skill here to help realize where a rational expression may not be defined and how we can go about simplifying it.", - "id": "simplifying-rational-alg", - "title": "Simplifying rational expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Well, rational expressions are just algebraic expressions formed by dividing one expression by another. In this tutorial, we'll see that, even though they may look hairy, adding and subtracting rational expressions involves most of what we know about adding and subtracting numeric fractions.", - "id": "rational_expressions", - "title": "Adding and subtracting rational expressions" - }, - { - "description": "Rational functions are often not defined at certain points and have very interesting behavior has the input variable becomes very large in magnitude. This tutorial explores how to graph these functions, paying attention to these special features. We'll talk a lot about vertical and horizontal asymptotes.", - "id": "rational-function-graphing", - "title": "Graphing rational functions" - }, - { - "description": "If you add several rational expressions with lower degree denominator, you are likely to get a sum with a higher degree denominator (which is the least-common multiple of the lower-degree ones). This tutorial lets us think about going the other way--start with a rational expression with a higher degree denominator and break it up as the sum of simpler rational expressions.", - "id": "partial-fraction-expan-alg", - "title": "Partial fraction expansion" - }, - { - "description": "The equations you are about to see are some of the hairiest in all of algebra. The key is to keep calm and don't let the rational equation be the boss of you.", - "id": "solving-rational-equations", - "title": "Solving rational equations" - }, - { - "description": "Let's extend what we know about multiplying and dividing fractions to rational expressions. It may look complicated, but it really is about applying some core principles of what fractions represent.", - "id": "multi-div-rational-exp", - "title": "Multiplying and dividing rational expressions" - } - ], - "description": "You have probably been wondering whether our powers of algebraic problem solving break down if we divide by the variable or we have entire expressions in denominator of a fraction. Well, they don't! In this topic, you'll learn how to interpret and manipulate rational expressions (when you have one algebraic expression divided by another)!", - "id": "rational-expressions", - "title": "Rational expressions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "From compound interest to population growth to half lives of radioactive materials, it all comes down to exponential growth and decay.", - "id": "exp_growth_decay", - "title": "Exponential growth and decay" - }, - { - "description": "As we'll see in this tutorial, anything from compound interest to radioactive decay can be modeled with exponential functions.", - "id": "exponential-modeling", - "title": "Modeling with exponential functions" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial shows you what a logarithmic function is. It will then go on to show the many times in nature and science that these type of functions are useful to describe what is happening.", - "id": "log_functions", - "title": "Logarithmic functions" - }, - { - "description": "Now that you are familiar with logarithms and logarithmic functions, let's think about how to solve equations involving logarithms.", - "id": "logarithmic-equations", - "title": "Logarithmic equations" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial introduces us to one of the derivations (from finance and continuously compounding interest) of the irrational number 'e' which is roughly 2.71...", - "id": "continuous_compounding", - "title": "Continuous compounding and e" - } - ], - "description": "An look at exponential and logarithmic functions including many of their properties and graphs.", - "id": "exponential_and_logarithmic_func", - "title": "Exponential and logarithmic functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If you understand how to take an exponent and you're looking to take your mathematical game to a new level, then you've found the right tutorial. Put simply and confusingly, logarithms are inverse operators to exponents (just as subtraction to addition or division to multiplication). As you'll see, taking a logarithm of something tells you what exponent you need to raise a base to to get that number.", - "id": "logarithm_basics", - "title": "Logarithm basics" - }, - { - "description": "You want to go deeper in your understanding of logarithms. This tutorial does just that by exploring properties of logarithms that will help you manipulate them in entirely new ways (mostly falling out of exponent properties).", - "id": "logarithm_properties", - "title": "Logarithm properties" - }, - { - "description": "e is a special number that shows up throughout nature (you will appreciate this more and more as you develop your mathematical understanding). Given this, logarithms with base e have a special name--natural logarithms. In this tutorial, we will learn to evaluate and graph this special function.", - "id": "natural_logarithm", - "title": "Natural logarithms" - }, - { - "description": "Logarithms show up in science and music far more than you might first imagine. This tutorial explores where these appearances occur!", - "id": "logarithmic-scale-patterns", - "title": "Logarithmic scale and patterns" - } - ], - "description": "Log-a-what? No, this tutorial is about neither chopped wood nor music (actually logarithms do have applications in music), but it is fascinating nonetheless.\n\nYou know how to take an exponent. Now you can think about what exponent you have to raise a number to to get another number. Yes, I agree--unstoppable fun for the whole family. No, seriously, logarithms are used everywhere (including to measure earthquakes and sound).", - "id": "logarithms-tutorial", - "title": "Logarithms" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This is where math starts to get really cool. It may see strange to define a number whose square is negative one. Why do we do this? Because it fits a nice niche in the math ecosystem and can be used to solve problems in engineering and science (not to mention some of the coolest fractals are based on imaginary and complex numbers). The more you think about it, you might realize that all numbers, not just i, are very abstract.", - "id": "imaginary_unit_i-a2", - "title": "The imaginary unit i" - }, - { - "description": "Let's start constructing numbers that have both a real and imaginary part. We'll call them complex. We can even plot them on the complex plane and use them to find the roots of ANY quadratic equation. The fun must not stop!", - "id": "complex_numbers", - "title": "Complex numbers" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding and solving equations with imaginary numbers.", - "id": "complex-numbers-a2", - "title": "Imaginary and complex numbers" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "What is a conic other than a jazz singer from New Orleans? Well, as you'll see in this tutorial, a conic section is formed when you intersect a plane with cones. You end up with some familiar shapes (like circles and ellipses) and some that are a bit unexpected (like hyperbolas). This tutorial gets you set up with the basics and is a good foundation for going deeper into the world of conic sections.", - "id": "conic_section_intro", - "title": "Conic section basics" - }, - { - "description": "You've seen circles your entire life. You've even studied them a bit in math class. Now we go further, taking a deep look at the equations of circles.", - "id": "circles-tutorial-precalc", - "title": "Circles" - }, - { - "description": "What would you call a circle that isn't a circle? One that is is is taller or fatter rather than being perfectly round? An ellipse. (All circles are special cases of ellipses.)\n\nIn this tutorial we go deep into the equations and graphs of ellipses.", - "id": "ellipses-precalc", - "title": "Ellipses" - }, - { - "description": "You've seen parabolas already when you graphed quadratic functions. Now we will look at them from a conic perspective. In particular we will look at them as the set of all points equidistant from a point (focus) and a line (directrix). Have fun!", - "id": "parabolas_precalc", - "title": "Parabolas" - }, - { - "description": "It is no hyperbole to say that hyperbolas are awesome. In this tutorial, we look closely at this wacky conic section. We pay special attention to its graph and equation.", - "id": "hyperbolas-precalc", - "title": "Hyperbolas" - }, - { - "description": "You're familiar with the graphs and equations of all of the conic sections. Now you want practice identifying them given only their equations. You, my friend, are about to click on exactly the right tutorial.", - "id": "conics_precalc_eqs", - "title": "Conics from equations" - }, - { - "description": "Do you think that the math exams that you have to take are hard? Well, if you have the stomach, try the problem(s) in this tutorial. They are not only conceptually difficult, but they are also hairy.\n\nDon't worry if you have trouble with this. Most of us would. The IIT JEE is an exam administered to 200,000 students every year in India to select which 2000 go to the competitive IITs. They need to make sure that most of the students can't do most of the problems so that they can really whittle the applicants down.", - "id": "jee_hyperbolas", - "title": "Conics in the IIT JEE" - } - ], - "description": "A detailed look at shapes that are prevalent in science: conic sections", - "id": "conics_precalc", - "title": "Conic sections" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Keanu Reeves' virtual world in the The Matrix (I guess we can call all three movies \"The Matrices\") have more in common with this tutorial than you might suspect. Matrices are ways of organizing numbers. They are used extensively in computer graphics, simulations and information processing in general. The super-intelligent artificial intelligences that created The Matrix for Keanu must have used many matrices in the process.\n\nThis tutorial introduces you to what a matrix is and how we define some basic operations on them.", - "id": "basic-matrix-operations-alg2", - "title": "Basic matrix operations" - }, - { - "description": "You know what a matrix is, how to add them and multiply them by a scalar. Now we'll define multiplying one matrix by another matrix. The process may seem bizarre at first (and maybe even a little longer than that), but there is a certain naturalness to the process. When you study more advanced linear algebra and computer science, it has tons of applications (computer graphics, simulations, etc.)", - "id": "matrix-multiplication-alg2", - "title": "Matrix multiplication" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "alg2-matrices", - "title": "Matrices" - } - ], - "description": "Conceptual videos and worked examples from basic algebra through algebra 2. Includes videos from the former algebra worked examples playlists.", - "id": "algebra2", - "title": "Algebra II" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you will learn all the trigonometry that you are likely to remember in ten years (assuming you are a lazy non-curious, non-lifelong learner). But even in that non-ideal world where you forgot everything else, you'll be able to do more than you might expect with the concentrated knowledge you are about to get.", - "id": "basic_trig_ratios", - "title": "Basic trigonometric ratios" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will build on our understanding of similarity to get a deeper appreciation for the motivation behind trigonometric ratios and relationships.", - "id": "cc-trig-ratios-similarity", - "title": "Trigonometric ratios and similarity" - }, - { - "description": "You are now familiar with the basic trig ratios. We'll now use them to solve a whole bunch of real-world problems. Seriously, trig shows up a lot in the real-world.", - "id": "trig-application-problems", - "title": "Trig ratio application problems" - }, - { - "description": "You're now familiar with sine, cosine and tangent. Now you'll see that mathematicians have also defined functions that are the reciprocal of those: cosecant, secant and cotangent.", - "id": "reciprocal-trig-functions", - "title": "Reciprocal trig functions" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "basic-trigonometry", - "title": "Basic trigonometry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Most people know that you can measure angles with degrees, but only exceptionally worldly people know that radians can be an exciting alternative. As you'll see, degrees are somewhat arbitrary (if we lived on a planet that took 600 days to orbit its star, we'd probably have 600 degrees in a full revolution). Radians are pure. Seriously, they are measuring the angle in terms of how long the arc that subtends them is (measured in radiuseseses). If that makes no sense, imagine measuring a bridge with car lengths. If that still doesn't make sense, watch this tutorial!", - "id": "radians_tutorial", - "title": "Radians" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "Trig-unit-circle", - "title": "Trig problems on the unit circle" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll really digest how special triangles and angles that show up a lot in mathematics relate to each other and the various trig functions.", - "id": "trig-functions-special-angles", - "title": "Trig functions of special angles" - }, - { - "description": "Someone has taken the sine of an angle and got 0.85671 and they won't tell you what the angle is!!! You must know it! But how?!!!\n\nInverse trig functions are here to save your day (they often go under the aliases arcsin, arccos, and arctan).", - "id": "inverse_trig_functions", - "title": "Inverse trig functions" - } - ], - "description": "Let's now extend the domain of the trig function we love by exploring the unit circle definition of trig functions!", - "id": "unit-circle-trig-func", - "title": "Unit circle definition of trig functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The unit circle definition allows us to define sine and cosine over all real numbers. Doesn't that make you curious what the graphs might look like? Well this tutorial will scratch that itch (and maybe a few others). Have fun.", - "id": "trig_graphs_tutorial", - "title": "Graphs of trig functions" - }, - { - "description": "By now, you are reasonably familiar with the graphs of sine and cosine and are beginning to appreciate that they can be used to model periodic phenomena. In this tutorial, you'll get experience doing just that--modeling with periodic functions!", - "id": "modeling-periodic-functions", - "title": "Modeling with periodic functions" - }, - { - "description": "Pi (3.14159...) seems to get all of the attention in mathematics. On some level this is warranted. The ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter. Seems pretty pure. But what about the ratio of the circumference to the radius (which is two times pi and referred to as \"tau\")? Now that you know a bit of trigonometry, you'll discover in videos made by Sal and Vi that \"tau\" may be much more deserving of the throne!", - "id": "long_live_tau", - "title": "Long live tau" - } - ], - "description": "In this topic, we'll gain a deeper appreciation for the periodic nature of trig functions by visualizing and modeling real-world phenomena with them.", - "id": "trig-function-graphs", - "title": "Graphs of trig functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will explore the unit circle in more depth so that we can better appreciate how trig functions of an angle might relate to angles that are in some way symmetric within the unit circle. We'll also look at the periodicity of the functions themselves (why they repeat after a certain change in angle).", - "id": "trig-symmetry-periodicity", - "title": "Symmetry and periodicity of trig functions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we look at the relationship between the definitions of sine, cosine and tangent (both SOH CAH TOA and unit circle definitions) and the Pythagorean theorem to derive and apply the Pythagorean identity. This is the building block of much of the rest of the trigonometric identities and will be surprisingly useful the rest of your life!", - "id": "pythagorean-identity", - "title": "Pythagorean identity" - }, - { - "description": "We'll now see that we can express the sin(a+b) and the cos(a+b) in terms of sin a, sin b, cos a, and cos b. This will be handy in a whole set of applications.", - "id": "angle-addition-formulas-trig", - "title": "Angle addition formulas" - }, - { - "description": "Let's see if we can prove the angle addition formulas for sine and cosine!", - "id": "angle-addition-formula-proofs", - "title": "Angle addition formula proofs" - }, - { - "description": "The primary tool that we've had to find the length of a side of a triangle given the other two sides has been the Pythagorean theorem, but that only applies to right triangles. In this tutorial, we'll extend this triangle-side-length toolkit with the law of cosines and the law of sines. Using these tool, given information about side lengths and angles, we can figure out things about even non-right triangles that you may have thought weren't even possible!", - "id": "law-sines-cosines", - "title": "Law of cosines and law of sines" - }, - { - "description": "If you're starting to sense that there may be more to trig functions than meet the eye, you are sensing right. In this tutorial you'll discover exciting and beautiful and elegant and hilarious relationships between our favorite trig functions (and maybe a few that we don't particularly like).\n\nWarning: Many of these videos are the old, rougher Sal with the cheap equipment!", - "id": "trig_iden_tutorial", - "title": "Trigonometric identities" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial is a catch-all for a bunch of things that we haven't been able (for lack of time or ability) to categorize into other tutorials :(", - "id": "more-trig-examples", - "title": "Advanced trig examples" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "less-basic-trigonometry", - "title": "Trig identities and examples" - } - ], - "description": "Videos and exercises on trigonometry. Watch the \"Geometry\" playlist first if you have trouble understanding the topics covered here.", - "id": "trigonometry", - "title": "Trigonometry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Can I pick a red frog out of a bag that only contains marbles? Is it smart to buy a lottery ticket?\n\nEven if we are unsure about whether something will happen, can we start to be mathematical about the \"chances\" of an event (essentially realizing that some things are more likely than others). This tutorial will introduce us to the tools that allow us to think about random events.", - "id": "basic_probability", - "title": "Basic probability" - }, - { - "description": "What is the probability of getting a diamond or an ace from a deck of cards? Well I could get a diamond that is not an ace, an ace that is not a diamond, or the ace of diamonds. This tutorial helps us think these types of situations through a bit better (especially with the help of our good friend, the Venn diagram).", - "id": "addition_rule_probability", - "title": "Venn diagrams and adding probabilities" - }, - { - "description": "What is the probability of making three free throws in a row (LeBron literally asks this in this tutorial).\n\nIn this tutorial, we'll explore compound events happening where the probability of one event is not dependent on the outcome of another (compound, independent, events).", - "id": "independent_events", - "title": "Compound, independent events" - }, - { - "description": "What's the probability of picking two \"e\" from the bag in scrabble (assuming that I don't replace the tiles). Well, the probability of picking an 'e' on your second try depends on what happened in the first (if you picked an 'e' the first time around, then there is one less 'e' in the bag). This is just one of many, many type of scenarios involving dependent probability.", - "id": "dependent_probability", - "title": "Dependent probability" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you are learning computer science, logic, or probability (or a bunch of other things), it can be very, very useful to have this \"set\" of skills. From what a set is to how we can operate on them, this tutorial will have you familiar with the basics of sets!", - "id": "basic_set_operations", - "title": "Basic set operations" - }, - { - "description": "Sal's old videos on probability. Covered better in other tutorials but here because some people actually like these better.", - "id": "old_prob_videos", - "title": "Old school probability (very optional)" - } - ], - "description": "Introduction to probability. Independent and dependent events. Compound events. Mutual exclusive events. Addition rule for probability.", - "id": "independent-dependent-probability", - "title": "Independent and dependent events" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You want to display your Chuck Norris dolls on your desk at school and there is only room for five of them. Unfortunately, you own 50. How many ways can you pick the dolls and arrange them on your desk? What if you don't care what order they are in or how they are posed (okay, of course you care about their awesome poses)?", - "id": "permutations_and_combinations", - "title": "Permutations and combinations" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial will apply the permutation and combination tools you learned in the last tutorial to problems of probability. You'll finally learn that there may be better \"investments\" than poring all your money into the Powerball Lottery.", - "id": "probability_combinatorics", - "title": "Probability using combinatorics" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "decisions-with-probability", - "title": "Making decisions with probability" - } - ], - "description": "Permutations and combinations. Using combinatorics to solve questions in probability.", - "id": "probability-and-combinatorics-topic", - "title": "Probability and combinatorics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "types-of-studies", - "title": "Types of statistical studies" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "hypothesis-test", - "title": "Hypothesis testing" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "categorical-data", - "title": "Categorical data" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "statistical-studies", - "title": "Statistical studies" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This is the foundational tutorial for the rest of statistics. We start thinking about how you can represent a set of numbers with one number that somehow represents the \"center\". We then talk about the differences between populations, samples, parameters and statistics.", - "id": "central_tendency", - "title": "Measures of central tendency" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you're looking at scientific data or stock price charts, box-and-whisker plots can show up in your life. This tutorial covers what they are, how to read them and how to construct them. We'd consider this tutorial very optional, but it is a good application of dealing with medians and ranges.", - "id": "Box-and-whisker plots", - "title": "Box-and-whisker plots" - }, - { - "description": "We have tools (like the arithmetic mean) to measure central tendency and are now curious about representing how much the data in a set varies from that central tendency. In this tutorial we introduce the variance and standard deviation (which is just the square root of the variance) as two commonly used tools for doing this.", - "id": "variance_std_deviation", - "title": "Variance and standard deviation" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial covers central tendency and dispersion. It is redundant with the other tutorials on this topic, but it has the benefit of messy handwriting and a cheap microphone. This is Sal circa 2007 so take it all with a grain of salt (or just skip it altogether).", - "id": "old-stats-videos", - "title": "Sal's old statistics videos" - } - ], - "description": "Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.", - "id": "descriptive-statistics", - "title": "Descriptive statistics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "random_variables_prob_dist", - "title": "Random variables and probability distributions" - }, - { - "description": "Now that we know what a random variable is, we can think about expected value. As we'll see, it can be viewed as a probability-weighted average of possible outcomes!", - "id": "expected-value", - "title": "Expected value" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "binomial_distribution", - "title": "Binomial distribution" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "poisson_process", - "title": "Poisson process" - } - ], - "description": "Random variables. Expected value. Probability distributions (both discrete and continuous). Binomial distribution. Poisson processes.", - "id": "random-variables-topic", - "title": "Random variables and probability distributions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Even when there might be a rough linear relationship between two variables, the data in the real-world is never as clean as you want it to be. This tutorial helps you think about how you can best fit a line to the relationship between two variables.", - "id": "regression-correlation", - "title": "Linear regression and correlation" - } - ], - "description": "Fitting a line to points. Linear regression. R-squared.", - "id": "regression", - "title": "Regression" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The normal distribution (often referred to as the \"bell curve\" is at the core of most of inferential statistics. By assuming that most complex processes result in a normal distribution (we'll see why this is reasonable), we can gauge the probability of it happening by chance.\n\nTo best enjoy this tutorial, it is good to come to it understanding what probability distributions and random variables are. You should also be very familiar with the notions of population and sample mean and standard deviation.", - "id": "normal_distribution", - "title": "Normal distribution" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we experience one of the most exciting ideas in statistics--the central limit theorem. Without it, it would be a lot harder to make any inferences about population parameters given sample statistics. It tells us that, regardless of what the population distribution looks like, the distribution of the sample means (you'll learn what that is) can be normal.\n\nGood idea to understand a bit about normal distributions before diving into this tutorial.", - "id": "sampling_distribution", - "title": "Sampling distribution" - }, - { - "description": "We all have confidence intervals (\"I'm the king of the world!!!!\") and non-confidence intervals (\"No one loves me\"). That is not what this tutorial is about.\n\nThis tutorial takes what you already know about the central limit theorem, sampling distributions, and z-scores and uses these tools to dive into the world of inferential statistics. It may seem magical at first, but from our sample, we can now make inferences about the probability of our population mean actually being in an interval.", - "id": "confidence-intervals", - "title": "Confidence intervals" - }, - { - "description": "Ever wondered what pollsters are talking about when they said that there is a 3% \"margin of error\" in their results. Well, this tutorial will not only explain what it means, but give you the tools and understanding to be a pollster yourself!", - "id": "margin-of-error", - "title": "Bernoulli distributions and margin of error" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial helps us answer one of the most important questions not only in statistics, but all of science: how confident are we that a result from a new drug or process is not due to random chance but due to an actual impact.\n\nIf you are familiar with sampling distributions and confidence intervals, you're ready for this adventure!", - "id": "hypothesis-testing", - "title": "Hypothesis testing with one sample" - }, - { - "description": "You're already familiar with hypothesis testing with one sample. In this tutorial, we'll go further by testing whether the difference between the means of two samples seems to be unlikely purely due to chance.", - "id": "hypothesis-testing-two-samples", - "title": "Hypothesis testing with two samples" - }, - { - "description": "You've gotten good at hypothesis testing when you can make assumptions about the underlying distributions. In this tutorial, we'll learn about a new distribution (the chi-square one) and how it can help you (yes, you) infer what an underlying distribution even is!", - "id": "chi-square", - "title": "Chi-square probability distribution" - }, - { - "description": "You already know a good bit about hypothesis testing with one or two samples. Now we take things further by making inferences based on three or more samples. We'll use the very special F-distribution to do it (F stands for \"fabulous\").", - "id": "anova", - "title": "Analysis of variance" - } - ], - "description": "Making inferences based on sample data. Confidence intervals. Margin of error. Hypothesis testing.", - "id": "statistics-inferential", - "title": "Inferential statistics" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "probability", - "title": "Probability and statistics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "vector-basic", - "title": "Vector basics" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rect-form", - "title": "Vectors in rectangular form" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "magnitude-direction", - "title": "Vectors in magnitude and direction form" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "vectors-precalc", - "title": "Vectors" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Keanu Reeves' virtual world in the The Matrix (I guess we can call all three movies \"The Matrices\") have more in common with this tutorial than you might suspect. Matrices are ways of organizing numbers. They are used extensively in computer graphics, simulations and information processing in general. The super-intelligent artificial intelligences that created The Matrix for Keanu must have used many matrices in the process.\n\nThis tutorial introduces you to what a matrix is and how we define some basic operations on them.", - "id": "Basic_matrix_operations", - "title": "Basic matrix operations" - }, - { - "description": "You know what a matrix is, how to add them and multiply them by a scalar. Now we'll define multiplying one matrix by another matrix. The process may seem bizarre at first (and maybe even a little longer than that), but there is a certain naturalness to the process. When you study more advanced linear algebra and computer science, it has tons of applications (computer graphics, simulations, etc.)", - "id": "matrix_multiplication", - "title": "Matrix multiplication" - }, - { - "description": "As we'll see, some of the properties of scalar multiplication (like the distributive and associative properties) have analogs in matrix multiplication while some don't (the commutative property). ", - "id": "properties-matrix-multiplication", - "title": "Properties of matrix multiplication" - }, - { - "description": "In arithmetic, we learned than a number times 1 is still that number and that anything times 0 is 0. In this tutorial, we attempt to extend these ideas to the world of matrices!", - "id": "zero-identity-matrix-tutorial", - "title": "Zero and identity matrices" - }, - { - "description": "We'll now see one of the most powerful applications of matrix multiplication--geometric transformations. This is core of what videos games and computer-based animation uses to \"transform\" figures based on movement or perspective. You probably never thought matrices could be so much fun!", - "id": "transformation-matrix", - "title": "Geometric transformations with matrices" - }, - { - "description": "Multiplying by the inverse of a matrix is the closest thing we have to matrix division. Like multiplying a regular number by its reciprocal to get 1, multiplying a matrix by its inverse gives us the identity matrix (1 could be thought of as the \"identity scalar\").\n\nThis tutorial will walk you through this sometimes involved process which will become bizarrely fun once you get the hang of it.", - "id": "inverting_matrices", - "title": "Inverting matrices" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "matrix-equations", - "title": "Matrix equations" - }, - { - "description": "You've probably already appreciated that there are many ways to solve a system of equations. Well, we'll introduce you to another one in this tutorial. Reduced row echelon form has us performing operations on matrices to get them in a form that helps us solve the system.", - "id": "reduced_row_echelon", - "title": "Reduced row echelon form" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding and solving matrices.", - "id": "precalc-matrices", - "title": "Matrices" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Here we will explore representing our x's and y's in terms of a third variable or parameter (often 't'). Not only can we describe new things, but it can be super useful for describing things like particle motion in physics.", - "id": "parametric", - "title": "Parametric equations" - }, - { - "description": "Feel that Cartesian coordinates are too \"square\". That they bias us towards lines and away from cool spirally things. Well polar coordinates be just what you need!", - "id": "polar_coor", - "title": "Polar coordinates" - } - ], - "description": "An alternative to Cartesian coordinates.", - "id": "parametric_equations", - "title": "Parametric equations and polar coordinates" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This is where math starts to get really cool. It may see strange to define a number whose square is negative one. Why do we do this? Because it fits a nice niche in the math ecosystem and can be used to solve problems in engineering and science (not to mention some of the coolest fractals are based on imaginary and complex numbers). The more you think about it, you might realize that all numbers, not just i, are very abstract.", - "id": "i_precalc", - "title": "The imaginary unit i" - }, - { - "description": "Let's start constructing numbers that have both a real and imaginary part. We'll call them complex. We can even plot them on the complex plane and use them to find the roots of ANY quadratic equation. The fun must not stop!", - "id": "complex_num_precalc", - "title": "Complex number introduction" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "factoring-with-complex-numbers", - "title": "Factoring using imaginary numbers" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "multiplying-dividing-complex", - "title": "Multiplying and dividing complex numbers" - }, - { - "description": "You know what imaginary and complex numbers are, but want to start digging a bit deeper. In this tutorial, we will explore different ways of representing a complex number and mapping them on the complex plane.", - "id": "complex_analysis", - "title": "The complex plane" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "exponential-form-complex-numbers", - "title": "Exponential form of complex numbers" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial goes through a fancy problem from the IIT JEE exam in India (competitive exam for getting into their top engineering schools). Whether or not you live in India, this is a good example to test whether you are a complex number rock star.", - "id": "complex_number_challenge", - "title": "Challenging complex number problems" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding i and the complex plane", - "id": "imaginary_complex_precalc", - "title": "Imaginary and complex numbers" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "basic_prob_precalc", - "title": "Basic probability" - }, - { - "description": "What is the probability of making three free throws in a row (LeBron literally asks this in this tutorial).\n\nIn this tutorial, we'll explore compound events happening where the probability of one event is not dependent on the outcome of another (compound, independent, events).", - "id": "independent_events_precalc", - "title": "Compound, independent events" - }, - { - "description": "What's the probability of picking two \"e\" from the bag in scrabble (assuming that I don't replace the tiles). Well, the probability of picking an 'e' on your second try depends on what happened in the first (if you picked an 'e' the first time around, then there is one less 'e' in the bag). This is just one of many, many type of scenarios involving dependent probability.", - "id": "dependent_events_precalc", - "title": "Dependent events" - }, - { - "description": "You want to display your Chuck Norris dolls on your desk at school and there is only room for five of them. Unfortunately, you own 50. How many ways can you pick the dolls and arrange them on your desk? What if you don't what order they are in or how they are posed (okay, of course you care about their awesome poses)?", - "id": "combinatorics_precalc", - "title": "Permutations and combinations" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial will apply the permutation and combination tools you learned in the last tutorial to problems of probability. You'll finally learn that there may be better \"investments\" than poring all your money into the Powerball Lottery.", - "id": "prob_combinatorics_precalc", - "title": "Probability using combinatorics" - } - ], - "description": "Basics of probability and combinatorics", - "id": "prob_comb", - "title": "Probability and combinatorics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Proof by induction is a core tool. This tutorial walks you through the general idea that if 1) something is true for a base case (say when n=1) and 2) if it is true for n, then it is also true for n+1, then it must be true for all n! Amazing!", - "id": "proof_by_induction", - "title": "Induction" - }, - { - "description": "This sequence (pun intended) of videos and exercises will help us explore ordered lists of objects--even infinite ones--that often have some pattern to them. We will then explore constructing sequences where the nth term is the sum of the first n terms of another sequence (series). This is surprisingly useful in a whole series (pun intended) of applications from finance to drug dosage.", - "id": "seq_and_series", - "title": "Basic sequences and series" - }, - { - "description": "What happens when the ratio between successive terms in a sequence is the same (or it has a \"common ratio\")? Well, then we'd be dealing with a geometric sequence (which comes up extremely frequently in mathematics).", - "id": "precalc-geometric-sequences", - "title": "Geometric sequences" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you are computing mortgage payments or calculating how many users your website will have after a few years, geometric series show up in life far more than you imagine. This tutorial will review all the important concepts and more!", - "id": "geometric-sequence-series", - "title": "Finite geometric series" - }, - { - "description": "You're already familiar with finite geometric series, but you don't want the summation to stop!! What happens if you keep adding? The terms are getting small fast! Can it be that the sum of an infinite number of rapidly shrinking terms can be finite! Yes, often times it can! Mind-blowing! Stupendous!", - "id": "infinite-geometric-series", - "title": "Infinite geometric series" - }, - { - "description": "You understand what sequences and series are and the mathematical notation for them. This tutorial takes things further by exploring ideas of convergence divergence and other, more challenging topics.", - "id": "advanced-sequences-series", - "title": "Advanced sequences and series" - }, - { - "description": "You will hear the words \"deductive reasoning\" and \"inductive reasoning\" throughout your life. This very optional tutorial will give you context for what these mean.", - "id": "deductive-and-inductive-reasoning", - "title": "Deductive and inductive reasoning" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll see that we can often define a function in terms of itself! This may seem circular and illogical at first, but, as we'll see, it is actually quite reasonable and useful!", - "id": "recursive-functions", - "title": "Recursive functions" - } - ], - "description": "An assortment of concepts in math that help us deal with sequences and proofs.", - "id": "seq_induction", - "title": "Sequences, series and induction" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You know your regular trig functions that are defined with the help of the unit circle. We will now define a new class of functions constructed from exponentials that have an eery resemblance to those classic trig functions (but are still quite different).", - "id": "hyperbolic_trig_intro", - "title": "Intro to hyperbolic functions" - } - ], - "description": "Motivation and understanding of hyperbolic functions.", - "id": "hyperbolic_trig_topic", - "title": "Hyperbolic functions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Limits are the core tool that we build upon for calculus. Many times, a function can be undefined at a point, but we can think about what the function \"approaches\" as it gets closer and closer to that point (this is the \"limit\"). Other times, the function may be defined at a point, but it may approach a different limit. There are many, many times where the function value is the same as the limit at a point. Either way, this is a powerful tool as we start thinking about slope of a tangent line to a curve.\n\nIf you have a decent background in algebra (graphing and functions in particular), you'll hopefully enjoy this tutorial!", - "id": "limits_precalc", - "title": "Limit basics" - } - ], - "description": "Preview of the calculus topic of limits", - "id": "limit_topic_precalc", - "title": "Limits" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "precalculus", - "title": "Precalculus" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Limits are the core tool that we build upon for calculus. Many times, a function can be undefined at a point, but we can think about what the function \"approaches\" as it gets closer and closer to that point (this is the \"limit\"). Other times, the function may be defined at a point, but it may approach a different limit. There are many, many times where the function value is the same as the limit at a point. Either way, this is a powerful tool as we start thinking about slope of a tangent line to a curve.\n\nIf you have a decent background in algebra (graphing and functions in particular), you'll hopefully enjoy this tutorial!", - "id": "limits_tutorial", - "title": "Limits" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will build our ability to visualize limits by estimating them based on graphs of functions. We will look at both one-sided and two-sided limits.", - "id": "calculus-estimating-limits-graph", - "title": "Estimating limits from graphs" - }, - { - "description": "We often attempt to find the limit at a point where the function itself is not defined. In this tutorial, we will use algebra to \"simplify\" functions into ones where it is defined. Given that the original function and the simplified one may be identical except for the limit point in question, this is a useful way of finding limits. ", - "id": "algebraic-limits", - "title": "Finding limits algebraically" - }, - { - "description": "A function isn't continuous when there is a \"break\" in its graph. This tutorial uses limits to define this idea more formally and gives practice thinking about continuity (and discontinuity) in terms of limits.", - "id": "continuity-limits", - "title": "Continuity using limits" - }, - { - "description": "You have a basic understanding of what a limit is. Now, in this tutorial, we can explore situation where we take the limit as x approaches negative or positive infinity (and situations where the limit itself could be unbounded).", - "id": "limits-infinity", - "title": "Limits and infinity" - }, - { - "description": "If a function is always smaller than one function and always greater than another (i.e. it is always between them), then if the upper and lower function converge to a limit at a point, then so does the one in between. Not only is this useful for proving certain tricky limits (we use it to prove lim (x \u2192 0) of (sin x)/x, but it is a useful metaphor to use in life (seriously). :)\n\nThis tutorial is useful but optional. It is covered in most calculus courses, but it is not necessary to progress on to the \"Introduction to derivatives\" tutorial.", - "id": "squeeze_theorem", - "title": "Squeeze theorem" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial introduces a \"formal\" definition of limits. So put on your ball gown and/or tuxedo to party with Mr. Epsilon Delta (no, this is not referring to a fraternity).\n\nThis tends to be covered early in a traditional calculus class (right after basic limits), but we have mixed feelings about that. It is cool and rigorous, but also very \"mathy\" (as most rigorous things are). Don't fret if you have trouble with it the first time. If you have a basic conceptual understanding of what limits are (from the \"Limits\" tutorial), you're ready to start thinking about taking derivatives.", - "id": "epsilon_delta", - "title": "Epsilon delta definition of limits" - } - ], - "description": "Limit introduction, squeeze theorem, and epsilon-delta definition of limits", - "id": "limits_topic", - "title": "Limits" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The topic that is now known as \"calculus\" was really called \"the calculus of differentials\" when first devised by Newton (and Leibniz) roughly four hundred years ago. To Newton, differentials were infinitely small \"changes\" in numbers that previous mathematics didn't know what to do with. Think this has no relevence to you? Well how would you figure out how fast something is going *right* at this moment (you'd have to figure out the very, very small change in distance over an infinitely small change in time)? This tutorial gives a gentle introduction to the world of Newton and Leibniz.", - "id": "intro_differential_calc", - "title": "Introduction to differential calculus" - }, - { - "description": "The idea of slope is fairly straightforward-- (change in vertical) over (change in horizontal). But how do we measure this if the (change in horizontal) is zero (which would be the case when finding the slope of the tangent line. In this tutorial, we'll approximate this by finding the slopes of secant lines.", - "id": "secant-line-slope-tangent", - "title": "Using secant line slopes to approximate tangent slope" - }, - { - "description": "Discover what magic we can derive when we take a derivative, which is the slope of the tangent line at any point on a curve.", - "id": "derivative_intro", - "title": "Introduction to derivatives" - }, - { - "description": "You understand that a derivative can be viewed as the slope of the tangent line at a point or the instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to x. This tutorial will deepen your ability to visualize and conceptualize derivatives through videos and exercises.\n\nWe think you'll find this tutorial incredibly fun and satisfying (seriously).", - "id": "visualizing-derivatives-tutorial", - "title": "Visualizing graphs of functions and their derivatives" - }, - { - "description": "Let's now get a better understanding of the different derivative-related notations and use them to better understand properties of derivatives.", - "id": "derivative-properties", - "title": "Derivative properties and intuition" - }, - { - "description": "Calculus is about to seem strangely straight forward. You've spent some time using the definition of a derivative to find the slope at a point. In this tutorial, we'll derive and apply the derivative for any term in a polynomial.\n\nBy the end of this tutorial, you'll have the power to take the derivative of any polynomial like it's second nature!", - "id": "power_rule_tutorial", - "title": "Power rule" - }, - { - "description": "You can take the derivatives of f(x) and g(x), but what about f(g(x)) or g(f(x))? The chain rule gives us this ability. Because most complex and hairy functions can be thought of the composition of several simpler ones (ones that you can find derivatives of), you'll be able to take the derivative of almost any function after this tutorial. Just imagine.", - "id": "chain_rule", - "title": "Chain rule" - }, - { - "description": "You can figure out the derivative of f(x). You're also good for g(x). But what about f(x) times g(x)? This is what the product rule is all about. \n\nThis tutorial is all about the product rule. It also covers the quotient rule (which really is just a special case of the product rule).", - "id": "product_rule", - "title": "Product and quotient rules" - }, - { - "description": "Like people, mathematical relations are not always explicit about their intentions. In this tutorial, we'll be able to take the derivative of one variable with respect to another even when they are implicitly defined (like \"x^2 + y^2 = 1\").", - "id": "implicit_differentiation", - "title": "Implicit differentiation" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial we explore a common method to find the derivatives of inverse tangent (arctangent), inverse sine (arcsine), inverse cosine (arccosine) and the natural logarithm function. ", - "id": "derivatives-inverse-functions", - "title": "Derivatives of inverse functions" - }, - { - "description": "We told you about the derivatives of many functions, but you might want proof that what we told you is actually true. That's what this tutorial tries to do!", - "id": "der_common_functions", - "title": "Proofs of derivatives of common functions" - } - ], - "description": "Calculating derivatives. Power rule. Product and quotient rules. Chain Rule. Implicit differentiation. Derivatives of common functions.", - "id": "taking-derivatives", - "title": "Taking derivatives" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "A derivative at a point in a curve can be viewed as the slope of the line tangent to that curve at that point. Given this, the natural next question is what the equation of that tangent line is. In this tutorial, we'll not only find equations of tangent lines, but normal ones as well!", - "id": "normal-tangent-line-eq", - "title": "Equations of normal and tangent lines" - }, - { - "description": "Derivatives can be used to calculate instantaneous rates of change. The rate of change of position with respect to time is velocity and the rate of change of velocity with respect to time is acceleration. Using these ideas, we'll be able to analyze one-dimensional particle movement given position as a function of time.", - "id": "motion-along-line-derivatives", - "title": "Motion along a line" - }, - { - "description": "Can calculus be used to figure out when a function takes on a local or global maximum value? Absolutely. Not only that, but derivatives and second derivatives can also help us understand the shape of the function (whether they are concave upward or downward).\n\nIf you have a basic conceptual understanding of derivatives, then you can start applying that knowledge here to identify critical points, extrema, inflections points and even to graph functions.", - "id": "critical_points_graphing", - "title": "Critical points and graphing with calculus" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "absolute-relative-maxima-minima", - "title": "Absolute and relative maxima and minima" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "concavity-inflection-points", - "title": "Concavity and inflection points" - }, - { - "description": "Using calculus to solve optimization problems", - "id": "calc_optimization", - "title": "Optimization with calculus" - }, - { - "description": "The idea of a derivative being the instantaneous rate of change is useful when studying or thinking about phenomena in a whole range of fields. In this tutorial, we begin to just scratch the surface as we apply derivatives in fields as disperse as biology and economics.", - "id": "differentiation-application", - "title": "Applying differentiation in different fields" - }, - { - "description": "Have you ever wondered how fast the area of a ripple of a pond is increasing based on how fast the ripple is? What about how fast a volcano's volume is increasing? This tutorial on related rates will satiate your curiosity and then some!\n\n\nSolving related rates problems using calculus", - "id": "rates_of_change", - "title": "Related rates" - }, - { - "description": "If over the last hour on the highway, you averaged 60 miles per hour, then you must have been going exactly 60 miles per hour at some point. This is the gist of the mean value theorem (which generalizes the idea for any continuous, differentiable function).", - "id": "mean_value_theorem", - "title": "Mean value theorem" - }, - { - "description": "Limits have done their part helping to find derivatives. Now, under the guidance of l'H\u00f4pital's rule, derivatives are looking to show their gratitude by helping to find limits. Ever try to evaluate a function at a point and get 0/0 or infinity/infinity? Well, that's a big clue that l'Hopital's rule can help you find the limit of the function at that point.", - "id": "lhopital_rule", - "title": "L'H\u00f4pital's rule" - }, - { - "description": "Let's see how we can local linearization can be used to approximate values of functions near values that we know. ", - "id": "local-linearization", - "title": "Local linearization" - } - ], - "description": "Minima, maxima, and critical points. Rates of change. Optimization. L'Hopital's rule. Mean value theorem.", - "id": "derivative_applications", - "title": "Derivative applications" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "differential-calculus", - "title": "Differential calculus" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You are very familiar with taking the derivative of a function. Now we are going to go the other way around--if I give you a derivative of a function, can you come up with a possible original function. In other words, we'll be taking the anti-derivative!", - "id": "indefinite_integrals", - "title": "Indefinite integral as anti-derivative" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll think about how we can find the area under a curve. We'll first approximate this with rectangles (and trapezoids)--generally called Riemann sums. We'll then think about find the exact area by having the number of rectangles approach infinity (they'll have infinitesimal widths) which we'll use the definite integral to denote.", - "id": "riemann-sums", - "title": "Riemann sums" - }, - { - "description": "Until now, we have been viewing integrals as anti-derivatives. Now we explore them as the area under a curve between two boundaries (we will now construct definite integrals by defining the boundaries). This is the real meat of integral calculus!", - "id": "definite_integrals", - "title": "Definite integrals" - }, - { - "description": "Let's explore functions defined by definite integrals. It will hopefully give you a deeper appreciation of what a definite integral represents.", - "id": "functions-defined-by-integrals", - "title": "Functions defined by integrals" - }, - { - "description": "You get the general idea that taking a definite integral of a function is related to evaluating the antiderivative, but where did this connection come from. This tutorial focuses on the fundamental theorem of calculus which ties the ideas of integration and differentiation together. We'll explain what it is, give a proof and then show examples of taking derivatives of integrals where the Fundamental Theorem is directly applicable.", - "id": "fundamental-theorem-of-calculus", - "title": "Fundamental theorem of calculus" - }, - { - "description": "When we wanted to take the derivative of f(x)g(x) in differential calculus, we used the product rule. In this tutorial, we use the product rule to derive a powerful way to take the anti-derivative of a class of functions--integration by parts.", - "id": "integration_by_parts", - "title": "Integration by parts" - }, - { - "description": "U-substitution is a must-have tool for any integrating arsenal (tools aren't normally put in arsenals, but that sounds better than toolkit). It is essentially the reverise chain rule. U-substitution is very useful for any integral where an expression is of the form g(f(x))f'(x)(and a few other cases). Over time, you'll be able to do these in your head without necessarily even explicitly substituting. \n\nWhy the letter \"u\"? Well, it could have been anything, but this is the convention. I guess why not the letter \"u\" :)", - "id": "u_substitution", - "title": "u-substitution" - }, - { - "description": "We will now do another substitution technique (the other was u-substitution) where we substitute variables with trig functions. This allows us to leverage some trigonometric identities to simplify the expression into one that it is easier to take the anti-derivative of.", - "id": "trig_substitution", - "title": "Trigonometric substitution" - }, - { - "description": "Not everything (or everyone) should or could be proper all the time. Same is true for definite integrals. In this tutorial, we'll look at improper integrals--ones where one or both bounds are at infinity! Mind blowing!", - "id": "improper-integrals-tutorial", - "title": "Improper integrals" - }, - { - "description": "We don't need calculus to figure out the average value of a linear function over an interval, but what about non-linear functions? Luckily, integral calculus comes to the rescue here. In this tutorial, we'll understand what \"average value\" of a function over an interval means. We'll also connect that notion to the Mean Value Theorem we first learned in differential calculus.", - "id": "function-average-value", - "title": "Average value of a function" - } - ], - "description": "Indefinite integral as anti-derivative. Definite integral as area under a curve. Integration by parts. U-substitution. Trig substitution.", - "id": "indefinite-definite-integrals", - "title": "Indefinite and definite integrals" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You know how to use definite integrals to find areas under curves. We now take that idea for \"spin\" by thinking about the volumes of things created when you rotate functions around various lines. \n\nThis tutorial focuses on the \"disc method\" and the \"washer method\" for these types of problems.", - "id": "disc-method", - "title": "Disc method" - }, - { - "description": "You want to rotate a function around a vertical line, but do all your integrating in terms of x and f(x), then the shell method is your new friend. It is similarly fantastic when you want to rotate around a horizontal line but integrate in terms of y.", - "id": "shell-method", - "title": "Shell method" - }, - { - "description": "Using definite integration, we know how to find the area under a curve. But what about the volume of the 3-D shape generated by rotating a section of the curve about one of the axes (or any horizontal or vertical line for that matter). This in an older tutorial that is now covered in other tutorials.\n\nThis tutorial will give you a powerful tool and stretch your powers of 3-D visualization!", - "id": "solid_of_revolution", - "title": "Solid of revolution volume" - } - ], - "description": "Using definite integrals with the shell and disc methods to find volumes of solids of revolution.", - "id": "solid_revolution_topic", - "title": "Solids of revolution" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll review what sequences are, associated notation and convergence/divergence of sequences.", - "id": "calculus-sequences", - "title": "Sequences" - }, - { - "description": "Now that we understand what a sequence is, we're going to think about what happens to the terms of a sequence at infinity (do they approach 0, a finite value, or +- infinity?).", - "id": "seq-conv-diverg", - "title": "Sequence convergence and divergence" - }, - { - "description": "You're familiar with sequences and have been eager to sum them up. Well wait no longer! In this tutorial, we'll see that series are just sums of sequences and familiarize ourselves with the notation.\n", - "id": "calculus-series", - "title": "Series" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you are computing mortgage payments or calculating the distance traveled by a bouncing ball, geometric series show up in life far more than you imagine. This tutorial will review all the important concepts and more!", - "id": "seq_series_review", - "title": "Geometric series" - }, - { - "description": "Now that we're familiar with the idea of an infinite series, we can now think about functions that are defined using infinite series. In particular, we'll begin to look at the power series representation of a function (and the special case of a geometric series). In later tutorials, we'll use calculus to find the power series of more types of functions.", - "id": "power-series-algebra", - "title": "Power series function representation using algebra" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will learn to approximate differentiable functions with polynomials. Beyond just being super cool, this can be useful for approximating functions so that they are easier to calculate, differentiate or integrate. So whether you will have to write simulations or become a bond trader (bond traders use polynomial approximation to estimate changes in bond prices given interest rate changes and vice versa), this tutorial could be fun.\n\nIf that isn't motivation enough, we also come up with one of the most epic and powerful conclusions in all of mathematics in this tutorial: Euler's identity.", - "id": "maclaurin_taylor", - "title": "Maclaurin series and Euler's identity" - }, - { - "description": "As we've already seen, Maclaurin series are special cases of Taylor series centered at 0. We'll now focus on more generalized Taylor series.", - "id": "taylor-series", - "title": "Taylor series approximations" - }, - { - "description": "Everything in this tutorial is covered (with better resolution and handwriting) in the \"other\" Maclaurin and Taylor series tutorial, but this one has a bit of old-school charm so we are keeping it here for historical reasons.", - "id": "old_maclaurin_series", - "title": "Sal's old Maclaurin and Taylor series tutorial" - } - ], - "description": "Sequences, series and approximating functions. Maclaurin and Taylor series.", - "id": "sequences_series_approx_calc", - "title": "Sequences, series and function approximation" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Many of you are planning on taking the Calculus AB advanced placement exam. These are example problems taken directly from previous years' exams. Even if you aren't taking the exam, these are very useful problem for making sure you understand your calculus (as always, best to pause the videos and try them yourself before Sal does).", - "id": "ab_examples", - "title": "Calculus AB example questions" - }, - { - "description": "The Calculus BC AP exam is a super set of the AB exam. It covers everything in AB as well as some of the more advanced topics in integration, sequences and function approximation. This tutorial is great practice for anyone looking to test their calculus mettle!", - "id": "bc_sample_questions", - "title": "Calculus BC sample questions" - } - ], - "description": "Sample questions from the A.P. Calculus AB and BC exams (both multiple choice and free answer).", - "id": "ap_calc_topic", - "title": "AP Calculus practice questions" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "integral-calculus", - "title": "Integral calculus" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "A single definite integral can be used to find the area under a curve. with double integrals, we can start thinking about the volume under a surface!", - "id": "double_integrals", - "title": "Double integrals" - }, - { - "description": "This is about as many integrals we can use before our brains explode. Now we can sum variable quantities in three-dimensions (what is the mass of a 3-D wacky object that has variable mass)!", - "id": "triple_integrals", - "title": "Triple integrals" - } - ], - "description": "Volume under a surface with double integrals. Triple integrals as well.", - "id": "double_triple_integrals", - "title": "Double and triple integrals" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Let's jump out of that boring (okay, it wasn't THAT boring) 2-D world into the exciting 3-D world that we all live and breath in. Instead of functions of x that can be visualized as lines, we can have functions of x and y that can be visualized as surfaces. But does the idea of a derivative still make sense? Of course it does! As long as you specify what direction you're going in. Welcome to the world of partial derivatives!", - "id": "partial_derivatives", - "title": "Partial derivatives" - }, - { - "description": "Ever walk on hill (or any wacky surface) and wonder which way would be the fastest way up (or down). Now you can figure this out exactly with the gradient.", - "id": "gradient", - "title": "Gradient" - }, - { - "description": "Is a vector field \"coming together\" or \"drawing apart\" at a given point in space. The divergence is a vector operator that gives us a scalar value at any point in a vector field. If it is positive, then we are diverging. Otherwise, we are converging!", - "id": "divergence", - "title": "Divergence" - }, - { - "description": "Curl measures how much a vector field is \"spinning\". A bit of a pain to calculate, but could come in handy when we work with Stokes' and Greens' theorems later on.", - "id": "curl", - "title": "Curl" - } - ], - "description": "Thinking about forms of derivatives in multi-dimensions and for vector-valued functions: partial derivatives, gradient, divergence and curl.", - "id": "partial_derivatives_topic", - "title": "Partial derivatives, gradient, divergence, curl" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "With traditional integrals, our \"path\" was straight and linear (most of the time, we traversed the x-axis). Now we can explore taking integrals over any line or curve (called line integrals).", - "id": "line_integrals", - "title": "Line integrals for scalar functions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we will explore position vector functions and think about what it means to take a derivative of one. Very valuable for thinking about what it means to take a line integral along a path in a vector field (next tutorial).", - "id": "position_vector_functions", - "title": "Position vector functions and derivatives" - }, - { - "description": "You've done some work with line integral with scalar functions and you know something about parameterizing position-vector valued functions. In that case, welcome! You are now ready to explore a core tool math and physics: the line integral for vector fields. Need to know the work done as a mass is moved through a gravitational field. No sweat with line integrals.", - "id": "line_integrals_vectors", - "title": "Line integrals in vector fields" - }, - { - "description": "It is sometimes easier to take a double integral (a particular double integral as we'll see) over a region and sometimes easier to take a line integral around the boundary. Green's theorem draws the connection between the two so we can go back and forth. This tutorial proves Green's theorem and then gives a few examples of using it. If you can take line integrals through vector fields, you're ready for Mr. Green.", - "id": "greens_theorem", - "title": "Green's theorem" - }, - { - "description": "Using Green's theorem (which you should already be familiar with) to establish that the \"flux\" through the boundary of a region is equal to the double integral of the divergence over the region. We'll also talk about why this makes conceptual sense.", - "id": "2d_divergence_theorem", - "title": "2D divergence theorem" - } - ], - "description": "Line integral of scalar and vector-valued functions. Green's theorem and 2-D divergence theorem.", - "id": "line_integrals_topic", - "title": "Line integrals and Green's theorem" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You can parameterize a line with a position vector valued function and understand what a differential means in that context already. This tutorial will take things further by parametrizing surfaces (2 parameters baby!) and have us thinking about partial differentials.", - "id": "surface_parametrization", - "title": "Parameterizing a surface" - }, - { - "description": "Finding line integrals to be a bit boring? Well, this tutorial will add new dimension to your life by explore what surface integrals are and how we can calculate them.", - "id": "surface_integrals", - "title": "Surface integrals" - }, - { - "description": "Flux can be view as the rate at which \"stuff\" passes through a surface. Imagine a net placed in a river and imagine the water that is flowing directly across the net in a unit of time--this is flux (and it would depend on the orientation of the net, the shape of the net, and the speed and direction of the current). It is an important idea throughout physics and is key for understanding Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem.", - "id": "3d_flux", - "title": "Flux in 3D and constructing unit normal vectors to surface" - }, - { - "description": "Stokes' theorem relates the line integral around a surface to the curl on the surface. This tutorial explores the intuition behind Stokes' theorem, how it is an extension of Green's theorem to surfaces (as opposed to just regions) and gives some examples using it. We prove Stokes' theorem in another tutorial. Good to come to this tutorial having experienced the tutorial on \"flux in 3D\".", - "id": "stokes_theorem", - "title": "Stokes' theorem intuition and application" - }, - { - "description": "You know what Stokes' theorem is and how to apply it, but are craving for some real proof that it is true. Well, you've found the right tutorial!", - "id": "stokes_proof", - "title": "Proof of Stokes' theorem" - } - ], - "description": "Parameterizing a surface. Surface integrals. Stokes' theorem.", - "id": "surface-integrals", - "title": "Surface integrals and Stokes' theorem" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "An earlier tutorial used Green's theorem to prove the divergence theorem in 2-D, this tutorial gives us the 3-D version (what most people are talking about when they refer to the \"divergence theorem\"). We will get an intuition for it (that the flux through a close surface--like a balloon--should be equal to the divergence across it's volume). We will use it in examples. We will prove it in another tutorial.", - "id": "divergence_theorem", - "title": "Divergence theorem (3D)" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial classifies regions in three dimensions. Comes in useful for some types of double integrals and we use these ideas to prove the divergence theorem.", - "id": "region_types_3d", - "title": "Types of regions in three dimensions" - }, - { - "description": "You know what the divergence theorem is, you can apply it and you conceptually understand it. This tutorial will actually prove it to you (references types of regions which are covered in the \"types of regions in 3d\" tutorial.", - "id": "divergence_theorem_proof", - "title": "Divergence theorem proof" - } - ], - "description": "Divergence theorem intuition. Divergence theorem examples and proofs. Types of regions in 3D.", - "id": "divergence_theorem_topic", - "title": "Divergence theorem" - } - ], - "description": "Topics covered in the first two or three semesters of college calculus. Everything from limits to derivatives to integrals to vector calculus. Should understand the topics in the pre-calculus playlist first (the limit videos are in both playlists)", - "id": "multivariable-calculus", - "title": "Multivariable calculus" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "How is a differential equation different from a regular one? Well, the solution is a function (or a class of functions), not a number. How do you like me now (that is what the differential equation would say in response to your shock)!", - "id": "differential-equations-intro", - "title": "Intro to differential equations" - }, - { - "description": "Arguably the 'easiest' class of differential equations. Here we use our powers of algebra to \"separate\" the y's from the x's on two different sides of the equation and then we just integrate!", - "id": "separable-equations", - "title": "Separable equations" - }, - { - "description": "A very special class of often non-linear differential equations. If you know a bit about partial derivatives, this tutorial will help you know how to 'exactly' solve these!", - "id": "exact-equations", - "title": "Exact equations and integrating factors" - }, - { - "description": "In this equations, all of the fat is fully mixed in so it doesn't collect at the top. No (that would be homogenized equations).\n\nActually, the term \"homogeneous\" is way overused in differential equations. In this tutorial, we'll look at equations of the form y'=(F(y/x)).", - "id": "homogeneous-equations", - "title": "Homogeneous equations" - } - ], - "description": "Differential equations with only first derivatives.", - "id": "first-order-differential-equations", - "title": "First order differential equations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "To make your life interesting, we'll now use the word \"homogeneous\" in a way that is not connected to the way we used the term when talking about first-order equations. As you'll see, second order linear homogeneous equations can be solved with a little bit of algebra (and a lot of love).", - "id": "linear-homogeneous-2nd-order", - "title": "Linear homogeneous equations" - }, - { - "description": "Thinking about what happens when you have complex or repeated roots for your characteristic equation.", - "id": "complex-roots-characteristic-equation", - "title": "Complex and repeated roots of characteristic equation" - }, - { - "description": "Now we can apply some of our second order linear differential equations skills to nonhomogeneous equations. Yay!", - "id": "undetermined-coefficients", - "title": "Method of undetermined coefficients" - } - ], - "description": "Linear differential equations that contain second derivatives", - "id": "second-order-differential-equations", - "title": "Second order linear equations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We now use one of the coolest techniques in mathematics to transform differential equations into algebraic ones. You'll also learn about transforms in general!", - "id": "laplace-transform-tutorial", - "title": "Laplace transform" - }, - { - "description": "You know how to use the definition of the Laplace transform. In this tutorial, we'll explore some of the properties of the transform that will start to make it clear why they are so useful for differential equations.\n\nThis tutorial is paired well with the tutorial on using the \"Laplace transform to solve differential equations\". In fact you might come back to this tutorial over and over as you solve more and more problems.", - "id": "properties-of-laplace-transform", - "title": "Properties of the Laplace transform" - }, - { - "description": "You know a good bit about taking Laplace transform and useful properties of the transform. You are dying to actually apply these skills to an actual differential equation. Wait no longer!", - "id": "laplace-transform-to-solve-differential-equation", - "title": "Laplace transform to solve a differential equation" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial won't be as convoluted as you might suspect. We'll see what multiplying transforms in the s-domain give us in the time domain.", - "id": "convolution-integral", - "title": "The convolution integral" - } - ], - "description": "Transforms and the Laplace transform in particular. Convolution integrals.", - "id": "laplace-transform", - "title": "Laplace transform" - } - ], - "description": "Topics covered in a first year course in differential equations. Need to understand basic differentiation and integration from Calculus playlist before starting here.", - "id": "differential-equations", - "title": "Differential equations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We will begin our journey through linear algebra by defining and conceptualizing what a vector is (rather than starting with matrices and matrix operations like in a more basic algebra course) and defining some basic operations (like addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication).", - "id": "vectors", - "title": "Vectors" - }, - { - "description": "Given a set of vectors, what other vectors can you create by adding and/or subtracting scalar multiples of those vectors. The set of vectors that you can create through these linear combinations of the original set is called the \"span\" of the set.", - "id": "linear_combinations", - "title": "Linear combinations and spans" - }, - { - "description": "If no vector in a set can be created from a linear combination of the other vectors in the set, then we say that the set in linearly independent. Linearly independent sets are great because there aren't any extra, unnecessary vectors lying around in the set. :)", - "id": "linear_independence", - "title": "Linear dependence and independence" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we'll define what a \"subspace\" is --essentially a subset of vectors that has some special properties. We'll then think of a set of vectors that can most efficiently be use to construct a subspace which we will call a \"basis\".", - "id": "subspace_basis", - "title": "Subspaces and the basis for a subspace" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we define two ways to \"multiply\" vectors-- the dot product and the cross product. As we progress, we'll get an intuitive feel for their meaning, how they can used and how the two vector products relate to each other.", - "id": "dot_cross_products", - "title": "Vector dot and cross products" - }, - { - "description": "We will define matrix-vector multiplication and think about the set of vectors that satisfy Ax=0 for a given matrix A (this is the null space of A). We then proceed to think about the linear combinations of the columns of a matrix (column space). Both of these ideas help us think the possible solutions to the Matrix-vector equation Ax=b.", - "id": "null_column_space", - "title": "Null space and column space" - } - ], - "description": "Let's get our feet wet by thinking in terms of vectors and spaces.", - "id": "vectors_and_spaces", - "title": "Vectors and spaces" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "People have been telling you forever that linear algebra and matrices are useful for modeling, simulations and computer graphics, but it has been a little non-obvious. This tutorial will start to draw the lines by re-introducing you functions (a bit more rigor than you may remember from high school) and linear functions/transformations in particular.", - "id": "linear_transformations", - "title": "Functions and linear transformations" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we do several examples of actually constructing transformation matrices. Very useful if you've got some actual transforming to do (especially scaling, rotating and projecting) ;)", - "id": "lin_trans_examples", - "title": "Linear transformation examples" - }, - { - "description": "You probably remember how to multiply matrices from high school, but didn't know why or what it represented. This tutorial will address this. You'll see that multiplying two matrices can be view as the composition of linear transformations.", - "id": "composition_of_transformations", - "title": "Transformations and matrix multiplication" - }, - { - "description": "You can use a transformation/function to map from one set to another, but can you invert it? In other words, is there a function/transformation that given the output of the original mapping, can output the original input (this is much clearer with diagrams). \n\nThis tutorial addresses this question in a linear algebra context. Since matrices can represent linear transformations, we're going to spend a lot of time thinking about matrices that represent the inverse transformation.", - "id": "inverse_transformations", - "title": "Inverse functions and transformations" - }, - { - "description": "We've talked a lot about inverse transformations abstractly in the last tutorial. Now, we're ready to actually compute inverses. We start from \"documenting\" the row operations to get a matrix into reduced row echelon form and use this to come up with the formula for the inverse of a 2x2 matrix. After this we define a determinant for 2x2, 3x3 and nxn matrices.", - "id": "inverse_of_matrices", - "title": "Finding inverses and determinants" - }, - { - "description": "In the last tutorial on matrix inverses, we first defined what a determinant is and gave several examples of computing them. In this tutorial we go deeper. We will explore what happens to the determinant under several circumstances and conceptualize it in several ways.", - "id": "determinant_depth", - "title": "More determinant depth" - }, - { - "description": "We now explore what happens when you switch the rows and columns of a matrix!", - "id": "matrix_transpose", - "title": "Transpose of a matrix" - } - ], - "description": "Understanding how we can map one set of vectors to another set. Matrices used to define linear transformations.", - "id": "matrix_transformations", - "title": "Matrix transformations" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We will know explore the set of vectors that is orthogonal to every vector in a second set (this is the second set's orthogonal complement).", - "id": "othogonal_complements", - "title": "Orthogonal complements" - }, - { - "description": "This is one of those tutorials that bring many ideas we've been building together into something applicable. Orthogonal projections (which can sometimes be conceptualized as a \"vector's shadow\" on a subspace if the light source is above it) can be used in fields varying from computer graphics and statistics!\n\nIf you're familiar with orthogonal complements, then you're ready for this tutorial!", - "id": "orthogonal_projections", - "title": "Orthogonal projections" - }, - { - "description": "Finding a coordinate system boring. Even worse, does it make certain transformations difficult (especially transformations that you have to do over and over and over again)? Well, we have the tool for you: change your coordinate system to one that you like more. Sound strange? Watch this tutorial and it will be less so. Have fun!", - "id": "change_of_basis", - "title": "Change of basis" - }, - { - "description": "As we'll see in this tutorial, it is hard not to love a basis where all the vectors are orthogonal to each other and each have length 1 (hey, this sounds pretty much like some coordinate systems you've known for a long time!). We explore these orthonormal bases in some depth and also give you a great tool for creating them: the Gram-Schmidt Process (which would also be a great name for a band).", - "id": "orthonormal_basis", - "title": "Orthonormal bases and the Gram-Schmidt process" - }, - { - "description": "Eigenvectors, eigenvalues, eigenspaces! We will not stop with the \"eigens\"! Seriously though, eigen-everythings have many applications including finding \"good\" bases for a transformation (yes, \"good\" is a technical term in this context).", - "id": "eigen_everything", - "title": "Eigen-everything" - } - ], - "description": "We explore creating and moving between various coordinate systems.", - "id": "alternate_bases", - "title": "Alternate coordinate systems (bases)" - } - ], - "description": "Matrices, vectors, vector spaces, transformations, eigenvectors/values. Covers all topics in a first year college linear algebra course. This is an advanced course normally taken by science or engineering majors after taking at least two semesters of calculus (although calculus really isn't a prereq) so don't confuse this with regular high school algebra.", - "id": "linear-algebra", - "title": "Linear algebra" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You're feeling spirally today, and math class today is taking place in greenhouse #3...", - "id": "spirals-fibonacci", - "title": "Spirals, Fibonacci and being a plant" - }, - { - "description": "Let's say you're me and you're in math class\u2026", - "id": "doodling-in-math", - "title": "Doodling in math" - }, - { - "description": "Since it's shaped like a hexagon and flex rhymes with hex, hexaflexagon it is!", - "id": "hexaflexagons", - "title": "Hexaflexagons" - }, - { - "description": "When you want to make a circle, how is it done? Well you probably will start with the radius one.", - "id": "pi-tau", - "title": "About pi and tau" - }, - { - "description": "The title says it all...", - "id": "singing", - "title": "Singing (and noises)" - }, - { - "description": "Playing mathematically with strips!", - "id": "mobius-strips", - "title": "Mobius strips" - }, - { - "description": "Mathed potatoes, Borromean onion rings, green bean matheroles and Turduckenen-duckenen (yes, you read that right)", - "id": "thanksgiving-math", - "title": "Thanksgiving math" - }, - { - "description": "Understanding infinity (all different kinds!). Countable and uncountable infinities. Bigger and smaller infinities. ", - "id": "infinity", - "title": "Infinity . . ." - }, - { - "description": "Pythagoras, snakes, fractals, snowflakes...", - "id": "vi-cool-stuff", - "title": "Other cool stuff" - } - ], - "description": "Recreational mathematics and inspirational videos by resident mathemusician Vi Hart", - "id": "vi-hart", - "title": "Doodling in Math and more" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Random logic puzzles and brain teasers. Fun to do and useful for many job interviews!", - "id": "brain-teasers", - "title": "Brain teasers" - }, - { - "description": "Random puzzles involving rotating, reflecting, and dilating polygons.", - "id": "transformation-puzzles", - "title": "Transformation Puzzles" - }, - { - "description": "Try to light up all the tiles!", - "id": "lights-puzzles", - "title": "Lights Puzzles" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "puzzles", - "title": "Puzzles" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The 'problem of points' is a classic problem Fermat and Pascal famously debated in the 17th century. Their solution to this problem formed the basis of modern day probability theory. Now it's your turn to relive this challenge!\n", - "id": "probabilty-warmup", - "title": "Expectation warmup" - }, - { - "description": "Introduction to random sampling (also known as the weak law of large numbers)", - "id": "random-sample-warmup", - "title": "Random sampling warmup" - }, - { - "description": "Introduction to independent events and frequency analysis using histograms.\n", - "id": "independent-events-warmup", - "title": "Independent events warmup" - }, - { - "description": "Introduction to probability distributions, center, spread, and overall shape. In this warmup we will discover the binomial distribution!", - "id": "distribution-warmup", - "title": "Distribution warmup" - }, - { - "description": "Arithmetic warmups", - "id": "arithmetic-warmups", - "title": "Arithmetic warmups" - }, - { - "description": "Warmups related to number theory", - "id": "number-theory-warmups", - "title": "Number Theory warmups" - } - ], - "description": "Introducing key concepts using physical analogies", - "id": "math-warmup", - "title": "Math warmups" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "recreational-math", - "title": "Recreational math" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Final five questions on the 2013 AMC 10 A. (Three of these problems are shared with the 2013 AMC 12 A.)\n\nVideos produced by Art of Problem Solving (www.aops.com). Problems from the MAA American Mathematics Competitions (amc.maa.org)", - "id": "2013-amc-10-a", - "title": "2013 AMC 10 A" - } - ], - "description": "The AMC 10 is part of the series of contests administered by the MAA American Mathematics Competitions that determines the United States team in the International Math Olympiad. The AMC 10 is a 25 question, 75 minute multiple choice test for students in 10th grade or below. Two versions of the AMC 10 are offered each year.", - "id": "amc-10", - "title": "AMC 10" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "2003-aime", - "title": "2003 AIME" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "aime", - "title": "AIME" - } - ], - "description": "Problems from prestigious American middle and high school competitions.", - "id": "competition-math", - "title": "Math contests" - } - ], - "description": "Watch videos and practice your skills for almost any math subject.", - "id": "math", - "title": "Math" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "evolution-and-natural-selection", - "title": "Evolution and natural selection" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cell-division", - "title": "Cells" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "new-topic-2014-06-18T18:00:45.081Z", - "title": "Cell division" - }, - { - "description": " ", - "id": "heredity-and-genetics", - "title": "Heredity and genetics" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "tree-of-life", - "title": "Tree of life" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cellular-respiration", - "title": "Cellular respiration" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "photosynthesis", - "title": "Photosynthesis" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "As humans, we really like breathing oxygen. That's because the cells in our body will die if they don't get oxygen to function in a reasonable amount of time. This tutorials describes how we use the lungs to exchange gasses between our blood and the atmosphere and how the oxygen is then pumped through the body by way of blood and the circulatory system.", - "id": "circulatory-pulmonary", - "title": "Circulatory and pulmonary systems" - }, - { - "description": "Neurons are the primary way that our bodies transmit signals from one part to another quickly. In this tutorial, we'll explore the anatomy of a neuron and the mechanism by which a signal is actually transmitted through one.", - "id": "neuron-nervous-system", - "title": "The neuron and nervous system" - }, - { - "description": "How do we get unwanted substances out of our blood? Through the kidney. This tutorial goes into some detail to describe just how this happens.", - "id": "kidney-nephron", - "title": "The kidney and nephron" - }, - { - "description": "Without muscles, we wouldn't be able to do much of anything. This tutorial begins to explore what muscle cells are and how they contract in order to move our bodies (or do things like breath and pump blood).", - "id": "muscles", - "title": "Muscles" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "human-biology", - "title": "Human biology" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "immunology", - "title": "Immunology" - }, - { - "description": "Hank Green teaches you biology! \nLearn, study and understand the science of life. \nTopics covered range from: taxonomy, systems, biological molecules, photosynthesis, evolution, animals, plants, anatomy, and ecology.", - "id": "crash-course-biology-science", - "title": "Crash Course: Biology" - }, - { - "description": "Hank Green teaches you ecology! \nLearn, study and understand how organisms relate to one another and to their surroundings. Start with the history of life on earth, then cover topics ranging from population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, to conservation and restoration ecology.", - "id": "crash-course-ecology-2", - "title": "Crash Course: Ecology" - } - ], - "description": "Covers topics seen in a first year college or high school biology course.", - "id": "biology", - "title": "Biology" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial is the backbone of your understanding of kinematics (i.e., the motion of objects). You might already know that distance = rate x time. This tutorial essentially reviews that idea with a vector lens (we introduce you to vectors here as well). So strap your belts (actually this might not be necessary since we don't plan on decelerating in this tutorial) and prepare for a gentle ride of foundational physics knowledge.", - "id": "displacement-velocity-time", - "title": "Displacement, velocity and time" - }, - { - "description": "In a world full of unbalanced forces (which you learn more about when you study Newton's laws), you will have acceleration (which is the rate in change of velocity). Whether you're thinking about how fast a Porsche can get to 60mph or how long it takes for a passenger plane to get to the necessary speed for flight, this tutorial will help.", - "id": "acceleration_tutorial", - "title": "Acceleration" - }, - { - "description": "We don't believe in memorizing formulas and neither should you (unless you want to live your life as a shadow of your true potential). This tutorial builds on what we know about displacement, velocity and acceleration to solve problems in kinematics (including projectile motion problems). Along the way, we derive (and re-derive) some of the classic formulas that you might see in your physics book.", - "id": "kinematic_formulas", - "title": "Kinematic formulas and projectile motion" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial has some of the old videos that Sal first did around 2007. This content is covered elsewhere, but some folks like the raw (and masculine) simplicity of these first lessons (Sal added the bit about \"masculine\").", - "id": "old-projectile-motion", - "title": "Old videos on projectile motion" - } - ], - "description": "In this tutorial we begin to explore ideas of velocity and acceleration. We do exciting things like throw things off of cliffs (far safer on paper than in real life) and see how high a ball will fly in the air.", - "id": "one-dimensional-motion", - "title": "One-dimensional motion" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Let's escape from the binds of one-dimension (where we were forced to launch things straight up) and start launching at angles. With a little bit of trig (might want to review sin and cos) we'll be figuring out just how long and far something can travel.", - "id": "two-dimensional-projectile-mot", - "title": "Two-dimensional projectile motion" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial tackles a fundamental question when trying to launch things as far as possible (key if you're looking to capture a fort with anything from water balloons to arrows). With a bit of calculus, we'll get to a fairly intuitive answer.", - "id": "optimal-projectile-angle", - "title": "Optimal angle for a projectile" - }, - { - "description": "Why do things move in circles? Seriously. Why does *anything* ever move in a circle (straight lines seem much more natural). ? Is something moving in a circle at a constant speed accelerating? If so, in what direction? This tutorial will help you get mind around this super-fun topic.", - "id": "centripetal-acceleration-tutoria", - "title": "Centripetal acceleration" - } - ], - "description": "You understand velocity and acceleration well in one-dimension. Now we can explore scenarios that are even more fun. With a little bit of trigonometry (you might want to review your basic trig, especially what sin and cos are), we can think about whether a baseball can clear the \"green monster\" at Fenway Park.", - "id": "two-dimensional-motion", - "title": "Two-dimensional motion" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial will expose you to the foundation of classical mechanics--Newton's laws. On one level they are intuitive, on another lever they are completely counter-intuitive. Challenge your take on reality and watch this tutorial. The world will look very different after you're done.", - "id": "newtons-laws-of-motion", - "title": "Newton's laws of motion" - }, - { - "description": "A dog is balancing on one arm on my head. Is my head applying a force to the dog's hand? If it weren't, wouldn't there be nothing to offset the pull of gravity causing the acrobatic dog to fall? What would we call this force? Can we have a general term from the component of a contact force that acts perpendicular to the plane of contact? These are absolutely normal questions to ask.", - "id": "normal-contact-force", - "title": "Normal force and contact force" - }, - { - "description": "You will often hear physics professors be careful to say \"net force\" or \"unbalanced force\" rather than just \"force\". Why? This tutorial explains why and might give you more intuition about Newton's laws in the process.", - "id": "balanced-unbalanced-forces", - "title": "Balanced and unbalanced forces" - }, - { - "description": "This short tutorial will have you dealing with orbiting frozen socks in order to understand whether you understand Newton's Laws. We also quiz you a bit during the videos just to make sure that you aren't daydreaming about what you would do with a frozen sock.", - "id": "lubricon-vi", - "title": "Slow sock on Lubricon VI" - }, - { - "description": "We've all slid down slides/snow-or-mud-covered-hills/railings at some point in our life (if not, you haven't really lived) and noticed that the smoother the surface the more we would accelerate (try to slide down a non-snow-or-mud-covered hill). This tutorial looks into this in some depth. We'll look at masses on inclined planes and think about static and kinetic friction.", - "id": "inclined-planes-friction", - "title": "Inclined planes and friction" - }, - { - "description": "Bad commute? Baby crying? Bills to pay? Looking to take a bath with some Calgon (do a search on YouTube for context) to ease your tension? This tutorial has nothing (actually little, not nothing) to do with that.\n\nSo far, most of the forces we've been dealing with are forces of \"pushing\"--contact forces at the macro level because of atoms not wanting to get to close at the micro level. Now we'll deal with \"pulling\" force or tension (at a micro level this is the force of attraction between bonded atoms).", - "id": "tension-tutorial", - "title": "Tension" - } - ], - "description": "This tutorial is the meat of much of classical physics. We think about what a force is and how Newton changed the world's (and possibly your) view of how reality works.", - "id": "forces-newtons-laws", - "title": "Forces and Newton's laws of motion" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You're doing a lot more work than you realize (most of which goes unpaid). This tutorial will have you seeing the world in terms of potentials and energy and work (which is more fun than you can possibly imagine).", - "id": "work-and-energy-tutorial", - "title": "Work and energy" - }, - { - "description": "If you have ever used a tool of any kind (including the bones in your body), you have employed mechanical advantage. Whether you used an incline plane to drag something off of a pick-up truck, or the back of a hammer to remove a nail, the world of mechanical advantage surrounds us.", - "id": "mechanical-advantage", - "title": "Mechanical advantage" - }, - { - "description": "Weighing machines of all sorts employ springs that take a certain amount of force to keep compressed or stretched to a certain point. Hooke's law will give us all the tools to weigh in on the subject ourselves and spring into action (yes, the puns are annoying us too)!", - "id": "hookes-law", - "title": "Springs and Hooke's law" - } - ], - "description": "Work and energy. Potential energy. Kinetic energy. Mechanical advantage. Springs and Hooke's law.", - "id": "work-and-energy", - "title": "Work and energy" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Depending on your view of things, this may be the most violent of our tutorials. Things will crash and collide. We'll learn about momentum and how it is transferred. Whether you're playing pool (or \"billiards\") or deciding whether you want to get tackled by the 300lb. guy, this tutorial is of key importance.", - "id": "momentum-tutorial", - "title": "Momentum" - } - ], - "description": "Linear momentum. Conservation of momentum. Elastic collisions.", - "id": "linear-momentum", - "title": "Impacts and linear momentum" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Until this tutorial, we have been completely ignoring that things rotate. In this tutorial, we'll explore why they rotate and how they do it. It will leave your head spinning (no, it won't, but seemed like a fun thing to say given the subject matter).", - "id": "torque-tutorial", - "title": "Torque, moments, and angular momentum" - } - ], - "description": "Thinking about making things rotate. Center of mass, torque, moments and angular velocity.", - "id": "torque-angular-momentum", - "title": "Moments, torque, and angular momentum" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Why are you sticking to your chair (ignoring the spilled glue)? Why does the earth orbit the sun (or does it)? How high could I throw my dog on the moon?\n\nGravitation defines our everyday life and the structure of the universe. This tutorial will introduce it to you in the Newtonian sense.", - "id": "gravity-newtonian", - "title": "Newton's law of gravitation" - } - ], - "description": "Classical gravity. How masses attract each other (according to Newton).", - "id": "newton-gravitation", - "title": "Gravitation" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Every watch a slinky gyrate back and forth. This is harmonic motion (a special class of oscillatory motion). In this tutorial we'll see how we can model and deal with this type of phenomena.", - "id": "harmonic-motion", - "title": "Harmonic motion" - } - ], - "description": "Pendulums. Slinkies. You when you have to use the bathroom but it is occupied. These all go back and forth over and over and over again. This tutorial explores this type of motion.", - "id": "oscillatory-motion", - "title": "Oscillatory motion" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "fluids", - "title": "Fluids" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "thermodynamics", - "title": "Thermodynamics" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "electricity-and-magnetism", - "title": "Electricity and magnetism" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "waves-and-optics", - "title": "Waves and optics" - } - ], - "description": "Projectile motion, mechanics and electricity and magnetism. Solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry necessary.", - "id": "physics", - "title": "Physics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "introduction-to-the-atom", - "title": "Introduction to the atom" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "orbitals-and-electrons", - "title": "Orbitals and electrons" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "periodic-table-trends-bonding", - "title": "Periodic table, trends, and bonding" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "chemical-reactions-stoichiometry", - "title": "Chemical reactions (stoichiometry)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "ideal-gas-laws", - "title": "Ideal gas laws" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "states-of-matter", - "title": "States of matter" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "reaction-rates", - "title": "Reaction rates" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "acids-and-bases", - "title": "Acids and bases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Oxidation and reduction are powerful ideas for thinking about how charge is transferred within a reaction. As we'll see, it is something of a hypothetical, but it is, nonetheless, very useful.", - "id": "redox-oxidation-reduction", - "title": "Redox reactions" - }, - { - "description": "Batteries power much of our lives (literally). In this tutorial, we'll use our knowledge of oxidation and reduction to understand how Galvanic/Voltaic cells actually work.", - "id": "batter-galvanic-voltaic-cell", - "title": "Battery basics" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "oxidation-reduction", - "title": "Oxidation reduction" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "radioactive-decay", - "title": "Radioactive decay" - } - ], - "description": "Videos on chemistry (roughly covering a first-year high school or college course).", - "id": "chemistry", - "title": "Chemistry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay reminds you how to draw the dot structures of simple organic molecules.", - "id": "dot-strcutures-jay", - "title": "Dot structures" - }, - { - "description": "It's the liger of orbitals and essential to organic chemistry! In this tutorial, Sal discusses the hybridization of orbitals.", - "id": "hybridization", - "title": "Hybridization" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay goes over sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization.", - "id": "hybrid-orbitals-jay", - "title": "Hybrid orbitals" - }, - { - "description": "What is the most important concept to understand in undergraduate organic chemistry? Of course, it's electronegativity! In this tutorial, Jay explains the concept of electronegativity and shows how it applies to polarity, intermolecular forces, and physical properties.", - "id": "electronegativity-polarity", - "title": "Electronegativity" - } - ], - "description": "A review of hybrid orbitals, dot structures, electronegativity, and polarity", - "id": "gen-chem-review", - "title": "General chemistry review" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Call them Bonds. Covalent Bonds. Smart chemists need time to stir (and shake) their solutions. In this tutorial, Jay explains how chemists use bond-line structures as a form of organic shorthand to skip time-consuming carbon and hydrogen atoms labeling. Watch this tutorial so you too can be in the Dr. Know.", - "id": "bond-line-structures", - "title": "Bond-line structures" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay puts the \"fun\" back into recognizing functional groups.", - "id": "functional-groups", - "title": "Functional groups" - }, - { - "description": "Positive and negative charges are everywhere in orgo! In this tutorial, Jay shows you how to assign formal charges to molecules and how to draw resonance structures.", - "id": "formal-charge-resonance", - "title": "Formal charge and resonance" - }, - { - "description": "LEO the Lion goes GERRRR!!!! If that is all that you remember about redox from general chemistry, then this tutorial is for you! Jay shows you how to assign oxidation states in organic molecules.", - "id": "oxidation-reduction-review", - "title": "Oxidation and reduction" - }, - { - "description": "Do you remember the basics of acid/base chemistry? In this tutorial, Jay reminds you of a few definitions, shows you how the stability of the conjugate base affects the acidity of the molecule, and demonstrates the importance of pKa values.", - "id": "acid-base-review", - "title": "Acid/base" - } - ], - "description": "bond-line structures, functional groups, formal charges, resonance structures, oxidation and reduction, acid/base chemistry", - "id": "organic-structures", - "title": "Organic structures and acid/base" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal shows how to name alkanes.", - "id": "naming-alkanes", - "title": "Naming alkanes" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal draws Newman projections and also explains chair and boat conformations for cyclohexane.", - "id": "conformations", - "title": "Conformations" - }, - { - "description": "Do you speak the language of organic chemistry? In this tutorial, Jay shows you how to be fluent in naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, and bicyclic compounds.", - "id": "naming-alkanes-cycloalkanes-bicyclic", - "title": "Naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, and bicyclic compounds" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows the different conformations of straight chain alkanes and cyclohexane.", - "id": "conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes", - "title": "Conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal introduces free radical reactions by showing the reaction of methane with chlorine.", - "id": "free-radical-reaction-alkanes", - "title": "Free radical reaction" - } - ], - "description": "naming alkanes and cycloalkanes, conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, and free radical reactions", - "id": "bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes", - "title": "Alkanes and cycloalkanes" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Are you right handed or sinister-handed? Have you ever thought that you might not be as attractive as you look in the mirror? Welcome to the world of chirality.\n\nIn this tutorial, Sal explores molecules that have the same composition and bonding, but are fundamentally different because they are mirror images of each other (kind of like Tomax and Xamot--the Crimson Guard Commanders from GI Joe).", - "id": "chirality-r-s-system", - "title": "Chirality and the R,S system" - }, - { - "description": "Mirror, mirror on the wall . . . who is the fairest stereoisomer of all? In this tutorial, Jay explains chirality and how to determine the absolute configuration at a chirality center.", - "id": "chirality-absolute-configuration", - "title": "Chirality and absolute configuration" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay explains the concept of optical activity and demonstrates how to calculate specific rotation and enantiomeric excess.", - "id": "optical-activity", - "title": "Optical activity" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay define stereoisomers, diastereomers, and meso compounds.", - "id": "diastereomers-meso-compounds", - "title": "Diastereomers and meso compounds" - } - ], - "description": "chirality, stereoisomers, assigning absolute configuration using the R,S system, optical activity, diastereomers, meso compounds", - "id": "stereochemistry-topic", - "title": "Stereochemistry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal analyzes the differences between SN1 and SN2 reactions.", - "id": "sn1-sn2-sal", - "title": "Sn1 vs Sn2" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal discusses the difference between nucleophilicity and basicity.", - "id": "nucleophilicity-basicity-sal", - "title": "Nucleophilicity and basicity" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal explains the difference between an E1 and an E2 elimination reaction.", - "id": "elimination-reactions-tutorial", - "title": "Elimination reactions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal compares the differences between SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions.", - "id": "sn1-sn2-e1-e2-sal", - "title": "Sn1/Sn2/E1/E2" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay covers the definitions of nucleophile/electrophile, The Schwartz Rules (may the Schwartz be with you!), and the differences between SN1 and SN2 reactions.", - "id": "sn1-sn2-tutorial", - "title": "Sn1 and Sn2" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay covers the E1 elimination mechanism, carbocation rearrangements, and the details of the E2 elimination reaction.", - "id": "e1-e2-tutorial", - "title": "E1 and E2 reactions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay discusses the strength of a nucleophile and the differences between SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions.", - "id": "sn1-sn2-e1-e2-jay", - "title": "Sn1/Sn2/E1/E2" - } - ], - "description": "SN1, SN2, E1, E2, nucleophiles, nucleophilicity, basicity", - "id": "substitution-elimination-reactions", - "title": "Substitution and elimination reactions" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal names alkenes and discusses the E-Z system.", - "id": "naming-alkenes", - "title": "Naming alkenes" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal shows several reactions of alkenes.", - "id": "alkene-reactions", - "title": "Alkene reactions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay names alkenes, discusses the stability of alkenes, and introduces the E/Z system.", - "id": "naming-alkenes-jay", - "title": "Alkene nomenclature" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay explains the addition reactions of alkenes.", - "id": "alkene-reactions-tutorial", - "title": "Alkene reactions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay covers the nomenclature and preparation of alkynes, the acidity of terminal alkynes, and the alkylation of alkynes.", - "id": "naming-preparation-alkynes", - "title": "Naming and preparing alkynes" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows the reactions of alkynes.", - "id": "alkyne-reactions", - "title": "Alkyne reactions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay demonstrates how to use Dr. Schwartz's organic flowsheet to solve synthesis problems involving alkynes. Always remember, pain is temporary, orgo is forever!", - "id": "synthesis-alkynes", - "title": "Synthesis using alkynes" - } - ], - "description": "naming alkenes and alkynes, reactions of alkenes and alkynes, synthesis", - "id": "alkenes-alkynes", - "title": "Alkenes and alkynes" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "It can clean a wound or kill your liver. Some religions ban it, others use it in their sacred rites. Some of the most stupid acts humanity every committed were done under its influence. It is even responsible for some of our births. \n\nIn this tutorial, Sal and Jay name alcohols and discuss their properties.", - "id": "alcohol-nomenclature-properties", - "title": "Alcohol nomenclature and properties" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows how to synthesize alcohols using sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and grignard reagents.", - "id": "synthesis-alcohols-tutorial", - "title": "Synthesis of alcohols" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay assigns oxidation states to alcohols, shows an oxidation mechanism using the Jones reagent, shows the formation of nitrate esters from alcohols, and demonstrates how to make alkyl halides from alcohols. Biochemical redox reactions are also discussed.", - "id": "reactions-alcohols-tutorial", - "title": "Reactions of alcohols" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay name ethers and discuss the physical properties of ethers.", - "id": "nomenclature-properties-ethers", - "title": "Nomenclature and properties of ethers" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows how to synthesize ethers using the Williamson ether synthesis and how to cleave an ether linkage using acid.", - "id": "synthesis-cleavage-ethers", - "title": "Synthesis and cleavage of ethers" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay name epoxides. Jay also shows the preparation of epoxides and includes the stereochemistry of the reaction.", - "id": "nomenclature-preparation-epoxides", - "title": "Nomenclature and preparation of epoxides" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay show the SN1 and SN2 ring opening reactions of epoxides.", - "id": "ring-opening-reactions-epoxides", - "title": "Ring-opening reactions of epoxides" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows how to prepare sulfides from thiols.", - "id": "thiols-sulfides", - "title": "Thiols and sulfides" - } - ], - "description": "alcohols, ethers, epoxides, thiols, sulfides", - "id": "alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides", - "title": "Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulfides" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows the possible products for an addition to a conjugated diene and how the end product can be controlled by changing the reaction conditions.", - "id": "addition-reactions-conjugated-dienes", - "title": "Addition reactions of conjugated dienes" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows the mechanism, stereochemistry, and regiochemistry for the classic Diels-Alder reaction.", - "id": "diels-alder-reaction", - "title": "Diels-Alder reaction" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay introduces molecular orbital (MO) theory and shows how MO theory explains the experimental observations of the Diels-Alder reaction.", - "id": "molecular-orbital-theory", - "title": "Molecular orbital theory" - } - ], - "description": "conjugation, conjugated dienes, addition reactions of conjugated dienes, diels-alder reaction, MO theory, color", - "id": "conjugation-diels-alder-mo-theory", - "title": "Conjugation, Diels-Alder, and MO theory" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Would a cyclohexatriene by any other name smell as sweet? In this tutorial, Sal and Jay explain how to name benzene derivatives, the sometimes sweet-smelling cyclic molecules that can be used in the synthesis of explosives and plastics.", - "id": "naming-aromatic", - "title": "Naming benzene derivatives" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal shows the mechanism of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution and the reactions of bromination and Friedel-Crafts Acylation.", - "id": "reactions-benzene", - "title": "Reactions of benzene" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay explain the concept of aromatic stabilization and show how to determine if a compound or an ion exhibits aromaticity. Knowledge of MO theory is assumed.", - "id": "aromatic-stability", - "title": "Aromatic stability" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows several electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.", - "id": "electrophilic-aromatic-substitution", - "title": "Electrophilic aromatic substitution" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows you the directing effects of substituents on a benzene ring. Knowledge of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution reactions is assumed. ", - "id": "deffect-2013-07-03T14:44:54.851Z", - "title": "Directing effects" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay covers a few more reactions of benzene derivatives and also shows how to approach the synthesis of substituted benzene rings.", - "id": "other-reactions-and-synthesis", - "title": "Other reactions and synthesis" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows the addition-elimination mechanism and the elimination-addition mechanism.", - "id": "nucleophilic-aromatic-substitution", - "title": "Nucleophilic aromatic substitution" - } - ], - "description": "aromatic compounds, naming derivatives of benzene, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions", - "id": "aromatic-compounds", - "title": "Aromatic compounds" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay show you the nomenclature, physical properties, and reactivity of aldehydes and ketones.", - "id": "nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone", - "title": "Introduction to aldehydes and ketones" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows you how to predict the products of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. ", - "id": "reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay", - "title": "Reactions of aldehydes and ketones" - } - ], - "description": "nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones", - "id": "aldehydes-ketones", - "title": "Aldehydes and ketones" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal shows how to name carboxylic acids.", - "id": "naming-carboxylic-acids-sal", - "title": "Naming carboxylic acids" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal shows the formation of carboxylic acid derivatives including esters, acyl chlorides, and amides.", - "id": "formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal", - "title": "Formation of carboxylic acid derivatives" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows you how to name carboxylic acids and the products of different reactions of carboxylic acids. ", - "id": "reactions-carboxylic-jay", - "title": "Nomenclature and reactions of carboxylic acids" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows you the nomenclature, properties, and reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives. ", - "id": "acid-derivatives-jay", - "title": "Nomenclature and reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives" - } - ], - "description": "naming carboxylic acids, formation of carboxylic acid derivatives", - "id": "carboxylic-acids-derivatives", - "title": "Carboxylic acids and derivatives" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay show you how to form enolate anions from aldehydes and ketones. ", - "id": "formation-of-enolate-anions", - "title": "Formation of enolate anions" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay show you the mechanism of the aldol condensation and how to predict the products of aldol reactions. ", - "id": "aldol-condensation-jay", - "title": "Aldol condensations" - } - ], - "description": "formation of enolate anions, aldol condensations", - "id": "new-topic-2014-06-13T19:24:28.593Z", - "title": "Alpha carbon chemistry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal shows how to name amines.", - "id": "naming-amines", - "title": "Naming amines" - } - ], - "description": "nomenclature and reactions of amines", - "id": "amines-topic", - "title": "Amines" - } - ], - "description": "Sal and Jay cover topics covered in college organic chemistry course. Basic understanding of basic high school or college chemistry assumed (although there is some review).", - "id": "organic-chemistry", - "title": "Organic chemistry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We humans have trouble comprehending something larger than, say, our planet (and even that isn't easy to conceptualize) and smaller than, say, a cell (once again, still not easy to think about). This tutorial explores the scales of the universe well beyond that of normal human comprehension, but does so in a way that makes them at least a little more understandable. \n\nHow does a bacteria compare to an atom? What about a galaxy to a star? Turn on your inertial dampeners. You're in store for quite a ride!", - "id": "scale-small-large-tutorial", - "title": "Scale of the small and large" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial gives an overview of light and the fundamental four forces. You won't have a degree in physics after this, but it'll give you some good context for understanding cosmology and the universe we are experiencing. It should be pretty understandable by someone with a very basic background in science.", - "id": "light-fundamental-forces", - "title": "Light and fundamental forces" - }, - { - "description": "The Earth is huge, but it is tiny compared to the Sun (which is super huge). But the Sun is tiny compared to the solar system which is tiny compared to the distance to the next star. Oh, did we mention that there are over 100 billion stars in our galaxy (which is about 100,000 light years in diameter) which is one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in just the observable universe (which might be infinite for all we know). Don't feel small. We find it liberating. Your everyday human stresses are nothing compared to this enormity that we are a part of. Enjoy the fact that we get to be part of this vastness!", - "id": "scale-earth-galaxy-tutorial", - "title": "Scale of earth, sun, galaxy and universe" - }, - { - "description": "Not only is the universe unimaginable large (possibly infinite), but it is also unimaginably old. If you were feeling small in space, wait until you realize that all of human history is but a tiny blip in the history of the universe.", - "id": "cosmos-time-scale-tutorial", - "title": "Time scale of the cosmos" - }, - { - "description": "What does it mean for the universe to expand? Was the \"big bang\" an explosion of some sort or a rapid expansion of space-time (it was the latter)? If the universe was/is expanding, what is \"outside\" it? How do we know how far/old things are?\n\nThis tutorial addresses some of the oldest questions known to man.", - "id": "big-bang-expansion-topic", - "title": "Big bang and expansion of the universe" - } - ], - "description": "Things in our universe can be unimaginably large and small. In this topic, we'll try to imagine the unimaginable!", - "id": "universe-scale-topic", - "title": "Scale of the universe" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Stars begin when material drifting in space condenses due to gravity to be dense enough for fusion to occur. Depending on the volume and make-up of this material, the star could then develop into very different things--from supernovae, to neutron stars, to black holes. \n\nThis tutorial explores the life of stars and will have you appreciating the grand weirdness of our reality.", - "id": "stellar-life-death-tutorial", - "title": "Life and death of stars" - }, - { - "description": "Quasars are the brightest objects in the universe. The gamma rays from them could sterilize a solar system (i.e. obliterate life). What do we think these objects are? Why don't we see any close by (which we should be thankful for)? Could they tell us what our own galaxy may have been like 1 billion or so years ago?", - "id": "quasars", - "title": "Quasars and galactive collisions" - }, - { - "description": "We've talked a lot about distances to stars, but how do we know? Stellar parallax--which looks at how much a star shifts in the sky when Earth is at various points in its orbit--is the oldest technique we have for measuring how far stars are.\n\nIt is great for \"nearby\" stars even with precise instruments (i.e, in our part of our galaxy). To measure distance further, we have to start thinking about Cepheid variables (other tutorial).", - "id": "stellar-parallax-tutorial", - "title": "Stellar parallax" - }, - { - "description": "Stellar parallax can be used for \"nearby\" stars, but what if we want to measure further out? Well this tutorial will expose you to a class of stars that helps us do this. Cepheids are large, bright, variable stars that are visible in other galaxies. We know how bright they should be and can gauge how far they are by how bright they look to us.", - "id": "cepheid-variables", - "title": "Cepheid variables" - } - ], - "description": "Our universe is defined by stars. This topic explores how they came to be and where they end up. This includes a discussion of black holes and galaxies.", - "id": "stellar-life-topic", - "title": "Stars, black holes and galaxies" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Is it a coincidence that Africa and South America could fit like puzzle pieces? Why do earthquakes happen where they do? What about volcanoes and mountains? Are all of these ideas linked? Yes, they are.\n\nThis tutorial on plate-tectonics explains how and why the continents have shifted over time. In the process, we also explore the structure of the Earth, all the way down to the core.", - "id": "plate-techtonics", - "title": "Plate tectonics" - }, - { - "description": "How do we know what the Earth is made up of? Has someone dug to the core? No, but we humans have been able to see how earthquake (seismic) waves have been bent and reflected through our planet to get a reasonable idea of what is down there.", - "id": "seismic-waves-tutorial", - "title": "Seismic waves and how we know earth's structure" - }, - { - "description": "What causes the seasons? Even more, can Earth's climate change over long period just to \"wobbles\" in its orbit? This tutorial explains it all. You'll know more about orbits (and precession and Milankovitch cycles) than you ever thought possible. Have fun!", - "id": "earth-title-topic", - "title": "Earth's rotation and tilt" - } - ], - "description": "What is the Earth made up of and how do we know? What causes the seasons? Are there longer-ranging cycles in Earth's climate?", - "id": "earth-history-topic", - "title": "Earth geological and climatic history" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Earth is over 4.5 billion years old. How do we know this? When did life first emerge? \n\nFrom the dawn of Earth as a planet to the first primitive life forms to our \"modern\" species, this tutorial is an epic journey of the history of life on Earth.", - "id": "history-life-earth-tutorial", - "title": "History of life on earth" - }, - { - "description": "Where do we think humans come from? How and why have we developed as a species. This tutorial attempts to give an overview of these truly fundamental questions.\n\nFrom human evolution (which is covered in more depth in the biology playlist) to the development of agriculture, this tutorial will give you an appreciation of where we've been (and maybe where we're going).", - "id": "humanity-on-earth-tutorial", - "title": "Humanity on earth" - }, - { - "description": "Geologists and archaeologists will tell you how old things are or when they happened, but how do they know? This tutorial answers this question by covering some of the primary techniques of \"dating\" (not in the romantic sense).", - "id": "measuring-age-tutorial", - "title": "Measuring age on earth" - }, - { - "description": "Are dolphins the only intelligent life in the universe? We don't know for sure, but this tutorial gives a framework for thinking about the problem.", - "id": "life-in-universe-topic", - "title": "Life in the universe" - } - ], - "description": "When and how did life emerge on Earth? How did humanity develop a civilization? Is there other intelligent life out there?", - "id": "life-earth-universe", - "title": "Life on earth and in the universe" - } - ], - "description": "Videos attempting to grasp a little bit about our Universe (many of the topics associated with \"Big History\")", - "id": "cosmology-and-astronomy", - "title": "Cosmology and astronomy" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "No organ quite symbolizes love like the heart. One reason may be that your heart helps you live, by moving ~5 liters (1.3 gallons) of blood through almost 100,000 kilometers (62,000 miles) of blood vessels every single minute! It has to do this all day, everyday, without ever taking a vacation! Now that is true love. Learn about how the heart works, how blood flows through the heart, where the blood goes after it leaves the heart, and what your heart is doing when it makes the sound \u201cLub Dub\u201d.", - "id": "heart-introduction", - "title": "Heart introduction" - }, - { - "description": "Where does your blood go after it leaves the heart? Your body has a fantastic pipeline system that moves your blood around to drop off oxygen and food to those hungry cells, and removes cell waste. Learn how arteries carry blood away from the heart, how veins bring blood back to the heart, and about the different layers of cells that make up these blood vessels.", - "id": "blood-vessels", - "title": "Blood vessels" - }, - { - "description": "Using the stethoscope to check blood pressure is a technique that\u2019s been used for >100 years! Blood pressure is one of the major vital signs frequently measured by health care workers, and it tells us a lot about our blood circulation. Learn what blood pressure is, how it relates to resistance in a tube, why it is necessary to get oxygen to your cells, and how it can change as you age. We\u2019ll finally put it all together by relating pressure, flow, and resistance in one awesome equation!", - "id": "blood_pressure", - "title": "Blood pressure" - }, - { - "description": "Welcome to the lymphatic system! Learn about how it is a critical part of the circulatory system. Find out how it comes to the rescue of the cardiovascular system and the immune system. Also discover how it moves fluid in one direction, like blood, but without a heart!", - "id": "lymphatics", - "title": "Lymphatics" - }, - { - "description": "At one stage or another in development, every friend you know had gill slits and a tail. Pretty crazy thought, huh? Fetal development is incredible, and it\u2019s important to understand exactly how it happens. The structure and function of the circulatory system is incredibly complex, and fetuses are no exception. Find out how the heart and circulatory system work in the fetus!", - "id": "fetal-circulation", - "title": "Fetal circulation" - }, - { - "description": "The human body enjoys stability. For example, if your blood pressure changes, the body puts a couple of brilliant systems into motion in order to respond and bring your blood pressure back to normal. There are some quick responses using nerves and some slower responses using hormones. The system using hormones is sometimes called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which is the main system in the body for controlling blood pressure. When your blood pressure drops too low or gets too high, your kidneys, liver, and pituitary gland (part of your brain) talk to each other to solve the problem. They do this without you even noticing! Learn how the body knows when the blood pressure has changed, and how hormones like angiotensin 2, aldosterone, and ADH help return blood pressure to back to normal.", - "id": "blood_pressure_control", - "title": "Blood pressure control" - }, - { - "description": "Believe it or not, the arteries are elastic and when they recoil they actually push blood along when the heart is relaxing (diastole). This is known as the windkessel effect and is the same basic principle used by some water guns. Unfortunately, with all the work that the circulatory system has to do, our arteries can become rigid with age. When the arteries get stiff like lead pipes, the problem is quite different then when the arteries actually get clogged up, but just as important.", - "id": "arterial-stiffness", - "title": "Arterial stiffness" - }, - { - "description": "Your heart is made of a special type of muscle, found nowhere else in the body! This unique muscle is specialized to perform the repetitive task of pumping your blood throughout your body, from the day you\u2019re born to the day you die. We\u2019ll take an in-depth look of how the heart accomplishes this on a cellular level, and learn about the proteins actin and myosin that are the workhorses that tug and pull on one another to create every single muscle contraction. You\u2019ll appreciate the fact that your heart beat is a fairly sophisticated process!", - "id": "heart-muscle-contraction", - "title": "Heart muscle contraction" - }, - { - "description": "Your heart relies on the flow of electricity to maintain a steady, consistent beat - like an automatic pump that maintains a regular rate and rhythm throughout your life! There are specialized heart cells that allow positive current to travel quickly throughout the heart muscle. In these videos, we\u2019ll check out the flow of this positive charge on a macroscopic and microscopic level.", - "id": "heart-depolarization", - "title": "Heart depolarization" - }, - { - "description": "Although your heart can beat independently, your nervous system is important as an external regulator. Your brain can tell your heart to speed up or slow down, depending on the scenario. For example, when you\u2019re falling asleep, your nervous system will cause your heart to slow down, and 8 hours later when your phone alarm goes off, your nervous system will speed up your heartbeat! So even though your heart muscle beats by itself, the nerves can ramp up or down the speed. Check out the videos to learn more about how the nerves help to regulate the heart.", - "id": "nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", - "title": "Nerve regulation of the heart" - }, - { - "description": "After using your jeans for a while, you\u2019ll begin to notice small tears and rips developing in the fabric. Why doesn\u2019t this happen to your heart as well? Well, your heart manages to stay healthy despite all of the \u201cwall stress\u201d that pulls on the heart walls. During different parts of the heart cycle (afterload vs. preload) the mechanics of \u201cwall stress\u201d change dramatically. Learn exactly what preload and afterload mean, and how we can use pressure-volume loops to estimate their values.", - "id": "preload-and-afterload", - "title": "Preload and afterload" - }, - { - "description": "Once you\u2019ve learned about the PV loop, a natural question arises - Does it ever change shape? It turns out that there are precisely three things that can change the shape of the loop: 1. Preload, 2. Afterload, and 3. Contractility. That\u2019s it! The tricky part comes when you try to change one and you realize that the body begins to change the other two as well as a natural consequence. In order to simplify, you\u2019ll find that PV loops are sometimes even described as PV boxes. You\u2019ll get to learn about PV loops, PV boxes, and even play around with them yourself in this tutorial!", - "id": "changing-the-PV-loop", - "title": "Changing the PV loop" - }, - { - "description": "The pressure volume loop is one of the classic figures that helps us to conceptualize and understand the mechanics of the left ventricle of the heart. In addition to a filling up with blood and squeezing out blood there is a (very short) period of time when the heart muscle is contracting and relaxing with no volume change! As the left ventricle moves around the PV loop with each lub dub you get a sense for the amazing amount of work it does as pressures and volumes go up and down, all day, every day. This is a fascinating area where physics and biology meet to produce something miraculous.", - "id": "pressure-volume-loops", - "title": "Pressure volume loops" - } - ], - "description": "Your heart sits in the middle of your chest and pumps blood from about 4 weeks after conception until the day that you die. It never stops, and over your lifetime it will pump ~175 million liters of blood. To visualize that, imagine the amount of water that falls over Niagara falls in a few minutes. Remarkable! This little pump is the size of your clenched fist and in an adult can weigh about 300 grams. Watch these videos to learn more about how the heart works, blood flow in arteries and veins, blood pressure, and lymphatics.", - "id": "circulatory-system", - "title": "Circulatory system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Heart disease is the number one cause of death globally (~30% of all deaths!). It affects different parts of the world unequally, with the majority of deaths occurring in low-income or middle-income countries. Find out what heart disease and stroke are, what can cause them, and how the two are related!", - "id": "heart-disease-and-stroke", - "title": "Heart disease and stroke" - }, - { - "description": "The ancient Greeks thought blood vessels actually carried air throughout the body. Although we know better today, many people are still often confused with the specifics! We now know that the vessels carry blood instead, and we are able to distinguish between two different types: arteries and veins. Learn about how arteries differ from veins and how vessels can get damaged over time.", - "id": "blood-vessel-diseases", - "title": "Blood vessel diseases" - }, - { - "description": "Nearly one billion people in the world have high blood pressure. That\u2019s 1 in every 7 people! With the amount of unhealthy foods becoming increasingly available to everyone, it makes sense that this number is climbing. This set of videos will explore high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. Learn more about it, what it does to different parts of the body, symptoms of hypertension, and what you can do with your everyday life to manage it!", - "id": "hypertension", - "title": "Hypertension" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "dysrhythmias-and-tachycardias", - "title": "Cardiac dysrhythmias and tachycardias" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "acyanotic-heart-diseases", - "title": "Acyanotic heart diseases" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "vasculitis", - "title": "Vasculitis" - } - ], - "description": "With the heart pumping 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, it\u2019s absolutely vital to make sure things are flowing smoothly (pun intended!). Unfortunately, this isn\u2019t always the case, and different parts of the circulatory system can cause problems: your heart, your blood vessels, and even the fluid in your tissues and blood itself can be the issue. To further complicate things, the underlying reasons for circulatory system problems vary from your genes (nature) to your lifestyle habits (nurture). An understanding of how different diseases can affect your circulatory system is important to combat this growing problem in the world.", - "id": "circulatory-system-diseases", - "title": "Circulatory system diseases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Did you know that your right lung is larger than your left? That\u2019s because the majority of your heart is on the left side of your body, and your left lung is slightly smaller to accommodate it! The lungs take in oxygen and help you breathe out carbon dioxide. Humans have an intricate respiratory system, with hundreds of millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where all of the magic happens. These videos will introduce you to the lungs, and show how they help you sing and survive!", - "id": "lung_introduction", - "title": "Lung introduction" - }, - { - "description": "If you think of your lungs as a mini factory, you can think of the gases as goods that your body trades. Humans need oxygen for important metabolic activities. For example, when you exercise, your breathe more because your body needs more oxygen! These metabolic activities produce carbon dioxide, which is something your body needs to get rid of to avoid blood acidity. So, keeping with the example of your lungs as a factory, oxygen is an import good, and carbon dioxide is an export good! Learn more about the specific mechanisms of this \u201cgoods exchange\u201d in the tiny air sacs of the lungs: the alveoli.", - "id": "gas_exchange", - "title": "Gas exchange" - }, - { - "description": "Luckily, we can breathe without thinking which means that we have autonomic control of breathing. If we couldn\u2019t, we would risk dying if we went to sleep (look up Ondine\u2019s curse)! There are times when the body wants more oxygen (like during heavy exercise), and when the body wants less (like when we\u2019re resting). How does our body automatically seem to know when to inhale more, and when to inhale less? Also, if we do have autonomic control of breathing, how is it possible to also have conscious control of our breathing? These questions get to the fundamentals of breathing control.", - "id": "breathing_control", - "title": "Breathing control" - } - ], - "description": "Place your hand on your ribs and inhale deeply. You\u2019ll notice that your chest expands and your back straightens. As this occurs, air is rushing through your windpipe and branches off to either your left or right lung. After 20 to 30 more branch points, oxygen in the air ends up in the alveoli where it diffuses into the liquid that surrounds the alveoli, and slips into the blood. This microscopic gas exchange occurs rapidly, oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body, and then you exhale. Learn more about the intricate and fascinating respiratory system in these videos!", - "id": "respiratory-system", - "title": "Respiratory system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "intro-to-pulmonary-diseases", - "title": "Introduction to pulmonary diseases" - }, - { - "description": "Most people have had the flu virus at least once in their lives, and it\u2019s usually not a pleasant experience\u2026 Fight back with some good information! Learn about typical flu symptoms (and how tell it apart from the cold), and how the flu virus invades your cells to cause disease. Finally, learn how flu vaccines may help prevent you from getting sick, and how we can test and treat the flu just in case you get really ill. Stay healthy, my friends!", - "id": "influenza", - "title": "Influenza" - }, - { - "description": "Almost one third of the entire world\u2019s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the type of bacteria that causes TB. Although only a fraction of these people will actually become sick with the disease, in 2012, the World Health Organization reported 1.3 million TB related deaths. The good news is that health care workers and public health officials around the world have done a great job of helping to detect and treat the disease early. The bad news is that TB is developing drug resistance. Learn more about this ancient disease, that still plagues us in the modern-day.", - "id": "tuberculosis", - "title": "Tuberculosis" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "emphysema", - "title": "Emphysema (COPD)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "chronic-bronchitis", - "title": "Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "lung-cancer", - "title": "Lung cancer" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "pneumonia", - "title": "Pneumonia" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "pleural-effusion-2", - "title": "Pleural Effusion" - } - ], - "description": "Our lungs are composed of a bronchial tree (think of an upside down tree with millions of leaves), blood vessels bringing blood in and out, and a protein-rich fluid that forms a matrix holding everything together! If any part of this well-balanced organ isn\u2019t working properly, a person can be left feeling short of breath. The lungs are also exposed to the outside environment, making them prone to infections. To counter infections, the lungs are lined with cells that have tiny protein bristles which wave back and forth and can literally sweep away dangerous bacteria. Learn more about diseases of the lungs and how modern medicine helps to keep them healthy!", - "id": "respiratory-system-diseases", - "title": "Respiratory system diseases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If you want to learn more about the renal system, then urine the right place! Take a minute and imagine a dirty pool filled with algae. Placing a filter in this pool will cause the algae to be flushed out and disposed of, and after a time you\u2019ll have a nice, clean, crispy blue pool to enjoy. Just like the filter for a pool, our kidneys filter our blood and remove toxic wastes from it. Humans have developed a system of disposing of this waste, while retaining nutrients and substances important to our well-being. \n\n\nOur kidneys play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis, or the physiological balance of the body. Every thirty minutes, our kidneys filter the entire supply of blood in our body. Unfortunately, they are also prone to disease, which is illustrated by the fact that 1 in every 9 American adults currently has a kidney disease. Additionally, more than 82% of Americans waiting for a life-saving organ transplant is waiting for a kidney, but only 17% of these patients get one each year. \n\n\nIn this tutorial, learn how the kidneys take blood and very selectively extract waste from it to expel from the body as urine.\n", - "id": "Introduction-to-the-kidneys", - "title": "Introduction to the kidneys" - } - ], - "description": "If you want to learn more about the renal system, then urine the right place! Take a minute and imagine a dirty pool filled with algae. Placing a filter in this pool will cause the algae to be flushed out and disposed of, and after a time you\u2019ll have a nice, clean, crispy blue pool to enjoy. Just like the filter for a pool, our kidneys filter our blood and remove toxic wastes from it. Humans have developed a system of disposing of this waste, while retaining nutrients and substances important to our well-being. \n\n\nOur kidneys play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis, or the physiological balance of the body. Every thirty minutes, our kidneys filter the entire supply of blood in our body. Unfortunately, they are also prone to disease, which is illustrated by the fact that 1 in every 9 American adults currently has a kidney disease. Additionally, more than 82% of Americans waiting for a life-saving organ transplant is waiting for a kidney, but only 17% of these patients get one each year. \n\n\nIn this tutorial, learn how the kidneys take blood and very selectively extract waste from it to expel from the body as urine.\n", - "id": "renal-system", - "title": "Renal system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "3A: Get an overview of the structure and function of neurons, and learn about the many other important cells needed to help our nervous system function optimally! By Matt Jensen.", - "id": "copy-of-neural-cells-2014-03-27T17:58:07.293Z", - "title": "Neural cells" - }, - { - "description": "Learn the causes and functions of neuron membrane potentials, including resting, graded, and action potentials.", - "id": "neuron-membrane-potentials-2014-03-27T17:58:17.207Z", - "title": "Neuron membrane potentials" - }, - { - "description": "An overview of how neurons communicate with their target cells at synapses, and the roles of neurotransmitters and their receptors.", - "id": "neural-synapses-2014-03-27T17:58:26.721Z", - "title": "Neuronal synapses" - }, - { - "description": "Learn about how we perceive our various senses, including the theories, laws, and organizational principles that underly our ability to make sense of the world around us.", - "id": "sensory-perception-2014-03-27T18:45:20.451Z", - "title": "Sensory perception" - }, - { - "description": "Photons are hitting your eye as you read this! Learn about our sense of sight, including the cells responsible for converting light into a neural impulse, the structure of the eye, and how we break down images to make sense of them.", - "id": "sight-2014-03-27T18:45:34.237Z", - "title": "Sight (vision)" - }, - { - "description": "Learn about how we hear, including the structure of the outer, middle, and inner ear, as well as the basics of auditory processing & cochlear implants.", - "id": "sound-audition-2014-03-27T18:45:45.806Z", - "title": "Sound (Audition)" - }, - { - "description": "We perceive the environment through our bodily senses, including our sensation of pain, temperature, pressure, balance, and movement. Discover how our body gathers this information and processes it so that we can make sense of the world.", - "id": "somatosensation-2014-03-27T18:45:57.777Z", - "title": "Somatosensation" - }, - { - "description": "Learn about our senses of smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation), including the anatomy and underlying molecular basis behind these important senses.", - "id": "taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)-2014-03-27T18:46:12.074Z", - "title": "Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)" - } - ], - "description": "There are billions and billions of neurons in your brain (about 85 billion), and they\u2019re all sending electrical signals throughout your body right now! They tell your eyes to move across this page, how to interpret the words that you read, how to maintain your posture, your heart rate, and your breathing...all of it in a fraction of a second. In this section, we\u2019ll explore the nature of this vast, complex system, from the cellular level to how it operates at a sensory level. A common misconception is that we only have 5 senses (see, smell, taste, hear, and feel), but we have many more that are nuanced but equally important. Learn more about how our bodies are designed to interact with the world.", - "id": "nervous-system-and-sensory-infor", - "title": "Nervous system and sensory information" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Explore cognitive development and intelligence, as well as how our minds solve problems, make decisions, and represent knowledge.", - "id": "cognition-2014-03-27T18:40:04.738Z", - "title": "Cognition" - }, - { - "description": "Have you ever tried to multi-task? Explore the concept of selective and divided attention, as well as the role of language in cognition and development.", - "id": "attention-language-2014-03-27T18:40:12.306Z", - "title": "Attention and language" - }, - { - "description": "Explore states of consciousness, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, and sleep disorders.", - "id": "sleep-and-consciousness-2014-03-27T18:40:21.036Z", - "title": "Sleep and consciousness" - }, - { - "description": "Explore the structure of human memory; processes involved in normal encoding, retrieval, forgetting, and aging; and diseases affecting memory.", - "id": "memory-2014-03-27T18:40:29.837Z", - "title": "Memory" - }, - { - "description": "Learn about the physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components of emotion. Appreciate how different areas of our brain play a role in emotion. Understand the basic theories of emotion.", - "id": "emotion-2014-03-27T18:40:38.294Z", - "title": "Emotion" - } - ], - "description": "Aristotle asserted that what separates humankind from non-human animals is our ability to engage in high reasoning. This reasoning includes solving problems, making decisions, recalling and recording memories, and expressing complex emotions. We\u2019ll explore different states of consciousness, and how our brain adapts and responds to stimuli. Learn all about the higher-order executive functions of the brain, which help you remember your friend\u2019s name, learn a new language, and even fall asleep at night.", - "id": "executive systems of the brain", - "title": "Executive systems of the brain" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "introduction-to-hematologic", - "title": "Introduction to hematologic system" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "bleeding-and-impaired-hemostasis", - "title": "Bleeding and impaired hemostasis" - } - ], - "description": "It takes between 30 seconds to a minute for your blood to travel from your heart, to your body, and back to the heart again - perhaps a bit longer if the trip is out to your big toe! Our blood is incredibly important for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin, the protein that fills our blood cells, has wonderful mechanisms to allow it to bind to both oxygen and carbon dioxide. This is important for effective and quick transport of the gases around our body. Our blood is about 45% cells and 55% plasma, so the old adage \u201cblood is thicker than water\u201d quite literally holds true in scientific terms! Learn more about how this amazing system works in the following videos.", - "id": "hematologic system", - "title": "Hematologic system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "anemia", - "title": "Anemia" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "leukemia", - "title": "Leukemia" - } - ], - "description": "Blood is incredibly important in combating disease and the healing process after an injury. It acts as a highway for medicine, stops bleeding, fights infections, controls cells from multiplying too fast, and so much more. But things can go wrong with blood too! What if your blood couldn\u2019t clot and stop you from bleeding, or started to clot uncontrollably? What if your red blood cells or white blood cells suddenly disappeared? Blood contains many different types of tissues doing very different jobs, making diseases of the blood produce a variety of symptoms, including continuously feeling tired and bone pain. Learn about the different blood diseases, how they are diagnosed, and the cool ways health professionals treat these conditions.", - "id": "hematologic system diseases", - "title": "Hematologic system diseases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Discover your body's arsenal of weapons against invaders, like bacteria and viruses. Find out which different kinds of cells are involved, and how they work.", - "id": "introduction-to-immunology", - "title": "Introduction to immunology" - } - ], - "description": "Chances are, you\u2019ve had a fever or a cough at least once in your life (unless you live in a bubble, in which case go outside more!). Have you ever wondered why your body is reacting this way? It turns out humans have an entire arsenal of weapons against invaders, like bacteria and viruses. We have specialized cells that destroy various foreign bodies in a number of ways, including consumption, expulsion, and degradation. Learn how these little fighters are keeping you alive and healthy in this tutorial.", - "id": "immune-system", - "title": "Immune system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "How do our muscles work? When we decide to kick a ball or shake a leg, how do we get our bodies to do that? Which muscles do we control? Which muscles control us? Learn how our muscles work at the smallest, most cellular level. Then see how nature scales up those microscopic processes into a kick or a dance move. Finally, learn how our brain tells muscle to contract and how that helps us respond to changes in temperature or even a lion chasing us.", - "id": "Introduction to muscles", - "title": "Introduction to muscles" - }, - { - "description": "The skeletal system plays numerous vital roles in the human body. Learn about the structure and function of bones and the skeleton, as well as the endocrine control of the skeletal system.", - "id": "skeletal-system", - "title": "Skeletal system" - } - ], - "description": "Our muscles and bones keep us moving and form the basic physical structure for the rest of our organ systems. They also act as a sort of protective armor against physical damage. Muscles are connected to bones, and bones are connected (via ligaments) to other bones. In these videos, we\u2019ll go into how and why we have conscious control of our muscles, how our bones fit in with this control, how each of these components are connected, and much more. A fun fact: The largest muscle in your body is your gluteus maximus (your buttock!), and the bone most often broken is the collar bone!", - "id": "musculoskeletal system", - "title": "Musculoskeletal system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You might hear the word \u201chormone\u201d thrown around a lot. But what exactly is a hormone? And, more importantly, why should you care what a hormone is? Hormones are built from single amino acids, chains of amino acids (peptides), or cholesterol, and they are a form of chemical communication between cells. Sometimes the signal is being sent a long distance, for example from the brain down to the bones in the toe, and other times the signal is being sent to cells that are just a few millimeters away. Either way, hormones allow important conversations to take place within the body.", - "id": "introduction to hormones", - "title": "Introduction to hormones" - }, - { - "description": "Consider any behavior, sleeping for instance, and think about all of the organs that have to work together to have it go smoothly. The heart and lungs need to slow down, the brain needs to stop taking in the cues from the environment, and the bladder needs to wait until morning to empty. This coordinated effort is achieved by a number of unique hormones acting on different tissues. Learn more about how this process works and why it\u2019s so critical to our everyday lives!", - "id": "biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system-2014-03-27T18:06:55.890Z", - "title": "Biological basis of behavior: Endocrine system" - } - ], - "description": "When you\u2019re nervous before an important speech, or asking someone out on a date, you might feel butterflies in your stomach. This is actually the result of your endocrine system releasing hormones! You can\u2019t really point to any single organ as \u201cthe endocrine system\u201d, because it\u2019s actually a family of glands that secrete hormones into the body. Hormones seep into the blood (imagine putting a tea bag into hot water), and as the blood flows around the body, it carries with it these important hormone molecules that interact with specific target cells and organs. This signaling system helps to keep the entire body well-balanced and on the same page.", - "id": "endocrine system", - "title": "Endocrine system" - }, - { - "description": "Ever wonder about your lab values and what they mean? Lab values measure amounts of electrolytes or cells in your blood and occasionally tell you about how hormones and enzymes are working! Dive deeper and get a good understanding of concentrations as well!", - "id": "lab-values", - "title": "Lab values and concentrations" - }, - { - "description": "In this section, we\u2019ll revisit the endocrine system. After a review, we\u2019ll explore how our hormones can cause different kinds of symptoms and behaviors, including normal childhood growth and precocious puberty (puberty kicking in at an earlier age than normal). After that, we\u2019ll take a closer look at diabetes, which is a growing endemic in the world as we see a greater availability of cheap, low quality foods. This will include a focus on glucose concentration and other blood sugar levels, and what your body (and modern medicine) can do to maintain a healthy balance in your body.", - "id": "endocrinology-and-diabetes", - "title": "Endocrinology and diabetes" - }, - { - "description": "The colon, otherwise known as the \u201clarge intestine,\u201d is a tube that\u2019s about 5 feet long (1.5 meters). This is where the majority of fluid reabsorption occurs in your GI tract (the tract extending from your mouth to your anal sphincter). The colon is susceptible to multiple diseases, including hyperplasia, dysplasia, and cancer. Learn more about healthy colon tissue and these three diseases in the following videos. Join Sal and Dr. Andy Connolly as they (and you) take a microscopic look at colon tissue!", - "id": "colon-disease", - "title": "Colon disease" - }, - { - "description": "Your cervical spine is the uppermost part of your spine, the part that makes up your neck. Take a look at the 7 vertebra that compose the cervical spine, and see different views of a real person\u2019s spine! Join Sal and Dr. Mahadevan as they inspect these X-rays and discuss its alignment and protection in airway management.", - "id": "cervical-spine", - "title": "Cervical spine" - }, - { - "description": "If you looked at our \u201cCirculatory system diseases\u201d section, you already know that diseases related to an unhealthy lifestyle are on a critical rise. We hope that the following set of videos will allow you to develop a healthier lifestyle, and help you improve the lives of others as well. This is important for parents, children, students, and anyone who wants to take better care of their body. Learn some of the fundamentals behind staying healthy: Reducing your salt, keeping your weight in a healthy range, and exercising regularly.", - "id": "healthy-lifestyle", - "title": "Healthy lifestyle" - }, - { - "description": "The health care system in the United States is rapidly changing. To better understand these changes, we review the health care insurance, drug pricing, physician compensation, and much more! join us as we explore the basics about the Health Care system in the US, including a comparison with European healthcare.", - "id": "health-care-system", - "title": "Health care system" - }, - { - "description": "Enjoy!", - "id": "healthcare-misc", - "title": "Miscellaneous" - } - ], - "description": "The medical world can be a confusing place. Patients and their families might feel overwhelmed by the large vocabularies and complicated explanations they get from their health care providers. Students entering health care also struggle to grasp the complexity of health sciences, and are forced to memorize huge amounts of information. We hope to make understanding the medical world a bit easier. Look around!\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have\nregarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", - "id": "health-and-medicine", - "title": "Health and medicine" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The discovery of magnetism. What can we do with this invisible force?", - "id": "magnetism", - "title": "Discovery of magnetism" - }, - { - "description": "Let's find out more about this invisible force which guides the compass. How strong is it? What shape is it?", - "id": "magnetic-fields", - "title": "Discovery of magnetic fields" - }, - { - "description": "How can we quantify the strength of magnetic fields? How strong is the Earth's field?", - "id": "measure-magnets", - "title": "Measuring magnetic fields" - }, - { - "description": "Basic observations leading to homemade batteries", - "id": "batteries", - "title": "Discovery of batteries" - }, - { - "description": "Discoveries leading to the Right Hand rule", - "id": "Electromagnet", - "title": "Discovery of electromagnetism" - }, - { - "description": "Exploring materials which cause a decrease in deflection when added in series with our meter.", - "id": "resistance", - "title": "Discovery of resistors" - }, - { - "description": "How can we turn electric current into rotational motion?", - "id": "electric_motor", - "title": "Electric motor" - }, - { - "description": "Discovering static electricity & electrostatic force. What is it? How can it be created, detected, and measured?", - "id": "electrostatics", - "title": "Electrostatics" - } - ], - "description": "Rediscover the most important Scientific observations in a historical progression", - "id": "discoveries", - "title": "Discoveries" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Other household items you know", - "id": "reverse-engineering", - "title": "Household" - }, - { - "description": "Hair Dryer", - "id": "hair_dryer", - "title": "Hair dryer" - }, - { - "description": "DVD Player", - "id": "dvd_player", - "title": "DVD player" - }, - { - "description": "Digital Camera", - "id": "digital_camera", - "title": "Digital camera" - } - ], - "description": "Videos exploring the way things work.", - "id": "Reverse-Eng", - "title": "Reverse engineering" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This topic explains how Spout works! It was created by Karl R. C. Wendt.", - "id": "all-about-spout", - "title": "All about Spout" - }, - { - "description": "This project is based on a MAKE Beetle bot. The tutorial was created by Karl R.C. Wendt.", - "id": "Spout-Bot-with-Solder", - "title": "Spout Bot with Solder" - }, - { - "description": "This project is based on a MAKE Beetle bot. The tutorial was created by Karl R. C. Wendt.", - "id": "Solderless-Spout-Bot", - "title": "Spout Bot without Solder" - }, - { - "description": "Spider Bot is a low cost robot made of recycled components and designed by Karl R. C. Wendt", - "id": "Spider_bot", - "title": "Spider Bot" - }, - { - "description": "This project is a low cost robot made from every day items that are taken apart and described in the reverse engineering section. This project was created by Karl R. C. Wendt.", - "id": "Bit-zee", - "title": "Bit-zee Bot" - } - ], - "description": "Start your own robotics project with Spout, Spider, and Bit-zee!", - "id": "robots", - "title": "Robots" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Introduction to the Lego NXT environment and what it is capable of. We begin with a few mini projects.", - "id": "lego-intro", - "title": "Introduction" - }, - { - "description": "Get to know your light sensor while building musical instruments", - "id": "lego-sensors", - "title": "Light guitar" - }, - { - "description": "Get to know your rotation sensor while building a 5 cent machine", - "id": "lego-coin-detector", - "title": "Coin detector" - }, - { - "description": "Build an ant colony with simple behaviours", - "id": "lego-antbot", - "title": "Ant bot" - }, - { - "description": "Collection of programming basics using NXT-G", - "id": "new-topic-2013-11-07T15:08:28.609Z", - "title": "Programming basics" - } - ], - "description": "Introduction to the Lego NXT robotics platform", - "id": "lego robotics", - "title": "Lego robotics" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "Projectile_launcher", - "title": "Projectile launcher" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "thermo-can", - "title": "Thermo can" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "discovery-lab-2013", - "title": "Discovery Lab 2013" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "Discovery-Lab-2012", - "title": "Discovery Lab 2012" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "discoveries-projects", - "title": "Discoveries and projects" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "science", - "title": "Science" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial (that only has one video) is an overview of what economics is. In particular it will tell you the difference between microeconomics (the subject you're in right now) and macroeconomics. Really good first watch to give you some context on the world of economics.", - "id": "economics-introduction", - "title": "Introduction to economics" - }, - { - "description": "You've probably heard of supply and demand. Well, this tutorial focuses on the demand part. All else equal, do people want more or less of something if the price goes down (what would you do)? Not only will you get an intuition for the way we typically depict a demand curve, you'll get an understanding for what might shift it.", - "id": "demand-curve-tutorial", - "title": "The demand curve" - }, - { - "description": "Now we'll focus on the \"supply\" part of supply and demand. Supply curves (as we typically depict them) come out of the idea that producers will make more if they get paid more.", - "id": "supply-curve-tutorial", - "title": "The supply curve" - }, - { - "description": "You understand demand and supply. This tutorial puts it all together by thinking about where the two curves intersect. This point represents the equilibrium price and quantity which is, in an ideal world, where the market would transact.", - "id": "market-equilibrium-tutorial", - "title": "Market equilibrium" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial tries to address a very important question in the real world--what drives oil prices? And we will do it using the tools of the supply and demand curves.", - "id": "oil-prices-tutorial", - "title": "What drives oil prices" - } - ], - "description": "The core ideas in microeconomics. Supply, demand and equilibrium.", - "id": "supply-demand-equilibrium", - "title": "Supply, demand and market equilibrium" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You're familiar with supply and demand curves already. In this tutorial we'll explore what implications their steepness (or lack of) implies. Price elasticity is a measure of how sensitive something is to price.", - "id": "price-elasticity-tutorial", - "title": "Price elasticity" - } - ], - "description": "Price elasticity of demand and supply. How sensitive are things to change in price.", - "id": "elasticity-tutorial", - "title": "Elasticity" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Many times, the equilibrium price is lower than the highest price some folks are willing to pay. For all consumers, this is called consumer surplus. Similarly, the price might be higher than the minimum price at which some are willing to produce. For all the producers, this is called producer surplus. This tutorial covers them both with an emphasis on the visual.", - "id": "consumer-producer-surplus-tut", - "title": "Consumer and producer surplus" - }, - { - "description": "We can often lose economic efficiency because of things like price floors, ceilings and taxes. This loss in surplus (people who have more marginal benefit than marginal cost are not buying or people who have more marginal cost than benefit are buying) is called deadweight loss.", - "id": "deadweight-loss-tutorial", - "title": "Deadweight loss" - }, - { - "description": "In many scenarios thinking only about producers' marginal cost or consumers' marginal benefit does not fully capture *all* of the costs or benefits from the production/use of a product. In this tutorial, we explore these externalities (negative and positive ones) to think a bit deeper about ways to maximize total surplus not just for producers and consumers, but for society as a whole.", - "id": "externalities-topic", - "title": "Public goods and externalities" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "consumer-producer-surplus", - "title": "Consumer and producer surplus" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial goes back to the basics. You are a hunter-gatherer with only so much time to hunt or gather. How do you allocate your time and energy to maximize you happiness? This is what we try to understand through our study of the production possibilities frontier and opportunity cost.", - "id": "production-possibilities", - "title": "Production possibilities frontier" - }, - { - "description": "Should you try to produce everything yourself or only what you are best at and trade for everything else? What if you're better than your trading partners at everything? \n\nThis tutorial focuses on comparative advantage, specialization and gains from trade with a microeconomic lens.", - "id": "gains-from-trade-tutorial", - "title": "Comparative advantage and gains from trade" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial we look at the utility of getting one more of something and put numbers to it. We then use this to construct a budget line and think about indifference curves.", - "id": "marginal-utility-tutorial", - "title": "Marginal utility and budget lines" - } - ], - "description": "How do you decide what to produce or trade? How can you maximize happiness in a world of scarcity. What are you giving up when you choose something (i.e., opportunity cost)?", - "id": "choices-opp-cost-tutorial", - "title": "Scarcity, possibilities, preferences and opportunity cost" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Economic profit and accounting profit are two different things (the difference being that economic profit takes into account opportunity cost). Confused? This tutorial lays it all out with the example of a restaurant.", - "id": "economic-profit-tutorial", - "title": "Economic profit and opportunity cost" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, Sal uses the example of an orange juice business to help us understand the ideas of average total cost (ATC), marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR). We then use this understanding to answer the age-old question, \"how much orange juice should I produce?\" Finally, we use these ideas to construct a long-run supply curve. A must watch if you're interested in making juice!", - "id": "average-costs-margin-rev", - "title": "Average costs (ATC, MC) and marginal revenue (MR)" - }, - { - "description": "Using a spreadsheet, Sal walks through an example of average costs per line of code as a firm hires more engineers. Really good primer to understand what average fixed costs, average variable costs, average total costs (ATC) and average marginal costs (MC) are (and how they are calculated).", - "id": "average-costs-tutorial", - "title": "Average fixed, variable and marginal costs" - }, - { - "description": "Constructing a demand curve for an individual firm by thinking about how much increment benefit they get from an incremental employee (marginal product of labor (MPL) and marginal product revenue (MPR). We later think about how we can add these \"demand\" curves to construct a \"demand\" curve for the market for labor in this industry.", - "id": "labor-marginal-product-rev", - "title": "Labor and marginal product revenue" - }, - { - "description": "This short tutorial explores how a wine business can utilize first-degree price discrimination to maximize economic profit (it uses many of the ideas we've explored in the rest of this tutorial).", - "id": "price-discrimination-tutorial", - "title": "Price discrimination" - } - ], - "description": "Economic profit vs. accounting profit. Average total cost (ATC) and marginal cost (MC). Marginal product of labor (MPL). Price discrimination.", - "id": "firm-economic-profit", - "title": "Production decisions and economic profit" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial looks at markets that are deemed to have \"perfect competition.\" This means that there are many players with identical products, no barriers to entry, no advantage for existing players and good pricing information. Few to no real market completely matches this theoretical ideal, but many are close. Even the example we use in this tutorial (the airline industry) isn't quite perfect (you should think about why).", - "id": "perfect-competition", - "title": "Perfect competition" - }, - { - "description": "No, we aren't talking about the board game although the game does try to approximate what this tutorial is about--notice that you can charge more rent at either Boardwalk or Park Place if you own both (you have a \"monopoly\" in the navy blue market).\n\nThe opposite of perfect competition is when you have only one firm operating. This tutorial explores what this firm would do to maximize economic profit.", - "id": "monopolies-tutorial", - "title": "Monopoly" - }, - { - "description": "Most markets sit somewhere in-between perfect competition and monopolies. This tutorial explores some of those scenarios--from monopolistic competition to oligopolies and duopolies.", - "id": "monopolistic-competition-oligop", - "title": "Between perfect competition and monopoly" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "perfect-competition-topic", - "title": "Forms of competition" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If you haven't watched the movie \"A Beautiful Mind\", you should. It is about John Nash (played by Russell Crowe) who won the Nobel Prize in economics for his foundational contributions to game theory. This is what this tutorial is about.\n\nNash put some structure around how players in a \"game\" can optimize their outcomes (if the movie is to be fully believed, this insight struck him when he realized that if all his friends hit on the most pretty girl, he should hit on the second-most pretty one). In this tutorial, we use the classic \"prisoner's dilemma\" to highlight this concept.", - "id": "nash-eq-tutorial", - "title": "Nash equilibrium" - }, - { - "description": "You know what Nash equilibrium is (from the other tutorial). Now we apply it to a scenario that is fairly realistic--parties to a cartel cheating.\n\nA cartel is a group of actors that agree (sometimes illegally) to coordinate their production/pricing to maximize their collective economic profit. What we will see, however, is that this is not a \"Pareto optimal\" state and they will soon start producing more than agreed on.", - "id": "cartels-cheat-tutorial", - "title": "Why parties in a cartel will cheat" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "nash-equilibrium-tutorial", - "title": "Game theory and Nash equilibrium" - } - ], - "description": "Topics covered in a traditional college level introductory microeconomics course", - "id": "microeconomics", - "title": "Microeconomics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Economics can some times get confusing because one person's expenditure is another person's income which can then be used for expenditure and on and on and on. Seems very circular. It is.\n\nThis tutorial helps us grapple with this and introduces us to the primary tool economists use to measure a nations productivity/income/expenditure--GDP (gross domestic product).", - "id": "circular-econ-gdp-tutorial", - "title": "GDP and the circular flow of income and expenditures" - }, - { - "description": "You already understand the circular nature of the economy and how GDP is defined from the last tutorial. Now let's think about how economists define the composition of GDP. In particular, we'll focus on consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports.", - "id": "GDP-components-tutorial", - "title": "Components of GDP" - }, - { - "description": "The value of a currency is constantly changing (usually going down in terms of what you can buy). Given this, how can we compare GDP measured in dollars in one year to another year? This tutorial answers that question by introducing you to real GDP and GDP deflators.", - "id": "real-nominal-gdp-tutorial", - "title": "Real and nominal GDP" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial we will dig a bit into Thomas Piketty's popular \"Capital in the 21st Century\" that attempts to analyze the relationship(s) between economic growth, returns on capital and inequality. Our intent is to neither argue for nor against the ideas in the book, but rather use it as a tool for critical reasoning and discourse.", - "id": "piketty-capital", - "title": "National income and inequality" - } - ], - "description": "Circular flow of income and expenditure. Gross domestic product.", - "id": "gdp-topic", - "title": "GDP: Measuring national income" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We might generally sense that our cost of living is going up (inflation), but how can we measure it? This tutorial shows how it is done in the United States with the consumer price index (CPI).", - "id": "cost-of-living-tutorial", - "title": "Measuring cost of living --inflation and the consumer price index" - }, - { - "description": "We think we're getting a certain return on our investments, but can we put it in terms of real purchasing power since the value of money is constantly changing? The answer is yes and this tutorial shows you how.", - "id": "real-nominal-return-tutorial", - "title": "Real and nominal return" - }, - { - "description": "Prices don't always go up. Sometimes they go down (we call this deflation). This tutorial explains how this happens.", - "id": "macroecon-deflation-tutorial", - "title": "Deflation" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial walks through various scenarios of moderate and extreme price changes. Very good way to understand how activity in the economy may impact price (and vice versa).", - "id": "deflation-inflation-scenarios-tutorial", - "title": "Inflationary and deflationary scenarios" - }, - { - "description": "Economists have notices a correlation between unemployment and correlation (you may wan to guess what type of correlation). On some level, this tutorial is common sense, but it will give you fancy labels for this relation so that you can sound fancy at fancy parties.", - "id": "phillips-curve-tutorial", - "title": "The Phillips curve: Inflation and unemployment" - } - ], - "description": "Inflation and deflation. CPI-U. Real and nominal return. Phillips Curve.", - "id": "inflation-topic", - "title": "Inflation - measuring the cost of living" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial looks at supply and demand in aggregate-from the perspective of the entire economy (not just the market for one good or service). Instead of thinking of quantity of one good, we think of total output (GDP). Very useful model for thinking through macroeconomic events.", - "id": "aggregate-supply-demand-tut", - "title": "Aggregate demand and aggregate supply" - }, - { - "description": "In the last tutorial, we claimed that the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model (AD-AS) would be useful for analyzing macroeconomic events. Well, in this tutorial, we'll do exactly that.", - "id": "historic-ad-as-scenarios", - "title": "Historical circumstances explained by AD/AS" - }, - { - "description": "Economies never have a long steady march upwards. They constantly oscillate between growth and recession. This tutorial gives a little intuition for why that is.", - "id": "business-cycle-tutorial", - "title": "The business cycle" - }, - { - "description": "Governments (and pseudo government entities like central banks) have two tools at their disposal to try to impact the business cycle --monetary and fiscal policy. This will help you understand what they are.", - "id": "monetary-fiscal-policy", - "title": "Monetary and fiscal policy" - }, - { - "description": "Whether you love him or hate him (or just consider him a friend that you respect but disagree with every-now-and-then), Keynes has helped define how many modern governments think about their economies. This tutorial explains how his thinking was a fundamental departure from classical economics.", - "id": "keynesian-thinking", - "title": "Keynesian thinking" - } - ], - "description": "Aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Keynesian thinking. Demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Fiscal and monetary policy.", - "id": "aggregate-supply-demand-topic", - "title": "Aggregate demand and aggregate supply" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Most modern economies use a counter-intuitive model of banking called \"fractional reserve banking.\" It is counter-intuitive (and some people would say wrong) because it allows banks to lend out money that it tells depositors is available at any time and essentially involves private banks in money creation. It also creates the possibility of mass instability through bank runs that tend to be mitigated through government regulation and insurance (some would say government subsidy of banks).\n\nThis tutorial explains how fractional reserve lending works and outlines the good and bad. It also talks about the alternative of full reserve banking.", - "id": "fractional-reserve-banking-tut", - "title": "Fractional reserve banking" - }, - { - "description": "This short tutorial explains how we measure how much \"money\" there is out there. As we'll see, this isn't as straightforward as counting dollars in people's pockets, especially because there are multiple type of money.", - "id": "money-supply-tutorial", - "title": "Money supply" - }, - { - "description": "If you already know a bit of what fractional reserve banking involves, this tutorial will take you deeper by looking at the actual accounting of central banks and banks.", - "id": "factional-reserve-accounting", - "title": "Fractional reserve accounting" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "interest-price-of-money-tutorial", - "title": "Interest as the price of money" - } - ], - "description": "Fractional reserve banking and the money supply.", - "id": "monetary-system-topic", - "title": "The monetary system" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If you earn a $1, you might spend some fraction of it. This can then be income for someone else. This can keep going. \n\nIn this tutorial, we'll explore how the incremental spend per incremental earnings (marginal propensity to consume) and the multiplier effect based on it can drive economic activity.", - "id": "MPC-tutorial", - "title": "Marginal propensity to consume (MPC)" - }, - { - "description": "We are steadily building up the tools to understand the Keynesian Cross and the IS-LM model. In this tutorial, we begin to model consumption as a linear function of disposable income. Seems reasonable to me.", - "id": "consumption-function", - "title": "Consumption function" - }, - { - "description": "We now build on our consumption function models and start to explore ideas of planned expenditures as a function of output. When plotted with the actual output line, we get our Keynesian Cross which helps us think about whether the economy is operating at its potential.", - "id": "keynesian-cross-tutorial", - "title": "Keynesian cross" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, we begin thinking about the impact of real interest rates on planned investment and output. We then use this to help us plot the IS curve. We then think about how, assuming a fixed money supply, as there is more economic activity, people are willing to pay more for money (helps us plot the LM curve). Finally, we use the IS-LM model to think about how fiscal policy can impact both GDP and real interest rates.\n\nYou should watch the Keynesian Cross tutorial before this one.", - "id": "is-lm-model-tutorial", - "title": "IS-LM model" - } - ], - "description": "Consumption function. Marginal propensity to consume and multiplier. Keynesian Cross and IS-LM model.", - "id": "income-and-expenditure-topic", - "title": "Income and expenditure: Keynesian cross and IS-LM model" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial we will see how trade and assets (including money) changing hands are fundamentally intertwined. Not only that, but we will see how this can be accounted for through the capital account (assets changing hands) and current account (trade).", - "id": "current-capital-account", - "title": "Balance of payments- current account and capital account" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial delves into how and why countries (usually their central banks) would want to keep other countries' currency in reserve. It then goes into why this sometime leaves the reserve-holding country open to a speculative attack (this is seriously high drama).", - "id": "currency-reserves", - "title": "Currency reserves" - } - ], - "description": "Balance of payments. Current account. Capital account. Currency reserves and speculative attacks.", - "id": "forex-trade-topic", - "title": "Foreign exchange and trade" - } - ], - "description": "Topics covered in a traditional college level introductory macroeconomics course", - "id": "macroeconomics", - "title": "Macroeconomics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Interest is the basis of modern capital markets. Depending on whether you are lending or borrowing, it can be viewed as a return on an asset (lending) or the cost of capital (borrowing).\n\nThis tutorial gives an introduction to this fundamental concept, including what it means to compound. It also gives a rule of thumb that might make it easy to do some rough interest calculations in your head.", - "id": "compound-interest-tutorial", - "title": "Compound interest basics" - }, - { - "description": "Most of us have borrowed to buy something. Credit cards, in particular, can be quite convenient (but dangerous if not used in moderation).\n\nThis tutorial explains credit card interest, how credit card companies make money and a far more silly way of borrowing money called \"payday\" loans.", - "id": "credit-card-interest", - "title": "Credit cards and loans" - }, - { - "description": "This is an older tutorial (notice the low-res, bad handwriting) about one of the coolest numbers in reality and how it falls out of our innate desire to compound interest continuously.", - "id": "cont-comp-int-and-e", - "title": "Continuous compound interest and e" - }, - { - "description": "If you gladly pay for a hamburger on Tuesday for a hamburger today, is it equivalent to paying for it today?\n\nA reasonable argument can be made that most everything in finance really boils down to \"present value\". So pay attention to this tutorial.", - "id": "present-value", - "title": "Present value" - }, - { - "description": "Back in the day (like medieval Europe), you would actually be thrown in jail if you couldn't pay your debts (debtor's prison). That seemed like a pretty awful thing to do (not to mention that lenders are much less likely to be paid by someone rotting in prison), so governments created an \"out\" called bankruptcy (which, as you'll see, is a pseudo-painful \"reset\" button on your finances).", - "id": "personal-bankruptcy-tut", - "title": "Personal bankruptcy" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "interest-tutorial", - "title": "Interest and debt" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This old and badly drawn tutorial covers a topic essential to anyone planning to not live in the woods -- your personal balance sheet. Since homes are usually the biggest part of these personal balance sheets, we cover that too.", - "id": "home-equity-tutorial", - "title": "Home equity and personal balance sheets" - }, - { - "description": "Most people buying a home need a mortgage to do so. This tutorial explains what a mortgage is and then actually does some math to figure out what your payments are (the last video is quite mathy so consider it optional).", - "id": "mortgages-tutorial", - "title": "Mortgages" - }, - { - "description": "Is it always better to buy than rent? What if home prices go up dramatically and rents don't? How can we compare home prices to rents to figure out what to do.\n\nThis older tutorial (low-res, bad handwriting) walks us through this. It is about housing but similar thinking can be applied to any rent-vs-buy decision (spoiler alert, Sal did eventually buy a home).", - "id": "renting-v-buying", - "title": "Renting vs. buying a home" - }, - { - "description": "Back before the 2008 credit crisis, Sal was perplexed by why housing prices were going up so fast and theorized that it was a bubble forming (he was right). \n\nThese pre-2008 videos are fun from a historical point-of-view since they were made before all the poo poo hit the fan.", - "id": "housing-price-conundrum", - "title": "Housing price conundrum" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial talks about how the housing-bubble-induced credit crisis unfolded with a focus on the derivative securities that helped pump the bubble.", - "id": "credit-crisis", - "title": "Credit crisis" - }, - { - "description": "In the fall of 2008, it became clear that a cascade of bank failures was happening because of shoddy loans and exotic securities (both which fueled a now popping housing bubble). In an attempt to avoid a depression, the Treasury Secretary (Hank Paulson) wanted to pour $1 Trillion into the same banks that had created the mess.\n\nThis tutorial walks us through the beginnings of the mess and possible solutions. Historical note: it was created as the crisis was unfolding.", - "id": "paulson-bailout", - "title": "Paulson bailout" - }, - { - "description": "When are you using capital to create more things (investment) vs. for consumption (we all need to consume a bit to be happy). When you do invest, how do you compare risk to return? Can capital include human abilities?\n\nThis tutorial hodge-podge covers it all.", - "id": "investment-consumption", - "title": "Investment and consumption" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "housing", - "title": "Housing" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "$1 went a lot further in 1900 than today (you could probably buy a good meal for the family for $1 back then). Why? And how do we measure how much more expensive things have gotten (i.e., inflation)?", - "id": "inflation-basics-tutorial", - "title": "Inflation basics" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial starts with a very \"micro\" view of when firms decide to raise (or lower prices). It then jumps back to the macro view to discuss how capacity utilization can impact prices.", - "id": "cap-util-inflation", - "title": "Capacity utilization and inflation" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "inflation-tutorial", - "title": "Inflation" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Benjamin Franklin (and several other writers/philosophers) tells us that \"In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.\" He's right. \n\nThis tutorial focus on personal income tax. Very important to watch if you ever plan on earning money (some of which the government will take for itself).", - "id": "taxes", - "title": "Personal taxes" - }, - { - "description": "In exchange for being treated as a person-like-legal entity (and the limited liability this gives for its owners), most corporations pay taxes. This tutorial focuses on what corporations are, \"double taxation\" and a few ways that multinationals might try to get out of paying taxes.", - "id": "corporate-taxation", - "title": "Corporate taxation" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "taxes-topic", - "title": "Taxes" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Just keeping track of cash that goes in and out of a business doesn't always reflect what's going on. This tutorial compares cash and accrual accounting. Very valuable if you ever plan on starting or investing in any type of business (you might also discover a nascent passion for accounting)!", - "id": "cash-accrual-accounting", - "title": "Cash versus accrual accounting" - }, - { - "description": "Corporations use three financial statements to report what's going on: balance sheets, cash flow statements and income statements. They can be derived from each other and each give a valuable lens on the operations and condition of a business. \n\nAfter you know the basics of accrual accounting (available in another tutorial), this tutorial will give you tools you need to responsibly understand any business.", - "id": "financial-statements-tutorial", - "title": "Three core financial statements" - }, - { - "description": "How do you account for things that get \"used up\" or a cost that should be spread over time. This tutorial has your answer. Depreciation and amortization might sound fancy, but you'll hopefully find them to be quite understandable.", - "id": "depreciation-amortization-tut", - "title": "Depreciation and amortization" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "accounting-and-financial-stateme", - "title": "Accounting and financial statements" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Many people own stocks, but, unfortunately, most of them don't really understand what they own. This tutorial will keep you from being one of those people (not keep you from owning stock, but keep you from being ignorant about your investments).", - "id": "stocks-intro-tutorial", - "title": "Introduction to stocks" - }, - { - "description": "Can you sell something that you borrowed from someone else? Why, yes, you can and it is called \"shorting\". Why would you do this? Well, you can now make money if the price goes down. Is this bad? This tutorial has your answers.", - "id": "shorting-stock", - "title": "Shorting stock" - }, - { - "description": "If you understand what a stock is (also a good idea to look at the topic on accounting and financial statements), then you're ready to dig in a bit on a company's actual financials.\n\nThis tutorial does this to help you understand what the price of a company really is.", - "id": "company-statements-capital-struc", - "title": "Understanding company statements and capital structure" - }, - { - "description": "Life is full of people who will try to convince you that something is a good or bad idea by spouting technical jargon. Most of them have no idea what they are talking about. Don't be one of those people or their victims when it comes to stocks.\n\nFrom P/E rations to EV/EBITDA, we've got your back!", - "id": "valuation-and-investing", - "title": "Corporate metrics and valuation" - }, - { - "description": "This is an old set of videos, but if you put up with Sal's messy handwriting (it has since improved) and spotty sound, there is a lot to be learned here. In particular, this tutorial walks through starting, financing and taking public a company (and even talks about what happens if it has trouble paying its debts).", - "id": "venture-capital-and-capital-markets", - "title": "Life of a company--from birth to death" - }, - { - "description": "When companies issue new shares, many people consider this a share \"dilution\"--implying that the value of each share has been \"watered down\" a bit. This tutorial walks through the mechanics and why--assuming management isn't doing something stupid--the shares might not be diluted at all.", - "id": "dilution-tutorial", - "title": "Dilution" - }, - { - "description": "Companies often buy or merge with other companies using shares (which is sometimes less intuitive than when they use cash). This tutorial walks through the mechanics of how this happens and details what is likely to happen in the public markets because of the transaction (including opportunities for arbitrage).", - "id": "mergers-acquisitions", - "title": "Mergers and acquisitions" - }, - { - "description": "Private equity firms often borrow money (use leverage) to buy companies. This tutorial explains how they do it and pay the debt.", - "id": "leveraged-buy-outs", - "title": "Leveraged buy-outs" - }, - { - "description": "Both corporations and governments can borrow money by selling bonds. This tutorial explains how this works and how bond prices relate to interest rates. In general, understanding this not only helps you with your own investing, but gives you a lens on the entire global economy.", - "id": "bonds-tutorial", - "title": "Bonds" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "stock-and-bonds", - "title": "Stocks and bonds" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "If we're not in the mood to research and pick our own stocks, mutual funds and/or ETFs might be a good option. This tutorial explains what they are and how they are different.", - "id": "mutual-funds", - "title": "Mutual funds and ETFs" - }, - { - "description": "The government apparently wants us to save for retirement (not always obvious because it also wants us to spend as much as possible to pump the economy going into the next election cycle). To encourage this, it has created some ways to save that avoid or defer taxes: IRAs and 401ks.", - "id": "ira-401ks", - "title": "Retirement accounts: IRAs and 401ks" - }, - { - "description": "It is a bit of a downer to think about, but we are all going to die. Do we care what happens to our loved ones (if they really are \"loved\" than the answer is obvious). This tutorial walks us through the options to insure our families against losing us. The reason why we stuck it in the \"investment vehicles\" topic is because it can also be an investment that we can use before we die.", - "id": "life-insurance", - "title": "Life insurance" - }, - { - "description": "Hedge funds have absolutely nothing to do with shrubbery. Their name comes from the fact that early hedge funds (and some current ones) tried to \"hedge\" their exposure to the market (so they could, in theory, do well in an \"up\" or \"down\" market as long as they were good at picking the good companies). Today, hedge funds represent a huge class investment funds. \n\nThey are far less regulated than, say, mutual funds. In exchange for this, they aren't allowed to market or take investments from \"unsophisticated\" investors. Some use their flexibility to mitigate risk, other use it to amplify it.", - "id": "hedge-funds", - "title": "Hedge funds" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "investment-vehicles-tutorial", - "title": "Investment vehicles, insurance and retirement" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We all use money and most of us use banks. Despite this, the actual working of the banking system is a bit of a mystery to most (especially fractional reserve banking).\n\nThis older tutorial (bad handwriting and resolution) starts from a basic society looking to do more than barter and incrementally builds to a modern society with fraction reserve banking. Through this process, you will hopefully gain a deep understanding of how money and banking works in our modern world.", - "id": "banking-and-money", - "title": "Banking and money" - }, - { - "description": "You know that the Federal Reserve (or central banks in general) controls the money supply and short-term interest rates. But how exactly do they do this. Even more, how is \"quantitative easing\" different than regular open market operations.\n\nThis tutorial explains it all in the context of the Federal Reserves attempts to stave off deflation during the 2008-2012 recession.", - "id": "federal-reserve", - "title": "Quantitative easing" - }, - { - "description": "The poop really started to hit the fan in the fall of 2008. When the new administration took office in early 2009, the poop was still there. This is tutorial explains an attempt--probably not a well thought out one--to clean the poop and slow the fan.\n\nVideos on the Geithner Plan to solve the continuing banking crisis in early 2009.", - "id": "geithner-plan", - "title": "Geithner plan" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial walks through how China's undervaluing of its currency impacts trade and prices (which also fuels cheap borrowing for the U.S.).", - "id": "currency-tutorial", - "title": "Foreign exchange and trade" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial contains short videos that explain how China and the United States are intertwined through currency and debt. This is key for understanding the current global macro picture.", - "id": "china-us-debt-situation", - "title": "Chinese currency and U.S. debt" - }, - { - "description": "The Greek government incurred debt beyond its means but didn't have control over its own currency to inflate away its obligations. From austerity, to a bailout, to leaving the Eurozone, none of the options looked great.\n\nIn this tutorial, Sal walks through the situation Greece was in and its options (these videos were made as the crisis was unfolding).", - "id": "greek-debt-crisis", - "title": "2011-2012 Greek debt crisis" - }, - { - "description": "Learn about bitcoins and how they work. \n\nVideos by Zulfikar Ramzan. Zulfikar is a world-leading expert in computer security and cryptography and is currently the Chief Scientist at Sourcefire. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from MIT.", - "id": "bitcoin", - "title": "Bitcoin" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "money-and-banking", - "title": "Money, banking and central banks" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Options allow investors and speculators to hedge downside (or upside). It allows them to trade on a belief that prices will change a lot--just not clear about direction. It allows them to benefit in any market (with leverage) if they speculate correctly.\n\nThis tutorial walks through option basics and even goes into some fairly sophisticated option mechanics.", - "id": "put-call-options", - "title": "Put and call options" - }, - { - "description": "In many commodities markets, it is very helpful for buyers or sellers to lock-in future prices. This is what both forwards and futures allow for. This tutorial explains how they work and what the difference is between the two.", - "id": "forward-futures-contracts", - "title": "Forward and futures contracts" - }, - { - "description": "What started out as a creative way to spread risk ended up fueling a monster housing bubble. This tutorial explains what mortgage-backed securities are and how they work.", - "id": "mort-backed-secs-tut", - "title": "Mortgage-backed securities" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "CDO-tutorial", - "title": "Collateralized debt obligations" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "credit-default-swaps-tut", - "title": "Credit default swaps" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "interest-rate-swaps-tut", - "title": "Interest rate swaps" - }, - { - "description": "Options have been bought and sold for ages, but finding a rational way to price them seemed beyond our mathematical know-how... until 1973 when Fischer Black and Myron Scholes showed up and gave us the Black-Scholes model. This work was later extended by Robert Merton and now underpins much of modern finance.", - "id": "Black-Scholes", - "title": "Black-Scholes formula" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "derivative-securities", - "title": "Options, swaps, futures, MBSs, CDOs, and other derivatives" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Unemployment is a key metric for judging the health of an economy (and even political stability). This tutorial is a primer on what it is and how it's measured (which you might find surprising).", - "id": "unemployment-tutorial", - "title": "Unemployment" - } - ], - "description": "Discussions of economic topics and how they relate to current events.", - "id": "current-economics", - "title": "Current economics" - } - ], - "description": "Videos on finance and macroeconomics", - "id": "core-finance", - "title": "Finance and capital markets" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Richard Branson, Chairman of the Virgin Group, shares his story as a successful entrepreneur with a diverse portfolio.", - "id": "richard-branson", - "title": "Richard Branson - Chairman of the Virgin Group" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "elon-musk", - "title": "Elon Musk - CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX" - }, - { - "description": "Marc Ecko, Founder of Ecko Unlimited, discusses his origins as an entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial culture of Hip Hop. Describing graffiti as the extreme sport of art, Marc talks about how this form of artistic expression was his gateway to entrepreneurship and offers advice to young people.", - "id": "marc-ecko", - "title": "Marc Ecko - Founder of Ecko Unlimited" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "thomas-friedman", - "title": "Thomas Friedman - Author" - }, - { - "description": "Philip Rosedale, Founder of Coffee and Power, discusses his recent venture and how a student\u2019s education today can lead to a career tomorrow.", - "id": "philip-rosedale", - "title": "Philip Rosedale - Founder and Chairman of Second Life" - }, - { - "description": "Zach Kaplan, CEO of Inventables, discusses how the revolution of digital manufacturing and desktop publishing can impact a new generation of entrepreneurs.", - "id": "zach-kaplan", - "title": "Zach Kaplan - CEO of Inventables" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "davis-guggenheim", - "title": "Davis Guggenheim - Filmmaker" - }, - { - "description": "T.A. McCann, Founder and CEO of Gist, talks about his entrepreneurial journey, including how he joined the America\u2019s Cup sailing team. T.A. discusses how entrepreneurs need to show initiative and chart their own course, advising other founders to always ask questions and make progress.", - "id": "ta-mccann", - "title": "T.A. McCann - Founder and CEO of Gist" - }, - { - "description": "Ben Milne, CEO of Dwolla, discusses his motivation in founding his company and the excitement of starting something new. Ben advocates for the idea that failure, which can happen in big and small ways, does not have to be your legacy.", - "id": "ben-milne", - "title": "Ben Milne - CEO of Dwolla" - }, - { - "description": "Giles Shih, President and CEO of BioResource International, describes his company and explains how producing \"big green chickens\" will help feed the world.", - "id": "giles-shih", - "title": "Giles Shih - President and CEO of BioResource International" - }, - { - "description": "Danny O\u2019Neill, President of The Roasterie, describes the journey that led him to starting his own company as well as some of the key attributes of an entrepreneur.", - "id": "danny-oneill", - "title": "Danny O'Neill - President of The Roasterie" - }, - { - "description": "Lara Morgan, Founder of Pacific Direct, shares her entrepreneurial story and describes her motivations in founding companies. Lara describes how understanding the mechanisms of money, along with a fearlessness of asking questionshelped her company grow.", - "id": "lara-morgan", - "title": "Lara Morgan - Founder of Pacific Direct" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "scott-cook", - "title": "Scott Cook - Founder and Chairman of the Executive Committee, Intuit" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "angela-ahrendts-tutorial", - "title": "Angela Ahrendts - CEO of Burberry" - }, - { - "description": "When Dave Smith came to the harsh realization and he alone was in charge of his future, he took a resourceful route to become an expert in his field. Mixing the desire to make it with the imagination to fake it, he went to great lengths to connect with TekScape IT customers and make them believe that his tiny organization was big enough to solve their trickiest problems.", - "id": "dave-smith", - "title": "Dave Smith - CEO & Founder of TekScape IT" - }, - { - "description": "Renaud Laplanche was opening his mail when the idea for Lending Club came to him. He tells the story of seeing \n\nthe opportunity and creating the online Lending Club to fill the gap in the financial industries market. Laplache\u2019s\n\ncompetitive nature extends to one-man sailboat racing and he compares the risks and rewards of racing with setting\n\nthe pace as an entrepreneur.", - "id": "renaud-laplance", - "title": "Renaud Laplanche - Founder of Lending Club" - }, - { - "description": "Jason Christiansen has heard all the familiar comparisons between running a business and being a team player, but as a former major league baseball player, he steps to the plate with a unique perspective. Christiansen talks about building Rigid Industries and how the company deals with imitation product lines and compares the pressure of standing on the mound to standing before his team of employees.", - "id": "jason-christiansen", - "title": "Jason Christiansen - President & CEO of Rigid Industries" - }, - { - "description": "A passion for science education led Linda Jeschognig from her life in accounting to a second act as an entrepreneur. She talks about the inspiration behind Hands-on Labs and overcoming the obstacles with a company created to send kits containing hydrochloric acid, cobalt nitrate and other hazardous elements to college chemistry students. Along the way, Jeschofnig has gained support and reached out to guide other women on the entrepreneurial path.", - "id": "Linda-Jeschofnig", - "title": "Linda Jeschofnig - Co-founder of Hands-On Labs" - }, - { - "description": "LaKeskia Grant founded Virtual Enterprise Architects as a place where she would have a voice and create an environment where others could be heard. She discusses her industry and encourages would-be entrepreneurs to incorporate their core values in their business. Grant\u2019s mother may not know exactly what the information technology business does, but she instilled a strong work ethic and the spirit of entrepreneurship in her daughter.", - "id": "lakeshia-grant", - "title": "LaKeshia Grant - CEO & Founder of Virtual Enterprise Architects" - } - ], - "description": "Personal lessons and insights from accomplished entrepreneurs are the basis of this interview series produced by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and Khan Academy.", - "id": "interviews-entrepreneurs", - "title": "Interviews with entrepreneurs" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "entrepreneurship2", - "title": "Entrepreneurship" - } - ], - "description": "Microeconomics, macroeconomics, finance, accounting and capital markets.", - "id": "economics-finance-domain", - "title": "Economics and finance" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Called the Great War (before World War II came about), World War I was the bloody wake-up call that humanity was entering into a new stage of civilization. Really the defining conflict that took Europe from 19th Century Imperial states that saw heroism in war into a modern shape. Unforunately, it had to go through World War II as well (that some would argue was due to imbalances created by World War I).", - "id": "world-war-I-tutorial", - "title": "Beginning of World War I" - }, - { - "description": "Naval blockades in World War I to starve enemy nation of trade.\n\nContrary to what many think, American entry into WWI was not due purely to the sinking of the Lusitania. Learn more about what caused the United States to play its first major direct role in a European conflict.", - "id": "american-entry-world-war-I", - "title": "Blockades and American entry" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial goes into some detail to describe the tactics and battles of the two major fronts of World War I--the Western Front and the Eastern Front.", - "id": "world-war-I-fighting", - "title": "Western and Eastern fronts of World War I" - }, - { - "description": "Contrary to what some history books and movies would have you believe, World War I was not just fought on the Western and/or Eastern fronts. Because of the empires involved, it was a truly global conflict. This tutorial will cover some of the campaigns that your history book might not (but are important to understanding the War).", - "id": "other-fronts-ww1", - "title": "Other fronts of World War I" - }, - { - "description": "The Middle East is a center of cultures, religions, and, unfortunately, conflict in our modern world. This tutorial takes us from a declining Ottoman Empire to the modern Middle East which is still the center of many religions, cultures and conflicts.", - "id": "middle-east-20th-century", - "title": "World War I shapes the Middle East" - }, - { - "description": "World war I (or the Great War) was a defining event for the 20th Century. It marked the end (or beginning of the end) of centuries-old empires and the dawn-of newly independent states based on ethnic and linguistic commonality. It didn't just change the face of Europe, it changed the face of the world.\n\nFrom the Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles, we'll see how the end of World War I may have been just the set up for even more conflict in Europe and the world.", - "id": "ww1-aftermath", - "title": "Aftermath of World War I" - }, - { - "description": "Test your comprehension of the causes, dynamics and aftermath of World War I (as covered in the tutorials in this topic) by taking this quiz.", - "id": "world-war-i-quiz", - "title": "World War I Quiz" - }, - { - "description": "How did the National Socialists (Nazis) go from being a tiny, marginal party in the early 1920s to having full control of Germany and catalyzing World War II? Who was Hitler and what was his philosophy and how did he come to power?", - "id": "hitler-nazis", - "title": "Rise of Hitler and the Nazis" - }, - { - "description": "The word \"Fascist\" is now a pejorative term (\"pejorative\" means \"negative\" or \"derogatory\") to describe leaders or states that have absolute control and are aggressively nationalistic.\n\nThe terms \"fascism\" and \"fascist\", however, were first embraced by Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s and 1930s to describe their party and policies (that were absolutist and aggressively nationalistic). \n\nThis tutorial described Mussolini and the Fascists' rapid rise to power and the influence it had on the rest of the world (including providing a model for Hitler in Germany).", - "id": "mussolini-fascism", - "title": "Rise of Mussolini and Fascism" - }, - { - "description": "The early 1900s marked the end of thousands of years of dynastic imperial rule in China. It also marked the beginning of a complex period of fragmentation, civil war and fending off Japanese imperial ambitions. This tutorial covers everything from the establishment of the Republic of China by Sun Yat-sen to the Warlord Era to the Chinese Civil War between the Chiang Kai-Shek led Kuomintang and the Communists led by Mao Zedong.", - "id": "China-early-1900s", - "title": "Overview of Chinese history 1911-1949" - }, - { - "description": "The cold war between the United States and the Soviet and their respective allies never involved direct conflict (which might have ended the world). Instead, it involved posturing, brinksmanship and proxy wars in far-flung regions of the world.", - "id": "cold-war", - "title": "The Cold War" - } - ], - "description": "You cannot properly understand current world events without understanding the history of the 20th Century. This topic takes us on a journey from the end of Imperialism through two world wars and the Cold War and brings us to our modern world.", - "id": "euro-hist", - "title": "1900 - present: The recent past" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial Walter Isaacson walks Sal through the United States Declaration of Independence. In doing so, they discuss the philosophical underpinnings of the American Revolution and the United States in general.\n\nWalter Isaacson is the President and CEO of the Aspen Institute. He is the former CEO and Chairman of CNN and Managing Editor of Time Magazine. He has written best-selling biographies of Steve Jobs, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger.\n", - "id": "declaration-of-independence", - "title": "US Declaration of Independence" - }, - { - "description": "\"Let them eat cake!\" \"No, how about we cut your head off instead!\" \n\nThe French Revolution was ugly, bloody and idealistic. This tutorial covers the beginning of the end of the Bourbon rule (actually doesn't really go away for 60 years) and birth of France as a Republic (which will really take about 80 years).", - "id": "french-revolution-tutorial", - "title": "French Revolution" - }, - { - "description": "A man with such a huge \"Napoleonic complex\", that they named it after him. A military genius with a ginormous ego, some people consider him a hero or a tyrant or both.\n\nFrance has successfully overthrown Louis XVI in 1789. It has gone through a many-year period of bloodshed and instability. The monarch's of Europe are not happy about this \"overthrow-your-king\" business. A 5'6'' Corsican establishes himself as a strong military tactician during the wars with other European powers and soon comes to power in France.\n\nThis tutorial covers the rise and fall of one of the most famous men in all of history: Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I).", - "id": "napoleon-bonaparte", - "title": "Napoleon Bonaparte" - }, - { - "description": "Unlike the American Revolution which fairly cleanly transitioned the United States from British rule to a republic, France's process of democratization was much longer and more painful. This tutorial gives a scaffold of that (and gives some context for the book/musical/movie \"Les Miserables\").", - "id": "many-french-revolutions", - "title": "France's many revolutions and republics" - }, - { - "description": "Yes, you are right. Haiti is not in Europe. We put the tutorial here because it was a French colony and its own revolution is closely linked to that of France's.\n\nPossibly one of the saddest histories that a nation can have, this tutorial tries to give as much context as possible for the birth of Haiti.", - "id": "haitian-revolution", - "title": "Haitian Revolution" - }, - { - "description": "In many ways, Benjamin Franklin is the \"Founding Father\" of the United States of America that best represent many ideals of the country. In this series with Walter Isaacson, we go into the life and philosophy of Franklin.", - "id": "benjamin-franklin", - "title": "Life of Benjamin Franklin" - } - ], - "description": "Do we need kings? Can people govern themselves? What rights do we all have? Can science and understanding uplift all of humanity?\n\nThis topic lays the foundation for our modern thinking about the world. From democratic revolutions to the establishment of empires backed by industrial power.", - "id": "1600s-1800s", - "title": "1700-1900: Enlightenment and Revolution" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In 1517 a German theologian and monk, Martin Luther, challenged the authority of the Pope and sparked the Protestant Reformation. His ideas spread quickly, thanks in part to the printing press. By challenging the power of the Church, and asserting the authority of individual conscience (it was increasingly possible for people to read the bible in the language that they spoke), the Reformation laid the foundation for the value that modern culture places on the individual.", - "id": "protestant-reformation", - "title": "The Protestant Reformation" - } - ], - "description": "A tutorial about the Protestant Reformation", - "id": "1500-1600-Renaissance-Reformation", - "title": "1500-1600: Renaissance and Reformation" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial includes the Ancient Near East, and Ancient Greece and Rome.", - "id": "Ancient", - "title": "Ancient" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "medieval", - "title": "Medieval" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "ancient-medieval", - "title": "Before 1300: Ancient and Medieval history" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "us-history", - "title": "United States history overview" - } - ], - "description": "The tutorials in this topic will take you on sweeping journeys through time so that you can get the really BIG picture for how things fit together.", - "id": "history-survey", - "title": "Surveys of history" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "what-happens-when-you-stay-put-2", - "title": "What happens when you stay put (the Neolithic revolution & early River Valley civilizations)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "so-thats-where-that-comes-from-2", - "title": "Oh, so that\u2019s where that comes from! (the ancient Greeks, Persians, Indians, Chinese & the trade between them. Oh, and also the Romans)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "whats-God-got-to-do-with-It-2", - "title": "What\u2019s God got to do with it? - a lot (Early Christianity, Byzantium, Islam, and Medieval Europe)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "road-trip-conquest-trade-2", - "title": "Road trip! (conquest, trade, & more conquest)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2", - "title": "When people do great and really terrible things (The Renaissance, Colonialism, & the Slave Trade)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2", - "title": "You ain\u2019t the boss of me! Oh, maybe you are (Revolution and Modern Society)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2", - "title": "Nationalism, Imperialism & Globalization: the good, the bad and the really, really ugly" - } - ], - "description": "John Green teaches you the history of the world in 42 episodes of Crash Course. Learn, study and understand all the important civilizations, empires, wars, and revolutions the world has seen so far.", - "id": "CrashCourse-WorldHistory", - "title": "Crash Course: World History" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "Ellis-quiz", - "title": "Ellis Video Quiz" - } - ], - "description": "The history of the world (eventually)!", - "id": "history", - "title": "History" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "art-history-introduction", - "title": "Introduction" - }, - { - "description": "If you\u2019ve ever found yourself saying \u201cHow can that be art?,\u201d then this tutorial is for you! We\u2019ve tried to answer the real questions that come up during a typical visit to a modern art museum. Learn how describing can help you slow down and better understand what a work of art is communicating. Learn how important historical context is and how meaning can change over time. This tutorial asks: Why is art important? How can a snow shovel be art? How can we find meaning in abstract art?", - "id": "the-basics", - "title": "The basics" - }, - { - "description": "Watching a soccer game is a lot more interesting if you\u2019ve actually played the game yourself. Similarly, art makes a lot more sense if you understand how it was made. Different materials can have a profound effect on how a work of art looks and how we respond to it. Learn about how artist\u2019s made their own supplies before there were art supply stores! Understand the differences between oil and tempera and how marble is quarried and carved.", - "id": "media", - "title": "Media and Technique" - }, - { - "description": "See conservators in action and learn about the work a conservator does in different media.", - "id": "conserving-works-of-art", - "title": "The conservation of works of art" - } - ], - "description": "New to art? If so, this is a good place to start. We often think we should understand what we see and that we know what we like, but art can be challenging. It has meant different things at different moments in history. Art gives us access to the way other people have seen the world. Jump in and explore!", - "id": "introduction-to-art-history", - "title": "Art History Basics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "You\u2019ve seen the drawing of human evolution showing a procession of monkey, ape, primitive and modern man? Well, somewhere along that line early man could be shown holding a paint brush and a chisel. Mankind has been making art for at least 100,000 years. Why was the earliest art made? What might it have once meant? This tutorial focuses on what we do and do not know about one of the earliest representations of the human body, The Venus of Willendorf.", - "id": "prehistoric", - "title": "Prehistoric" - }, - { - "description": "Was writing invented to record poetry or great literature? Nope. Writing was invented to help keep track of beer and other goods and services! The ancient Sumerians were nothing if not practical. Ancient cultures established the first cities and large scale architecture. From the Gates of the City of Ancient Babylon, to the ancient code of laws instituted by King Hammurabi, the Ancient Near East is strangely distant but also remarkably familiar.", - "id": "ancient-near-east", - "title": "Ancient Near East" - }, - { - "description": "Woody Allen famously said, \u201cI don't want to achieve immortality through my work. I want to achieve it through not dying.\u201d The ancient Egyptians on the other hand, confronted death head-on. In fact, the art of the ancient Egyptians was (for the most part) never meant to be seen by the eyes of the living\u2014it was meant to benefit the dead in the afterlife. Throughout human history, art has been recognized for its ability to outlive us and has been used as a receptacle for our fears and hopes about our own mortality.", - "id": "ancient-egypt", - "title": "Ancient Egypt" - }, - { - "description": "Excavations led by teams of archaeologists in the nineteenth century hoped to find evidence for places and people in Homer's epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. They may not have discovered what they sought, but along the way, they made remarkable discoveries. The tutorial covers the art of the Cycladic Islands, and the Island of Crete (Minoan), and of Mainland Greece (Mycenaean).", - "id": "aegean-art", - "title": "Ancient Aegean" - }, - { - "description": "The ancient Greeks kept busy. They produced painting and sculpture that was copied by the ancient Romans, by Renaissance and Baroque masters, and by the royal academies up until the 19th century. We still copy ancient Greek architecture, refer to their philosophy, use their geometry, perform their theatre, hold olympic games, and redefine their democracy.", - "id": "ancient-greece", - "title": "Ancient Greece" - }, - { - "description": "Before the small village of Rome became \u201cRome\u201d with a capital R (to paraphrase D.H. Lawrence), a brilliant civilization once controlled almost the entire peninsula we now call Italy. This was the Etruscan civilization, a vanished culture whose achievements set the stage not only for the development of ancient Roman art and culture but for the Italian Renaissance as well.", - "id": "Etruscan-art", - "title": "Etruscan art" - }, - { - "description": "The Romans weren\u2019t very original (they borrowed the Greek\u2019s and Egyptian\u2019s gods, architecture, etc.), but they sure knew the political value of art and they were brilliant engineers and administrators. This tutorial traces Roman art and architecture from the Republic through the collapse of the Empire and the rise Christianity. Fly over a reconstruction of the ancient city of Rome. Understand how the Colosseum was built to appease a population angry at the excesses of the former Emperor Nero, and uncover the secret initiation rites buried by the ash of Mount Vesuvius.", - "id": "ancient-rome", - "title": "Ancient Rome" - }, - { - "description": "Buddhism began when Siddh\u0101rtha renounced his princely life and succeeded in attaining enlightenment. As the philosophy and practice of Buddhism traveled, it was shaped and reshaped first across Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan and later in China, Japan and South East Asia. Learn how we trace the history of Buddhism through the representation of the historical Buddha and the many other buddhas that are still widely venerated today.", - "id": "buddhist-art", - "title": "Buddhist Art" - } - ], - "description": "Humans have been making art for tens of thousands of years, long before there was writing. Why was Egyptian art obsessed with death? Why did the ancient Greeks seek the perfect human form? How did the ancient Romans use art as state propaganda? Why was the naturalism of ancient Greek and Roman art abandoned with the rise of Christianity? This topic explores the art of the ancient world, from the Venus of Willendorf to a 6th-Century Chinese Bodhisattva.", - "id": "art-history-400-c-e--ancient-cultures-1", - "title": "- 400 C.E. Ancient cultures" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "An overview of Europe in the middle ages.", - "id": "a-beginners-guide-to-the-medieval-period", - "title": "A beginner's guide to the medieval period" - }, - { - "description": "The first Christians were often persecuted in the Ancient Roman empire, but when\u2014thanks to Constantine\u2014Christianity became legal in the 4th century, Christians could worship openly and the first churches were built in Rome and Christians could be buried in tombs sculpted with Christian imagery. This tutorial takes you on a tour of early Christian churches, and takes a close look at the sarcophagus of a Roman senator who died in 359.", - "id": "early-christian", - "title": "Early Christian" - }, - { - "description": "Christian art, which was initially influenced by the illusionary quality of classical art, started to move away from naturalistic representation and instead pushed toward abstraction. Artists began to abandon classical artistic conventions like shading, modeling and perspective\u2014conventions that make the image appear more real. They no longer observed details in nature to record them in paint, bronze, marble, or mosaic.", - "id": "anglo-saxon-england", - "title": "Early Medieval" - }, - { - "description": "Today, we know the city of Constantinople as Istanbul (in fact there\u2019s a song about that!). But even before it was Constantinople, it was the ancient city of Byzantium, and it was renamed Constantinople (city of Constantine) by none other than the Emperor Constantine himself (it\u2019s good to be the emperor!). From there a succession of emperors ruled the Byzantine empire as the Roman empire dissolved. For two centuries, the Byzantine empire even included the Italian city of Ravenna, where many churches decorated with astoundingly beautiful mosaics can still be found. In Byzantine art we see a departure from the naturalism of the ancient Greek and Roman world. Figures float in ethereal gold heavenly spaces in mosaics, and we find intricate carvings made from ivory, a luxurious material imported from Africa.", - "id": "byzantine", - "title": "Byzantine" - }, - { - "description": "More than 1 billion people call themselves muslim and this monotheistic religion is now estimated to be the second largest in the world. Islamic culture was among the most advanced and tolerant during the Medieval era. Cities from Isfahan in the East to Grenada in the West became important centers of art and learning. This tutorial looks at the sculpture, tilework, costume and interior spaces of this brilliant culture.", - "id": "islamic-art", - "title": "Arts of the Islamic world" - }, - { - "description": "Charlemagne, King of the Franks and later Holy Roman Emperor, instigated a cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.", - "id": "carolingian", - "title": "Carolingian" - }, - { - "description": "Otto I (who became emperor in 962) lends his name to the \u201cOttonian\u201d period. He forged an important alliance with the Pope, which allowed him to be crowned the first official Holy Roman Emperor since 924.", - "id": "ottonian", - "title": "Ottonian" - }, - { - "description": "Visogoths, Ostrogoths, and Vikings, oh my! Western Europe was not a peaceful place during the 600 years after the fall of the Roman Empire. Western Europe (what is now Italy, France, Spain, England, etc.) had been repeatedly invaded. The result was a fractured feudal society with little stability and little economic growth. Charlemagne and the Ottonians had partially and briefly unified the West, and of course the Church was a stabilizing institution, but it was only in the 11th Century that everything changed. Now there was finally enough peace and prosperity to allow for travel and for the widespread construction of large buildings. These were, with rare exceptions, the first large structures to be built in the West since the fall of the Romans so many centuries before. We call the period Romanesque (Roman-like) because the masons of this period looked back to the architecture of ancient Rome. The relative calm of the Romanesque period also meant it was possible to travel, and the faithful set out on pilgrimages in great numbers to visit holy relics in churches across Europe. This meant that ideas and styles also traveled, towns grew and churches were built and enlarged.", - "id": "romanesque", - "title": "Romanesque" - }, - { - "description": "No, we\u2019re not talking about the dark subculture we know as Goth! We\u2019re talking about the style of art and architecture In Europe from the 1100s to the beginnings of the Renaissance at about 1400. Hopefully by the end of this tutorial when someone says Gothic, you\u2019ll think of enormous stained-glass windows in churches whose vaulted ceilings reach toward heaven and not black clothing and dark eyeliner!", - "id": "gothic", - "title": "Gothic" - }, - { - "description": "If you are an art historian with expertise in this area and would like to contribute content, please contact Beth or Steven.", - "id": "art-of-the-americas", - "title": "Art of the Americas" - }, - { - "description": "These questions focus on works of art from across the different periods of the middle ages.", - "id": "Overview-Quiz-Medieval-Art", - "title": "Overview quiz on medieval art" - } - ], - "description": "Were the Middle Ages really all that dark? Hardly! How could we call the period that saw the building of Chartres Cathedral with its stunning stained-glass windows, dark? Sure, the Roman empire collapsed, but with the Christianization of Europe came magnificent churches, illuminated bibles, and intricately designed broaches. This period also saw the birth of Islam, the third great monotheistic religion.", - "id": "art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras", - "title": "400-1300 Medieval Era" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "When we think of the Renaissance, we tend to think of Florence (and Rome). But the city of Siena also deserves our attention. Today, the lovely walled city of Siena is one of the best preserved Medieval cities in Europe and it was chosen by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site. In the 14th Century, Siena was an independent nation and often at war with its neighbor, Florence. Some of the most important art of the 14th Century was commissioned for Siena\u2019s Cathedral and town hall. Duccio and his students, the Lorenzetti Brothers and Simone Martini produced large-scale painting with an intricacy and subtle coloration that is unique in the Renaissance.", - "id": "siena", - "title": "Siena" - }, - { - "description": "When Vasari wrote his enormously influential book, Lives of the Artists, in the 16th century, he credited Giotto, the 14th century Florentine artist with beginning \"the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years.\" In other words, for Vasari, Giotto was the first artist to leave behind the medieval practice of painting what one knows and believes, for the practice of painting what one sees. This tutorial looks at painting and sculpture in both Pisa and Florence to highlight some of the most forward-thinking art of this century.", - "id": "florence", - "title": "Florence" - }, - { - "description": "Art from the Yuan dynasty", - "id": "ChinaYuanDynasty", - "title": "China" - } - ], - "description": "This is a transitional period. In the art of Florence and Siena there is a move away from medieval abstract depictions of space and the human body as artists began to focus on the illusion of mass and space and the expression of human emotion. With hindsight, it is possible to trace elements of Renaissance art back to this period. This century saw the creation of the beautiful poetry of Dante and Petrarch, but it is also the century that saw the worst outbreak of the Bubonic plague (known then as the Black Death) which wiped out close to half the population of Europe\u2014a terrifying statistic, difficult to imagine today. This topic focuses on two Italian city-states\u2014Florence and Siena, both proud republics in the 14th century, and the great painters of those city-states, Giotto and Cimabue in Florence, and Duccio, Martini and the Lorenzetti brothers in Siena.", - "id": "art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance", - "title": "1300-1400 Proto-Renaissance" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "beginners-guide-to-Renaissance", - "title": "A beginner's guide to the Renaissance" - }, - { - "description": "No, not the color and not the wine! In the 15th century, the duchy of Burgundy was one of the most powerful regions in Europe, and stretched from what is today central France up to what is today Belgium and Holland. The home of the Dukes of Burgundy was Dijon, and Duke Philip the Bold commissioned some of the century's greatest works there, including a Carthusian monastery just outside the city walls, where he hoped to be buried so the monks could pray for his soul for eternity. He hired some of the most brilliant artists in Europe to work for him there, including Claus Sluter. Very little of the monastery survives today, but thankfully Sluter\u2019s great work, The Well of Moses, can still be seen there.", - "id": "burgundy", - "title": "Burgundy" - }, - { - "description": "In the 15th century, Flanders (which is the northern portion of Belgium today) was ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy. The enormous wealth of the court of the Dukes and the wealth of the merchant class (in the thriving cities of Bruges and Tournai) made for a new interest in art that mimicked the material world, though in a way that was quite different from what was happening concurrently in Florence. Oil paint comes into its own in the work of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, and we see how the artists of the North used it to create stunning illusions of fur, wood, wool, glass, and jewels.", - "id": "flanders", - "title": "Flanders" - }, - { - "description": "Walking through the streets of Florence in the summer isn\u2019t always easy, it\u2019s jam packed with students and tourists who have come to study and admire the city\u2019s treasures including Michelangelo\u2019s David, Botticelli\u2019s Birth of Venus, and the engineering brilliance of Brunelleschi. Florence in the 15th Century was fabulously wealthy thanks to its banking and manufacturing families. The Medici, the de-facto rulers of the city, were bankers who commissioned some of the most important art of the Renaissance. Florence was also a center of the Humanist revival that in many ways is what separates our Modern world from the Medieval era.", - "id": "florence-1", - "title": "Florence" - }, - { - "description": "Renaissance Venice was a city of merchants that traded with the Byzantine and Islamic Empires to the East, with the Germanic nations North of the Alps, and with Kingdoms to the West. In the 15th Century, Venice was at the height of its power with colonies and a well equipped navy to protect its merchant fleet abroad. Its fabulous wealth financed the construction of sumptuous churches and palaces\u2014and art to fill them. The city\u2019s salty, humid air meant that frescos faded quickly and so in the late 15th century, artists adopted oil, a medium they had seen used on panels from the north. By the late 15th century, they had also adopted canvas as their support of choice and artists like Giovanni Bellini created some of the most subtle and engaging art ever made.", - "id": "venice", - "title": "Venice" - }, - { - "description": "Currently this tutorial contains the work of only one artist, Michael Pacher. It would have been so much easier if we could have included him in Venice, since Pacher was influenced by the work of the great Venetian painter Mantegna. But Pacher spoke German, and the specific area he was from (today in the north-east of Italy), was known as Tyrol (though there is a state of Tyrol today in Austria). Confusing, we know. In this tutorial, we take a look at Pacher\u2019s amazing St. Wolfgang Altarpiece which is still in the church it was made for\u2014a church on a lake surrounded by mountains in Austria, still visited by religious pilgrims. Most altarpieces in the Renaissance were made of many interconnected panels that were later sold and ended up in different collections, and this means that to see one altarpiece you usually have to travel to many museums. But this is not true of the St. Wolfgang altarpiece. Seeing a Renaissance work of art in the space it was made for helps us to travel back in time to the late 15th Century.", - "id": "tyrol", - "title": "Tyrol" - }, - { - "description": "The International Gothic Style persists into the 15th Century in many courts in Europe including England.", - "id": "england", - "title": "England" - }, - { - "description": "Art in France excluding Burgundy", - "id": "France-1400-1500", - "title": "France" - }, - { - "description": "This quiz features is a painting that does not appear in any tutorial in this section, though it does date to this century (1400-1500). It is an \u201cunknown\u201d for you to test your skill and knowledge about Renaissance art. Some of the questions may require knowledge beyond the videos in this set of tutorials.", - "id": "1400s-quiz", - "title": "1400s quiz" - } - ], - "description": "This is the century that sees the full realization of the Renaissance and the end of the medieval way of thinking about the world. The Humanist rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture is supported by the wealth accumulated in prosperous cities such as Bruges, Florence, and Venice. New wealth and increasing trade created a demand for an art based on the world we see. The second half of the century saw the invention of the printing press, and Columbus\u2019s voyage. And though he was heading for the East, Columbus landed in the Americas, and suddenly there were vast new continents for Europe to exploit economically and to Christianize. The century begins with the magnificent sculptures of Claus Sluter and ends with the elegant figures of Leonardo da Vinci.", - "id": "art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north", - "title": "1400-1500 Renaissance in Italy and the North" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "We don\u2019t call this the \u201cHigh\u201d Renaissance for nothing! This period sees hugely ambitious projects, from Michelangelo\u2019s painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the rebuilding of St. Peter\u2019s in Rome, to Raphael\u2019s frescoes in the papal palace. We use this term to refer to the art of the Italian Renaissance, beginning with Leonardo, whose great masterpiece the Last Supper, actually dates to the last decades of the 15th century (history is never neat!). In the painting and sculpture of this period, ideally beautiful figures who move gracefully, often in complex, multi-figure compositions conveying the sense that human beings are an echo of the perfection of God.", - "id": "high-renaissance", - "title": "High Renaissance: Florence and Rome" - }, - { - "description": "The light is different in Venice, the sun glints off the city\u2019s watery streets illuminating Renaissance palaces and churches filled with the art of Bellini, Giorgione, Tintoretto, Veronese and Titian. Perhaps due to the complex play of light reflected off the canals and Byzantine mosaics, Venetian art is known for its brilliant color and subtle tone. The great Venetian artists produced many of the most important paintings of the Renaissance, but their work was different from their colleagues in Florence and Rome who found inspiration in ancient ruins. The Venetians favored the sumptuous, the exotic and the poetic and created art for a society that had grown wealthy trading with distant lands.", - "id": "venice-1", - "title": "Venice" - }, - { - "description": "You could say that High Renaissance painters had achieved it all\u2014ideally beautiful, graceful figures, rational spaces, and unified compositions with dozens of figures. If you were a young artist in the early decades of the 1500s you might have felt that there was nothing left to accomplish! Renaissance art was always based on the visual world\u2014on representing things as we see them, but Mannerist art was more artificial, it looked to other art rather than to nature, and Mannerist artists purposely looked for complexity and difficulty to showcase their skills. Figures are elongated, the illusion of space that was so important for the Renaissance no longer makes sense, and the human body is often impossibly twisted.", - "id": "mannerism", - "title": "Mannerism" - }, - { - "description": "The Renaissance in the North continues, but now with the impact of the Protestant Reformation, where there was growing concern that images in the church violated the commandment against making likenesses, as part of the prohibition against worshipping idols. The Reformation had a direct impact on some of the greatest painters of this period, including the German artists Durer, who converted, and Cranach, who was a close friend of Luther. There was increasing exchange during this period between artists in Italy and those in Northern Europe in terms of both methods and style, though the two styles remain distinct. Here we see some of the most complex painting in the work of Holbein, some of the most playful in the work of Bruegel and some of the most terrifying in the work of Bosch.", - "id": "northern-renaissance", - "title": "Northern Renaissance" - }, - { - "description": "In 1517 a German theologian and monk, Martin Luther, challenged the authority of the Pope and sparked the Protestant Reformation. His ideas spread quickly, thanks in part to the printing press. By challenging the power of the Church, and asserting the authority of individual conscience (it was increasingly possible for people to read the bible in the language that they spoke), the Reformation laid the foundation for the value that modern culture places on the individual.", - "id": "the-protestant-reformation", - "title": "The Protestant Reformation" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "japan", - "title": "Japan" - } - ], - "description": "If there was one century in the past that saw radical changes in established ways of thinking comparable to the 20th Century, it would be the 16th. Before this, in Western Europe, there was only one type of Christianity\u2014under the authority of the Pope in Rome. But in 1517 a German theologian and monk, Martin Luther, sparked the Protestant Reformation. His ideas spread quickly, thanks in part to the printing press. Luther challenged the power of the Pope and the Church, and asserted the authority of individual conscience. At the same time, it was increasingly possible for people to read the bible in the languages that they spoke. It is also during this period that the Scientific Revolution began and observation replaced religious doctrine as the source of our understanding of the universe and our place in it. At mid-century, Copernicus suggested that the sun was at the center of solar system (not the earth), radically repositioning human beings and therefore calling into question our centrality in the universe that God had created.", - "id": "art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation", - "title": "1500-1600 End of the Renaissance and the Reformation" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "beginners-guide-baroque", - "title": "A beginner's guide to the Baroque" - }, - { - "description": "Baroque painting, sculpture and architecture in Italy seems to miraculously unite the heavenly and the earthly to deepen the faith of believers. We\u2019ll look at the utterly convincing illusions of heaven on the painted ceilings of Il Gesu and St. Ignazio, and the way Caravaggio painted biblical scenes with a gritty realism that makes them look as though they are taking place on the streets of Rome. And of course we explore the great genius of the period, Bernini, who used every means at his disposal\u2014painting, sculpture and architecture\u2014in works like The Ecstasy of St. Theresa and the Cathedra Petri to bring the viewer closer to the divine.", - "id": "italy", - "title": "Italy" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial focuses on the art of Peter Paul Rubens, whose work was in high demand by nearly every King, Queen and aristocrat in Catholic Europe (good thing he had a huge workshop!). Rubens was a master of color, dramatic compositions, and movement. Although he was from Northern Europe, he traveled to Italy and absorbed the art of the Renaissance, of classical antiquity, and of Caravaggio. He painted nearly every type of subject\u2014landscapes, portraits, mythology, and history paintings.", - "id": "flanders-1", - "title": "Flanders" - }, - { - "description": "In the Protestant Dutch Republic of the 17th century there was an enormous demand for art from a wide cross-section of the public. This was a very good thing, since the institution that had been the main patron for art\u2014the Church\u2014was no longer in the business of commissioning art due to the Protestant Reformation. Dutch artists sought out new subjects of interest to their new clientele, scenes of everyday life (genre paintings), landscapes and still-lifes. There was also an enormous market for portraits. One of the greatest artist of this period, Rembrandt, made his name as a portrait painter, but was also a printmaker, and his work also includes moving interpretations of biblical subjects (though from a Protestant perspective).", - "id": "holland", - "title": "Holland" - }, - { - "description": "The main focus of this tutorial, and a leading artist at this time is the great Diego Velazquez, who spent most of his career as the court painter to the King of Spain painting official portraits. But in the hands of Velazquez, even mundane portraits became masterpieces of brushwork and color. His early work was influenced by the realism of Caravaggio. Get up close to the princess in his later masterpiece, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), and you\u2019ll see broad brushstrokes of red, pink, black and white, but step back and they magically resolve to create a perfect illusion of the silk of her dress and the light moving across her face and hair. No other artist, except perhaps Titian and Rubens, revealed so honestly the alchemy of painting\u2014how paint can be turned into reality.", - "id": "spain", - "title": "Spain" - }, - { - "description": "In France, the LeNain Brothers painted scenes of every-day life (genre paintings), often depicting peasants. There was a renewal of interest in their art in the mid-Nineteenth Century, when the art critic, Champfluery wrote that the brothers \u201cconsidered men in tatters more interesting than courtiers in embroidered garments.\u201d At the same time, Poussin created a very different style\u2014one that was highly intellectual and looked back to Renaissance, and ancient Greek and Roman art.", - "id": "france", - "title": "France" - } - ], - "description": "The 17th Century is the era of the Baroque style, characterized by energy, drama, and movement. The Church in Rome needed art that spoke to its resurgent power even as the conflict between Protestant and Catholics continued. A new realism\u2014with a special sensitivity to light\u2014also pervades the art of this period across Europe and can be seen especially in the work of Caravaggio, Velazquez, Ruysdael, and Vermeer. But where in Catholic countries, the Church remained a major patron of religious images, in the Protestant Dutch Republic, artists painted an expanded range subjects like still-lifes, landscapes and genre paintings for the middle class.", - "id": "art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque", - "title": "1600-1700 The Baroque" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "It\u2019s hard not to like Rococo art. After all, it\u2019s subjects are often about luxury and pleasure, which makes sense since its patrons were the extremely wealthy French aristocracy. This tutorial features two romantic liaisons\u2014Fragonard\u2019s The Swing and The Meeting, portraits and a mythological subject, \u201cVenus Consoling Love.\u201d You get the idea.", - "id": "rococo", - "title": "Rococo" - }, - { - "description": "Jacques Louis David, an active supporter of the Revolution of 1789, is the star of this tutorial. David served in the revolutionary government, used his art in the service of its cause\u2014and voted to behead King Louis XVI. He captured the patriotism of the revolution\u2019s early phase and later, memorialized its dead heroes. And when the revolution failed, and Napoleon came to power, David used his great talents to present a heroic image of that military general-turned emperor. David invents a new style for the democratic values of the Enlightenment\u2014one that is the very opposite of the luxuriousness of the Rococo\u2014and that looks back to Renaissance and ancient Greek art, hence the name\u2014Neo-Classicism (new classicism).", - "id": "neo-classicism", - "title": "Neo-Classicism" - }, - { - "description": "Britain and America in the Age of Revolutions (Reynolds, Copley, Peale)\n\tIt was hard to be an artist in America during the colonial period, and for decades after too. There were no real art schools, no grand tradition of art, and no wealthy aristocratic patrons to commission heroic subjects. Americans were practical, and they wanted portraits\u2014and not paintings of classical mythology (which didn\u2019t always make American artists, at least those with wider ambitions, happy). As you\u2019ll learn in this tutorial, Copley was the greatest American portrait painter of the period, and Peale, who studied with Copley, painted portraits of American heroes such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, and founded what became the first real American art museum. American artists looked to England for support and inspiration, often to the older Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was the painter to the King, and first President of the Royal Academy in London.", - "id": "english-portraiture", - "title": "Britain & America in the Age of Revolution" - }, - { - "description": "Art and culture from the European invasion of the Americas to the end of the colonial era.", - "id": "Colonial-Americas", - "title": "Colonial Americas" - } - ], - "description": "From the frivolous paintings of Fragonard to the politically-charged moralizing images of David, this tutorial brings us from the King of France and his court\u2014the 1%\u2014to the democratic aspirations of the French and American revolutionaries. The Kings of France ruled by divine right, but Enlightenment thinkers (for example, Voltaire and Diderot) asserted our ability to reason for ourselves rather than rely on the teachings of established institutions. Rousseau in \u201cThe Social Contract,\u201d stated that power to govern resided in the hands of the people. In 1788 the new United States ratified its Constitution, and in 1793, King Louis XVI was beheaded. Artists in France, America and Britain\u2014some sympathetic to revolutionary ideals, others not\u2014were nevertheless all caught up in the political upheavals of this period.", - "id": "art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment", - "title": "1700-1800 Age of Enlightenment" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Romanticism begins in France with the violent and exotic battle scenes of Gros and the famous shipwreck, the Raft of the Medusa, painted by Gericault. Soon after, two distinct trends emerge in French painting, one\u2014represented by the artist Delacroix\u2014was rebellious, and emphasized emotion, color and loose brushwork. The other\u2014which can be seen in the art of Ingres\u2014upheld tradition, and emphasized line and a highly finished surface. Of course, things were more complicated\u2014but those were battle lines!", - "id": "romanticism-in-france", - "title": "Romanticism in France" - }, - { - "description": "The great artist Francisco Goya is the focus of this tutorial. Goya began his career designing tapestries for the royal residences, and eventually became court painter to the King of Spain. But after Napoleon\u2019s army occupied Spain and deposed the King, Goya documented the horrors he witnessed. His work following the occupation, including the Third of May 1808, remains some of the most powerful anti-war images ever created. His later years were spent largely in a house outside Madrid which he painted with haunting scenes. Saturn Devouring his sons belongs to this late series, known as the \u201cBlack Paintings.\u201d", - "id": "romanticism-in-spain", - "title": "Romanticism in Spain" - }, - { - "description": "As the industrial revolution transformed the British countryside, replacing fields with factories, painters turned to landscape. Constable painted his native suffolk, where he spent his childhood, and imbued it with a sense of affection for rural life. Turner, on the other hand, created dramatic and sublime landscapes with a sense of the heroic or even the tragic. What both of these artists have in common is a desire to make landscape painting\u2014understood as a low subject by the Academy which dictated official views on art\u2014carry serious meaning.", - "id": "romanticism-in-england", - "title": "Romanticism in England" - }, - { - "description": "This tutorial focuses exclusively on the art of Caspar David Friedrich, whose work best exemplifies Romanticism\u2019s interest in the big questions of man\u2019s mortality and place in the universe. The world had changed dramatically since the time of Michelangelo, Bernini and Rembrandt, and as a result, Friedrich approached these big questions without the Christian narratives that dominated the art of the past. And like his English counterparts during this period, he imbues nature and the landscape with symbolic and often spiritual meaning.", - "id": "romanticism-in-germany", - "title": "Romanticism in Germany" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "romanticism-in-the-united-states", - "title": "Romanticism in the United States" - } - ], - "description": "With the failure of the French Revolution (Napoleon crowned himself Emperor, and after his defeat, a King was restored to power in France), there was a turn away from public, political life, toward personal, subjective experience. In large part, this turn characterizes the new style of Romanticism (don\u2019t confuse this with our own use of the term romantic!), whether we look to art in France, Spain, England or Germany. Where Neo-Classical painters created virtuous and heroic subjects with figures willing to sacrifice for the public good, Romantic painters asserted the primacy of emotion and the irrational.", - "id": "art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i", - "title": "1800-1848 Industrial Revolution I" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In 1848, a small group of young artists banded together and formed \u201cThe Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,\u201d a name which sounds intentionally backward-looking and medieval. The Pre-Raphaelites looked back to art before the time of Raphael (before about 1500 that is)\u2014before the art of the Renaissance was reduced to formulas followed for centuries by artists associated with the art academies of Europe. Their idea was that the art before Raphael was more sincere, more true to nature and how we see, and therefore less formulaic. These artists also embraced a wide range of subjects, including modern life, biblical and literary subjects, and even history. By looking backwards, the Pre-Raphaelites led British art into the modern era.", - "id": "pre-raphaelites", - "title": "Pre-Raphaelites" - }, - { - "description": "British art saw a return to the classical after the 1860s, not just in terms of style, but also subject matter. Alma Tadema created sensual Victorian visions of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and Leighton too rendered classicizing figures and subjects. Both of these artists, together with Sargent, were influenced by the Aesthetic Movement, where the subject or narrative of a work of art was minimized in favor of a focus on issues of form (color harmonies, line, composition).", - "id": "late-victorian", - "title": "Late Victorian" - }, - { - "description": "In the mid-Nineteenth Century, great art was still defined as art that took it\u2019s subjects from religion, history or mythology and its style from ancient Greece and Rome. Hardly what we would consider modern and appropriate for an industrial, commercial, urban culture! Courbet agreed, and so did his friend, the writer Charles Baudelaire who called for an art that would depict, as he called it, the beauty of modern life. Courbet painted the reality of life in the countryside\u2014not the idealized peasants that were the usual fare at the exhibits in Paris. The revolution of 1848, in which both the working class and the middle class played a significant role, set the stage for Realism. Later, Manet and then Degas painted modern life in Paris, a city which was undergoing rapid modernization in the period after 1855 (the Second Empire).", - "id": "realism", - "title": "Realism" - }, - { - "description": "Despite the brief dismantling of the Royal Academy during the French Revolution, art remained an extension of the power of the French State which regularly purchased art that it favored (often art that supported its political objectives). Through the Royal Academy (originally been founded by Louis XIV), the state extended its reach to the official exhibitions (salons) and to matters of style and subject matter through the \u00c9cole des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts). These were not just the official institutions of art, they were, in essence, the only institutions available for living artists to train and to make their work known. This tutorial looks at a crucial moment for painting, on the eve of the Revolution of 1848. We also examine one of the great State commissions of the Second Empire, The Opera House, as well as The Dance, a sculpture that adorned its fa\u00e7ade.", - "id": "second-empire", - "title": "Art and the French state" - }, - { - "description": "Impressionism is both a style, and the name of a group of artists who did something radical\u2014in 1874 they banded together and held their own independent exhibition. These artists described, in fleeting sensations of light, the new leisure pastimes of the city and its suburbs It\u2019s hard to imagine, but at this time in France, the only place of consequence that artists could exhibit their work was the official government-sanctioned exhibitions (called salons), held just once a year, and controlled by a conservative jury. The Impressionists painted modern Paris and landscapes with a loose open brushstrokes, bright colors, and unconventional compositions\u2014none of which was appreciated by the salon jury!", - "id": "impressionism", - "title": "Impressionism" - }, - { - "description": "The work of van Gogh, Gauguin, C\u00e9zanne and Seurat together constitute Post-Impressionism and yet their work is so varied and unrelated, we might never otherwise think of these four artists as a group. Certainly van Gogh and Gauguin were friends and they briefly painted together, but each of these artists was concerned with solving particular issues that had to do with their own individual sensibility. Ironically, if anything ties these artists together it is this focus on subjectivity. This tutorial explores the sketchy multiperspectival views of C\u00e9zanne, Seurat\u2019s systematized critiques of upper middle-class Paris, Gauguin\u2019s fascination with the primitive and exotic, and van Gogh\u2019s unerring ability to convey deeply human experiences.", - "id": "post-impressionism", - "title": "Post-Impressionism" - }, - { - "description": "The 1880s saw a shift away from the modern-life focus of Impressionism, as artists turned toward the interior self, to dreams, and myth. There was a sense that Impressionism had been too tied up with the materialism of middle-class culture. In some ways, van Gogh and Gauguin can also be seen as Symbolists. Many Symbolist belonged to groups of artists who broke away (or seceded) from the art establishment in their respective countries, to hold their own exhibitions. For example, Klimt belonged to the Vienna Secession (he was its first president), Khnopff to a similar group in Belgium called Lex XX (The Twenty), and Stuck co-founded the Munich Secession.", - "id": "symbolism", - "title": "Symbolism & Art Nouveau" - } - ], - "description": "The art of this period is familiar, since the world of the Realists, Impressionists and Post-Impressionists is much like our own. More and more people lived in cities and worked in factories or shops for wages. Scientific and technological advances increased dramatically during this period and although there was dislocation and privation, standards of living increased sharply. In essence, modern mass culture was born. Artists responded sometimes by embracing these radical changes, and at other times by resisting them. Key here is understanding the authority of the various art academies in Europe, which controlled matters related to taste and art, and which were, to some extent, always connected to the government. A small number of artists rebelled against the strictures of the academy, and against the demand for art to tell clear stories for a middle class audience, and formed what we know as the \u201cavant-garde.\u201d", - "id": "art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii", - "title": "1848-1907 Industrial Revolution II" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Why is that art? Can art be an idea? Does art have to represent the world we see?", - "id": "big-questions-modern-contemporary-art", - "title": "Big Questions in Modern & Contemporary Art" - }, - { - "description": "Wild Beasts! Les Fauve (wild beasts) is what one critic called the brilliant expressive canvases of Matisse and other artists who exhibited together in 1905. This tutorial traces the work of Henri Matisse from his early Fauvist work with its jarringly bright colors to the stricter geometries he introduced during the First World War. It also tracks Expressionist developments in Germany and Austria with videos on Kirchner, Kandinsky and Jawlensky, artists who adopted a rough, \u201cprimitive\u201d style, and on Egon Schiele\u2019s taut, sexually charged paintings from Vienna.", - "id": "expressionism", - "title": "Expressionism" - }, - { - "description": "The Spaniard Picasso changed the way we see the world. He could draw with academic perfection at a very young age but he gave it up in order to create a language of representation suited to the modern world. Together with the French artist George Braque, Picasso undertook an analysis of form and vision that would inspire radical new visual forms across Europe and in America. This tutorial explains the underlying principles of Cubism and the abstract experiments that followed including Italian Futurism, Russian Suprematism, and the Dutch movement, de Stijl.", - "id": "cubism", - "title": "Cubism and its impact" - }, - { - "description": "Do we know who we really are? What parts of our mind do we know and what parts are hidden from us? Should art only focus on the rational, the conscious, or should we also pay attention to the irrational, the uncanny, the powerful impulses that remain unarticulated and just beyond the reach of our awareness. Dada was born during WWI when poets, artists, and actors, sickened by the violence around them, chose to celebrate the irrational. They created an anti-art that challenged the cultural assumptions that they felt supported the ruling elite that had, in turn, caused the war. In the years after the war, Dada gave way to Surrealism which reinstituted traditional forms of art-making but focused on Freud\u2019s theories of the unconscious.", - "id": "dada", - "title": "Dada & Surrealism" - }, - { - "description": "Germany was defeated and exhausted in 1918 at the end of WWI. The equally exhausted victors imposed harsh terms on Germany. It was forced to forfeit its overseas colonial possessions, to cede land to its neighbors, and to pay reparations. As demobilized troops returned, German cities filled with unemployed, often maimed veterans. The Socialists briefly seized power and by the early 1920s hyperinflation further destabilized the nation. Neue Sachlichkeit or the New Objectivity cast a cold sharp eye on Modern Germany\u2019s hypocrisy, aggression, and destitution even as extremists on the political right consolidated power. The National Socialists or Nazi Party won the chancellorship in 1933 and quickly used art and architecture as a means build the myth of a pure German people shaped by the land and unsullied by modern industrial culture. This tutorial looks at the ways that competing political ideologies each used art for its own purposes.", - "id": "neue-sachlichkeit", - "title": "German art between the wars" - }, - { - "description": "Towers of glass and steel from the mid-20th Century suggest, for many people, the rationalization of urban space that dehumanized our cities with empty plazas, rigorous geometries and uniformity. But International style architecture was born of the utopian idea that innovative design could improve the lives millions and its forms recall the clarity and harmony of ancient Greek architecture. This tutorial treats the late work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Gordon Bunshaft, and Frank Lloyd Wright.", - "id": "architecture", - "title": "International style architecture" - }, - { - "description": "Artists in Mexico and other parts of Latin America including Cuba and Chile produced some of the most advanced art of the modern period. Wilfredo Lam, Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, Jos\u00e9 Orozco, and others drew on European modernist experiments like Cubism and Surrealism, as well as indigenous traditions, to tackle the political and social revolutions that transformed their nations.", - "id": "latin-american-modernism", - "title": "Latin American Modernism" - }, - { - "description": "Art had never been especially important in America. Before the Civil War, many of America\u2019s best artists went to Europe and stayed. Even after the war, American artists found little enthusiasm for their work unless it was directly informed by European precedents. By the first years of the 20th Century, a small group of American artists began to paint the gritty streets of New York and were called the Ashcan School for their portrayal of life in the tenements. In 1913 however, the Armory Show exhibited advanced American and European art and helped to create a market for the work of Georgia O\u2019Keeffe and other members of modern galleries like Alfred Steiglitz\u2019s 291 and Peggy Guggenheim\u2019s Art of This Century. During the Great Depression artists such as Grant Wood portrayed rural life in the south and midwest and became known as regionalists while other realists such as Edward Hopper rendered the alienation of the modern city. Meanwhile, Surrealist ideas infused a younger generation of artists\u2019 work in Mexico and the US which would result, by the end of WWII, in the first internationally important American art movement, Abstract Expressionism.", - "id": "American Modernism", - "title": "American Modernism" - } - ], - "description": "Europe in 1907 was powerful, wealthy and stable. The British Empire was unmatched with huge territories that stretched across the globe. The Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires remained intact, and the Italians, Germans, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese retained colonies. Nevertheless, the old order would soon collapse, a result of the Great War in 1914. But this trauma was only the beginning. A global financial collapse precipitated by the stock market crash of 1929 allowed Mussolini, Franco and Hitler to seize power. The violence only worsened with the Holocaust, Japanese Imperial expansion, and the Second World War.\n\nAt the same time, this was a period of radical advances in music (Stravinsky, Bartok, etc.), in dance (Duncan, Graham, etc.) in literature (Joyce, Pound, etc.), science (Einstein, Heisenberg, etc.), and of course, in art (Matisse, Picasso, etc.). In the years between the wars artists explored abstraction and the irrational. After the war, and with Europe in ruins, the focus of the art world shifted from Paris to New York where Abstract Expressionism was born.", - "id": "art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict", - "title": "1907-1960 Age of Global Conflict" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Artists first represented the human body more than 30,000 years ago and haven\u2019t stopped since. Figurative art has been a continuous tradition through human history. Even in societies where the biblical law forbidding the graven image is most strictly interpreted (Judaism and Islam for example), there have always been instances of figural art. The same is true for the era of modernist abstraction when artists found new ways to portray the body on canvas or with the lens of a camera that could profoundly describe the human condition in , and abstraction the post-holocaust era.", - "id": "the-postwar-figure", - "title": "The postwar figure" - }, - { - "description": "When people walk into an art museum they often expect to see treasures of their cultural history\u2014beautifully crafted precious objects that express profound truths\u2014images of God, nature, man\u2019s heroism, but Campbell soup cans hawked on TV? Pop art sought to upend our comfortable understanding of what art is and it did just that. Warhol, Lichtenstein, Oldenburg, and others confronted the visual reality of our commercial consumer culture by focusing on the mechanics of representation and the subject matter of daily life in the middle of the 20th Century.", - "id": "pop-art", - "title": "Pop & After" - }, - { - "description": "\u201cPrimary Structures,\u201d \u201cABC Art,\u201d and \u201cMinimalism\u201d are terms that attempted to categorize the work of Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Sol Lewitt and other artists who produced hard edged, often geometric and seemingly machined objects in the later 1960s and early 1970s. These stark, often cold and cerebral forms were the very antithesis of the deeply emotive gestural art of the Abstract Expressionists and their followers who had dominated the New York art scene since the 1940s. Here was an art that renounced the authentic \u201chand\u2019 of the artist and sought instead to create forms without reference to the world beyond the object\u2019s own logic except perhaps as Platonic expressions of a pure ideal.", - "id": "minimalism", - "title": "Minimalism and the land" - }, - { - "description": "By the second half of the 20th Century, the avant-garde had an avant-garde of its own. Even as Pop, Minimal and Concept artists renounced the handmade work of art, a small group of women recognized the subversive value of handicraft in an age of industrial manufacturing and in an art world dominated by male artists and critics who sought theoretical purity. During her short career, Eva Hesse resituated the ancient question of how to meaningfully represent the human body and unleashed decades of experimentation that continues to this day. Judy Chicago, Linda Benglis, Jackie Windsor, Faith Ringgold, and others used the lowly status of craft and its historical association with female artisans to contrast with \u201chigh art.\u201d By focusing of the act of making, on process and craft, these women began the process of fracturing Modernism\u2019s reductive and largely male narratives.", - "id": "process-art", - "title": "Process art" - }, - { - "description": "Can art be an enactment? Can the \u201cart\u201d be relocated from the object crafted by an artist to the more ephemeral reaction of the viewer? Must an artist actually \u201cmake\u201d a work of art at all? Conceptual artists recognized that when the 19th Century avant-garde broke with the academies and their emphasis on technical execution (the blending color or compositional clarity for example), they were freer to focus on more conceptual issues such as modern urban life, subjectivity, or pictorial language. Fast forward to the second half of the Twentieth Century when intellectual content became the defining characteristic of art and concept fully eclipsed craft. In the 1960 and 70s the art of Beuys, Haacke and others became increasingly conceptual. These artists used found objects, performance, and installation while de-emphasizing the act of \u201cobject making.\u201d", - "id": "performance-art", - "title": "Conceptual art" - }, - { - "description": "If you\u2019ve done the tutorials on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century art then you likely have an idea that by \u201cModernism,\u201d art historians are referring to a set of ideas that characterize art and culture after about 1848. Key to understanding Modern art are the ideas of a heroic \u201cavant-garde\u201d that challenges authority and the expression of the individual (one that is invariably white and male). The term \u201cPost-Modernism,\u201d was initially used in the art world in 1979 for architecture that arbitrarily borrowed historical styles with little regard for original meaning or context. The term was quickly and broadly adopted, and came to refer to a strategy to undermine Modernism\u2019s utopian and heroizing tendencies by using multiple yet simultaneous critical perspectives. Post-Modernism was not anti-Modernism, it was instead, an effort to destabilize Modernist narratives with deeply skeptical critical strategies that emphasized the plurality of gender, race, nationality, politics, and economic inequality.", - "id": "postmodernism", - "title": "Postmodernism" - }, - { - "description": "Art of the past half century that focuses on the body and its meanings through depiction and enactment outside the traditional boundaries of dance, drama and music.", - "id": "Performance-art-tutorial", - "title": "The body as subject and medium" - }, - { - "description": "Architecture has changed radically in the past fifty years as computers have allowed designers to shape space in ways that had never been possible before and as design theory has transformed the ways in which we conceive of the built environment.", - "id": "Contemporary-Architecture", - "title": "Contemporary Architecture" - } - ], - "description": "By 1960, the unprecedented violence of the first half of the century had ebbed, replaced by the Cold War and threat of nuclear catastrophe. The vacuum left by European powers as they withdrew from their colonies instigated a global power grab as small nations sought autonomy but became proxies in a global strategic confrontation between Western and Soviet or Chinese ideologies. \n\nAt the same time protest movements in the West called for an end to war, racism, and gender inequality. Powerful, entrenched conservative institutions such as the Catholic Church were transformed. The assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr., coupled later with Watergate, created a deep distrust for institutional authority. Artists responded by producing exceptionally thoughtful, original and provocative work that became increasingly global in its perspective.", - "id": "art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism", - "title": "1960 - Age of Post-Colonialism" - } - ], - "description": "We understand the history of humanity through art. From prehistoric depictions of wooly mammoths to contemporary abstraction, artists have addressed their time and place in history and have expressed universal human truths for tens of thousands of years. Learn what made Rome great, how Islamic tile work evolved, why the Renaissance happened, and about the brilliant art being produced today around the globe. \nDr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, together with leading art historians, have created hundreds of short engaging conversational videos and articles, making Khan Academy one of the most accessible and extensive resources for the study of the history of art. Come with us to the Louvre, to a church in Rome, and to a mosque in Istanbul so that you can experience the art up close and on location.\n\nAlso maintained at http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/.", - "id": "art-history", - "title": "Art history" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Videos about how government works in the United States.", - "id": "american-civics", - "title": "American civics" - } - ], - "description": "Videos about how government works in the United States.", - "id": "american-civics-subject", - "title": "American civics" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The basic principles of music are explained in plain language with helpful graphics and live video demonstrations. If you have ever wondered \"how does music work?\" then you'll find answers here. Presented by the All-Star Orchestra music director Gerard Schwarz. ", - "id": "music-basics-notes-rhythm-music", - "title": "Music basics: Notes and rhythm" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Possibly the most iconic of all symphonies, \"Beethoven's 5th\" is instantly recognizable by its dramatic opening motive. Learn how this rhythmic and melodic idea permeates the entire work, holding the listener in thrall through all four movements to the blazing finale. Music Director Gerard Schwarz and noted expert Leon Botstein explore the many facets of Beethoven's masterpiece, including a demonstration by Maestro Schwarz of how to conduct the first movement.", - "id": "ludwig-van-beethoven-music", - "title": "Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "antonin-dvorak-music", - "title": "Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k: Symphony No. 9 \"From the New World\"" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "igor-stravinsky-music", - "title": "Igor Stravinsky: Suite from The Firebird" - }, - { - "description": "Analysis by Gerard Schwarz. A love story from ancient Greek mythology inspired the creation of an epic ballet in 1912. French composer Maurice Ravel expanded the possibilities of orchestral color and texture in his remarkable score. Music Director Gerard Schwarz explores the history and musical structure of this landmark work of musical Impressionism.", - "id": "maurice-ravel-music", - "title": "Maurice Ravel: Suite No. 2 from Daphnis et Chloe" - }, - { - "description": "A leading composer of her generation, Augusta Read Thomas' works have been performed by major orchestras around the world. Here she discusses the compositional process that led to Of Paradise and Light. Music Director Gerard Schwarz joins in the discussion of this transcendent new work.", - "id": "augusta-read-thomas-music", - "title": "Augusta Read Thomas: Of Paradise and Light" - }, - { - "description": "Pulitzer-prize-winning composer and Harvard Professor of Music Bernard Rands discusses the art of composition. He and Music Director Gerard Schwarz look into the score of Rands' recent work \"Adieu\" (\"Goodbye\") as recorded by the All-Star Orchestra.", - "id": "bernard-rands-music", - "title": "Bernard Rands: Adieu" - } - ], - "description": "Discover what makes a masterpiece by learning how classical works are composed. Music Director Gerard Schwarz explains the history, context and compositional techniques behind famous orchestral works, from Beethoven to leading composers of the present day.", - "id": "music-masterpieces-old-new", - "title": "Masterpieces old and new" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The largest group within the orchestra is comprised of instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings. The vibrations \u2013 resulting from the strings being played by a bow, or being plucked with the fingers \u2013 resonate within the body of each instrument. The violin, viola, cello and contrabass are all primary played with a bow. The harp is plucked and stroked with the hands. Principals from the All-Star Orchestra introduce the special qualities and histories of each instrument.", - "id": "strings-music", - "title": "Strings" - }, - { - "description": "This family of instruments is situated in the middle of the orchestra, and is comprised of three groups: the flutes (flutes, piccolo), single reeds (clarinets, bass-clarinet), and double reeds (oboe, English horn, bassoons, contra-bassoon) Watch and listen as principal players of the All-Star Orchestra demonstrate their instruments and tell about their musical lives. ", - "id": "woodwinds-music", - "title": "Woodwinds" - }, - { - "description": "Each of the instruments in this family are made to sound by the vibrations of the player's lips combined with a steady stream of breath. Learn from the All-Star Orchestra players themselves about the special attributes of the trumpet, French horn, trombone, bass trombone and tuba.", - "id": "brass-music", - "title": "Brass" - }, - { - "description": "This large family, including timpani, drums, cymbals, xylophones, gongs, bells, and rattles, is comprised of musical instruments played by striking with the hand or with a stick or beater, or by shaking or rubbing. The All-Star Orchestra percussion section demonstrates the remarkable variety of sounds that can be produced. Also included in this group are orchestral keyboard instruments like the piano and celesta.", - "id": "percussion-music", - "title": "Percussion" - } - ], - "description": "Learn about the different instruments of the orchestra as they are presented and demonstrated by principal players from famous symphony orchestras.", - "id": "music-instruments-orchestra", - "title": "Instruments of the orchestra" - } - ], - "description": "An exploration of classical music as a living tradition. Top orchestral players from across the United States meet once-a-year in New York as the All-Star Orchestra to record masterpieces and new works with Music Director Gerard Schwarz. Come behind the scenes, meet the musicians, attend an open rehearsal, gain a conductor's perspective, and have a first-person encounter with the music.", - "id": "music", - "title": "Music" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The critical thinking section will teach you the skills to think clearly and independently. It will help you identify valid arguments, detect inconsistencies in reasoning, understanding logical connections between ideas, and construct and evaluate arguments.", - "id": "criticalthinking", - "title": "Critical thinking" - }, - { - "description": "Metaphysics is an area of philosophy concerned with what there is in the universe (ontology) and the nature of what exists. Epistemology is a related area interested in knowledge and how we know things about the universe.", - "id": "metaphysics-epistemology", - "title": "Metaphysics and epistemology" - }, - { - "description": "Value theory is an evaluative area of philosophy that includes ethics, aesthetics, social and political philosophy, feminist philosophy, and other areas.", - "id": "value-theory", - "title": "Value theory" - }, - { - "description": "Are you interested in learning more about what philosophers have said in the past? Check out this section to learn more about the history of philosophical thought.", - "id": "history-of-philosophy", - "title": "History of philosophy" - } - ], - "description": "Wi-Phi introduces people to the practice of philosophy by making videos that are entertaining, interesting, and accessible to people with no background in the subject. Wi-Phi is run by Gaurav Vazirani and a team of dedicated graduate students who collaborate with some of the best philosophers in the world to produce the videos at www.wi-phi.com.", - "id": "philosophy-wi-phi", - "title": "Philosophy: Wi-Phi" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "philosophy", - "title": "Philosophy" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "humanities", - "title": "Arts and humanities" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Explore how we have hidden secret messages through history.", - "id": "crypt", - "title": "Ancient cryptography" - }, - { - "description": "Learn about algorithms for performing encryption & decryption. Then practice making and breaking codes!", - "id": "ciphers", - "title": "Ciphers" - }, - { - "description": "A new problem emerges in the 20th century. What happens if Alice and Bob can never meet to share a key in the first place?", - "id": "modern-crypt", - "title": "Modern cryptography" - }, - { - "description": "This is a system of arithmetic for integers. These lessons provide a foundation for the mathematics presented in the Modern Cryptography tutorial.", - "id": "modarithmetic", - "title": "Modular arithmetic" - }, - { - "description": "Why do Primes make some problems fundamentally hard? Build machines to perform primality tests!", - "id": "comp-number-theory", - "title": "Primality test" - }, - { - "description": "Would access to coin flips speed up a primality test? How would this work?", - "id": "random-algorithms-probability", - "title": "Randomized algorithms" - } - ], - "description": "How have humans protected their secret messages through history? What has changed today?", - "id": "cryptography", - "title": "Journey into cryptography" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "The first challenge in the Cryptography series", - "id": "cryptochallenge", - "title": "Cryptography challenge 101" - } - ], - "description": "Solve problems using Mathematics, Computer Science and more!", - "id": "applied_math_challenges", - "title": "Challenges" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Explore the history of communication from signal fires to the Information Age", - "id": "info-theory", - "title": "Ancient information theory" - }, - { - "description": "Information Theory in the 20th Century", - "id": "moderninfotheory", - "title": "Modern information theory" - } - ], - "description": "We've always been communicating.... as we moved from signal fires, to alphabets & electricity the problems remained the same.", - "id": "informationtheory", - "title": "Journey into information theory" - } - ], - "description": "Learn select topics from computer science - cryptography (how we protect secret information) and information theory (how we encode and compress information).", - "id": "computer-science", - "title": "Cryptography & information theory" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "computing", - "title": "Computing" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "overview-sat-prep", - "title": "Overview of SAT prep on Khan Academy" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In section 2, you'll zero in on math practice with a bunch of math problems from a real SAT. \nWant even more math practice? Check out sections 6 and 8 and the SAT Math practice topic.", - "id": "SAT-test1-section2", - "title": "Section 2" - }, - { - "description": "In Section 3, let's switch gears and focus on Reading questions, starting on pg. 48 of the downloadable SAT.\nWant even more reading practice? Check out the SAT Reading and Writing practice topic.\n", - "id": "SAT-test1-section3", - "title": "Section 3" - }, - { - "description": "Have you ever seen a sentence in a newspaper or on a restaurant menu that just wasn't quite right? In this section, you'll have lots of opportunities to find errors and fix 'em. \nSection 5 starts on pg. 54 of the downloadable test.\n\nWant even more writing practice? Check out the SAT Reading and Writing practice topic.", - "id": "SAT-test1-section5", - "title": "Section 5" - }, - { - "description": "There are some really fun math problems in this section. Seriously. It all begins on pg. 60 in the downloadable SAT.\n\nWant even more math practice? Check out sections 2 and 8 and the SAT Math practice topic.", - "id": "SAT-test1-section6", - "title": "Section 6" - }, - { - "description": "More math practice coming your way in Section 8, starting on pg. 69 in the downloadable SAT.\n\nWant even more math practice? Check out sections 2 and 6 and the SAT Math practice topic.", - "id": "SAT-test1-section8", - "title": "Section 8" - } - ], - "description": "Download and take a real, full-length practice test. Watch videos showing step-by-step solutions to problems you missed or found challenging, and get even more practice with unreleased questions from real SATs provided by College Board. \n\nAfter all that practice, it wouldn't hurt to take the full-length test again so you can get used to the feeling of answering all of the questions correctly. Rock on!", - "id": "full-length-SAT-1", - "title": "Full-length SAT" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you'll find the SAT Math Practice: Level 1 exercise, featuring lots of previously-unreleased SAT math questions provided by College Board. Stuck on a problem? Check out videos where Sal solves each problem step by step. Let's do this!", - "id": "sat-math-level-1", - "title": "SAT Math: Level 1" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you'll find the SAT Math Practice: Level 2 exercise, featuring lots of previously-unreleased SAT math questions provided by College Board. Stuck on a problem? Check out videos where Sal solves each problem step by step. Here we go!", - "id": "sat-math-level-2", - "title": "SAT Math: Level 2" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you'll find the SAT Math Practice: Level 3 exercise, featuring lots of previously-unreleased SAT math questions provided by College Board. Stuck on a problem? Check out videos where Sal solves each problem step by step. Congrats on venturing into level 3 territory. You've got this!", - "id": "sat-math-level-3", - "title": "SAT Math: Level 3" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you'll find the SAT Math Practice: Level 4 exercise, featuring lots of previously-unreleased SAT math questions provided by College Board. Stuck on a problem? Check out videos where Sal solves each problem step by step. You're tackling some of the harder SAT Math problems now. Rock it out!", - "id": "sat-math-level-4", - "title": "SAT Math: Level 4" - }, - { - "description": "In this tutorial, you'll find the SAT Math Practice: Level 5 exercise, featuring lots of previously-unreleased SAT math questions provided by College Board. Stuck on a problem? Check out videos where Sal solves each problem step by step. These are the hardest math problems on the SAT. Eye of the tiger!", - "id": "sat-math-level-5", - "title": "SAT Math: Level 5" - } - ], - "description": "In these tutorials, you'll get the chance to practice solving tons of real, previously-unreleased SAT Math problems provided by College Board.\n\nThe exercises are split by difficulty level on the SAT and accompanied by short videos showing one way to solve each problem. \n\nOnward!", - "id": "sat-math-practice", - "title": "SAT Math practice" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "SAT-writing-id-sentence-errors", - "title": "SAT Writing: Identifying sentence errors" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "SAT-reading-sentence-completion", - "title": "SAT Reading: Sentence completion" - } - ], - "description": "In these tutorials, you'll get the chance to practice with tons of real, previously-unreleased SAT Reading and Writing problems provided by College Board.\n\nYou'll find exercises on three of the SAT Reading and Writing question types: sentence completion, identifying sentence errors, and improving sentences.\n\nOnward!", - "id": "sat-reading-writing-practice", - "title": "SAT Reading and Writing practice" - } - ], - "description": "If you\u2019re taking the SAT soon, you can start preparing today with questions from real SATs. After all, we believe all students who want to go to college should be able to prepare for the SAT at their own pace, at absolutely no cost. \n\nDownload a real, full-length SAT practice test, watch Sal work through real SAT problems, and get even more practice using our interactive exercises, which feature tons of previously-unreleased problems from real SATs grouped by topic and difficulty level.\n\nIf you feel like you need to brush up on fundamentals, check out the Algebra mission, which will help you master core concepts covered on the SAT, in college, and beyond at your own pace.\n\nIf you\u2019re taking the SAT in 2016 or later, we have even more exciting news for you. The College Board just announced that they\u2019re redesigning the SAT for 2016, and we\u2019re partnering with them to make free, world-class prep materials. By spring 2015, you\u2019ll have access to state-of-the-art learning tools--exercises, software diagnostics and videos--designed by Khan Academy and College Board specifically for the redesigned SAT. Stay tuned! ", - "id": "sat", - "title": "SAT" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "1A: What is the central dogma of biology? Learn the fundamental relationships that tie together DNA, RNA, and proteins. Then go on to discover the different types of amino acids, and how they come together to form complex proteins. By Tracy Kim Kovach.", - "id": "amino-acids-and-proteins1", - "title": "Amino acids and proteins" - }, - { - "description": "1A: Learn the basics of enzyme structure and function. Enzymes are able to catalyze lots of different biochemical reactions, and make them occur at much faster rates. By Ross Firestone.", - "id": "enzyme-structure-and-function", - "title": "Enzyme structure and function" - }, - { - "description": "1A: Come learn about enzyme kinetics. How can we look at enzyme activity from a mathematical point of view? By Ross Firestone.", - "id": "enzyme-kinetics", - "title": "Enzyme kinetics" - }, - { - "description": "1B: Learn about gene expression and how information flows between DNA and protein. By Tracy Kim Kovach.", - "id": "dna", - "title": "DNA" - }, - { - "description": "1B: Regulation of genes occurs at every step of the pathway for gene expression. Gene control is critical to the health of the cell, especially with regards to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. By Tracy Kim Kovach.", - "id": "gene-control", - "title": "Gene control" - }, - { - "description": "1C: Come learn about what mutations are, where they come from, and how they change the cells they affect. By Ross Firestone.", - "id": "genetic-mutations", - "title": "Genetic mutations" - }, - { - "description": "1C: How do organisms evolve from one form to another? Learn about all of the different driving forces of evolution and how there might be a few more than just natural selection. How can populations evolve and adapt to changes in their environment? Do groups of organisms behave differently than individuals? By Ross Firestone.", - "id": "evolution-population-dynmaics", - "title": "Evolution and population dynamics" - }, - { - "description": "1D: What are the thermodynamic principles that are fundamental to understanding metabolism? Learn about Gibbs Free Energy, Enthalpy, and Le Chatelier's Principle. By Jasmine Rana.", - "id": "principles-of-bioenergetics", - "title": "Principles of bioenergetics" - }, - { - "description": "1D: What is metabolism? What molecules are involved? How is useful chemical energy produced? Apply principles from general chemistry and biology to learn the common themes of metabolism. By Jasmine Rana.", - "id": "overview-metabolism", - "title": "Overview of metabolism" - }, - { - "description": "1D: What are the key metabolic pathways that are intimately involved in breaking down or building up glucose? Learn about glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway and how they fit into cellular respiration as a whole. By Jasmine Rana.", - "id": "carbohydrate-metabolism", - "title": "Carbohydrate Metabolism" - }, - { - "description": "1D: What are the key metabolic pathways involved in fat and protein metabolism? Learn about the concepts of energy storage, fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, ketone synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. By Jasmine Rana.", - "id": "fat-and-protein-metabolism", - "title": "Fat and protein metabolism" - }, - { - "description": "1D: Learn about two of the most vital energy-producing pathways that take place in the mitochondria: The Krebs/TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain. Learn about the products and reactants of these pathways and how they are regulated. By Jasmine Rana.", - "id": "Krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation", - "title": "Krebs (citric acid) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "mendelian-genetics", - "title": "Mendelian genetics" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 1: Biomolecules have unique properties that determine how they contribute to the structure and function of cells, and how they participate in the processes necessary to maintain life.", - "id": "biomolecules", - "title": "Biomolecules" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "2A: Learn about the basics behind the cell membrane. What makes up the cell membrane and how does it work? How does our cell membrane help sustain life? By William Tsai.", - "id": "cell-membrane-overview", - "title": "Cell membrane overview" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "cell-cell-interactions", - "title": "Cell-cell Interactions" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 2: Highly-organized assemblies of molecules, cells, and organs interact to carry out the functions of living organisms", - "id": "cells", - "title": "Cells" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "3A: Get an overview of the structure and function of neurons, and learn about the many other important cells needed to help our nervous system function optimally! By Matt Jensen.", - "id": "neural-cells", - "title": "Neural cells" - }, - { - "description": "3A: Learn the causes and functions of neuron membrane potentials, including resting, graded, and action potentials. By Matt Jensen.", - "id": "neuron-membrane-potentials", - "title": "Neuron membrane potentials" - }, - { - "description": "3A: An overview of how neurons communicate with their target cells at synapses, and the roles of neurotransmitters and their receptors. By Matt Jensen.", - "id": "neural-synapses", - "title": "Neuronal synapses" - }, - { - "description": "3A: Dive into the endocrine system! See how the body uses special organs (called glands) that secrete chemical messages (called hormones) in order to properly respond to it's changing environment. By Ryan Patton.", - "id": "endocrine-system", - "title": "Endocrine system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Learn about how the heart pumps blood throughout the body. Find out how blood vessels are organized. Understand how blood gets oxygen to the tissues, and then how it gets back to the lungs to absorb more oxygen.", - "id": "the-circulatory-system", - "title": "Circulatory system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Find out why we need to breathe and how we manage to do it. Air moves in and out of our lungs throughout the day and while we're sleeping. Find out how we control this important process.", - "id": "the-respiratory-system", - "title": "Respiratory system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Welcome to the lymphatic system! Learn about how it is a critical part of the circulatory system. Find out how it comes to the rescue of the cardiovascular system and the immune system. Also discover how it moves fluid in one direction, like blood, but without a heart! By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.", - "id": "lymphatic-system", - "title": "Lymphatic system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Discover your body's arsenal of weapons against invaders, like bacteria and viruses. Find out which different kinds of cells are involved, and how they work.", - "id": "the-immune-system", - "title": "Immune system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Learn how the kidneys take blood and very selectively extract waste from it to expel from the body as urine.", - "id": "the-renal-system", - "title": "Renal system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Learn how the kidneys vary our salt and water content to regulate our blood pressure.", - "id": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure", - "title": "Renal regulation of blood pressure" - }, - { - "description": "3B: Understand how we digest food from the second it enters our mouth to the moment it ends up in the bathroom. Learn how the Gastrointestinal Tract is perfectly designed to digest food and extract nutrients for our bodies to use. By Raja Narayan.", - "id": "the-gastrointestinal-system", - "title": "Gastrointestinal system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: How do our muscles work? When we decide to kick a ball or shake a leg, how do we get our bodies to do that? Which muscles do we control? Which muscles control us? Learn how our muscles work at the smallest, most cellular level. Then see how nature scales up those microscopic processes into a kick or a dance move. Finally, learn how our brain tells muscle to contract and how that helps us respond to changes in temperature or even a lion chasing us. By Raja Narayan.", - "id": "muscular-system", - "title": "Muscular system" - }, - { - "description": "3B: The skeletal system plays numerous vital roles in the human body. Learn about the structure and function of bones and the skeleton, as well as the endocrine control of the skeletal system.", - "id": "the-skeletal-system", - "title": "Skeletal system" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 3: Complex systems of tissues and organs sense the internal and external environments of multicellular organisms, and through integrated functioning, maintain a stable internal environment within an ever-changing external environment.", - "id": "organ-systems", - "title": "Organ systems" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "4A: Find out what makes vectors different from scalars! Find out how to break vectors into components, and go over the different ways to represent vectors. By Sal.", - "id": "vectors-and-scalars", - "title": "Vectors and scalars" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Go back in time and rediscover Newton's three laws! These powerful laws help explain inertia, equal and opposite forces, and calculation of acceleration based upon forces. By Sal.", - "id": "newtons-laws-and-equilibrium", - "title": "Newton's laws and equilibrium" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Think to calculate speed and velocity, and then go on to learn about average and instantaneous speed and velocity. By Sal and David SantoPietro.\n", - "id": "speed-and-velocity", - "title": "Speed and velocity" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Learn how to calculate acceleration, and how distance, velocity, and acceleration can be related to one another using velocity graphs. By Sal.", - "id": "acceleration-mcat", - "title": "Acceleration" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Discover the force of tension and how we can use it to solve very interesting problems! By Sal.", - "id": "force-of-tension", - "title": "Force of tension" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Learn about the normal force, and try some examples that demonstrate how the normal force is affected by the motion of an elevator, as well as how the normal force affects friction. By Sal.", - "id": "normal-forces", - "title": "Normal forces" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Learn about the forces that an object experiences on a ramp or inclined plane. Examples include inclines with and without friction. By Sal.", - "id": "forces-on-inclined-planes", - "title": "Forces on inclined planes" - }, - { - "description": "4A: Learn about the concepts of work, mechanical advantage, and power. After understanding the principle of conservation of energy, you can apply it to different types of energy including kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and spring potential energy. Finally, learn about the conservative force as well as how to find mechanical advantage. By Sal and David SantoPietro.", - "id": "work-and-energy-mcat", - "title": "Work and energy" - }, - { - "description": "4B: Learn the physics behind fluids at rest. Some of the ideas explored are density, pressure, Pascal's principle, Archimedes' principle, buoyant forces, and specific gravity. By Sal.", - "id": "fluids-at-rest", - "title": "Fluids at rest" - }, - { - "description": "4B: Let's learn about gas phase chemistry! Discover the history and application of the ideal gas law. We'll walk through topics like temperature, STP, partial pressure, and the difference between real gases and their ideal counterparts. By Ryan Patton.", - "id": "gas-phase", - "title": "Gas phase" - }, - { - "description": "4C: Learn how a capacitor works, and the mathematical formulas that explain their behavior. By David Santo Pietro.", - "id": "capacitors", - "title": "Capacitors" - }, - { - "description": "4D: These videos go over the images formed by curved mirrors. It will be explained what a real and virtual image is and how to draw ray tracings to determine the location and size of the image formed. By David Santo Pietro.", - "id": "spherical-mirrors", - "title": "Spherical mirrors" - }, - { - "description": "4D: These videos describe the reflection and refraction of light rays. Topics discussed will include the different types of reflection, how to determine which way light bends, Snell's law, total internal reflection, and dispersion. By David Santo Pietro and Sal Khan.", - "id": "reflection-and-refraction", - "title": "Reflection and refraction" - }, - { - "description": "4E: Discover how to assign oxidation states/numbers in redox reactions, then go on to balance redox reactions! By Jay.", - "id": "redox-reactions", - "title": "Redox reactions" - }, - { - "description": "4E: Learn about how the periodic table is organized and then explore ionization energy and electron affinity. By Jay.", - "id": "periodic-table-of-elements", - "title": "Periodic table" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 4: Complex living organisms transport materials, sense their environment, process signals, and respond to changes using processes that can be understood in terms of physical principles.", - "id": "physical-processes", - "title": "Physical processes" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "5B: Learn how to draw Lewis dot structures, assign formal charges, draw resonance structures, and analyze the geometry of molecules and ions using VSEPR. By Jay.", - "id": "dot-structures", - "title": "Dot structures" - }, - { - "description": "5B: Get an overview of isomers and stereochemistry including structural isomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers, and conformational isomers. By Jay.", - "id": "stereochemistry", - "title": "Stereochemistry" - }, - { - "description": "5B: Learn about covalent bonds and SP hybridization. By Jay.", - "id": "covalent-bonds", - "title": "Covalent bonds" - }, - { - "description": "5C: Learn how to separate and purify chemical compounds using organic chemistry laboratory techniques, including extraction, distillation, chromatography, and gel electrophoresis. By Angela Guerrero.", - "id": "separations-purifications", - "title": "Separations and purifications" - }, - { - "description": "5D: What are amino acids? How do they come together to form proteins? Learn about how amino acids synthesized, and then how they come together to form proteins. Discover how proteins are structured and what functions they perform on the cellular level. By Tracy Kim Kovach.", - "id": "proteins", - "title": "Proteins" - }, - { - "description": "5D: Get a strong understanding of the nomenclature, properties, and reactions of alcohols and phenols, along with the criteria for determining aromaticity in benzene and aromatic heterocycles. By Jay.", - "id": "alcohols-and-phenols", - "title": "Alcohols and phenols" - }, - { - "description": "5D: This tutorial will cover the important nomenclature, properties, and reactions of carboxylic acids", - "id": "carboxylic-acids", - "title": "Carboxylic acids" - }, - { - "description": "Come learn about enzymes and the basic principles behind enzyme mechanisms catalysis. By Ross Firestone.", - "id": "enzymes", - "title": "Enzymes" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 5: The principles that govern chemical interactions and reactions form the basis for a broader understanding of the molecular dynamics of living systems.", - "id": "chemical-processes", - "title": "Chemical processes" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "6A: Learn about how we perceive our various senses, including the theories, laws, and organizational principles that underly our ability to make sense of the world around us. By Ron Sahyouni", - "id": "sensory-perception", - "title": "Sensory perception" - }, - { - "description": "6A: Photons are hitting your eye as you read this! Learn about our sense of sight, including the cells responsible for converting light into a neural impulse, the structure of the eye, and how we break down images to make sense of them. By Ronald Sahyouni.", - "id": "sight", - "title": "Sight (vision)" - }, - { - "description": "6A: Learn about how we hear, including the structure of the outer, middle, and inner ear, as well as the basics of auditory processing & cochlear implants.", - "id": "sound-audition", - "title": "Sound (Audition)" - }, - { - "description": "6A: We perceive the environment through our bodily senses, including our sensation of pain, temperature, pressure, balance, and movement. Discover how our body gathers this information and processes it so that we can make sense of the world. By Ronald Sahyouni.", - "id": "somatosensation", - "title": "Somatosensation" - }, - { - "description": "6A: Learn about our senses of smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation), including the anatomy and underlying molecular basis behind these important senses. By Ronald Sahyouni.", - "id": "taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)", - "title": "Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)" - }, - { - "description": "6B: Explore cognitive development and intelligence, as well as how our minds solve problems, make decisions, and represent knowledge.", - "id": "cognition", - "title": "Cognition" - }, - { - "description": "6B: Have you ever tried to multi-task? Explore the concept of selective and divided attention, as well as the role of language in cognition and development. By Carole Yue.", - "id": "attention-language", - "title": "Attention and language" - }, - { - "description": "6B: Explore states of consciousness, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, and sleep disorders. By Carole Yue.", - "id": "sleep-and-consciousness", - "title": "Sleep and consciousness" - }, - { - "description": "6B: Explore the structure of human memory; processes involved in normal encoding, retrieval, forgetting, and aging; and diseases affecting memory.", - "id": "memory", - "title": "Memory" - }, - { - "description": "6C: Learn about the physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components of emotion. Appreciate how different areas of our brain play a role in emotion. Understand the basic theories of emotion.", - "id": "emotion", - "title": "Emotion" - }, - { - "description": "6C: Stress is the natural process by which we evaluate and respond to the challenges and threats of our environment. Jump into this playlist to learn about stressors, stress reactions, the effects of stress, and strategies to manage this wild process. By Ryan Patton.", - "id": "stress", - "title": "Stress" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 6: Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors influence the ways that individuals perceive, think about, and react to the world.", - "id": "processing-the-environment", - "title": "Processing the environment" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "7A: Learn about the way our genes and experiences shape the way we respond to our environment. By Ryan Patton.", - "id": "behavior-and-genetics", - "title": "Behavior and genetics" - }, - { - "description": "7A: An introduction to the structure and function of the nervous system. By Matthew Jensen.", - "id": "biological-basis-of-behavior-ner", - "title": "Biological basis of behavior: Nervous system" - }, - { - "description": "7A: Review your understanding of the endocrine system, as we think about the context of glands and hormones in behavior. By Ryan Patton.", - "id": "biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system", - "title": "Biological basis of behavior: Endocrine system" - }, - { - "description": "7A: Curious about your personality? Throughout history, famous psychologists and schools of thought have tried to figure out how to organize and categorize personalities. Review these theories and see which one resonates the most with you! By Shreena Desai.", - "id": "theories-personality", - "title": "Theories of personality" - }, - { - "description": "7A: What makes us do the things we do, or feel the way we feel in situations? Explore how the physiological and psycho-social theories, factors, and situations behind how motivation, attitudes, and behavior are inter-related. By Shreena Desai.", - "id": "Physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes", - "title": "Motivation and attitudes" - }, - { - "description": "7B: Dive into the fascinating and relevant world of social psychology! You may have noticed many of these concepts in your everyday life, but perhaps you did not know the proper terminology or the specific factors that motivate people to behave the way they do in groups. In this tutorial, you will learn some important aspects of social psychology. By Jeffrey Walsh.", - "id": "social-psychology", - "title": "Social psychology" - }, - { - "description": "7B: Learn about how \"normal\" and \"deviant\" behavior is defined in today's society. This includes a discussion of the range of normal and abnormal behavior, common theories used to understand basic deviance, and discussion of some types of deviance that occur in groups. By Jeff Walsh.", - "id": "normative-and-non-normative-behavior", - "title": "Normative and non-normative behavior" - }, - { - "description": "7C: Learn about learning! How does our environment influence our behavior? What are the consequences of our behavior? Understand the basics of classical and operant conditioning. Appreciate how we learn through observation, and how it relates to the issue of violence in the media. By Jeffrey Walsh.", - "id": "learning-slug", - "title": "Learning" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 7: Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors influence behavior and behavior change.", - "id": "behavior", - "title": "Behavior" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "8A: Explore the ideas surrounding the concept of Self-Identity. Who are we? How do we develop our morals and patterns of learning? What influences our behaviors in social situations? Discover the importance of different phases of our life in our transformation into adulthood and old age.", - "id": "self-identity", - "title": "Self-identity" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 8: Psychological, socio-cultural, and biological factors influence the way we think about ourselves and others.", - "id": "individuals-and-society", - "title": "Individuals and society" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "9A: What is a society? How do we humans all live together in such highly populated cities? How does a society change? Learn about some sociologic theories that have been proposed that try to address some of these important questions! By Sydney Brown.", - "id": "social-structures", - "title": "Social structures" - }, - { - "description": "9B: There are many different ways of looking at a population. You can separate the population into different groups to view statistics. You can see how different populations interact or you can see how a population changes over time.", - "id": "demographics", - "title": "Demographics" - } - ], - "description": "Foundational Concept 9: Cultural and social differences influence well-being.", - "id": "society-and-culture", - "title": "Society and culture" - } - ], - "description": "This collection is being developed for the revised MCAT\u00ae exam that will first be administered in spring 2015. Videos will be added to the collection through fall 2014. All content in this collection has been created under the direction of the Khan Academy and has been reviewed under the direction of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). All materials are categorized according to the pre-health competencies tested by the MCAT\u00b2\u2070\u00b9\u2075 exam; however, the content in this collection is not intended to prescribe a program of study for the MCAT\u00b2\u2070\u00b9\u2075 exam. The content is also included in the Pre-health Collection within MedEdPORTAL\u2019s iCollaborative sponsored by the AAMC: www.mededportal.org/pre-health\n\n*MCAT\u00ae is a program of the AAMC and related trademarks owned by the Association include Medical College Admission Test, MCAT, and MCAT\u00b2\u2070\u00b9\u2075. For more information about the MCAT exam visit : www.aamc.org/mcat2015", - "id": "mcat", - "title": "MCAT" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-dysrhythmia-and-tachycardia", - "title": "Cardiac dysrhythmias and tachycardias" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-non-cyanotic-heart-diseases", - "title": "Acyanotic heart diseases" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-vasculitis", - "title": "Vasculitis" - } - ], - "description": "With the heart pumping 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, it\u2019s absolutely vital to make sure things are flowing smoothly (pun intended!). Unfortunately, this isn\u2019t always the case, and different parts of the circulatory system can cause problems: your heart, your blood vessels, and even the fluid in your tissues and blood itself can be the issue. To further complicate things, the underlying reasons for circulatory system problems vary from your genes (nature) to your lifestyle habits (nurture). An understanding of how different diseases can affect your circulatory system is important to combat this growing problem in the world.", - "id": "rn-cardiovascular-diseases", - "title": "Cardiovascular system diseases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-intro-to-pulmonary-diseases", - "title": "Introduction to pulmonary diseases" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-emphysema", - "title": "Emphysema (COPD)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-chronic-bronchitis", - "title": "Chronic bronchitis (COPD)" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-lung-cancer", - "title": "Lung cancer" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-pneumonia", - "title": "Pneumonia" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-pleural-effusion", - "title": "Pleural effusion" - } - ], - "description": "Our lungs are composed of a bronchial tree (think of an upside down tree with millions of leaves), blood vessels bringing blood in and out, and a protein-rich fluid that forms a matrix holding everything together! If any part of this well-balanced organ isn\u2019t working properly, a person can be left feeling short of breath. The lungs are also exposed to the outside environment, making them prone to infections. To counter infections, the lungs are lined with cells that have tiny protein bristles which wave back and forth and can literally sweep away dangerous bacteria. Learn more about diseases of the lungs and how modern medicine helps to keep them healthy!", - "id": "rn-respiratory-system-diseases", - "title": "Respiratory system diseases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-anemia", - "title": "Anemia" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-leukemia", - "title": "Leukemia" - } - ], - "description": "Blood is incredibly important in combating disease and the healing process after an injury. It acts as a highway for medicine, stops bleeding, fights infections, controls cells from multiplying too fast, and so much more. But things can go wrong with blood too! What if your blood couldn\u2019t clot and stop you from bleeding, or started to clot uncontrollably? What if your red blood cells or white blood cells suddenly disappeared? Blood contains many different types of tissues doing very different jobs, making diseases of the blood produce a variety of symptoms, including continuously feeling tired and bone pain. Learn about the different blood diseases, how they are diagnosed, and the cool ways health professionals treat these conditions.", - "id": "hematologic-system-diseases", - "title": "Hematologic system diseases" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "rn-the-endocrine-system", - "title": "Endocrine system" - } - ], - "description": "Dive into the endocrine system! See how the body uses special organs (called glands) that secrete chemical messages (called hormones) in order to properly respond to it's changing environment.", - "id": "rn-endocrine-system", - "title": "Endocrine system" - } - ], - "description": "This content has been developed to support nursing students preparing for the National Council Licensing Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). Videos and questions will be added to this collection throughout the summer and fall of 2014. All of this content has been created under the direction of Khan Academy and has been reviewed under the direction of the the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). This content is intended to be a supplemental resource for nursing graduates, not a program of study for the NCLEX-RN exam. The NCLEX-RN is administered by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). For more information on the NCLEX-RN, visit: https://www.ncsbn.org/nclex.htm ", - "id": "NCLEX-RN", - "title": "NCLEX-RN" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Sal works through the 249 problem solving questions in chapter 5 of the the 11th edition of the official GMAC GMAT Review (ISBN Number: 0-9765709-0-4 published in 2005)", - "id": "problem-solving", - "title": "Problem solving" - }, - { - "description": "Sal works through the 155 data sufficiency questions in chapter 6 of the the 11th edition of the official GMAC GMAT Review (ISBN Number: 0-9765709-0-4 published in 2005)", - "id": "data-sufficiency", - "title": "Data sufficiency" - } - ], - "description": "Sal works through problems in the 11th edition of the official GMAC GMAT Review (ISBN Number: 0-9765709-0-4 published in 2005). You should take the practice tests on your own, grade them and then use these videos to understand the problems you didn't get or to review. Have fun!", - "id": "gmat", - "title": "GMAT" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Sal working through the 53 problems from the practice test available at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/hs/documents/mathpractest.pdf for the CAHSEE (California High School Exit Examination). Clearly useful if you're looking to take that exam. Probably still useful if you want to make sure you have a solid understanding of basic high school math.", - "id": "cahsee", - "title": "CAHSEE" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "cahsee-subject", - "title": "CAHSEE" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Questions from previous IIT JEEs", - "id": "iit-jee", - "title": "IIT JEE" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "iit-jee-subject", - "title": "IIT JEE" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "cultures-religions-ap-arthistory", - "title": "Introduction to Cultures and Religions for the study of AP Art History" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Periods of time before the written record are often defined in terms of geological eras or major shifts in climate and environment. The periods of global prehistory, known as lithic or stone ages, are Paleolithic (\u201cold stone age\u201d), Mesolithic (\u201cmiddle stone age\u201d), and Neolithic (\u201cnew stone age\u201d). A glacial period produced European ice ages; Saharan agricultural grassland became desert; and tectonic shifts in southeast Asia created land bridges between the continent and the now-islands of the Pacific south of the equator. Human behavior and expression was influenced by the changing environments in which they lived.\n\nBy permission, \u00a9 2013 The College Board", - "id": "paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic", - "title": "Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic" - } - ], - "description": "Human expression existed across the globe before the written record. While prehistoric art of Europe has been the focus of many introductions to the history of art, very early art is found worldwide and shares certain features, particularly concern with the natural world and humans\u2019 place within it.\n\nBy permission, \u00a9 2013 The College Board", - "id": "global-prehistory-ap", - "title": "Global prehistory: 30,000-500 B.C.E." - }, - { - "description": "The arts of South, East, and Southeast Asia represent some of the world\u2019s oldest, most diverse, and most sophisticated visual traditions.", - "id": "south-east-southeast-asia", - "title": "South, East, and Southeast Asia: 300 B.C.E.-1980 C.E." - } - ], - "description": "Note: New materials are being added regularly. \n\nThe College Board announced that the art history exam and course will change in 2015. Khan Academy is working to include each of 250 works of art covered on the new test. The test also assesses a student\u2019s understanding of the methods used by art historians and familiarity with the cultural context in which a work of art was made and understood. Khan Academy\u2019s art history content is designed to teach these skills and to make the art engaging and accessible (and it\u2019s completely free!). Currently, more than 50% of the 250 monuments listed are included. We are working to cover the remaining content before the 2015/16 course begins. We will be adding quizzes at the end of each section to reinforce what you have learned and so that you can assess your understanding of the material. ", - "id": "ap-art-history", - "title": "AP Art History" - } - ], - "description": "", - "id": "test-prep", - "title": "Test prep" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "cal-academy-welcome", - "title": "Welcome" - } - ], - "description": "Take an expedition with us to investigate the amazing diversity of life on this planet. Learn what biodiversity is, why it is important, where it is found, how it comes into existence, how you study it, why it is threatened, and how it can be protected.", - "id": "cas-welcome", - "title": "Welcome to the world of biodiversity!" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "A wealth and variety of species, or species richness, promote strong ecological networks and functions, making ecosystems more resilient to major disturbances and collapse.", - "id": "biodiversity-and-ecosystem-funct", - "title": "Biodiversity and ecosystem function" - }, - { - "description": "Healthy ecosystems provide crucial direct, indirect, and aesthetic-ethical benefits to humans.", - "id": "biodiversity-and-ecosystem-servi", - "title": "Biodiversity and ecosystem services" - } - ], - "description": "Discover why a high diversity of species sustains ecosystems, which in turn provide important services to humans.", - "id": "why-is-biodiversity-important-ca", - "title": "Why is biodiversity important?" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Areas that have a high diversity of unique and threatened species are known as biodiversity hotspots.", - "id": "biodiversity-hotspots-cas", - "title": "Biodiversity Hotspots" - }, - { - "description": "Life is abundant on Earth, but is distributed unevenly, with species richness and population sizes greater in some areas than others. The physical environment, other organisms, evolutionary factors, and human actions all influence where species live.", - "id": "distribution-patterns", - "title": "Biodiversity distribution patterns" - } - ], - "description": "Explore how life is found almost everywhere on Earth, but is not distributed evenly. And learn why the clumped distributions of species are the result of a wide variety of both natural and human-driven factors.", - "id": "where-biodiversity-is-found", - "title": "Where is biodiversity found?" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "For centuries, expeditions to discover biodiversity have taken scientists to the far corners of the planet. Today\u2019s expeditions are multidisciplinary, incorporate new technologies and involve new ethics.\n", - "id": "biodiversity-fieldwork", - "title": "Biodiversity fieldwork" - }, - { - "description": "Collecting specimens in the field launches the lab work of analysis, documentation, and cataloging. Despite the ongoing work of scientists, only about 10% of Earth\u2019s biodiversity has been documented.", - "id": "biodiversity-analyses-and-uncertainties", - "title": "Biodiversity analyses and uncertainties" - } - ], - "description": "Delve into the history of humanity\u2019s passion to document and display specimens from the natural world and learn how biodiversity expeditions are conducted today.", - "id": "How-is-biodiversity-studied", - "title": "How is biodiversity studied?" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Human population increase and activities threaten biodiversity in almost every corner of our planet. Local threats to species richness include land-use changes, pollution, resource exploitation, and invasive species.", - "id": "local-threats-to-biodiversity", - "title": "Local threats to biodiversity" - }, - { - "description": "Local impacts can have global consequences. Humans are causing accelerating changes in the atmosphere, on land, and in the oceans. Life in these changing environments is tough for many species.", - "id": "biodiversity-global", - "title": "Global threats to biodiversity" - } - ], - "description": "Examine the local and global threats to biodiversity that are caused by human activities. Many of the negative impacts start as regional, but easily add up to affect the entire planet.", - "id": "why-is-biodiversity-threatened", - "title": "Why is biodiversity threatened?" - } - ], - "description": "The California Academy of Sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated \u0003to exploring and explaining the natural world and addressing the challenge of sustainability.", - "id": "CAS-biodiversity", - "title": "California Academy of Sciences" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Have fun with colored light bulbs and experiment with different properties of light! Developed and demonstrated by Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty.", - "id": "Colored-shadows", - "title": "Colored shadows" - } - ], - "description": "Are all shadows black? Learn how to build fun, hands-on activities that explore light, color and human perception.", - "id": "Light-and-color", - "title": "Light and color" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Build a battery strong enough to power an LED using the change in your pocket! Developed and demonstrated by Julie Yu, director of the Exploratorium Teacher Institute.", - "id": "penny-battery", - "title": "Penny battery" - } - ], - "description": "How can you power an LED with the change in your pocket? Build a cheap battery and learn how chemical energy gets converted into electricity.", - "id": "exploratorium-chemistry", - "title": "Chemistry" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Listen to a beam of light! Learn how to build a simple device in which the signal from a radio is transmitted on a beam of light traveling between a light-emitting diode (LED) and a solar cell. Developed by Exploratorium Teacher Institute staff Don Rathjen and demonstrated by Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty.", - "id": "Light-to-sound", - "title": "Turn sound into light and back again" - } - ], - "description": "Listen to a beam of light! Build a device that converts sound into light and explore the wonders of electromagnetism.", - "id": "Expl-sound", - "title": "Electromagnetism" - } - ], - "description": "The Exploratorium is a 21st-century learning laboratory and museum based in San Francisco. For more than forty years, we\u2019ve built creative, thought-provoking exhibits, tools, programs, and experiences that ignite curiosity, encourage exploration, and lead to profound learning. The science \"snacks\" on this website are fun, hands-on activities developed and thoroughly tested by the Exploratorium Teacher Institute. Dive in and discover what we're all about!", - "id": "Exploratorium", - "title": "Exploratorium" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Hinduism has no historical founder, and no central authority. It includes enormously diverse beliefs and practices, which vary over time and among individuals, communities, and regional areas. Its authority\u2014its beliefs and practices\u2014rests on a large body of sacred texts that may date back more than 3,000 years. ", - "id": "aam-hinduism", - "title": "Hinduism" - }, - { - "description": "Many products and technologies that were first developed in China\u2014silk, porcelain, gunpowder, tea, paper, and woodblock printing\u2014were much sought after by cultures far beyond its borders. In exchange the Chinese sought exotic goods, horses, and jade, as well as access to the sources of Buddhism.", - "id": "aam-China", - "title": "China" - }, - { - "description": "Few people are aware that the name Korea is derived from the name of the Goryeo (previously transliterated as Koryo) dynasty. It was during this period (918\u20131392) that Korea became known to the world outside East Asia. ", - "id": "aam-Korea", - "title": "Korea" - }, - { - "description": "Part of a long archipelago off the eastern rim of the Asian continent, the island country of Japan has four main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Numerous smaller islands lie on either end to form a sweeping arc formation that extends northeast to southwest. Another distinctive feature of the Japanese landscape is its volcanic, mountainous terrain. More than two thirds of the land is adorned with low to steep mountains traversed by swift-flowing rivers. These dramatic geographic features have shaped Japan's political history and artistic culture. ", - "id": "aam-Japan", - "title": "Japan" - }, - { - "description": "Art conservation work includes treatment and preventive care, scholarly research on materials and techniques, and development of new conservation methods to address the changing needs of a growing museum. The Conservation Center at the Asian Art Museum shares the mandate of the museum to create a deeper level of understanding of Asian cultures by our visitors. Through cooperative exchanges, joint projects, and public outreach, art conservation can provide a unique window into shared traditions of art preservation, restoration and fabrication. ", - "id": "aam-conservation", - "title": "Art Conservation" - } - ], - "description": "The Asian Art Museum is one of the largest museums in the Western world devoted exclusively to Asian art and culture. Home to more than 18,000 works of art from over 40 Asian countries, we strive to be a catalyst for discovery, dialogue, and inspiration. With Asia as our lens and art as our cornerstone, we spark connections across cultures and through time, igniting curiosity, conversation, and creativity.", - "id": "asian-art-museum", - "title": "Asian Art Museum" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "Get an overview of blended learning along with the definition of blended learning and an introduction to several different models of blended learning.", - "id": "sscc-overview-blended-learning", - "title": "An overview of blended learning" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-blended-learning-models", - "title": "Four different blended learning models" - } - ], - "description": "An overview, definition and introduction to several different models of blended learning", - "id": "sscc-intro-blended-learning", - "title": "Introduction to blended learning" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-student-experience-overview", - "title": "Student experience overview" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-learning-environments", - "title": "The learning environment in a station rotation, lab rotation and flex model" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-preparing-students", - "title": "Preparing students for success" - } - ], - "description": "Learn how educators are redesigning schools and the use of time and teachers to create their most ideal blended learning environment. Explore how to help students transition smoothly from traditional education to blended learning", - "id": "ccss-ideal-student-experience", - "title": "Creating the ideal student experience in a blended learning classroom" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-teacher-experience", - "title": "An overview of the teacher experience" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-blended-case-studies", - "title": "Case studies: teaching in a blended learning environment" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-blended-learning-motives", - "title": "The moves of a blended learning teacher" - } - ], - "description": "Discover how the role of the teacher is changing in blended-learning environments. What parts of the job stay the same and what is different? How does an organization support teachers in making the transition to blended learning?", - "id": "sscc-teaching-blended-learning", - "title": "Teaching in a blended learning environment \u2013 rethinking the role of the teacher" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-school-redesign", - "title": "School redesign overview" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-challenging-assumptions", - "title": "Challenging existing assumptions" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-leading-change", - "title": "Leading change in blended learning" - } - ], - "description": "How can we challenge our assumptions about the ways that schools have always been organized and run? How do leaders manage the change as their organizations transition from traditional models to blended learning?", - "id": "sscc-design-blended-learning", - "title": "Redesigning a school toward blended learning" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-decisions-overview", - "title": "Hardware, software and facilities decisions overview" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-blended-software", - "title": "Blended learning software" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-blended-hardware", - "title": "Blended learning hardware and infrastructure" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "sscc-facilities-furniture", - "title": "Blended learning facilities and furniture" - } - ], - "description": "Explore the choices you have to make around your software, hardware, and facilities and how to make sure they support your educational model", - "id": "sscc-blended-learning-decisions", - "title": "Making aligned hardware, software, and space decisions in a blended learning environment" - } - ], - "description": "Silicon Schools Fund and the Clayton Christensen Institute have teamed up to provide insight and guidance on delivering high-quality blended learning. Learn more about how to personalize K-12 education for all students by combining the best of traditional schools with the transformative power of online learning.", - "id": "ssf-cci", - "title": "Silicon Schools Fund and Clayton Christensen Institute" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "LeBron James asks questions about math and science, and we answer!", - "id": "lebron-asks", - "title": "LeBron asks" - } - ], - "description": "LeBron James asks questions about math and science, and we answer!", - "id": "lebron-asks-subject", - "title": "LeBron asks" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "This tutorial introduces the structure of the U.S. health care system, how money flows within it, and an overview of different types of public and private insurance. These videos and questions provide a clear explanation of what is and is not working within the health care system to help frame the health care reform discussion and inform clinicians and the public how to improve quality while decreasing health care spending. Narrated by Dr. Darshak Sanghavi, a pediatric cardiologist and fellow at Brookings Institution.", - "id": "introduction to healthcare", - "title": "Introduction to health care in the U.S." - } - ], - "description": "Designed for clinicians as well as the general public, these engaging tutorials provide an overview of the U.S. health care system and payment and delivery reform efforts at the federal, state, and local levels. Created by the Merkin Initiative at The Brookings Institution and presented by Khan Academy, the content covers an introduction to health care costs, Medicare, Medicaid, prescription drug coverage, and more.", - "id": "brookings-institution", - "title": "The Brookings Institution" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "These videos introduce the American Revolution, providing the context necessary to take your learning to a deeper level. ", - "id": "American-Revolution", - "title": "The American Revolution" - } - ], - "description": "The American struggle for independence from Great Britain did not come easily. The debates among the founders of America were rigorous and there were ideological divides where compromise allowed for a unified revolution. The battles of the American Revolution cost many men their lives without any guarantee that this experiment in democracy would succeed.", - "id": "Intro-American-Revolution", - "title": "An introduction to the American Revolution" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "aspen-declaration-independence", - "title": "The Declaration of Independence" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "articles-of-confederation", - "title": "The Articles of Confederation" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "aspen-constitution", - "title": "The Constitution of the United States" - } - ], - "description": "There wasn\u2019t any email or SMS in the 1700s when the founders of America sent letters and drafted the documents that became the blueprint for American democracy. The documents of the founding of America tell the story of issues being grappled with and personalities discussing moral and ideological differences. ", - "id": "aspen-founding-docs", - "title": "The founding documents of the United States" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "George Washington was the first President of the United States but before that he was the General of the Continental Army. Hear Pulitzer Prize winning historian Joe Ellis discuss George Washington with Aspen Institute's Walter Isaacson. ", - "id": "aspen-george-washington", - "title": "George Washington" - }, - { - "description": "Franklin was a great inventor and statesman and had an invaluable role in the founding of America.", - "id": "aspen-benjamin-franklin", - "title": "Benjamin Franklin" - }, - { - "description": "Madison is known as the \"father of the Constition.\"", - "id": "James-Madison", - "title": "James Madison" - }, - { - "description": "Hamilton was a strong believer is a central federal government, a debate that continues to this day. ", - "id": "Alexander-Hamilton", - "title": "Alexander Hamilton" - } - ], - "description": "From the variety of personalities of the founding fathers to the issue of slavery and representative democracy, the early days of the United States of America were filled with debate and compromise and the building blocks of a democracy that survives today.", - "id": "founding-fathers", - "title": "The founding fathers of the United States of America" - }, - { - "children": [ - { - "description": "", - "id": "women-colonial-America", - "title": "Women in early America" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "martha-washington", - "title": "An introduction to the founding mothers" - }, - { - "description": "", - "id": "women-expansion-america", - "title": "Women and the expansion of America" - } - ], - "description": "The term \"founding fathers\" is synonymous with the American Revolution and the founding of the United States of America, however, there were women who played an important role in the founding as well. Journalist Cokie Roberts explores the role of women in America's founding and discusses with Aspen Institute President and CEO Walter Isaacson America's \"Founding Mothers.\"", - "id": "founding-mothers", - "title": "The founding mothers of the United States of America" - } - ], - "description": "The Aspen Institute is an educational and policy studies organization. Its mission is to foster leadership based on enduring values and to provide a nonpartisan venue for dealing with critical issues. 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Depending on how you view it, multiplication is about repeated addition or scaling a number or seeing what number you get when you have another number multiple times. 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In this tutorial, we'll get some practice figuring out things that would have been tough without the powerful tools of multiplication and division!", "node_slug": "mult-div-word-problems", "title": "Starter multiplication and division word problems", "slug": "mult-div-word-problems", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "mult-div-word-problems", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "If you think about it, multiplying is just another way of comparing numbers. How do we compare 4 and 20 using multiplication? Let's find out together.", "title": "Comparing with multiplication: basic exercises", "slug": "comparing-with-multiplication-exercise", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/comparing-with-multiplication-exercise/", "id": "OCwLwaAQlMA"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Rewrite multiplication equations as comparisons and comparisons as equations. \u00a0", "title": "Comparing with multiplication", "slug": "comparing-with-multiplication", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/comparing-with-multiplication/", "id": "comparing-with-multiplication"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplication helps us compare ages. Hint: learn those multiplication tables. They really help on problems like these.", "title": "Comparing with multiplication: age", "slug": "multiplying-whole-numbers-and-applications-6", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/multiplying-whole-numbers-and-applications-6/", "id": "bS6EmYzpou4"}, {"path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/multiplication-word-problem-example-1/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Multiplication word problem example 1", "id": "fZtUn_THXnk", "slug": "multiplication-word-problem-example-1"}, {"path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/division-word-problem-example-1/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Division word problem example 1", "id": "Z3qRkxzmYnU", "slug": "division-word-problem-example-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "You read that right! We're comparing the strength of Ron and Hermione using multiplication. Who said math has to be boring?", "title": "Comparing with multiplication: Ron and Hermione strength", "slug": "multiplication-and-division-word-problems-2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/multiplication-and-division-word-problems-2/", "id": "9CZfG3r5JBE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Word problems with simple multiplication and division. Some problems have remainders.", "title": "Multiplication and division word problems", "slug": "arithmetic_word_problems", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/mult-div-word-problems/arithmetic_word_problems/", "id": "arithmetic_word_problems"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x74731bad"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "3006"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x82d7bb46"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x509df20f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "13179375"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x16d8e819"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4d3274dc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3c1ecd5d"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2005"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23832"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "2600674"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "3007"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23834"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2006"}, {"kind": "Separator", "id": "_separator"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "2600676"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23836"}], "hide": false, "description": "You know your multiplication tables and are ready to learn how to multiply *any* number (actually, any whole number). Imagine the possibilities! This tutorial will make you unstoppable.", "node_slug": "multi_digit_multiplication", "title": "Multi-digit multiplication", "slug": "multi_digit_multiplication", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "multi_digit_multiplication", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Decompose multiples of ten to multiply.", "title": "Multiplying by multiples of 10", "slug": "multiplying-by-multiples-of-10", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplying-by-multiples-of-10/", "id": "jb8mFpA1YI8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Multiply a 1-digit number by a multiple of 10.", "title": "Multiply by tens", "slug": "multiplication_1", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication_1/", "id": "multiplication_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's start by solving a basic multiplication problem. 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Everyone needs a hand now and then, right?", "title": "Multiplying: 3 digits times 1 digit (with carrying)", "slug": "3-digit-times-1-digit-example", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/3-digit-times-1-digit-example/", "id": "TqRReFvbpXA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is getting fun! We're now multiplying FOUR digits times one digit. Remember to carry!", "title": "Multiplying: 4 digits times 1 digit (with carrying)", "slug": "4-digit-times-1-digit-example", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/4-digit-times-1-digit-example/", "id": "twMdew4Zs8Q"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Multiply 3 or 4 digits by 1-digit with carrying.", "title": "Multiplication with carrying", "slug": "multiplication_2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication_2/", "id": "multiplication_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying a 2-digit number times a 2-digit number", "title": "2-digit times a 2-digit number", "slug": "multiplication-5-2-digit-times-a-2-digit-number", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication-5-2-digit-times-a-2-digit-number/", "id": "t8m0NalQtEk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying Whole Numbers and Applications 2", "title": "Example: 2-digit times 2-digit", "id": "0WUXQNjdRvM", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplying-whole-numbers-and-applications-2/", "slug": "multiplying-whole-numbers-and-applications-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Multiply 2 digits by 2 digits with carrying.", "title": "Multiplying 2 digits by 2 digits", "slug": "multiplication_3", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication_3/", "id": "multiplication_3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Working our way up to multiplying multiple-digit numbers with each other. We'll go slow so you can follow along.", "title": "Multiplying multiple digit numbers", "slug": "multiplication-6-multiple-digit-numbers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication-6-multiple-digit-numbers/", "id": "-h3Oqhl8fPg"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Multiply 2-3 digits by 3-4 digits with carrying.", "title": "Multi-digit multiplication", "slug": "multiplication_4", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication_4/", "id": "multiplication_4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Estimating the product of two, 2-digit numbers", "title": "Multiplication estimation example", "id": "tx2Niw7aJJ8", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplying-whole-numbers-and-applications-4/", "slug": "multiplying-whole-numbers-and-applications-4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2 examples of multiplying a 3 digit number times a 2 digit number. 1 example of multiplying a 3 digit number times a 3 digit number.", "title": "Multiplication 7: Old video giving more examples", "slug": "multiplication-7-old-video-giving-more-examples", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multi_digit_multiplication/multiplication-7-old-video-giving-more-examples/", "id": "_k3aWF6_b4w"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23846"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "13179402"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2e6c5e31"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1a34ebb5"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23848"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "3008"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0cf3f261"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "3009"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2008"}, {"kind": "Separator", "id": "_separator"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23850"}], "hide": false, "description": "You know your multiplication tables and are getting the hang of basic division. In this tutorial, we will journey into the world of loooong division (sometimes, referred to as \"long division\", but that's not as much fun to say).\n\nAfter this tutorial, you'll be able to divide any whole number by any other. The fun will not stop!", "node_slug": "long_division", "title": "Loooong division!", "slug": "long_division", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "long_division", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Dividing into larger numbers. Introduction to long division without remainders", "title": "Introduction to long division", "id": "8Ft5iHhauJ0", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/division-2/", "slug": "division-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide two and three-digit numbers by a one-digit number.", "title": "Multi-digit division without remainders", "slug": "division_15", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/division_15/", "id": "division_1.5"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Do you like leftovers? (personally, we think they are delicious!). Those leftovers are like remainders in divisions problems. They're not bad. They just...are.", "title": "Dividing numbers: intro to remainders", "slug": "introduction-to-remainders", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/introduction-to-remainders/", "id": "BIGX05Mp5nw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's work this division problem together. Our division is getting \"longer\" as the numbers get bigger, but that won't be a problem for you! Watch for the remainder.", "title": "Dividing numbers: example with remainders", "slug": "long-division-with-remainder-example", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/long-division-with-remainder-example/", "id": "MbpmP1esh-Q"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here we go with more long division practice. Ever wonder why we call it \"long\" division? What's \"long\" about it, anyway?", "title": "Dividing numbers: long division with remainders", "slug": "division-3-more-long-division-and-remainder-examples", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/division-3-more-long-division-and-remainder-examples/", "id": "NcADzGz3bSI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide 3-digit or 4-digits by 1 digit, with remainder.", "title": "Division with remainders", "slug": "division_2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/division_2/", "id": "division_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's another practice example where you divide by two digits.", "title": "Dividing by two digits example 2", "slug": "dividing-by-a-two-digit-number", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/dividing-by-a-two-digit-number/", "id": "xXIG8ouHcsc"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide 3-digit and 4-digit numbers by a 2-digit number without remainders.", "title": "Division by 2 digits", "slug": "division_3", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/division_3/", "id": "division_3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice dividing multi-digit whole numbers. These problems use remainders.", "title": "Multi-digit division", "slug": "division_4", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/division_4/", "id": "division_4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Dividing a two digit number into a larger number", "title": "Level 4 division", "id": "gHTH6PKfpMc", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/long_division/level-4-division/", "slug": "level-4-division"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23840"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23842"}], "hide": false, "description": "Tired of \"standard multiplication\". In this tutorial we'll explore a different way. Not only is lattice multiplication interesting, it'll help us appreciate that there are many ways to do things. We'll also try to grasp why it works in the first place. Enjoy!", "node_slug": "lattice_multiplication", "title": "Lattice multiplication", "slug": "lattice_multiplication", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "lattice_multiplication", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/lattice_multiplication", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/lattice_multiplication/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/lattice_multiplication", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to lattice multiplication", "title": "Lattice multiplication", "id": "gS6TfWUv97I", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/lattice_multiplication/lattice-multiplication/", "slug": "lattice-multiplication"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding why lattice multiplication works", "title": "Why lattice multiplication works", "id": "S3z4XqC_YSc", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/lattice_multiplication/why-lattice-multiplication-works/", "slug": "why-lattice-multiplication-works"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "258726800"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "258726799"}], "hide": false, "description": "Feeling constrained by traditional long division? Want to impress your friends, family and even your enemies? Well, partial quotient division may be for you (or it might not). 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", "node_slug": "area-models-multiplication", "title": "Area models and multiplication", "slug": "area-models-multiplication", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "area-models-multiplication", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/area-models-multiplication", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/area-models-multiplication/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/area-models-multiplication", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "If you're like us, you're a visual learner. Seeing a multiplication problem visualized using an area model really helps. 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Not good. Use your knowledge of decimals and adding negative and positive numbers to bring your account back into the black.", "title": "Rational number word problem with decimals", "slug": "u09-l1-t2-we4-adding-real-numbers-application", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/adding_subtracting_negatives/u09-l1-t2-we4-adding-real-numbers-application/", "id": "fFdOr8U4mnI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Adding and subtracting negative numbers", "title": "Adding/subtracting negative numbers", "id": "C38B33ZywWs", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/adding_subtracting_negatives/adding-subtracting-negative-numbers/", "slug": "adding-subtracting-negative-numbers"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "862036603"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "867458280"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1244872792"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "862107118"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179320"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2015"}, {"kind": "Separator", "id": "_separator"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25749"}], "hide": false, "description": "It is starting to dawn on you that negative numbers are incredibly awesome. So awesome that you are feeling embarrassed to think how excited you are about them!\n\nWell, the journey is just beginning. In this tutorial we will think about multiplying and dividing numbers throughout the number line!", "node_slug": "mult_div_negatives", "title": "Multiplying and dividing negative numbers", "slug": "mult_div_negatives", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "mult_div_negatives", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn some rules of thumb for multiplying positive and negative numbers.", "title": "Multiplying positive and negative numbers", "slug": "multiplying-positive-and-negative-numbers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/multiplying-positive-and-negative-numbers/", "id": "47wjId9k2Hs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Use the distributive property to understand the products of negative numbers.", "title": "Why a negative times a negative is a positive", "slug": "why-a-negative-times-a-negative-is-a-positive", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/why-a-negative-times-a-negative-is-a-positive/", "id": "rK4sXm_MPWo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Use the repeated addition model of multiplication to give an understanding of multiplying negative numbers.", "title": "Why a negative times a negative makes intuitive sense", "slug": "why-a-negative-times-a-negative-makes-intuitive-sense", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/why-a-negative-times-a-negative-makes-intuitive-sense/", "id": "pzQY-9Nmtws"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Discover the basics of dividing with negative numbers.\u00a0", "title": "Dividing positive and negative numbers", "slug": "dividing-positive-and-negative-numbers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/dividing-positive-and-negative-numbers/", "id": "bQ-KR3clFgs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find the product of numbers with different signs.", "title": "Multiplying numbers with different signs", "slug": "multiplying-negative-real-numbers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/multiplying-negative-real-numbers/", "id": "4ve7OaCnDLs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice multiplying and dividing integers.", "title": "Multiplying and dividing negative numbers", "slug": "multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers/", "id": "multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying and dividing negative numbers", "title": "Multiplying and dividing negative numbers", "id": "d8lP5tR2R3Q", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/mult_div_negatives/multiplying-and-dividing-negative-numbers/", "slug": "multiplying-and-dividing-negative-numbers"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "2344592"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26784"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "12293397"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179307"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "211177352"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "205349198"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7fd5c099"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xfa322e7b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2149e09f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xad70e0e2"}], "hide": false, "description": "You'll find absolute value absolutely straightforward--it is just the \"distance from zero.\" If you have a positive number, it is its own absolute value. If you have a negative number, just make it positive to get the absolute value. \n\nAs you'll see as you develop mathematically, this idea will eventually extend to more contexts and dimensions, so it's super important that you understand this core concept now.", "node_slug": "abs_value_tutorial", "title": "Absolute value", "slug": "abs_value_tutorial", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "abs_value_tutorial", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "One easy way to think of absolute value is the distance it is from zero. To do that, a number line comes in handy. Watch and learn.", "title": "Absolute value and number lines", "slug": "absolute-value-and-number-lines", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute-value-and-number-lines/", "id": "frBJEYvyd-8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Not only will we identify several absolute values in this example, but we will order them from smallest to largest. Content provided by The NROC Project - \u00a9Monterey Institute for Technology and Education", "title": "Absolute value smallest to biggest", "slug": "absolute-value-1", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute-value-1/", "id": "NvGTCzAfvr0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice finding the absolute value of a number.", "title": "Finding absolute values", "slug": "absolute_value", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute_value/", "id": "absolute_value"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's mix a little algebra into our discussion of absolute value. What if we are looking for the |x|? If we know what x equals, we can do it. Follow along.", "title": "Absolute value of integers", "slug": "absolute-value-of-integers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute-value-of-integers/", "id": "r6hS_8nm1jM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "When we compare numbers we use the concepts of greater than (>), less than (<), and equal to (=). The same is true of absolute values.", "title": "Comparing absolute values", "slug": "comparing-absolute-values", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/comparing-absolute-values/", "id": "hKkBlcnU9pw"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice comparing the absolute values of numbers.", "title": "Comparing absolute values", "slug": "comparing_absolute_values", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/comparing_absolute_values/", "id": "comparing_absolute_values"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here are a few word problems that ask us to apply our new absolute value knowledge. As with all word problems, read them a couple of times before jumping to an answer.", "title": "Absolute value word problems", "slug": "absolute-value-word-problems-exercise", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute-value-word-problems-exercise/", "id": "Ig7RSc-93Bs"}, {"path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute-value-word-problems/", "slug": "absolute-value-word-problems", "id": "absolute-value-word-problems", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Interpreting absolute value"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, we think about what |a-b| really means, and we verify that |a-b| = |b-a| by looking at an example.", "title": "Absolute value as distance between numbers", "slug": "absolute-value-as-distance-between-numbers", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/abs_value_tutorial/absolute-value-as-distance-between-numbers/", "id": "t4xOkpP8FgE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice taking the absolute value of the difference of two numbers to find the distance between those numbers. 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Decimals are limited to tenths in these problems.", "title": "Decimals on the number line 1", "slug": "decimals_on_the_number_line_1", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/decimals-on-number-line/decimals_on_the_number_line_1/", "id": "decimals_on_the_number_line_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We're mixing it up by placing both fractions and decimals on the same number line. Great practice because you need to move effortlessly between the two.", "title": "Decimals and fractions on a number line", "slug": "points-on-a-number-line", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/decimals-on-number-line/points-on-a-number-line/", "id": "uC09taczvOo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice finding decimal numbers on the number line. Decimals are limited to hundredths in these problems.", "title": "Decimals on the number line 2", "slug": "decimals_on_the_number_line_2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/decimals-on-number-line/decimals_on_the_number_line_2/", "id": "decimals_on_the_number_line_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "These example exercises require us to interpret a number line in order to locate where our positive and negative decimals should be placed.", "title": "Placing positive and negative decimals on a number line", "slug": "positive-and-negative-decimals-on-a-number-line", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/decimals-on-number-line/positive-and-negative-decimals-on-a-number-line/", "id": "w23DzA68KPE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice placing positive and negative decimal numbers on the number line.", "title": "Decimals on the number line 3", "slug": "decimals_on_the_number_line_3", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/decimals-on-number-line/decimals_on_the_number_line_3/", "id": "decimals_on_the_number_line_3"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xf518c030"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1807"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x3c03a4f2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x76e3cf20"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "158925084"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xddf6d40a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6dd22798"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4d4b8ea8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x74ce5d71"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's test our understanding of decimals by comparing them to one another!", "node_slug": "comparing-decimals", "title": "Comparing decimals", "slug": "comparing-decimals", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "comparing-decimals", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "When comparing decimals it's easy to get confused by the number of digits to the right of decimal. 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Let's compare two decimals in this example. Remember that you're looking for the difference is the largest place value to find the larger decimal.", "title": "Comparing decimals: difference in largest place value", "slug": "comparing-decimals-2-example", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/comparing-decimals-2-example/", "id": "f8B2dBQn3_U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "It's not uncommon to be asked to compare two decimals and judge which one is larger. How do you do that? This video will gave you the confidence to answer that question.", "title": "Comparing decimals: place value difference", "slug": "comparing-decimals-4", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/comparing-decimals-4/", "id": "FwMYoK1QKso"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Compare two decimals with digits up to the thousandths using >, <, and = symbols.", "title": "Comparing decimals 2", "slug": "comparing_decimals_2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/comparing_decimals_2/", "id": "comparing_decimals_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is a fun example where we reorder decimals from smallest to largest. You're looking for the place value that is the most signifiant, and then working backwards.", "title": "Comparing decimals: ordering from least to greatest", "slug": "ordering-decimals-example", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/ordering-decimals-example/", "id": "JJawhaMqaXg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's move the decimals around and reorder them from least to greatest. Hint: look at one place value and then compare it to the decimals before moving on to the next place value.", "title": "Comparing decimals: ordering from smallest to biggest", "slug": "another-ordering-decimals-example", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/another-ordering-decimals-example/", "id": "BINElq3DFkg"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Order 5 decimals with digits up to the thousandths from least to greatest.", "title": "Ordering decimals", "slug": "ordering_decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/comparing-decimals/ordering_decimals/", "id": "ordering_decimals"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xdd0d7ae2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xbcb2a374"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "4802227"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "461013412"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2009"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "720725814"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x14d899f1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "4802228"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "461015185"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2031"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xff411123"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7b5b2142"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1811"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "415951528"}, {"kind": "Separator", "id": "_separator"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23822"}], "hide": false, "description": "You get the general idea of decimal is and what the digits in different places represent (place value). Now you're ready to do something with the decimals. Adding and subtracting is a good place to start. This will allow you to add your family's expenses to figure out if your little brother is laundering money (perhaps literally). Have fun!", "node_slug": "adding_decimals", "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals", "slug": "adding_decimals", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "adding_decimals", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how to add 9.087 to 15.31. Line those decimals up first. Careful!", "title": "Adding decimals: example 1", "slug": "adding-decimals-example-1", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding-decimals-example-1/", "id": "oLh_sIESQnY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's practice another adding decimals problem: 0.822 plus 5.65. We'll do it together.", "title": "Adding decimals: example 2", "slug": "adding-decimals-example-2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding-decimals-example-2/", "id": "ErHFQUhZ94I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We're adding 3 decimal numbers together in this example. Give it a try!", "title": "Adding decimals: example 3", "slug": "adding-decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding-decimals/", "id": "w616LEmrHVE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Add two numbers that are either whole numbers or written to the tenths place value.", "title": "Adding decimals 0.5", "slug": "adding_decimals_05", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding_decimals_05/", "id": "adding_decimals_0.5"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Add two numbers that are written to the ones, tenths, or hundredths place.\u00a0", "title": "Adding decimals 1", "slug": "adding_decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding_decimals/", "id": "adding_decimals"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice adding two numbers that are written to the tenths, hundredths, or thousandths place.", "title": "Adding decimals 2", "slug": "adding_decimals_2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding_decimals_2/", "id": "adding_decimals_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Subtracting decimals...up to the hundredths placement. Line up those decimals before you start.", "title": "Subtracting decimals: example 1", "slug": "subtracting-decimals-up-to-hundredths", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting-decimals-up-to-hundredths/", "id": "o31cLUkS23E"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Just like when add, be sure you align decimals before subtracting.", "title": "Subtracting decimals example 1", "slug": "subtracting-decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting-decimals/", "id": "Eq4mVCd-yyo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Complete subtraction problems where both numbers are written to the tenths place. \u00a0\u00a0", "title": "Subtracting decimals 0.5", "slug": "subtracting_decimals_05", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting_decimals_05/", "id": "subtracting_decimals_0.5"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Complete subtraction problems where both numbers are written to the hundredths place. \u00a0\u00a0", "title": "Subtracting decimals", "slug": "subtracting_decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting_decimals/", "id": "subtracting_decimals"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice adding two numbers that are written to the tenths, hundredths, or thousandths place.", "title": "Subtracting decimals 2", "slug": "subtracting_decimals_2", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting_decimals_2/", "id": "subtracting_decimals_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's a simple word problem asking us to put our adding decimals skill to work. We sound like a broken record, but be sure and ALIGN DECIMALS.", "title": "Adding decimals word problem", "slug": "adding-decimals-word-problem", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding-decimals-word-problem/", "id": "c4fUaD4g4mc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's get fancy and practice adding and subtracting decimals in the same word problem.", "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals word problem", "slug": "subtracting-decimals-word-problem", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting-decimals-word-problem/", "id": "hy_bDS3aHO4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice solving word problems by adding or subtracting decimal numbers.", "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals word problems", "slug": "adding_and_subtracting_decimals_word_problems", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/adding_and_subtracting_decimals_word_problems/", "id": "adding_and_subtracting_decimals_word_problems"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Subtracting decimal numbers", "title": "Subtracting decimals (old)", "slug": "subtracting-decimals-old", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/adding_decimals/subtracting-decimals-old/", "id": "0mOH-qNGM7M"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x634fb6a8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1817"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x073cc944"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5cf28b71"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1812"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xad5ace08"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6f0c6901"}], "hide": false, "description": "The real world is seldom about whole numbers. If you precisely measure anything, you're likely to get a decimal. If you don't know how to multiply these decimals, then you won't be able to do all the powerful things that multiplication can do in the real world (figure out your commission as a robot possum salesperson, determining how much shag carpet you need for your secret lair, etc.).", "node_slug": "multiplying_decimals", "title": "Multiplying decimals", "slug": "multiplying_decimals", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "multiplying_decimals", "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/decimals/multiplying_decimals", "path": "khan/math/arithmetic/decimals/multiplying_decimals/", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/decimals/multiplying_decimals", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying decimals can be confusing because there's always the question as to where the decimals goes in the answer. 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We're not really sure about that figure, but it sounds authoritative. Anyway, unless you've watched this tutorial, you're really in no position to argue otherwise.\n\nAs you'll see \"percent\" literally means \"per cent\" or \"per hundred\". It's a pseudo-decimally thing that our society likes to use even though decimals or fractions alone would have done the trick. 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Not good. Use your knowledge of decimals and adding negative and positive numbers to bring your account back into the black.", "title": "Rational number word problem with decimals", "slug": "u09-l1-t2-we4-adding-real-numbers-application", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/negatives-absolute-value-pre-alg/add-subtract-negatives-pre-alg/u09-l1-t2-we4-adding-real-numbers-application/", "id": "fFdOr8U4mnI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Adding and subtracting negative numbers", "title": "Adding/subtracting negative numbers", "id": "C38B33ZywWs", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/negatives-absolute-value-pre-alg/add-subtract-negatives-pre-alg/adding-subtracting-negative-numbers/", "slug": "adding-subtracting-negative-numbers"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "862036603"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "867458280"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1244872792"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "862107118"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179320"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2015"}, {"kind": "Separator", "id": "_separator"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25749"}], "hide": false, "description": "It is starting to dawn on you that negative numbers are incredibly awesome. 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This tutorial walks through some of the more standard divisibility methods and describes why they work.", "node_slug": "divisibility_tests", "title": "Divisibility tests", "slug": "divisibility_tests", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "divisibility_tests", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Worked example of basic divisibility tests", "title": "Divisibility tests for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10", "slug": "divisibility-tests-for-2-3-4-5-6-9-10", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests/divisibility-tests-for-2-3-4-5-6-9-10/", "id": "Df9h5t64NlQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Recognizing Divisibility", "title": "Recognizing divisibility", "id": "2G_Jr_XpnY4", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests/recognizing-divisibility/", "slug": "recognizing-divisibility"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Why you can add the digits to see if something is divisible by 3", "title": "The why of the 3 divisibility rule", "id": "NehkLV77ITk", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests/the-why-of-the-3-divisibility-rule/", "slug": "the-why-of-the-3-divisibility-rule"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Why you can test divisibility by 9 by just adding the digits", "title": "The why of the 9 divisibility rule", "id": "XAzFGx3Ruig", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests/the-why-of-the-9-divisibility-rule/", "slug": "the-why-of-the-9-divisibility-rule"}, {"path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_tests/divisibility_tests/", "slug": "divisibility_tests", "id": "divisibility_tests", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Divisibility tests"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "2600703"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb863d3f2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "884313452"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "805202785"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xe84a4d8f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x84edaea8"}], "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, we'll begin to think about the numbers that \"make up\" the number. 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Can you help us find the factors in this example?", "title": "Finding factors of a number", "slug": "finding-factors-of-a-number", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_and_factors/finding-factors-of-a-number/", "id": "vcn2ruTOwFo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch and listen as we explain a simple way of remembering the difference between factors and multiples.", "title": "Finding factors and multiples", "slug": "finding-factors-and-multiples", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_and_factors/finding-factors-and-multiples/", "id": "5xe-6GPR_qQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's a video of Sal working on a exercise which helps you visualize the process of finding a number's factors.", "title": "Interactive module: finding factors", "slug": "divisibility-intuition", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_and_factors/divisibility-intuition/", "id": "AHRh3EpJQH0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify all positive factors of a one or two-digit number.", "title": "Divisibility intuition", "slug": "divisibility_intuition", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_and_factors/divisibility_intuition/", "id": "divisibility_intuition"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice finding factor pairs for whole numbers.", "title": "Factor pairs", "slug": "factor-pairs", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_and_factors/factor-pairs/", "id": "factor-pairs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Demonstrate understanding of factors and multiples.", "title": "Identifying factors and multiples", "slug": "identifying-factors-and-multiples", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/divisibility_and_factors/identifying-factors-and-multiples/", "id": "identifying-factors-and-multiples"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "85595310"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "158925083"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "3849070"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "702484106"}], "hide": false, "description": "Prime numbers have been studied by mathematicians and mystics for ages (seriously). They are both basic and mysterious. The more you explore them, the more you will realize that the universe is a fascinating place. This tutorial will introduce you to the magical world of prime numbers.", "node_slug": "prime_numbers", "title": "Prime numbers", "slug": "prime_numbers", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "prime_numbers", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "What does it mean to be a prime number? Let's progress though some whole numbers and ask ourselves if they meet the criteria. What is the criteria you ask? Watch.", "title": "Prime numbers", "slug": "prime-numbers", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers/prime-numbers/", "id": "mIStB5X4U8M"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Can you recognize the prime numbers in this group of numbers? Which are prime, composite, or neither?", "title": "Recognizing prime and composite numbers", "slug": "recognizing-prime-numbers", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers/recognizing-prime-numbers/", "id": "3h4UK62Qrbo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify prime numbers less than 100.", "title": "Prime numbers", "slug": "prime_numbers", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers/prime_numbers/", "id": "prime_numbers"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify composite numbers less than 100.", "title": "Composite numbers", "slug": "composite_numbers", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/factors-multiples/prime_numbers/composite_numbers/", "id": "composite_numbers"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "2600704"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf27acc45"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "4166558"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "884392300"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "805402547"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "56195550"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "4800209"}], "hide": false, "description": "You know what prime numbers are and how to identify them. 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Decimals are limited to hundredths in these problems.", "title": "Decimals on the number line 2", "slug": "decimals_on_the_number_line_2", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimals-on-number-line-pre-alg/decimals_on_the_number_line_2/", "id": "decimals_on_the_number_line_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "These example exercises require us to interpret a number line in order to locate where our positive and negative decimals should be placed.", "title": "Placing positive and negative decimals on a number line", "slug": "positive-and-negative-decimals-on-a-number-line", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimals-on-number-line-pre-alg/positive-and-negative-decimals-on-a-number-line/", "id": "w23DzA68KPE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice placing positive and negative decimal numbers on the number line.", "title": "Decimals on the number line 3", "slug": "decimals_on_the_number_line_3", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimals-on-number-line-pre-alg/decimals_on_the_number_line_3/", "id": "decimals_on_the_number_line_3"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xf518c030"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1807"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x3c03a4f2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x76e3cf20"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "158925084"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xddf6d40a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6dd22798"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4d4b8ea8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x74ce5d71"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's test our understanding of decimals by comparing them to one another!", "node_slug": "comparing-decimals-pre-alg", "title": "Comparing decimals", "slug": "comparing-decimals-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "comparing-decimals-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "When comparing decimals it's easy to get confused by the number of digits to the right of decimal. 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Decimals in these problems are limited to tenths and hundredths.", "title": "Comparing decimals 1", "slug": "comparing_decimals_1", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg/comparing_decimals_1/", "id": "comparing_decimals_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Confused trying to determine which decimal is larger? Let's compare two decimals in this example. Remember that you're looking for the difference is the largest place value to find the larger decimal.", "title": "Comparing decimals: difference in largest place value", "slug": "comparing-decimals-2-example", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-2-example/", "id": "f8B2dBQn3_U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "It's not uncommon to be asked to compare two decimals and judge which one is larger. How do you do that? This video will gave you the confidence to answer that question.", "title": "Comparing decimals: place value difference", "slug": "comparing-decimals-4", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-4/", "id": "FwMYoK1QKso"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Compare two decimals with digits up to the thousandths using >, <, and = symbols.", "title": "Comparing decimals 2", "slug": "comparing_decimals_2", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg/comparing_decimals_2/", "id": "comparing_decimals_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is a fun example where we reorder decimals from smallest to largest. You're looking for the place value that is the most signifiant, and then working backwards.", "title": "Comparing decimals: ordering from least to greatest", "slug": "ordering-decimals-example", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/comparing-decimals-pre-alg/ordering-decimals-example/", "id": "JJawhaMqaXg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's move the decimals around and reorder them from least to greatest. 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Now you're ready to do something with the decimals. Adding and subtracting is a good place to start. This will allow you to add your family's expenses to figure out if your little brother is laundering money (perhaps literally). Have fun!", "node_slug": "adding-decimals-pre-alg", "title": "Adding and subtracting decimals", "slug": "adding-decimals-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "adding-decimals-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how to add 9.087 to 15.31. Line those decimals up first. 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Line up those decimals before you start.", "title": "Subtracting decimals: example 1", "slug": "subtracting-decimals-up-to-hundredths", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg/subtracting-decimals-up-to-hundredths/", "id": "o31cLUkS23E"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Just like when add, be sure you align decimals before subtracting.", "title": "Subtracting decimals example 1", "slug": "subtracting-decimals", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg/subtracting-decimals/", "id": "Eq4mVCd-yyo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Complete subtraction problems where both numbers are written to the tenths place. \u00a0\u00a0", "title": "Subtracting decimals 0.5", "slug": "subtracting_decimals_05", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg/subtracting_decimals_05/", "id": "subtracting_decimals_0.5"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Complete subtraction problems where both numbers are written to the hundredths place. \u00a0\u00a0", "title": "Subtracting decimals", "slug": "subtracting_decimals", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg/subtracting_decimals/", "id": "subtracting_decimals"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice adding two numbers that are written to the tenths, hundredths, or thousandths place.", "title": "Subtracting decimals 2", "slug": "subtracting_decimals_2", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/adding-decimals-pre-alg/subtracting_decimals_2/", "id": "subtracting_decimals_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's a simple word problem asking us to put our adding decimals skill to work. 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If you precisely measure anything, you're likely to get a decimal. If you don't know how to multiply these decimals, then you won't be able to do all the powerful things that multiplication can do in the real world (figure out your commission as a robot possum salesperson, determining how much shag carpet you need for your secret lair, etc.).", "node_slug": "multiplying-decimals-pre-alg", "title": "Multiplying decimals", "slug": "multiplying-decimals-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "multiplying-decimals-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/multiplying-decimals-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/multiplying-decimals-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/multiplying-decimals-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying decimals can be confusing because there's always the question as to where the decimals goes in the answer. We're about to show you so you'll never have to question it again!", "title": "Introduction to multiplying decimals", "slug": "intro-to-multiplying-decimals", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/multiplying-decimals-pre-alg/intro-to-multiplying-decimals/", "id": "STyoP3rCmb0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We're multiplying decimals again, but this time answering a common question: what's the cost of filling up the car tank?", "title": "Multiplying decimals word problem", "slug": "mulitplyling-decimals-3", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/multiplying-decimals-pre-alg/mulitplyling-decimals-3/", "id": "W7dImsrVa0Y"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Multiply a whole number times a decimal written to the tenths or hundredths place. \u00a0", "title": "Multiplying decimals 1", "slug": "multiplying_decimals_05", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/multiplying-decimals-pre-alg/multiplying_decimals_05/", "id": "multiplying_decimals_0.5"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We want you to develop an intuition about how to work with decimals. 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You know you'd feel a bit empty if you couldn't divide them as well. But something more powerful is going to happen. If you are like us, you never quite liked those pesky remainders when dividing whole numbers. Well, those pesky remainders better watch out because they are going to be divided too!!!! Ah ha ha ha ha!!!!!", "node_slug": "dividing-decimals-pre-alg", "title": "Dividing decimals", "slug": "dividing-decimals-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "dividing-decimals-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Sometimes, in order divide numbers completely you have to add a decimal and bring down places. Let's do it together, shall we?", "title": "Dividing completely to get decimal answer", "slug": "dividing-completely-to-get-decimal-answer", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing-completely-to-get-decimal-answer/", "id": "xUDlKV8lJbM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sometimes the number that you're dividing by is larger than the number that is being divided and won't go into it even once! What do you do? Watch.", "title": "Dividing completely to get decimal answer example 2", "slug": "dividing-completely-to-get-decimal-answer-example-2", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing-completely-to-get-decimal-answer-example-2/", "id": "7ZwSd9gtnwI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide two whole numbers to get a quotient with a decimal. \u00a0", "title": "Dividing completely", "slug": "dividing_decimals_05", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing_decimals_05/", "id": "dividing_decimals_0.5"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "You're doing great. Now we want to mix it up a little: divide a decimal by a whole number. Follow along.", "title": "Dividing a decimal by a whole number", "slug": "dividing-a-decimal-by-a-whole-number", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing-a-decimal-by-a-whole-number/", "id": "Z_NHrwK6ALE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide a whole number by a number written to the tenths or hundredths place. \u00a0Quotients are whole numbers. \u00a0", "title": "Dividing decimals 1", "slug": "dividing_decimals_1", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing_decimals_1/", "id": "dividing_decimals_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "When dividing a whole number by a decimal, you're going to need to change that decimal into a whole number. How? We'll show you.", "title": "Dividing a whole number by a decimal", "slug": "dividing-a-whole-number-by-a-decimal", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing-a-whole-number-by-a-decimal/", "id": "cfr-yZxTH8Y"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide a whole number by a number written to the tenths or hundredths place. \u00a0Quotients may include decimals.", "title": "Dividing decimals 2", "slug": "dividing_decimals_2", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing_decimals_2/", "id": "dividing_decimals_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's do one more decimal division problem together but change it up. This is one with a decimal divisor and will require you to shift the decimal first.", "title": "Dividing by a multi-digit decimal", "slug": "dividing-decimals", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals/", "id": "Nqts8zW8RxM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The old saying is \"practice makes perfect.\" Let's keep practicing dividing decimals and making our divisor a whole number.", "title": "Dividing decimals with hundredths example 3", "slug": "dividing-decimal", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimal/", "id": "S0uuK7SQcA8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Divide two numbers. \u00a0Divisors, dividends, and quotients can include decimals written to the tenths or hundredths place. \u00a0", "title": "Dividing decimals 3", "slug": "dividing_decimals_3", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing_decimals_3/", "id": "dividing_decimals_3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice dividing decimal numbers using \"long division\".", "title": "Dividing decimals 4", "slug": "dividing_decimals", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dividing-decimals-pre-alg/dividing_decimals/", "id": "dividing_decimals"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "915084910"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "915095642"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23852"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "158925085"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "245552066"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1806"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "915208238"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "914994686"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "915122530"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "231802990"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "915110987"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "915169407"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "231856074"}], "hide": false, "description": "Both fractions and decimals are desperate to capture that little part of our heart that desires to express non-whole numbers. But must we commit? Can't we have business in the front and party in the back (younger people should look up the word \"mullet\" to see a hair-style worth considering for your next trip to the barber)? Can't it look like a pump, but feel like a sneaker? Well, if 18-wheelers can turn into self-righteous robots, then why can't decimals and fractions turn into each other?", "node_slug": "decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg", "title": "Converting between fractions and decimals", "slug": "decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Sometimes when you convert a fraction to a decimal you have to do some long division and rounding.", "title": "Fraction to decimal with rounding", "slug": "converting-fractions-to-decimals-ex1", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/converting-fractions-to-decimals-ex1/", "id": "NM8qTo361ic"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is a great example of converting a fraction to a decimal. 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Let's convert the decimal together.", "title": "Converting decimals to fractions example 2", "slug": "converting-decimals-to-fractions-1-ex-2", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/converting-decimals-to-fractions-1-ex-2/", "id": "9P80OLC6wKY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Converting this decimal results in a fraction that needs to be simplified. Can you help us?", "title": "Converting decimals to fractions example 3", "slug": "converting-decimals-to-fractions-1-ex-3", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/converting-decimals-to-fractions-1-ex-3/", "id": "OS1g4PDdNdM"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice rewriting decimals as fractions. These problems use decimals with tenths and hundredths.", "title": "Rewriting decimals as fractions", "slug": "converting_decimals_to_fractions_1", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/converting_decimals_to_fractions_1/", "id": "converting_decimals_to_fractions_1"}, {"path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/converting-decimals-to-fractions-2-ex-1/", "slug": "converting-decimals-to-fractions-2-ex-1", "id": "EGr3KC55sfU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Converting decimals to fractions 2 (ex 1)"}, {"path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/decimal-to-fraction-pre-alg/converting-decimals-to-fractions-2-ex-2/", "slug": "converting-decimals-to-fractions-2-ex-2", "id": "qbMe4f2yvKs", "kind": "Video", "title": "Converting decimals to fractions 2 (ex 2)"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice rewriting decimals as fractions. 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You'll also see a couple of different ways to arrive at the answer.", "title": "Finding a percentage", "slug": "finding-percentages-example", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-intro-pre-alg/finding-percentages-example/", "id": "FaDtge_vkbg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "It's nice to practice conversion problems, but how about applying our new knowledge of percentages to a real life problem like recycling? 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These problems use decimals with tenths and hundredths.", "title": "Rewriting decimals as fractions", "slug": "converting_decimals_to_fractions_1", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-intro-pre-alg/converting_decimals_to_fractions_1/", "id": "converting_decimals_to_fractions_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We hope you're beginning to see that there's more than one way to skin a cat. In other words, there are several different ways to solve problems involving percentages, decimals, and fractions. Watch as find the percentage of a whole number.", "title": "Percentage of a whole number", "slug": "taking-a-percentage-example", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-intro-pre-alg/taking-a-percentage-example/", "id": "-lUEWEEpmIo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how to rewrite a fraction as a decimal. The example in this video: 3/5 --> 0.6", "title": "Basic example of rewriting a fraction as a decimal", "slug": "rewriting-a-fraction-as-a-decimal", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-intro-pre-alg/rewriting-a-fraction-as-a-decimal/", "id": "XHLgY7Z3cb8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how to rewrite a fraction as a decimal. The example in this video: 21/60 --> 0.35", "title": "Rewriting fraction as a decimal to the hundredths place", "slug": "rewriting-fraction-as-a-decimal-to-the-hundredths-place", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-intro-pre-alg/rewriting-fraction-as-a-decimal-to-the-hundredths-place/", "id": "E3OfSGjpDoI"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23456"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "14"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "15"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "594289413"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "720778814"}], "hide": false, "description": "Whether you're calculating a tip at your favorite restaurant or figuring out how many decades you'll be paying your student debt because of the interest, percents will show up again and again and again in your life. This tutorial will expose you to some of these problems before they show up in your actual life so you can handle them with ease (kind of like a vaccine for the brain). Enjoy.", "node_slug": "percent-word-probs-pre-alg", "title": "Percent word problems", "slug": "percent-word-probs-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "percent-word-probs-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-word-probs-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-word-probs-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/percent-word-probs-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In this example we grow a whole number by a percentage of itself. 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But sometimes, it is useful to be lazy in a smart way. Why do a big, hairy calculation if you just need a rough estimate? Why keep track of 2.345609 when you only need 2.35? \n\nThis tutorial will get you comfortable with sometimes being a little rough with numbers. By being able to round and estimate them, it'll only add one more tool to your toolkit.", "node_slug": "dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg", "title": "Estimating and rounding with decimals", "slug": "dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg", "topic_page_url": "/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg/", "extended_slug": "math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Rounding. Oh my....there will be so many times when rounding numbers (including decimals) will be a required skill. Let's get this down, shall we?", "title": "Rounding decimals: to the nearest tenth", "slug": "rounding-decimals", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg/rounding-decimals/", "id": "_MIn3zFkEcc"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Round decimals and whole numbers to the nearest thousand, hundred, ten, one, tenth, or hundredth.", "title": "Rounding decimals", "slug": "rounding_numbers", "path": "khan/math/pre-algebra/decimals-pre-alg/dec-rounding-estimation-pre-alg/rounding_numbers/", "id": "rounding_numbers"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "67068552"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "67068553"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "67861020"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "67068554"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "76621206"}], "hide": false, "description": "There is a strong temptation in life to appear precise, even when you are aren't accurate. 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We'll show you.", "title": "Multiplying decimals example", "slug": "multiplying-decimals", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-foundations/operations-with-decimals/multiplying-decimals/", "id": "JEHejQphIYc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sometimes multiplying really small decimals (with all those zeros!) can be a little intimidating. 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It makes the learning better!", "node_slug": "core-algebra-solving-basic-equations", "title": "Solving basic equations", "slug": "core-algebra-solving-basic-equations", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "core-algebra-solving-basic-equations", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-linear-equations-inequalities/core-algebra-solving-basic-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-linear-equations-inequalities/core-algebra-solving-basic-equations/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-linear-equations-inequalities/core-algebra-solving-basic-equations", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's ease into this, shall we? Here's an introduction to basic algebraic equations of the form ax=b. 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Which operation is opposite of addition?", "title": "Simple equations of the form x + a = b", "slug": "solving-one-step-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-linear-equations-inequalities/core-algebra-solving-basic-equations/solving-one-step-equations/", "id": "VidnbCEOGdg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Some quick examples to practice solving a variety of one step equations. 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This will include slope and the equation of a line.", "node_slug": "core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope", "title": "Graphing lines and slope", "slug": "core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "578962249"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23630"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "396277331"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "33752747"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x02167ace"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "342773513"}], "hide": false, "description": "How can we communicate exactly where something is in two dimensions? 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Since you only need two points for a line, let's find what value an equation takes on when x = 0 (essentially the y-intercept) and what value it takes on when y = 0 (the x-intercept). Then we can graph the line by going through those two points.", "node_slug": "core-algebra-graphing-intercepts", "title": "Graphing with intercepts", "slug": "core-algebra-graphing-intercepts", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "core-algebra-graphing-intercepts", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Graphing using X and Y intercepts", "title": "Graphing using x- and y-intercepts", "slug": "graphing-using-x-and-y-intercepts", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/graphing-using-x-and-y-intercepts/", "id": "6m642-2D3V4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "X and Y intercepts", "title": "Finding intercepts from an equation", "slug": "x-and-y-intercepts", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/x-and-y-intercepts/", "id": "xGmef7lFc5w"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "X and Y intercepts 2", "title": "x- and y-intercepts 2", "id": "405boztgZig", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/x-and-y-intercepts-2/", "slug": "x-and-y-intercepts-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Solve linear equations for the x-intercept and y-intercept", "title": "Intercepts from a linear equation", "slug": "solving_for_the_x-intercept", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/solving_for_the_x-intercept/", "id": "solving_for_the_x-intercept"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/finding-x-intercept-of-a-line/", "slug": "finding-x-intercept-of-a-line", "id": "xiIQQNufFuU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Finding the x-intercept of a line"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/finding-intercepts-for-a-linear-function-from-a-table/", "slug": "finding-intercepts-for-a-linear-function-from-a-table", "id": "CGZZINHT0I8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Finding intercepts from a table"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Look at the graph of an equation to find x-intercepts and y-intercepts", "title": "Intercepts from a graph", "slug": "linear-function-intercepts", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-graphing-intercepts/linear-function-intercepts/", "id": "linear-function-intercepts"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "26800"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "33752752"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23636"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "33752751"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "33752753"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26801"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x5106980e"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x16af7528"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23448"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4d473b5b"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "21374"}, {"kind": "Separator", "id": "_separator"}], "hide": false, "description": "If you've ever struggled to tell someone just how steep something is, you'll find the answer here. In this tutorial, we cover the idea of the slope of a line. We also think about how slope relates to the equation of a line and how you can determine the slope or y-intercept given some clues.\n\nThis tutorial is appropriate for someone who understands the basics of graphing equations and want to dig a bit deeper. After this tutorial, you will be prepared to start thinking deeper about the equation of a line.", "node_slug": "core-algebra-slope", "title": "Slope of a line", "slug": "core-algebra-slope", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "core-algebra-slope", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Slope of a line", "title": "Finding the slope of a line from its graph", "slug": "slope-of-a-line", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-of-a-line/", "id": "R948Tsyq4vA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "An example of finding the slope between two points", "title": "Slope from two ordered pairs example 1", "slug": "slope-of-a-line-2", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-of-a-line-2/", "id": "WkspBxrzuZo"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-and-rate-of-change/", "slug": "slope-and-rate-of-change", "id": "Iqws-qzyZwc", "kind": "Video", "title": "Slope and rate of change"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Graphical Slope of a Line", "title": "Graphical slope of a line", "id": "81SseQCpGws", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/graphical-slope-of-a-line/", "slug": "graphical-slope-of-a-line"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another example of finding the slope between two points", "title": "Slope from two ordered pairs example 2", "slug": "slope-of-a-line-3", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-of-a-line-3/", "id": "CFSHq099Mx0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Slope Example", "title": "Interpreting linear tables word problems example 1", "slug": "slope-example", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-example/", "id": "jTCZfMMcHBo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify the slope of a line graph", "title": "Slope from a graph", "slug": "slope-from-a-graph", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-from-a-graph/", "id": "slope-from-a-graph"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Find the slope of a line that contains two given points", "title": "Slope from two solutions", "slug": "slope-from-two-points", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-from-two-points/", "id": "slope-from-two-points"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using the \"Graph of a line\" module to understand how a line's graph changes when its slope or y-intercept is changed.", "title": "Slope and y-intercept intuition", "slug": "slope-and-y-intercept-intuition", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-and-y-intercept-intuition/", "id": "8sz1IPjBRS8"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/slope-intuition-example/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Intuitive understanding of slope example", "id": "6_9xNMtwnfs", "slug": "slope-intuition-example"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Adjust the slope and y-intercept of a line to make it go through given points", "title": "Slope intuition", "slug": "line_graph_intuition", "path": "khan/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-graphing-lines-slope/core-algebra-slope/line_graph_intuition/", "id": "line_graph_intuition"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "26804"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26806"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x5276cbb9"}], "hide": false, "description": "Math is beautiful because there are so many way to appreciate the same relationship. 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But even folks who feel pretty good that they know how to manipulate equations might pick up a new intuition or two.", "node_slug": "why-of-algebra", "title": "The why of algebra", "slug": "why-of-algebra", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "why-of-algebra", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "The example of a scale where we try to achieve balance helps to explain why we do the same thing to both sides of an equation.", "title": "Why we do the same thing to both sides: Simple equations", "slug": "why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-simple-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-simple-equations/", "id": "5FBDqY41GjU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Equations are about relationships (no, not girlfriends and boyfriends!) between the two sides of the equation. Let's again use a scale example to help us understand.", "title": "Representing a relationship with a simple equation", "slug": "representing-a-relationship-with-a-simple-equation", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/representing-a-relationship-with-a-simple-equation/", "id": "XN48Ba9Ncr8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This equation can be simplified through a single step to solve for the variable. Can you help?", "title": "One-step equation intuition", "slug": "one-step-equation-intuition", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/one-step-equation-intuition/", "id": "kbqO0YTUyAY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "To find the value of a variable, you sometimes have to get it on one side of the equation alone. To do that, you'll need to do something to BOTH sides of the equation. Watch. We'll explain why we do this.", "title": "One step equation intuition introduction", "slug": "one-step-equation-intuition-exercise-intro", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/one-step-equation-intuition-exercise-intro/", "id": "kZoFI_fcC74"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Explore why we do the same things to both sides of an equation.", "title": "One step equation intuition", "slug": "one_step_equation_intuition", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/one_step_equation_intuition/", "id": "one_step_equation_intuition"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's watch as we demonstrate how we add and subtract to both sides of an equation in order to isolate the variable on one side.", "title": "Adding and subtracting from both sides of an equation", "slug": "adding-and-subtracting-the-same-thing-from-both-sides", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/adding-and-subtracting-the-same-thing-from-both-sides/", "id": "jWpiMu5LNdg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's get a conceptual understanding of why one needs to divide both sides of an equation to solve for a variable.", "title": "Dividing from both sides of an equation", "slug": "intuition-why-we-divide-both-sides", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/intuition-why-we-divide-both-sides/", "id": "Ye13MIPv6n0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's how we solve a two step equation. It begins with the concept of equality: what we do to one side of the equation must be done to the other.", "title": "Solving two-step equations", "slug": "why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-two-step-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-two-step-equations/", "id": "_y_Q3_B2Vh8"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-multi-step-equations/", "slug": "why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-multi-step-equations", "id": "vkhYFml0w6c", "kind": "Video", "title": "Why we do the same thing to both sides: Multi-step equations"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/why-of-algebra/why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-basic-systems/", "slug": "why-we-do-the-same-thing-to-both-sides-basic-systems", "id": "h9ZgZimXn2Q", "kind": "Video", "title": "Why we do the same thing to both sides basic systems"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1094227108"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1094119956"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x148a27a6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1094225369"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1094176463"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1094038882"}], "hide": false, "description": "This tutorial is a survey of the major themes in basic algebra in five videos! From basic equations to graphing to systems, it has it all. Great for someone looking for a gentle, but broad understanding of the use of algebra. Also great for anyone unsure of which gym plan they should pick!", "node_slug": "super-yoga", "title": "Super Yoga plans", "slug": "super-yoga", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "super-yoga", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Using information from the Super Yoga word problem, explore all the possible combinations and create equations which express the possibilities. Let's figure out which plan is best!", "title": "Variables and equations word problem: Putting them to work for Super Yoga", "slug": "super-yoga-plans-basic-variables-and-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/super-yoga-plans-basic-variables-and-equations/", "id": "3tRc6mUumFk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "If you're coming to this video before seeing the previous one, back up! Otherwise, we're solving one-step equations to learn which Super Plan is the best value for our budget.", "title": "Variables and equations word problem: Which Super Yoga plan is best?", "slug": "super-yoga-plans-solving-one-step-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/super-yoga-plans-solving-one-step-equations/", "id": "hq1bUM2tyg0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice writing basic equations to model real-world situations. (All equations in these problems are linear.)", "title": "Constructing basic equations (word problems)", "slug": "equations-in-one-variable-1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/equations-in-one-variable-1/", "id": "equations-in-one-variable-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visualizing the relationship between sessions attended and total cost", "title": "Super Yoga plans: Plotting points", "slug": "super-yoga-plans-plotting-points", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/super-yoga-plans-plotting-points/", "id": "Ke8k8CNxwog"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Continuing our Yoga plan debate by determining where the lines representing the two plans intersect", "title": "Super Yoga plans: Solving systems by substitution", "slug": "super-yoga-plans-solving-systems-by-substitution", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/super-yoga-plans-solving-systems-by-substitution/", "id": "dawGZs4TaTU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another way to solve for the number of sessions at which both plans cost the same", "title": "Super Yoga plans: Solving systems by elimination", "slug": "super-yoga-plans-solving-systems-by-elimination", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/super-yoga/super-yoga-plans-solving-systems-by-elimination/", "id": "8XoQH1MVLew"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179466"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2012"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179465"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23614"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "363799134"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23616"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26777"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "3016"}], "hide": false, "description": "Like the \"Why of algebra\" and \"Super Yoga plans\" tutorials, we'll introduce you to the most fundamental ideas of what equations mean and how to solve them. We'll then do a bunch of examples to make sure you're comfortable with things like 3x \u2013 7 = 8. So relax, grab a cup of hot chocolate, and be on your way to becoming an algebra rockstar.\n\nAnd, by the way, in any of the \"example\" videos, try to solve the problem on your own before seeing how Sal does it. It makes the learning better!", "node_slug": "equations_beginner", "title": "Equations for beginners", "slug": "equations_beginner", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "equations_beginner", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's ease into this, shall we? Here's an introduction to basic algebraic equations of the form ax=b. Remember that you can check to see if you have the right answer by substituting it for the variable!", "title": "Simple equations of the form ax = b", "slug": "simple-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/simple-equations/", "id": "9Ek61w1LxSc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Remember that what you do to one side, you have to do to the other. Will you multiply or divide both sides to dump the fraction, x/a? Let's do it together.", "title": "Simple equations of the form x/a = b", "slug": "solving-one-step-equations-2", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/solving-one-step-equations-2/", "id": "DqeMQHomwAU"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice solving equations in one step by multiplying or dividing a value from both sides.", "title": "One-step equations with multiplication", "slug": "linear_equations_1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/linear_equations_1/", "id": "linear_equations_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's another one-step equation to solve. Unlike the previous two that involved multiplication and division, this one adds a number to the variable. Which operation is opposite of addition?", "title": "Simple equations of the form x + a = b", "slug": "solving-one-step-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/solving-one-step-equations/", "id": "VidnbCEOGdg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Some quick examples to practice solving a variety of one step equations. All 4 operations (add, subtract, multiple, divide) are paired with variables.", "title": "Simple equations: examples solving a variety of forms", "slug": "one-step-equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/one-step-equations/", "id": "9DxrF6Ttws4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice solving equations in one step by adding or subtracting a value from both sides.", "title": "One-step equations with addition and subtraction", "slug": "one_step_equations", "path": "khan/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/equations_beginner/one_step_equations/", "id": "one_step_equations"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This example demonstrates how we solve an equation expressed such: ax + b = c. 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Well, this tutorial continues that journey by addressing equations that are just a bit more fancy. 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Some have no solutions and others might have an infinite number of solutions. 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It will allow you to analyze and solve a whole range of equations. It will allow you to impress people at parties and move up the career ladder. How exciting!", "node_slug": "factoring-quadratic-expressions", "title": "Factoring quadratic expressions", "slug": "factoring-quadratic-expressions", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "factoring-quadratic-expressions", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Quadratic Expressions", "title": "Factoring quadratic expressions", "slug": "factoring-quadratic-expressions", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/factoring-quadratic-expressions/", "id": "eF6zYNzlZKQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A few examples of factoring quadratics", "title": "Examples: Factoring simple quadratics", "slug": "factoring-polynomials-1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/factoring-polynomials-1/", "id": "1kfq0aR3ASs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring trinomials with a leading 1 coefficient", "title": "Example 1: Factoring quadratic expressions", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-with-a-leading-1-coefficient", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/factoring-trinomials-with-a-leading-1-coefficient/", "id": "nOZTe8jU2g4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factor quadratics\u00a0that are not perfect squares, where the leading coefficient is 1.", "title": "Factoring quadratics 1", "slug": "factoring_polynomials_1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/factoring_polynomials_1/", "id": "factoring_polynomials_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring trinomials with a common factor", "title": "Example 1: Factoring trinomials with a common factor", "id": "GMoqg_s4Dl4", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/factoring-trinomials-with-a-common-factor/", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-with-a-common-factor"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factor quadratics that are not perfect squares, where the leading coefficient is not 1", "title": "Factoring quadratics 2", "slug": "factoring_polynomials_2", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratic-expressions/factoring_polynomials_2/", "id": "factoring_polynomials_2"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23712"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179583"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "541518385"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26991"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "541433013"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x828e9a9a"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "725546801"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179582"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26990"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26989"}], "hide": false, "description": "You will encounter very factorable quadratics that don't always seem so. This tutorial will expand your arsenal by exposing you to special products like difference-of-squares and perfect square quadratics.", "node_slug": "factoring-special-products", "title": "Factoring special products", "slug": "factoring-special-products", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "factoring-special-products", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Special Products", "title": "Factoring special products", "id": "BI_jmI4xRus", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring-special-products/", "slug": "factoring-special-products"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring difference of squares", "title": "Example 1: Factoring difference of squares", "slug": "factoring-difference-of-squares", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring-difference-of-squares/", "id": "tvnOWIoeeaU"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factoring differences of squares into the form (x+b)*(x-b)", "title": "Factoring difference of squares 1", "slug": "factoring_difference_of_squares_1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring_difference_of_squares_1/", "id": "factoring_difference_of_squares_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring difference of squares", "title": "Example 2: Factoring difference of squares", "id": "YahJQvY396o", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/u09-l2-t1-we3-factoring-special-products-3/", "slug": "u09-l2-t1-we3-factoring-special-products-3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factoring differences of squares into the form (Ax+b)*(Ax-b)", "title": "Factoring difference of squares 2", "slug": "factoring_difference_of_squares_2", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring_difference_of_squares_2/", "id": "factoring_difference_of_squares_2"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring-to-produce-difference-of-squares/", "slug": "factoring-to-produce-difference-of-squares", "id": "jmbg-DKWuc4", "kind": "Video", "title": "Factoring to produce difference of squares"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factoring a difference of squares in the format C(Ax+b)*(Ax-b)", "title": "Factoring difference of squares 3", "slug": "factoring_difference_of_squares_3", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring_difference_of_squares_3/", "id": "factoring_difference_of_squares_3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring perfect square trinomials", "title": "Example: Factoring perfect square trinomials", "slug": "factoring-perfect-square-trinomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring-perfect-square-trinomials/", "id": "liRNTieIU_k"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Special Products 2", "title": "Example: Factoring a fourth degree expression", "id": "o-ZbdYVGehI", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/factoring-special-products-2/", "slug": "factoring-special-products-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Special Products 1", "title": "Example: Factoring special products", "id": "XuwldEyWjH0", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-special-products/u09-l2-t1-we1-factoring-special-products-1/", "slug": "u09-l2-t1-we1-factoring-special-products-1"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23714"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26983"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179581"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26984"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26985"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26986"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26987"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26988"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "729514670"}], "hide": false, "description": "Factoring by grouping is probably the one thing that most people never really learn well. Your fate doesn't have to be the same. In this tutorial, you'll see how factoring by grouping can be used to factor a quadratic expression where the coefficient on the x^2 term is something other than 1? ", "node_slug": "factoring-by-grouping", "title": "Factoring by grouping", "slug": "factoring-by-grouping", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "factoring-by-grouping", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Factor by Grouping and Factoring Completely", "title": "Factor by grouping and factoring completely", "id": "X7B_tH4O-_s", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factor-by-grouping-and-factoring-completely/", "slug": "factor-by-grouping-and-factoring-completely"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Trinomials by Grouping 1", "title": "Example: Basic grouping", "id": "HXIj16mjfgk", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-1/", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring trinomials with a non-1 leading coefficient by grouping", "title": "Example 1: Factoring by grouping", "id": "ISPxJ6JXT8o", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factoring-trinomials-with-a-non-1-leading-coefficient-by-grouping/", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-with-a-non-1-leading-coefficient-by-grouping"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "U09_L1_T2_we2 Factoring Trinomials by Grouping 2", "title": "Example 2: Factoring by grouping", "id": "QQhkEGp-YQQ", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/ex2-factoring-quad/", "slug": "ex2-factoring-quad"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring simple quadratic expressions", "title": "Example 3: Factoring by grouping", "id": "fVIZmOQBS5M", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/u09-l1-t2-we3-factoring-trinomials/", "slug": "u09-l1-t2-we3-factoring-trinomials"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Trinomials by Grouping 4", "title": "Example 4: Factoring by grouping", "id": "u1SAo2GiX8A", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-4/", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Trinomials by Grouping 5", "title": "Example 5: Factoring by grouping", "id": "R-rhSQzFJL0", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-5/", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-5"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Factoring Trinomials by Grouping 6", "title": "Example 6: Factoring by grouping", "id": "d-2Lcp0QKfI", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-6/", "slug": "factoring-trinomials-by-grouping-6"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factor polynomials by grouping", "title": "Factoring polynomials by grouping", "slug": "factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-by-grouping/factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1/", "id": "factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xd24800c6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x97900f0f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "688778053"}], "hide": false, "description": "We'll now extend the application of our quadratic-factoring toolkit, by factoring expressions with two variables. As we'll see, this is really just an extension of what you probably already know (or at least will know after working through this tutorial). Onward!", "node_slug": "factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari", "title": "Factoring quadratics in two variables", "slug": "factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari", "children": [{"path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari/factoring-quadratics-with-two-variables/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Factoring quadratics with two variables", "id": "DRpdoZQtvOM", "slug": "factoring-quadratics-with-two-variables"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari/factoring-quadratics-with-two-variables-example/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Factoring quadratics with two variables example", "id": "0xrvRKHoO2g", "slug": "factoring-quadratics-with-two-variables-example"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Factor a polynomial with two variables into expressions", "title": "Factoring quadratics with two variables", "slug": "factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/factoring-quadratics-in-two-vari/factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables/", "id": "factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "13179510"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "8187332"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26919"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179511"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179512"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179513"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1159107679"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23702"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26920"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26921"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26922"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179515"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179529"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "357414238"}], "hide": false, "description": "\"Polynomials\" sound like a fancy word, but you just have to break down the root words. \"Poly\" means \"many\". So we're just talking about \"many nomials\" and everyone knows what a \"nomial\" is. Okay, most of us don't. Well, a polynomials has \"many\" terms. \n\nFrom understanding what a \"term\" is to basic simplification, addition and subtraction of polynomials, this tutorial will get you very familiar with the world of many \"nomials.\" :)", "node_slug": "polynomial_basics", "title": "Polynomial basics", "slug": "polynomial_basics", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "polynomial_basics", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Terms coefficients and exponents in a polynomial", "title": "Terms coefficients and exponents in a polynomial", "id": "REiDXCN0lGU", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/terms-coefficients-and-exponents-in-a-polynomial/", "slug": "terms-coefficients-and-exponents-in-a-polynomial"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Polynomials 1", "title": "Polynomials 1", "slug": "polynomials1", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/polynomials1/", "id": "EvvxBdNIUeQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Polynomials 2", "title": "Polynomials 2", "id": "IGs7IB48Fvg", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/polynomials-2/", "slug": "polynomials-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Evaluating a polynomial at a given value", "title": "Evaluating a polynomial at a given value", "id": "03yq7XsErqo", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/evaluating-a-polynomial-at-a-given-value/", "slug": "evaluating-a-polynomial-at-a-given-value"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Working through simplifying a polynomial", "title": "Simplify a polynomial", "slug": "simply-a-polynomial", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/simply-a-polynomial/", "id": "vN0aL-_vIKM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Adding Polynomials", "title": "Adding polynomials", "slug": "adding-polynomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/adding-polynomials/", "id": "Oe1PKI_6-38"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Basic example of simplifying a polynomial expression with multiple variables.", "title": "Example: Adding polynomials with multiple variables", "slug": "example-adding-polynomials-with-multiple-variables", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/example-adding-polynomials-with-multiple-variables/", "id": "jroamh6SIo0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials", "title": "Addition and subtraction of polynomials", "slug": "addition-and-subtraction-of-polynomials", "path": 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"khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/adding-and-subtracting-polynomials-3/", "slug": "adding-and-subtracting-polynomials-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Subtracting Polynomials", "title": "Subtracting polynomials", "id": "5ZdxnFspyP8", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/subtracting-polynomials/", "slug": "subtracting-polynomials"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Subtracting polynomials with multiple variables", "title": "Subtracting polynomials with multiple variables", "id": "AqMT_zB9rP8", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/subtracting-polynomials-with-multiple-variables/", "slug": "subtracting-polynomials-with-multiple-variables"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Add or subtract polynomials", "title": "Adding and subtracting polynomials", "slug": "adding_and_subtracting_polynomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/polynomial_basics/adding_and_subtracting_polynomials/", "id": "adding_and_subtracting_polynomials"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "13179517"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179519"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "26975"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "13179530"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "357437094"}], "hide": false, "description": "You'll see in this tutorial that multiplying polynomials is just an extension of the same distributive property that you've already learned to multiply simpler expression (that's why we think FOIL is lame--it doesn't generalize and it is more memorization than real understanding).", "node_slug": "multiplying_polynomials", "title": "Multiplying polynomials", "slug": "multiplying_polynomials", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "multiplying_polynomials", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying Monomials by Polynomials", "title": "Multiplying monomials by polynomials", "id": "pD2-H15ucNE", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials/multiplying-monomials-by-polynomials/", "slug": "multiplying-monomials-by-polynomials"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiplying Polynomials", "title": "Multiplying polynomials example", "slug": "multiplying-polynomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials/multiplying-polynomials/", "id": "yJzLYa-_Y1k"}, {"path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials/multiplying-polynomials-3/", "slug": "multiplying-polynomials-3", "id": "bamcYQDzVTw", "kind": "Video", "title": "Multiplying polynomials example 2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "More multiplying polynomials", "title": "Multiplying polynomials example 3", "slug": "more-multiplying-polynomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials/more-multiplying-polynomials/", "id": "D6mivA_8L8U"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Multiply two expressions with variables and exponents to get a polynomial", "title": "Multiplying polynomials", "slug": "multiplying_polynomials", "path": "khan/math/algebra/multiplying-factoring-expression/multiplying_polynomials/multiplying_polynomials/", "id": "multiplying_polynomials"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "/images/power-mode/badges/quadratics-40x40.png", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x6a2f6c28"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xaff92c6c"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x8257058f"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x40bf111d"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xb9d7cf57"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xf44db6ed"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xf00f5342"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x1dff035b"}], "hide": false, "description": "In this topic, we'll analyze, graph and solve quadratic equations.", "node_slug": "quadratics", "title": "Quadratic equations", "slug": "quadratics", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "quadratics", "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/quadratics", "path": "khan/math/algebra/quadratics/", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/quadratics", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23720"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "150088074"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "617819647"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x947b1dd9"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf7eacd77"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xee0c0511"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's explore one of the most fundamental ways to solve a quadratic equation when it 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"khan/math/algebra/ratio-proportion-topic/alg-rational-irrational-numbers/recognizing-rational-and-irrational-expressions/", "slug": "recognizing-rational-and-irrational-expressions", "id": "recognizing-rational-and-irrational-expressions", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Recognizing rational and irrational expressions"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xc901cc55"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x76ede3f0"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xc3464376"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x33e1074b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x21322ad6"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xf5635951"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa4cc3960"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x74fd3000"}], "hide": false, "description": "Get up to speed on the core foundations of geometry.", "node_slug": "basic-geo", "title": "Basic geometry", "slug": "basic-geo", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Subject", "id": "basic-geo", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe6ad8e1f"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x38b8ad4a"}], "hide": false, "description": "Lines, line segments, and rays are fundamental to geometry. Our mission: learn what they are and how to use them.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-lines", "title": "Lines", "slug": "basic-geo-lines", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "basic-geo-lines", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "611293511"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "611259516"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "211177355"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "205328272"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xfcdfb0ea"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x56a1eef4"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's draw points, lines, line segments, and rays. We'll also think about perpendicular and parallel lines and identify these in two-dimensional figures.\n\nCommon Core Standard: 4.G.A.1", "node_slug": "basic-geo-lines-rays-angles", "title": "Lines, line segments and rays", "slug": "basic-geo-lines-rays-angles", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-lines-rays-angles", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "We don't normally delve too far into history when talking about math, but sometimes it's important to have perspective about how some of our math concepts came about and how influential they have become.", "title": "Euclid as the father of geometry", "slug": "euclid-as-the-father-of-geometry", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/euclid-as-the-father-of-geometry/", "id": "WqzK3UAXaHs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Before learning any new concept (mathematical or otherwise), it's important we learn and use a common language and label concepts consistently.", "title": "Basic geometry: language and labels", "slug": "language-and-notation-of-basic-geometry", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/language-and-notation-of-basic-geometry/", "id": "il0EJrY64qE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's get familiar with the difference between lines, line segments, and rays. Hint: a ray is somewhere between a line and a line segment!", "title": "Intro to lines, line segments, and rays", "slug": "lines-line-segments-and-rays", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/lines-line-segments-and-rays/", "id": "JcqCf762y9w"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify rays, lines, and line segments in geometric figures.", "title": "Recognizing rays, lines, and line segments", "slug": "recognizing_rays_lines_and_line_segments", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/recognizing_rays_lines_and_line_segments/", "id": "recognizing_rays_lines_and_line_segments"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's put our new knowledge of line segments to use in this example problem. We'll help you!", "title": "Drawing line segments example", "slug": "drawing-lines-exercise-example", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/drawing-lines-exercise-example/", "id": "DkZnevdbf0A"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Draw rays, lines, and line segments with given points. \u00a0Create parallel and perpendicular lines.", "title": "Drawing rays, lines, and line segments", "slug": "drawing-lines", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-lines-rays-angles/drawing-lines/", "id": "drawing-lines"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "611259516"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc6f1d2f0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "701990088"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa1695c23"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "701911238"}], "hide": false, "description": "Using a number line, let's learn how we measure segments.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-measuring-segments", "title": "Measuring segments", "slug": "basic-geo-measuring-segments", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-measuring-segments", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-measuring-segments", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-measuring-segments/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-measuring-segments", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Before learning any new concept (mathematical or otherwise), it's important we learn and use a common language and label concepts consistently.", "title": "Basic geometry: language and labels", "slug": "language-and-notation-of-basic-geometry", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-measuring-segments/language-and-notation-of-basic-geometry/", "id": "il0EJrY64qE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this example of measuring a line segment, the numbers span across the positive and negative. 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Let's watch this example of counting points to see if they have the exact same length.", "title": "Congruent line segments", "slug": "congruent-segments", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-measuring-segments/congruent-segments/", "id": "bJF9R8_-0O0"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-lines/basic-geo-measuring-segments/congruent_segments/", "slug": "congruent_segments", "id": "congruent_segments", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Congruent segments"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x4b5256e3"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa27d1ff9"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x78258bb5"}], "hide": false, "description": "Measure angles and find missing angles in interesting geometry problems.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-angles", "title": "Angles", "slug": "basic-geo-angles", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "basic-geo-angles", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "263439065"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x66f2a779"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xb0dd2ccf"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x15cb233f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "263439060"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "263439062"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "211177356"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "196064396"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb6f10aaa"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6bc79072"}], "hide": false, "description": "What is an angle and how do we label, measure and construct them?\n\nCommon Core Standards: 4.MD.C.5, 4.MD.C.5a, 4.MD.C.5b, 4.MD.C.6, 4.MD.C.7, 4.G.A.1\t", "node_slug": "basic-geo-angle-basics", "title": "Angle basics", "slug": "basic-geo-angle-basics", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-angle-basics", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "The naming of an angle is related to the line segments that create it. We'll also learn about the angle's vertex. Come on. Let's do this.", "title": "Angle basics", "slug": "angle-basics", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/angle-basics/", "id": "H-de6Tkxej8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's an example exercise in which we find the correct angle name(s).", "title": "Naming angles exercise example", "slug": "naming-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/naming-angles/", "id": "6vRgqB0PSXE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Name angles by their vertex, endpoints, or labels. \u00a0", "title": "Naming angles", "slug": "naming-angles-2", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/naming-angles-2/", "id": "naming-angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Did you know that the measurement of an angle is realted to the arc of a circle? Yes, indeed! Watch.", "title": "Angle measurement and circle arcs", "slug": "angle-measurement-and-circle-arcs", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/angle-measurement-and-circle-arcs/", "id": "D-EIh7NJvtQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's come up with an exact way to measure an angle using a protractor. We'll also learn about acute angles. Not to be confused with augly angles :)", "title": "Measuring angles in degrees", "slug": "measuring-angles-in-degrees", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/measuring-angles-in-degrees/", "id": "92aLiyeQj0w"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's use our virtual protractor to measure some angles together, shall we?", "title": "Measuring angles using a protractor", "slug": "using-a-protractor", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/using-a-protractor/", "id": "dw41PMWek6U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We're practicing measuring angles using the virtual protractor. Do this a few times with us and you'll use a real protractor like a pro!", "title": "More angle measurements using a protractor", "slug": "measuring-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/measuring-angles/", "id": "wJ37GJyViU8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Measure angles using a protractor.", "title": "Measuring angles", "slug": "measuring_angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/measuring_angles/", "id": "measuring_angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "As opposed to measuring an angle using a protractor, in this example we're constructing an angle. Same idea here, just a slightly different application. You got this.", "title": "Constructing angles", "slug": "constructing-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/constructing-angles/", "id": "QmfoIvgIVlE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Use a protractor to construct angles.", "title": "Drawing angles", "slug": "drawing-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-basics/drawing-angles/", "id": "drawing-angles"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "60129393"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "263439060"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "47757395"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1781a3d6"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x3958fbe6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x93c8f042"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x0b7cb620"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd505def0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x0dc914cc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe3c54f14"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "372432667"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xc23bbfaa"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6c2451f9"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x353bd6f4"}], "hide": false, "description": "Now that we know what angles are, let's dig a bit deeper and classify them and understand their properties a bit better.\n\nCommon Core Standards: 4.MD.C.7, 4.G.A.1", "node_slug": "basic-geo-interpreting-angles", "title": "Interpreting angles", "slug": "basic-geo-interpreting-angles", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-interpreting-angles", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "We briefly discussed the types of angles in the last tutorial but we'll delve a little deeper into acute, obtuse, and right angles here.", "title": "Acute right and obtuse angles", "slug": "acute-right-and-obtuse-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/acute-right-and-obtuse-angles/", "id": "ALhv3Rlydig"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's come up with an exact way to measure an angle using a protractor. We'll also learn about acute angles. Not to be confused with augly angles :)", "title": "Measuring angles in degrees", "slug": "measuring-angles-in-degrees", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/measuring-angles-in-degrees/", "id": "92aLiyeQj0w"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Determine if an angle is acute, right, or obtuse. \u00a0A protractor is provided.", "title": "Angle types", "slug": "angle_types", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/angle_types/", "id": "angle_types"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's do a few example exercises in which you recognize and identify the type of given angle. This is a lot of fun!", "title": "Recognizing angles", "slug": "recognizing-angles-examples", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/recognizing-angles-examples/", "id": "B0R3MJOrST0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Determine if angles in shapes and pictures are acute, right, or obtuse.", "title": "Recognizing angles", "slug": "recognizing-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/recognizing-angles/", "id": "recognizing-angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "These 3 types of angles will often come up in your geometry studies. Let's make sure you know how to draw an acute, obtuse, and right angle.", "title": "Drawing acute, right and obtuse angles", "slug": "drawing-acute-right-and-obtuse-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/drawing-acute-right-and-obtuse-angles/", "id": "4ZyTVTGVPgE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Create an acute, right, or obtuse angle using a given vertex.", "title": "Drawing right, acute, and obtuse angles", "slug": "drawing-right-acute-and-obtuse-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/drawing-right-acute-and-obtuse-angles/", "id": "drawing-right--acute--and-obtuse-angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We're matching the visual angle with the corresponding angle measure. Great practice. See if you do it on your own before listening to Sal!", "title": "Identify the angle example", "slug": "angle-sense-example", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/angle-sense-example/", "id": "2mzuFKCuDg4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Estimate the size of angles when given a picture or a situation.", "title": "Benchmark angles", "slug": "benchmark-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/benchmark-angles/", "id": "benchmark-angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Do the two lines intersect or stay apart? If they intersect, do they do so thereby creating a 90 degree angle? These are the kinds of questions we ask ourselves when we learn about parallel and perpendicular lines.", "title": "Parallel and perpendicular lines intro", "slug": "parallel-and-perpendicular-lines-intro", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/parallel-and-perpendicular-lines-intro/", "id": "V0xounKGEXs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's now apply what we learned and do an exercise together in which we identify parallel and perpendicular lines.This is great practice.", "title": "Identifying parallel and perpendicular lines", "slug": "identifying-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/identifying-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines/", "id": "aq_XL6FrmGs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify parallel and perpendicular lines in geometric figures and pictures.\u00a0", "title": "Recognizing parallel and perpendicular lines", "slug": "recognizing-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/recognizing-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines/", "id": "recognizing-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's use a little math with our geometry and see if we can solve for a mystery angle. In this example we know the adjacent angle AND the combination of the mystery angle and the adjacent angle. Mystery angle...how big are you?", "title": "Solving for an angle", "slug": "decomposing-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/decomposing-angles/", "id": "M7NVKImDqGg"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Find an angle's measure when given the measure's of its parts.", "title": "Decomposing angles", "slug": "decomposing-angles-2", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-interpreting-angles/decomposing-angles-2/", "id": "decomposing-angles"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "263439064"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "47799044"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "263439063"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "265340597"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "263439061"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "372432667"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc5b28d56"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "844384906"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "272338869"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's complement and supplement our knowledge of angles with some new geometry vocabulary. In this group of tutorials you'll learn about complementary, supplementary, vertical, adjacent, and straight angles. You'll quickly realize that the relationship bewten each of the angle types is quite logical and solving problems involving intersecting lines is a snap. Onward! Common Core Standards: 7.G.B.5", "node_slug": "basic-geo-angle-relationships", "title": "Relationships between angles", "slug": "basic-geo-angle-relationships", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-angle-relationships", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's add some tools to our geometry tool belt. Here's a thorough explanation of complementary and supplementary angles, as well as definitions of adjacent and straight angles.", "title": "Complementary and supplementary angles", "slug": "complementary-and-supplementary-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/complementary-and-supplementary-angles/", "id": "BTnAlNSgNsY"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/complementary_and_supplementary_angles/", "slug": "complementary_and_supplementary_angles", "id": "complementary_and_supplementary_angles", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Complementary and supplementary angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "By using our knowledge of supplementary, adjacent, and vertical angles, we can solve problems involving the intersection of two lines. Including this one!", "title": "Introduction to vertical angles", "slug": "angles-at-the-intersection-of-two-lines", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/angles-at-the-intersection-of-two-lines/", "id": "_7aUxFzTG5w"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/vertical_angles/", "slug": "vertical_angles", "id": "vertical_angles", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Vertical angles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Parallel lines, transversal lines, corresponding angles", "title": "Angles formed by parallel lines and transversals", "id": "H-E5rlpCVu4", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/angles-formed-by-parallel-lines-and-transversals/", "slug": "angles-formed-by-parallel-lines-and-transversals"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's now apply what we learned and do an exercise together in which we identify parallel and perpendicular lines.This is great practice.", "title": "Identifying parallel and perpendicular lines", "slug": "identifying-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/identifying-parallel-and-perpendicular-lines/", "id": "aq_XL6FrmGs"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/figuring-out-angles-between-transversal-and-parallel-lines/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Figuring out angles between transversal and parallel lines", "id": "2WjGD3LZEWo", "slug": "figuring-out-angles-between-transversal-and-parallel-lines"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Determine which angles must be congruent when parallel lines are crossed by a transversal.", "title": "Congruent angles", "slug": "congruent_angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/congruent_angles/", "id": "congruent_angles"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angles/basic-geo-angle-relationships/parallel_lines_1/", "slug": "parallel_lines_1", "id": "parallel_lines_1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Parallel lines 1"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x1f4788cc"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x50997cfc"}], "hide": false, "description": "Classify shapes and solve geometry problems using what we know of the properties of shapes.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-shapes", "title": "Shapes", "slug": "basic-geo-shapes", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "basic-geo-shapes", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "339557900"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "370305272"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1b577232"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x819465b4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "251616813"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xdb593bbc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7eb84d3e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3fd4b56d"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xe0848d0d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe37249c4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xf1dc0080"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa92f72a2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x32882801"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x78b40eae"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "310282900"}], "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, we'll classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the presence or absence of angles of a specified size. We'll also learn about special triangles called \"right triangles\".\n\nCommon Core Standard: 4.G.A.2", "node_slug": "basic-geo-classifying-shapes", "title": "Classifying shapes", "slug": "basic-geo-classifying-shapes", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-classifying-shapes", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "\"Quad\" means \"four\" and \"lateral\" means \"line.\" A quadrilateral is literally a shape with four sides (lines) and four angles. Let's learn the difference between concave and convex quadrilaterals as well as trapezoids, parallelograms, and rhombi.", "title": "Quadrilateral overview", "slug": "quadrilateral-overview", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/quadrilateral-overview/", "id": "Ka82QC4QvGA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How about this: we are given a 4-sided shape and asked to determine whether its properties qualify it to be called a quadrilateral (or category of quadrilaterals). Check it out.", "title": "Quadrilateral properties", "slug": "quadrilateral-properties", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/quadrilateral-properties/", "id": "5CeBlu260Rw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Is a kite a quadrilateral? Is it a rhombus? A parallelogram? Let's find out.", "title": "Quadrilaterals: kites as a geometric shape", "slug": "kites-as-a-mathematical-shape", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/kites-as-a-mathematical-shape/", "id": "inlMrf2d-k4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Take a look at the given data and determine what type of quadrilateral we have.", "title": "Quadrilaterals: find the type exercise", "slug": "quadrilateral-types-exercise", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/quadrilateral-types-exercise/", "id": "wPZIa3SjPF0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify quadrilaterals based on pictures or attributes. \u00a0Quadrilaterals included are parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, and squares.", "title": "Quadrilateral types", "slug": "quadrilateral_types", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/quadrilateral_types/", "id": "quadrilateral_types"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Scalene, isosceles, equilateral, acute, right, obtuse. All are types of triangles but what makes them special depends on the method of categorization. Watch this outstanding explanation.", "title": "Triangles: categorization by angle or equal sides.", "slug": "scalene-isosceles-equilateral-acute-right-obtuse", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/scalene-isosceles-equilateral-acute-right-obtuse/", "id": "D5lZ3thuEeA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "You say you can't categorize a triangle because you don't know the length of the sides. Guess what? If you know the size of the angles you can!", "title": "Triangles: using angles to categorize", "slug": "scalene-isosceles-equilateral-from-angle", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/scalene-isosceles-equilateral-from-angle/", "id": "sZMezOCZr40"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's practice categorizing triangles in this example exercise.", "title": "Categorizing triangles", "slug": "recog-triangles-example", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/recog-triangles-example/", "id": "NRS2ZJVVzOI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify triangles by their angles as acute, right, or obtuse. \u00a0Identify triangles by their side-lengths as equilateral, isosceles, or scalene.", "title": "Recognizing triangle types", "slug": "recognizing-triangles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/recognizing-triangles/", "id": "recognizing-triangles"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch and do these example exercises along with us. Remember what you have learned about perpendicular lines, right, obtuse, and acute triangles.", "title": "Categorizing geometric shapes: practice examples", "slug": "classifying-shapes-examples", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/classifying-shapes-examples/", "id": "PiQxA9O7Rd8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Classify shapes based on pictures or attributes, such as angle types and side-lengths.\u00a0", "title": "Classifying shapes by line and angle types", "slug": "classifying-shapes-by-line-and-angle-types", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/classifying-shapes-by-line-and-angle-types/", "id": "classifying-shapes-by-line-and-angle-types"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Identify and compare shapes based on their attributes. \u00a0Shapes include triangle types, quadrilateral types, pentagons, and hexagons.", "title": "Properties of shapes", "slug": "properties-of-shapes", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/properties-of-shapes/", "id": "properties-of-shapes"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's see how well you classify shapes by determining what properties match each kind of quadrilateral.", "title": "Quadrilaterals: classifying shapes", "slug": "classifying-shapes", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/classifying-shapes/", "id": "1pHhMX0_4Bw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Do you know identical twins? Or maybe you are one? If so, then you know something about symmetry. In geometry, the axis of symmetry separates two identical sides.", "title": "Axis of symmetry", "slug": "axis-of-symmetry", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/axis-of-symmetry/", "id": "LrTn4cvsewk"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Draw and identify lines of symmetry. \u00a0Create and identify symmetrical shapes.", "title": "Axis of symmetry", "slug": "axis_of_symmetry", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-classifying-shapes/axis_of_symmetry/", "id": "axis_of_symmetry"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "265540637"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "265540642"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "265540638"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "265540640"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "265540635"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "251591675"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "265540639"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2023"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2024"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "348974657"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "251658143"}], "hide": false, "description": "Do the angles in a triangle always add up to the same thing? Would I ask it if they didn't? What do we know about the angles of a triangle if two of the sides are congruent (an isosceles triangle) or all three are congruent (an equilateral)? This tutorial is the place to find out.\n\nCommon Core Standard: 8.G.A.5", "node_slug": "basic-geo-finding-angles", "title": "Finding angles in shapes", "slug": "basic-geo-finding-angles", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-finding-angles", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Proof that the sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle are 180", "title": "Proof: Sum of measures of angles in a triangle are 180", "slug": "proof-sum-of-measures-of-angles-in-a-triangle-are-180", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/proof-sum-of-measures-of-angles-in-a-triangle-are-180/", "id": "6s1CI3uuhko"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Figuring out angles in a triangle. A little about exterior angles being the sum of the remote interior angles", "title": "Triangle angle example 1", "slug": "triangle-angle-example-1", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/triangle-angle-example-1/", "id": "hmj3_zbz2eg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another example finding angles in triangles", "title": "Triangle angle example 2", "id": "eTwnt4G5xE4", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/triangle-angle-example-2/", "slug": "triangle-angle-example-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Multiple ways to solve for the angles of multiple triangles", "title": "Triangle angle example 3", "id": "iqeGTtyzQ1I", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/triangle-angle-example-3/", "slug": "triangle-angle-example-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Interesting problem finding the sums of particular exterior angles of an irregular pentagon", "title": "Challenging triangle angle problem", "id": "95logvV8nXY", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/challenging-triangle-angle-problem/", "slug": "challenging-triangle-angle-problem"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/triangle_angles_1/", "slug": "triangle_angles_1", "id": "triangle_angles_1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Triangle angles 1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Example of angle hunting!", "title": "Finding more angles", "id": "0gzSreH8nUI", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/finding-more-angles/", "slug": "finding-more-angles"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/angles_1/", "slug": "angles_1", "id": "angles_1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Finding angle measures 1"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/angles_2/", "slug": "angles_2", "id": "angles_2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Finding angle measures 2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent", "title": "Proof: Opposite angles of parallelogram congruent", "slug": "proof-opposite-angles-of-parallelogram-congruent", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/proof-opposite-angles-of-parallelogram-congruent/", "id": "oIV1zM8qlpk"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-shapes/basic-geo-finding-angles/quadrilateral_angles/", "slug": "quadrilateral_angles", "id": "quadrilateral_angles", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Quadrilateral angles"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe27e79b8"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe86cbb1d"}], "hide": false, "description": "We use coordinates to describe where something is. In geometry, coordinates say where points are on a grid we call the \"coordinate plane\".", "node_slug": "basic-geo-coordinate-plane", "title": "The coordinate plane", "slug": "basic-geo-coordinate-plane", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "basic-geo-coordinate-plane", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "23630"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xba8b84ab"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "2016"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4eee6cc3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xcb17d9e9"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "33752747"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x02167ace"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "342773513"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x08d09f9d"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "702001212"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x52229838"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x9f1166e7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1d9ac087"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x1d5815bc"}], "hide": false, "description": "We first explored the coordinate plane in the 5th grade. But that was only dealing with positive coordinate. Now, however, we know all about negative numbers so why not have negative coordinates as well!\n\nCommon Core Standards: 6.NS.C.6, 6.NS.C.6b, 6.NS.C.6c, 6.NS.C.8", "node_slug": "copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane", "title": "Coordinate plane", "slug": "copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's get familiar with the x/y coordinate plane, both from the perspective of plotting points and interpreting the placement of points on a plane.", "title": "Coordinate plane examples", "slug": "the-coordinate-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/the-coordinate-plane/", "id": "VhNkWdLGpmA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This exercise asks us to graph a set of points from an ordered pair on the x and y axis of a coordinate plane.", "title": "Coordinate plane: graphing points", "slug": "graphing-points-exercise", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/graphing-points-exercise/", "id": "4vNloi-zNjU"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Plot a given point on the coordinate plane.", "title": "Graphing points", "slug": "graphing_points", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/graphing_points/", "id": "graphing_points"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Naomi needs some help counting the number of blocks she walks from home to school. We'll use the coordinate plane to graph it out first. Let's go.", "title": "Coordinate plane: graphing points word problem", "slug": "coordinate-plane-word-problem-example", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/coordinate-plane-word-problem-example/", "id": "_QKR8I5VE-w"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Find the distance between points, graph points, and interpret data on coordinate planes to solve word problems.", "title": "Coordinate plane word problems in the first quadrant", "slug": "coordinate-plane-word-problems-in-the-first-quadrant", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/coordinate-plane-word-problems-in-the-first-quadrant/", "id": "coordinate-plane-word-problems-in-the-first-quadrant"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "You like dividing up a pizza into slices? In geometry, we slice up the coordinate plane into quadrants. Although these are more like squares than triangular pizza slices! Let's learn about them.", "title": "Coordinate plane: quadrants", "slug": "quadrants-of-coordinate-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/quadrants-of-coordinate-plane/", "id": "1op92ojA6q0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is a great exercise example in which we plot the ordered pair and then identify which quadrant the point lies. You'll get the hang of this quickly!", "title": "Coordinate plane: graphing points and naming quadrants", "slug": "graphing-points-and-naming-quadrants-exercise", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/graphing-points-and-naming-quadrants-exercise/", "id": "Jeh5vudjmLI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice graphing points and identifying which quadrants they're in.", "title": "Graphing points and naming quadrants", "slug": "graphing_points_2", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/graphing_points_2/", "id": "graphing_points_2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Some of the given ordered pairs are already graphed on the coordinate pane in this example, but not all of them. Can you tell which haven't?", "title": "Coordinate plane: have all the points been graphed?", "slug": "points-on-the-coordinate-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/points-on-the-coordinate-plane/", "id": "b9H22F0Qbgw"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice plotting points using an xy coordinate system. The cooridnates of the points in these problems may be negative.", "title": "Points on the coordinate plane", "slug": "identifying_points_1", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/identifying_points_1/", "id": "identifying_points_1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this word problem, we need to plot the ordered pairs and then figure out the difference in the y coodinate between the two. This will give us our answer!", "title": "Coordinate plane: word problem exercise", "slug": "coordinate-plane-word-problems-exercise", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/coordinate-plane-word-problems-exercise/", "id": "PC_FoyewoIs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice solving word problems by interpreting the meaning of points plotted on an xy coordinate system.", "title": "Coordinate plane problems in all four quadrants", "slug": "coordinate-plane-word-problems", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/coordinate-plane-word-problems/", "id": "coordinate-plane-word-problems"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Just like looking at a mirror image of yourself, but flipped....a reflection point is the mirror point on the opposite axis. Watch this tutorial and reflect :)", "title": "Coordinate plane: reflecting points", "slug": "reflecting-points-exercise", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/reflecting-points-exercise/", "id": "INqaHHZGt8w"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Practice reflecting points across axes on the xy coordinate plane.", "title": "Reflecting points on the coordinate plane", "slug": "reflecting-points", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/copy-of-cc-6th-coordinate-plane/reflecting-points/", "id": "reflecting-points"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x249c50c5"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6fe7dd73"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd2b8209a"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xf0293235"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xd6d728fb"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's think about shapes as collections of points on the coordinate plane. When you're done with this tutorial, you might be saying, \"I have had it with these shapes on this plane!\" But you'll be happy you went through it.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane", "title": "Shapes on the coordinate plane", "slug": "basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Remember our discussion of the coordinate plane? Sure you do! Let's graph the given coordinates of three of the polygon vertices, and find where the 4th vertex is.", "title": "Parallelogram on the coordinate plane", "slug": "analyzing-polygon-on-the-coordinate-plane", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane/analyzing-polygon-on-the-coordinate-plane/", "id": "8ToCxaB7EOE"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-coordinate-plane/basic-geo-shapes-on-a-plane/polygons-in-the-coordinate-plane/", "slug": "polygons-in-the-coordinate-plane", "id": "polygons-in-the-coordinate-plane", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Rectangles on the coordinate plane"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this example we are given the coordinates of the vertices and asked to construct the resulting polygon (specifically a quadrilateral). 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We\u2019ll start with the area and perimeter of rectangles. From there, we\u2019ll tackle trickier shapes, such as triangles and circles.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-area-perimeter", "title": "Area and perimeter", "slug": "basic-geo-area-perimeter", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "basic-geo-area-perimeter", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "283213901"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "840068734"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xddab0f04"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x73005801"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x575b0001"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "283213902"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "920312137"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "351468823"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "898971113"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9eb86ee6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xae34441c"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "899013436"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x27919a7f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x74fb422f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x7145a29c"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x5df942ac"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x995b0cd6"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xfb0c1229"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's now extend our understanding of area to triangles and more interesting quadrilaterals!\n\nCommon Core Standard: 6.G.A.1", "node_slug": "basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon", "title": "Area and perimeter of polygons", "slug": "basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Great geometry primer on perimeter and area. 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That's what we're going to do here.", "title": "Finding area by rearranging parts", "slug": "area-comparisons", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/area-comparisons/", "id": "MamrTJ7V_Vg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Don't be intimidated by odd looking geometric figures and being asked to find its area. In this example you'll understand that breaking up the figure into smaller geometric shapes that are regular make the task a lot easier.", "title": "Finding area by breaking up the shape", "slug": "area-breaking-up-shape", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/area-breaking-up-shape/", "id": "loAA3TCNAvU"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/composing-and-decomposing-shapes/", "slug": "composing-and-decomposing-shapes", "id": "composing-and-decomposing-shapes", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Finding area by composing and decomposing shapes"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/area-of-triangles-2/", "slug": "area-of-triangles-2", "id": "area-of-triangles-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Area of triangles 2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Again, some quadrilaterals can be oddly shaped so break it up into shapes where finding the area is more easily determined.", "title": "Area of strange quadrilateral", "slug": "area-of-strange-quadrilateral", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/area-of-strange-quadrilateral/", "id": "gkifo46--JA"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-perimeter-polygon/area-of-quadrilaterals-and-polygons/", "slug": "area-of-quadrilaterals-and-polygons", "id": "area-of-quadrilaterals-and-polygons", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Area of quadrilaterals and polygons"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24957"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "370305280"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "720782619"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "370305273"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "720935156"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x875f3feb"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1f3c3d07"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x057e031d"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6db5022d"}], "hide": false, "description": "You already know about area and perimeter of lots of shapes. 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Let's go through each and make sure we understand how they are defined.", "title": "Labeling parts of a circle", "slug": "parts-of-a-circle", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/parts-of-a-circle/", "id": "04N79tItPEA"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/radius_diameter_and_circumference/", "slug": "radius_diameter_and_circumference", "id": "radius_diameter_and_circumference", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Radius, diameter, and circumference"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this example, we solve for the area of a circle when given the diameter. If you recall, the diameter is the length of a line that runs across the circle and through the center.", "title": "Area of a circle", "slug": "area-of-a-circle", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/area-of-a-circle/", "id": "ZyOhRgnFmIY"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/area_of_a_circle/", "slug": "area_of_a_circle", "id": "area_of_a_circle", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Area of a circle"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here we find the circumference, the distance around a circle, given the area. We're building on our knowledge of the parts of circle.", "title": "Circumference of a circle", "slug": "circumference-from-area", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/circumference-from-area/", "id": "Rcb7ZUTOQ1I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's a fun one: find the area of a shaded region where you first determine the area of a square and then the area of a circle.", "title": "Area of a shaded region", "slug": "area-of-shaded-region", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/area-of-shaded-region/", "id": "gbGghzo7yEM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "If we change the radius of a circle, how does the circumference and area change?", "title": "Impact of a radius change on the area of a circle", "slug": "radius-change-impact", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/radius-change-impact/", "id": "GB9Rqsah2gs"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-area-circumference/area-and-circumference-of-circles/", "slug": "area-and-circumference-of-circles", "id": "area-and-circumference-of-circles", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Area and circumference of circles"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x20cf89b2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6b901e6c"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xbe226bed"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb773c610"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x9c008d17"}], "hide": false, "description": "Now that you understand lines, you can put lines together to create drawings. A scale drawing depicts an actual object that has been reduced (or enlarged) by a certain amount. The \"scale\" shows the relationship between those two sizes. After this set of tutorials, you can draw your bedroom \"to scale\" and practice rearranging your furniture!", "node_slug": "basic-geo-scale-drawings", "title": "Scale drawings", "slug": "basic-geo-scale-drawings", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-scale-drawings", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Understand how a scale drawing is converted into real numbers using the scale factor.", "title": "Interpreting a scale drawing", "slug": "scale-drawings-example", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings/scale-drawings-example/", "id": "byjmR7JBXKc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how we solve a word problem by using a scale drawing and finding the scale factor.", "title": "Solve a scale drawing word problem", "slug": "scale-drawing-example-2", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings/scale-drawing-example-2/", "id": "EgOyJJxuuP8"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings/interpreting-scale-drawings/", "slug": "interpreting-scale-drawings", "id": "interpreting-scale-drawings", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Interpreting scale drawings"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "An urban planner needs your help in creating a scale drawing. Let's use our knowledge about scale factor, length, and area to assist.", "title": "How to make a scale drawing", "slug": "constructing-scale-drawings", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings/constructing-scale-drawings/", "id": "f-gCYOCFMYc"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "An urban planner needs your help in creating a scale drawing. Let's use our knowledge about scale factor, length, and area to assist.", "title": "Constructing scale drawings", "slug": "constructing-scale-drawings-2", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-area-perimeter/basic-geo-scale-drawings/constructing-scale-drawings-2/", "id": "constructing-scale-drawings"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xf9e48275"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x2083ed1b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xb6ade3c5"}], "hide": false, "description": "Volume and surface area help us measure the size of 3D objects. We\u2019ll start with the volume and surface area of rectangular prisms. From there, we\u2019ll tackle trickier objects, such as cones and spheres.", "node_slug": "basic-geo-volume-surface-area", "title": "Volume and surface area", "slug": "basic-geo-volume-surface-area", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "basic-geo-volume-surface-area", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x5c1fce1f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x7ac21e11"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc603bd0d"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x94e3ecea"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa72132ec"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "60129394"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xd94fe24c"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's see how to find the volumes of cylinders, spheres and other three dimensional shapes.\n\nCommon Core Standard: 8.G.C.9", "node_slug": "basic-geo-volume", "title": "Volume of prisms", "slug": "basic-geo-volume", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "basic-geo-volume", "topic_page_url": "/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume/", "extended_slug": "math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Think of a rectangular prism as a 3 dimensional rectangle. To find the volume of a rectangular prism let's start by finding the volume of a rectangle, and go from there. What do you think we do next??", "title": "Volume of a rectangular prism: fractional dimensions", "slug": "volume-of-a-rectangular-prism-with-fractional-dimensions", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume/volume-of-a-rectangular-prism-with-fractional-dimensions/", "id": "EJTPGyWqhqc"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume/volume_with_fractions/", "slug": "volume_with_fractions", "id": "volume_with_fractions", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Volume with fractions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another way of finding the volume of a rectangular prism involves dividing it into fractional cubes, finding the volume of one, and then multiplying that area by the number of cubes that fit into our rectangular prism. Watch this explanation.", "title": "Volume of a rectangular prism: fractional cubes", "slug": "volume-of-a-rectangular-prism-with-fractional-cubes", "path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume/volume-of-a-rectangular-prism-with-fractional-cubes/", "id": "tVDslyeLefU"}, {"path": "khan/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-area/basic-geo-volume/volume_with_unit_cubes_2/", "slug": "volume_with_unit_cubes_2", "id": "volume_with_unit_cubes_2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Volume with unit cubes 2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is a cool word problem that puts together what we're learning about finding the volume of rectangular prisms. 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As we'll prove, all three angle bisectors actually intersect at one point called the incenter (amazing!). We'll also prove that this incenter is equidistant from the sides of the triangle (even more amazing!). This allows us to create a circle centered at the incenter that is tangent to the sides of the triangle (not surprisingly called the \"incircle\").", "node_slug": "angle_bisectors", "title": "Angle bisectors", "slug": "angle_bisectors", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "angle_bisectors", "topic_page_url": "/math/geometry/triangle-properties/angle_bisectors", "path": "khan/math/geometry/triangle-properties/angle_bisectors/", "extended_slug": "math/geometry/triangle-properties/angle_bisectors", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Thinking about the distance between a point and a line. 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Well, you're luck because that (medians) is what we are going to study in this tutorial. We'll prove here that the medians intersect at a unique point (amazing!) called the centroid and divide the triangle into six mini triangles of equal area (even more amazing!). 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You knew triangles where cool, but you never imagined they were this cool! Well, this tutorial will take things even further. After perpendicular bisectors, angle bisector and medians, the only other thing (that I can think of) is a line that intersects a vertex and the opposite side (called an altitude). As we'll see, these are just as cool as the rest and, as you may have guessed, intersect at a unique point called the orthocenter (unbelievable!).", "node_slug": "altitudes", "title": "Altitudes", "slug": "altitudes", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "altitudes", "topic_page_url": "/math/geometry/triangle-properties/altitudes", "path": "khan/math/geometry/triangle-properties/altitudes/", "extended_slug": "math/geometry/triangle-properties/altitudes", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that any triangle can be the medial triangle for some larger triangle. 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Not only is this useful for proving certain tricky limits (we use it to prove lim (x \u2192 0) of (sin x)/x, but it is a useful metaphor to use in life (seriously). :)\n\nThis tutorial is useful but optional. 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No sweat with line integrals.", "node_slug": "line_integrals_vectors", "title": "Line integrals in vector fields", "slug": "line_integrals_vectors", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "line_integrals_vectors", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Using line integrals to find the work done on a particle moving through a vector field", "title": "Line integrals and vector fields", "id": "t3cJYNdQLYg", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/line-integrals-and-vector-fields/", "slug": "line-integrals-and-vector-fields"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using a line integral to find the work done by a vector field example", "title": "Using a line integral to find the work done by a vector field example", "id": "AFF8FXxt5os", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/using-a-line-integral-to-find-the-work-done-by-a-vector-field-example/", "slug": "using-a-line-integral-to-find-the-work-done-by-a-vector-field-example"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding how to parametrize a reverse path for the same curve.", "title": "Parametrization of a reverse path", "id": "eGRZKkmI_fo", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/parametrization-of-a-reverse-path/", "slug": "parametrization-of-a-reverse-path"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that the line integral of a scalar field is independent of path direction", "title": "Scalar field line integral independent of path direction", "id": "99pD1-6ZpuM", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/scalar-field-line-integral-independent-of-path-direction/", "slug": "scalar-field-line-integral-independent-of-path-direction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that, unlike line integrals of scalar fields, line integrals over vector fields are path direction dependent", "title": "Vector field line integrals dependent on path direction", "id": "fuSOY9r1R6w", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/vector-field-line-integrals-dependent-on-path-direction/", "slug": "vector-field-line-integrals-dependent-on-path-direction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that if a vector field is the gradient of a scalar field, then its line integral is path independent", "title": "Path independence for line integrals", "id": "K_fgnCJOI8I", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/path-independence-for-line-integrals/", "slug": "path-independence-for-line-integrals"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that the line integral along closed curves of conservative vector fields is zero", "title": "Closed curve line integrals of conservative vector fields", "id": "I2dbzp0zHuw", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/closed-curve-line-integrals-of-conservative-vector-fields/", "slug": "closed-curve-line-integrals-of-conservative-vector-fields"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Example of taking a closed line integral of a conservative field", "title": "Example of closed line integral of conservative field", "id": "Q9t1LghwdGc", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/example-of-closed-line-integral-of-conservative-field/", "slug": "example-of-closed-line-integral-of-conservative-field"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using path independence of a conservative vector field to solve a line integral", "title": "Second example of line integral of conservative vector field", "id": "LpY8Qa3IP1w", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/line_integrals_vectors/second-example-of-line-integral-of-conservative-vector-field/", "slug": "second-example-of-line-integral-of-conservative-vector-field"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24342"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24344"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24346"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24348"}], "hide": false, "description": "It is sometimes easier to take a double integral (a particular double integral as we'll see) over a region and sometimes easier to take a line integral around the boundary. Green's theorem draws the connection between the two so we can go back and forth. This tutorial proves Green's theorem and then gives a few examples of using it. 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We'll also talk about why this makes conceptual sense.", "node_slug": "2d_divergence_theorem", "title": "2D divergence theorem", "slug": "2d_divergence_theorem", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "2d_divergence_theorem", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/2d_divergence_theorem", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/2d_divergence_theorem/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/2d_divergence_theorem", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Figuring out a unit normal vector at any point along a curve defined by a position vector function", "title": "Constructing a unit normal vector to a curve", "id": "_9x2cqO7-Ig", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/2d_divergence_theorem/constructing-a-unit-normal-vector-to-a-curve/", "slug": "constructing-a-unit-normal-vector-to-a-curve"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using Green's Theorem to establish a two dimensional version of the Divergence Theorem", "title": "2D divergence theorem", "id": "eoJGBr-tJXo", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/2d_divergence_theorem/2-d-divergence-theorem/", "slug": "2-d-divergence-theorem"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding the line integral as flux through a boundary", "title": "Conceptual clarification for 2D divergence theorem", "id": "qs0hRHfnzTQ", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/line_integrals_topic/2d_divergence_theorem/conceptual-clarification-for-2-d-divergence-theorem/", "slug": "conceptual-clarification-for-2-d-divergence-theorem"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xaaa03698"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xd5892eb4"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x9106372b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x86156ed3"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x82104bac"}], "hide": false, "description": "Parameterizing a surface. Surface integrals. Stokes' theorem.", "node_slug": "surface-integrals", "title": "Surface integrals and Stokes' theorem", "slug": "surface-integrals", "contains": ["Topic", "Video"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "surface-integrals", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "2505283"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "2542218"}], "hide": false, "description": "You can parameterize a line with a position vector valued function and understand what a differential means in that context already. This tutorial will take things further by parametrizing surfaces (2 parameters baby!) and have us thinking about partial differentials.", "node_slug": "surface_parametrization", "title": "Parameterizing a surface", "slug": "surface_parametrization", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "surface_parametrization", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_parametrization", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_parametrization/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_parametrization", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to Parametrizing a Surface with Two Parameters", "title": "Introduction to parametrizing a surface with two parameters", "id": "owKAHXf1y1A", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_parametrization/introduction-to-parametrizing-a-surface-with-two-parameters/", "slug": "introduction-to-parametrizing-a-surface-with-two-parameters"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Determining a Position Vector-Valued Function for a Parametrization of Two Parameters", "title": "Determining a position vector-valued function for a parametrization of two parameters", "id": "bJ_09eoCmag", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_parametrization/determining-a-position-vector-valued-function-for-a-parametrization-of-two-parameters/", "slug": "determining-a-position-vector-valued-function-for-a-parametrization-of-two-parameters"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "2565195"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24356"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24358"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24360"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24362"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "809362246"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "809263849"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "809327989"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815244209"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815252175"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815198581"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815059993"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815160761"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815201348"}], "hide": false, "description": "Finding line integrals to be a bit boring? Well, this tutorial will add new dimension to your life by explore what surface integrals are and how we can calculate them.", "node_slug": "surface_integrals", "title": "Surface integrals", "slug": "surface_integrals", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "surface_integrals", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Partial Derivatives of Vector-Valued Functions", "title": "Partial derivatives of vector-valued functions", "id": "c7ByaI3T7Dc", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/partial-derivatives-of-vector-valued-functions/", "slug": "partial-derivatives-of-vector-valued-functions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to the surface integral", "title": 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"khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-example-part-2-calculating-the-surface-differential/", "id": "tyVCA_8MUV4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using a few trigonometric identities to finally calculate the value of the surface integral", "title": "Surface integral example part 3: The home stretch", "slug": "surface-integral-example-part-3-the-home-stretch", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-example-part-3-the-home-stretch/", "id": "uzOXGgAgmPs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Parametrizing a surface that can be explictly made a function of x and y.", "title": "Surface integral ex2 part 1: Parameterizing the surface", "slug": "surface-integral-ex2-part-1-parameterizing-the-surface", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-ex2-part-1-parameterizing-the-surface/", "id": "PpUWpxAb39w"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Evaluating the surface integral", "title": "Surface integral ex2 part 2: Evaluating integral", "slug": "surface-integral-ex2-part-2-evaluating-integral", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-ex2-part-2-evaluating-integral/", "id": "ItW5CxLsLSo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Breaking apart a larger surface into its components", "title": "Surface integral ex3 part 1: Parameterizing the outside surface", "slug": "surface-integral-ex3-part-1-parameterizing-the-outside-surface", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-ex3-part-1-parameterizing-the-outside-surface/", "id": "EOpzN8ZHqpU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Evaluating the surface integral over the outside of the chopped cylinder", "title": "Surface integral ex3 part 2: Evaluating the outside surface", "slug": "surface-integral-ex3-part-2-evaluating-the-outside-surface", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-ex3-part-2-evaluating-the-outside-surface/", "id": "xGiILI906C4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Parametrizing the top surface", "title": "Surface integral ex3 part 3: Top surface", "slug": "surface-integral-ex3-part-3-top-surface", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-ex3-part-3-top-surface/", "id": "wiVWafc3JBM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Evaluating the third surface integral and coming to the final answer", "title": "Surface integral ex3 part 4: Home stretch", "slug": "surface-integral-ex3-part-4-home-stretch", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/surface_integrals/surface-integral-ex3-part-4-home-stretch/", "id": "bhrmEy0wvD0"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "815159721"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815232513"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "815106014"}], "hide": false, "description": "Flux can be view as the rate at which \"stuff\" passes through a surface. Imagine a net placed in a river and imagine the water that is flowing directly across the net in a unit of time--this is flux (and it would depend on the orientation of the net, the shape of the net, and the speed and direction of the current). It is an important idea throughout physics and is key for understanding Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem.", "node_slug": "3d_flux", "title": "Flux in 3D and constructing unit normal vectors to surface", "slug": "3d_flux", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "3d_flux", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/3d_flux", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/3d_flux/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/3d_flux", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Conceptual understanding of flux across a two-dimensional surface", "title": "Conceptual understanding of flux in three dimensions", "id": "ivg3dLTarbs", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/3d_flux/conceputal-understanding-of-flux-in-three-dimensions/", "slug": "conceputal-understanding-of-flux-in-three-dimensions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Deriving a unit normal vector from the surface parametrization", "title": "Constructing a unit normal vector to a surface", "id": "usH9VUi2-Xg", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/3d_flux/constructing-a-unit-normal-vector-to-a-surface/", "slug": "constructing-a-unit-normal-vector-to-a-surface"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Different ways of representing a flux integral", "title": "Vector representation of a surface integral", "id": "NCwwfvPEVn8", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/surface-integrals/3d_flux/vector-representation-of-a-surface-integral/", "slug": "vector-representation-of-a-surface-integral"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "873691665"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "873865593"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "873764943"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "874076304"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "878103964"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "878112005"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "878163443"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "878196180"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "878133910"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1254589677"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1254590705"}], "hide": false, "description": "Stokes' theorem relates the line integral around a surface to the curl on the surface. This tutorial explores the intuition behind Stokes' theorem, how it is an extension of Green's theorem to surfaces (as opposed to just regions) and gives some examples using it. We prove Stokes' theorem in another tutorial. 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Divergence theorem examples and proofs. Types of regions in 3D.", "node_slug": "divergence_theorem_topic", "title": "Divergence theorem", "slug": "divergence_theorem_topic", "contains": ["Topic", "Video"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "divergence_theorem_topic", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1254611464"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1254640190"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1254539389"}], "hide": false, "description": "An earlier tutorial used Green's theorem to prove the divergence theorem in 2-D, this tutorial gives us the 3-D version (what most people are talking about when they refer to the \"divergence theorem\"). We will get an intuition for it (that the flux through a close surface--like a balloon--should be equal to the divergence across it's volume). We will use it in examples. We will prove it in another tutorial.", "node_slug": "divergence_theorem", "title": "Divergence theorem (3D)", "slug": "divergence_theorem", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "divergence_theorem", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Intuition behind the Divergence Theorem in three dimensions", "title": "3D divergence theorem intuition", "id": "XyiQ2dwJHXE", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem/3-d-divergence-theorem-intuition/", "slug": "3-d-divergence-theorem-intuition"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Example of calculating the flux across a surface by using the Divergence Theorem", "title": "Divergence theorem example 1", "id": "asyIsn59Lnc", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem/divergence-theorem-example-1/", "slug": "divergence-theorem-example-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Intuition as to why we go no net flux in the last worked example", "title": "Why we got zero flux in divergence theorem example 1", "id": "iFpyKTuC7jY", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem/why-we-got-zero-flux-in-divergence-theorem-example-1/", "slug": "why-we-got-zero-flux-in-divergence-theorem-example-1"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1254699123"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1254469905"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1254671407"}], "hide": false, "description": "This tutorial classifies regions in three dimensions. 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This tutorial will actually prove it to you (references types of regions which are covered in the \"types of regions in 3d\" tutorial.", "node_slug": "divergence_theorem_proof", "title": "Divergence theorem proof", "slug": "divergence_theorem_proof", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "divergence_theorem_proof", "topic_page_url": "/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof/", "extended_slug": "math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Setting up the proof for the divergence theorem", "title": "Divergence theorem proof (part 1)", "slug": "divergence-theorem-proof-part-1", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof/divergence-theorem-proof-part-1/", "id": "vCAFlt4pQSQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Breaking up the surface integral", "title": "Divergence theorem proof (part 2)", "slug": "divergence-theorem-proof-part-2", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof/divergence-theorem-proof-part-2/", "id": "OM3e-J3euXo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Evaluating the surface integral", "title": "Divergence theorem proof (part 3)", "slug": "divergence-theorem-proof-part-3", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof/divergence-theorem-proof-part-3/", "id": "3_W6bGuTfzU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "More evaluation of the surface integral", "title": "Divergence theorem proof (part 4)", "slug": "divergence-theorem-proof-part-4", "path": "khan/math/multivariable-calculus/divergence_theorem_topic/divergence_theorem_proof/divergence-theorem-proof-part-4/", "id": "lUD7ti47IQc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Home stretch. 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Here we use our powers of algebra to \"separate\" the y's from the x's on two different sides of the equation and then we just integrate!", "node_slug": "separable-equations", "title": "Separable equations", "slug": "separable-equations", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "separable-equations", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations", "children": [{"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations/separable-differential-equations-introduction/", "slug": "separable-differential-equations-introduction", "id": "DL-ozRGDlkY", "kind": "Video", "title": "Separable differential equations introduction"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations/particular-solution-to-differential-equation-example/", "slug": "particular-solution-to-differential-equation-example", "id": "E444KhRcWSk", "kind": "Video", "title": "Particular solution to differential equation example"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations/separable-differential-equations/", "slug": "separable-differential-equations", "id": "separable-differential-equations", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Separable differential equations"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to separable differential equations.", "title": "Old separable differential equations introduction", "slug": "separable-differential-equations-2", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations/separable-differential-equations-2/", "id": "C5-lz0hcqsE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another separable differential equation example.", "title": "Old separable differential equations example", "slug": "separable-differential-equations-2-2", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/separable-equations/separable-differential-equations-2-2/", "id": "xVWCfMe97ws"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x71b1c9d7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb0ac5177"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb63a9856"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x97e7847e"}], "hide": false, "description": "Now that you know how to find solutions to separable differential equations, we can use this skill to model some real world phenomena like population growth and how things might cool down.", "node_slug": "modeling-with-differential-equations", "title": "Modeling with differential equations", "slug": "modeling-with-differential-equations", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "modeling-with-differential-equations", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations", "children": [{"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations/modeling-population-with-simple-differential-equation/", "slug": "modeling-population-with-simple-differential-equation", "id": "IYFkXWlgC_w", "kind": "Video", "title": "Modeling population with simple differential equation"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations/particular-solution-given-initial-conditions-for-population/", "slug": "particular-solution-given-initial-conditions-for-population", "id": "6jqx5uEBs5U", "kind": "Video", "title": "Particular solution given initial conditions for population"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations/newtons-law-of-cooling/", "slug": "newtons-law-of-cooling", "id": "IICR-w1jYcA", "kind": "Video", "title": "Newton's Law of Cooling"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/modeling-with-differential-equations/applying-newtons-law-of-cooling-to-warm-oatmeal/", "slug": "applying-newtons-law-of-cooling-to-warm-oatmeal", "id": "jH5qflAe3C8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Applying Newton's Law of Cooling to warm oatmeal"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xff25b528"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb9599623"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x152ee0ed"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd9cb2b32"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0c018898"}], "hide": false, "description": "Can population grow exponentially forever? Malthus would say \"no\". Well how do you model that mathematically. The logistic differential equation and logistic function are there to rescue us!", "node_slug": "logistic-differential-equation", "title": "Logistic differential equation and function", "slug": "logistic-differential-equation", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "logistic-differential-equation", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation", "children": [{"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation/modeling-population-with-differential-equations/", "slug": "modeling-population-with-differential-equations", "id": "_JpS8k1a9yE", "kind": "Video", "title": "Modeling population as an exponential function"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation/logistic-differential-equation-intuition/", "slug": "logistic-differential-equation-intuition", "id": "oiDvNs15tkE", "kind": "Video", "title": "Logistic differential equation intuition"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation/solving-logistic-differential-equation-part-1/", "slug": "solving-logistic-differential-equation-part-1", "id": "j_Taf2Tgggo", "kind": "Video", "title": "Solving the logistic differential equation part 1"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation/solving-logistic-differential-equation-part2/", "slug": "solving-logistic-differential-equation-part2", "id": "NU1v-8VRirU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Solving the logistic differential equation part 2"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/logistic-differential-equation/logistic-function-application/", "slug": "logistic-function-application", "id": "-fIsaqN-aaQ", "kind": "Video", "title": "Logistic function application"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x5c5705d2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2d4a1225"}, {"kind": "Scratchpad", "id": "6035057024434176"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7ac26ce4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x0b4c0b9b"}], "hide": false, "description": "Most differential equations cannot be solved by \"hand\" (through analytical means). However, this doesn't mean that we have to give up! As we'll see in this tutorial, we can use numerical methods to approximate a solution to a differential equation. In particular, we'll learn about Euler's Method which is a fairly intuitive way to do this!", "node_slug": "eulers-method-tutorial", "title": "Euler's Method", "slug": "eulers-method-tutorial", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "eulers-method-tutorial", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial", "children": [{"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial/eulers-method/", "slug": "eulers-method", "id": "q87L9R9v274", "kind": "Video", "title": "Euler's method"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial/eulers-method-program-code/", "slug": "eulers-method-program-code", "id": "SJVhtIGAkKs", "kind": "Video", "title": "Euler's method program code"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial/example-eulers-method-exercise/", "slug": "example-eulers-method-exercise", "id": "_-a-yNubpk8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Example Euler's method exercise"}, {"path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/eulers-method-tutorial/euler-s-method/", "slug": "euler-s-method", "id": "euler-s-method", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Euler's method"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24714"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24716"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24718"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24720"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24722"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24724"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24726"}], "hide": false, "description": "A very special class of often non-linear differential equations. If you know a bit about partial derivatives, this tutorial will help you know how to 'exactly' solve these!", "node_slug": "exact-equations", "title": "Exact equations and integrating factors", "slug": "exact-equations", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "exact-equations", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Chain rule using partial derivatives (not a proof; more intuition).", "title": "Exact equations intuition 1 (proofy)", "slug": "exact-equations-intuition-1-proofy", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/exact-equations-intuition-1-proofy/", "id": "iEpqcdaJNTQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "More intuitive building blocks for exact equations.", "title": "Exact equations intuition 2 (proofy)", "slug": "exact-equations-intuition-2-proofy", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/exact-equations-intuition-2-proofy/", "id": "a7wYAtMjORQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "First example of solving an exact differential equation.", "title": "Exact equations example 1", "id": "Pb04ntcDJcQ", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/exact-equations-example-1/", "slug": "exact-equations-example-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Some more exact equation examples", "title": "Exact equations example 2", "id": "utQi1ZhF__Q", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/exact-equations-example-2/", "slug": "exact-equations-example-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "One more exact equation example", "title": "Exact equations example 3", "id": "eu_GFuU7tLI", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/exact-equations-example-3/", "slug": "exact-equations-example-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using an integrating factor to make a differential equation exact", "title": "Integrating factors 1", "id": "j511hg7Hlbg", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/integrating-factors-1/", "slug": "integrating-factors-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Now that we've made the equation exact, let's solve it!", "title": "Integrating factors 2", "id": "0NyeDUhKwBE", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/exact-equations/integrating-factors-2/", "slug": "integrating-factors-2"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24728"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24730"}], "hide": false, "description": "In this equations, all of the fat is fully mixed in so it doesn't collect at the top. No (that would be homogenized equations).\n\nActually, the term \"homogeneous\" is way overused in differential equations. In this tutorial, we'll look at equations of the form y'=(F(y/x)).", "node_slug": "homogeneous-equations", "title": "Homogeneous equations", "slug": "homogeneous-equations", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "homogeneous-equations", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/homogeneous-equations", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/homogeneous-equations/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/homogeneous-equations", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to first order homogenous equations.", "title": "First order homogenous equations", "slug": "first-order-homegenous-equations", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/homogeneous-equations/first-order-homegenous-equations/", "id": "9Wfn-WWV1aY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another example of using substitution to solve a first order homogeneous differential equations.", "title": "First order homogeneous equations 2", "id": "6YRGEsQWZzY", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/first-order-differential-equations/homogeneous-equations/first-order-homogenous-equations-2/", "slug": "first-order-homogenous-equations-2"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x4ed17320"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x3286231e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x42e06477"}], "hide": false, "description": "Linear differential equations that contain second derivatives", "node_slug": "second-order-differential-equations", "title": "Second order linear equations", "slug": "second-order-differential-equations", "contains": ["Topic", "Video"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "second-order-differential-equations", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24732"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24734"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24736"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24738"}], "hide": false, "description": "To make your life interesting, we'll now use the word \"homogeneous\" in a way that is not connected to the way we used the term when talking about first-order equations. As you'll see, second order linear homogeneous equations can be solved with a little bit of algebra (and a lot of love).", "node_slug": "linear-homogeneous-2nd-order", "title": "Linear homogeneous equations", "slug": "linear-homogeneous-2nd-order", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "linear-homogeneous-2nd-order", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to 2nd order, linear, homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients.", "title": "2nd order linear homogeneous differential equations 1", "id": "UFWAu8Ptth0", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order/2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-1/", "slug": "2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's find the general solution!", "title": "2nd order linear homogeneous differential equations 2", "id": "SPVqgkOZMAc", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order/2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-2/", "slug": "2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Let's use some initial conditions to solve for the particular solution", "title": "2nd order linear homogeneous differential equations 3", "id": "UyCwAFQt4v0", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order/2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-3/", "slug": "2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another example with initial conditions!", "title": "2nd order linear homogeneous differential equations 4", "id": "3uO_uPb9H8w", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/linear-homogeneous-2nd-order/2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-4/", "slug": "2nd-order-linear-homogeneous-differential-equations-4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24740"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24742"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24744"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24746"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24748"}], "hide": false, "description": "Thinking about what happens when you have complex or repeated roots for your characteristic equation.", "node_slug": "complex-roots-characteristic-equation", "title": "Complex and repeated roots of characteristic equation", "slug": "complex-roots-characteristic-equation", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "complex-roots-characteristic-equation", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "What happens when the characteristic equations has complex roots?!", "title": "Complex roots of the characteristic equations 1", "id": "6xEO4BeawzA", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation/complex-roots-of-the-characteristic-equations-1/", "slug": "complex-roots-of-the-characteristic-equations-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What happens when the characteristic equation has complex roots?", "title": "Complex roots of the characteristic equations 2", "id": "jJyRrIZ595c", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation/complex-roots-of-the-characteristic-equations-2/", "slug": "complex-roots-of-the-characteristic-equations-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Lets do an example with initial conditions!", "title": "Complex roots of the characteristic equations 3", "id": "rGaM6pwqhB0", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation/complex-roots-of-the-characteristic-equations-3/", "slug": "complex-roots-of-the-characteristic-equations-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What happens when the characteristic equation only has 1 repeated root?", "title": "Repeated roots of the characteristic equation", "id": "NW9JfMvIsxw", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation/repeated-roots-of-the-characteristic-equation/", "slug": "repeated-roots-of-the-characteristic-equation"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "An example where we use initial conditions to solve a repeated-roots differential equation.", "title": "Repeated roots of the characteristic equations part 2", "id": "YezsgIlcb68", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/complex-roots-characteristic-equation/repeated-roots-of-the-characterisitic-equations-part-2/", "slug": "repeated-roots-of-the-characterisitic-equations-part-2"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24750"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24752"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24754"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24756"}], "hide": false, "description": "Now we can apply some of our second order linear differential equations skills to nonhomogeneous equations. Yay!", "node_slug": "undetermined-coefficients", "title": "Method of undetermined coefficients", "slug": "undetermined-coefficients", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "undetermined-coefficients", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Using the method of undetermined coefficients to solve nonhomogeneous linear differential equations.", "title": "Undetermined coefficients 1", "id": "znE4Nq9NJCQ", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients/undetermined-coefficients-1/", "slug": "undetermined-coefficients-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another example using undetermined coefficients.", "title": "Undetermined coefficients 2", "id": "hbJ2o9EUmJ0", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients/undetermined-coefficients-2/", "slug": "undetermined-coefficients-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Another example where the nonhomogeneous part is a polynomial", "title": "Undetermined coefficients 3", "id": "I3vIAzMcm4Y", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients/undetermined-coefficients-3/", "slug": "undetermined-coefficients-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Putting it all together!", "title": "Undetermined coefficients 4", "id": "vAepSNDLZRM", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/second-order-differential-equations/undetermined-coefficients/undetermined-coefficients-4/", "slug": "undetermined-coefficients-4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe846e7de"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x15ef2c18"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x38bc63ac"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x230ca1cb"}], "hide": false, "description": "Transforms and the Laplace transform in particular. Convolution integrals.", "node_slug": "laplace-transform", "title": "Laplace transform", "slug": "laplace-transform", "contains": ["Topic", "Video"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "laplace-transform", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/laplace-transform", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24758"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24760"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24762"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24764"}], "hide": false, "description": "We now use one of the coolest techniques in mathematics to transform differential equations into algebraic ones. You'll also learn about transforms in general!", "node_slug": "laplace-transform-tutorial", "title": "Laplace transform", "slug": "laplace-transform-tutorial", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "laplace-transform-tutorial", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to the Laplace Transform", "title": "Laplace transform 1", "id": "OiNh2DswFt4", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial/laplace-transform-1/", "slug": "laplace-transform-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Laplace transform of e^at", "title": "Laplace transform 2", "id": "33TYoybjqPg", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial/laplace-transform-2/", "slug": "laplace-transform-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Laplace Transform of sin(at) (part 1)", "title": "L{sin(at)}) - transform of sin(at)", "slug": "laplace-transform-3-l-sin-at", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial/laplace-transform-3-l-sin-at/", "id": "gMcs6RF_LrQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2 of getting the Laplace transform of sin(at)", "title": "Part 2 of the transform of the sin(at)", "id": "-cApVwKR1Ps", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/laplace-transform-tutorial/laplace-transform-4/", "slug": "laplace-transform-4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24766"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24768"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24774"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24778"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24780"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24782"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24784"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24788"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24790"}], "hide": false, "description": "You know how to use the definition of the Laplace transform. 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We'll see what multiplying transforms in the s-domain give us in the time domain.", "node_slug": "convolution-integral", "title": "The convolution integral", "slug": "convolution-integral", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "convolution-integral", "topic_page_url": "/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral/", "extended_slug": "math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to the Convolution", "title": "Introduction to the convolution", "id": "IW4Reburjpc", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral/introduction-to-the-convolution/", "slug": "introduction-to-the-convolution"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding how the product of the Transforms of two functions relates to their convolution.", "title": "The convolution and the laplace transform", "id": "TJgBEI3drUc", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral/the-convolution-and-the-laplace-transform/", "slug": "the-convolution-and-the-laplace-transform"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using the Convolution Theorem to solve an initial value problem", "title": "Using the convolution theorem to solve an initial value prob", "id": "rfyq32mHcYs", "path": "khan/math/differential-equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral/using-the-convolution-theorem-to-solve-an-initial-value-prob/", "slug": "using-the-convolution-theorem-to-solve-an-initial-value-prob"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5b1b89e0"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x7a8cfdaa"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa2a6b742"}], "hide": false, "description": "Have you ever wondered what the difference is between speed and velocity? 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This is an advanced course normally taken by science or engineering majors after taking at least two semesters of calculus (although calculus really isn't a prereq) so don't confuse this with regular high school algebra.", "node_slug": "linear-algebra", "title": "Linear algebra", "slug": "linear-algebra", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Subject", "id": "linear-algebra", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x7291eb9f"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5767834a"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x364bd4b8"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x77d03ae7"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xfa24ce4a"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x1bd580cd"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xb622e18e"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's get our feet wet by thinking in terms of vectors and spaces.", "node_slug": "vectors_and_spaces", "title": 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"slug": "intro-unit-vector-notation"}, {"path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/vectors/unit-vector/", "slug": "unit-vector", "id": "unit-vector", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Unit vectors"}, {"path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/vectors/adding_vectors/", "slug": "adding_vectors", "id": "adding_vectors", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Adding and subtracting vectors in rectangular form"}, {"path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/vectors/adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form/", "slug": "adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form", "id": "adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Adding vectors in magnitude and direction form"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Parametric Representations of Lines in R2 and R3", "title": "Parametric representations of lines", "slug": "linear-algebra-parametric-representations-of-lines", "path": 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We'll then think of a set of vectors that can most efficiently be use to construct a subspace which we will call a \"basis\".", "node_slug": "subspace_basis", "title": "Subspaces and the basis for a subspace", "slug": "subspace_basis", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "subspace_basis", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/subspace_basis", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/subspace_basis/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/subspace_basis", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to linear subspaces of Rn", "title": "Linear subspaces", "id": "pMFv6liWK4M", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/subspace_basis/linear-subspaces/", "slug": "linear-subspaces"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding the definition of a basis of a subspace", "title": "Basis of a subspace", "slug": "linear-algebra-basis-of-a-subspace", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/subspace_basis/linear-algebra-basis-of-a-subspace/", "id": "zntNi3-ybfQ"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25237"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25239"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25241"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25243"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25245"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25247"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25249"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25251"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25253"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "8187461"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "8187465"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "8187466"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "8187467"}], "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, we define two ways to \"multiply\" vectors-- the dot product and the cross product. 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You'll see that multiplying two matrices can be view as the composition of linear transformations.", "node_slug": "composition_of_transformations", "title": "Transformations and matrix multiplication", "slug": "composition_of_transformations", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "composition_of_transformations", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to compositions of Linear Transformations", "title": "Compositions of linear transformations 1", "id": "f_DTiXZpb8M", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations/compositions-of-linear-transformations-1/", "slug": "compositions-of-linear-transformations-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Providing the motivation for definition of matrix products", "title": "Compositions of linear transformations 2", "id": "BuqcKpe5ZQs", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations/compositions-of-linear-transformations-2/", "slug": "compositions-of-linear-transformations-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Example of taking the product of two matrices", "title": "Matrix product examples", "slug": "linear-algebra-matrix-product-examples", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations/linear-algebra-matrix-product-examples/", "id": "x1z0hOyjapU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that matrix products are associative", "title": "Matrix product associativity", "id": "Hhc96U_HvQE", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations/matrix-product-associativity/", "slug": "matrix-product-associativity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that matrix products exhibit the distributive property", "title": "Distributive property of matrix products", "id": "oMWTMj78cwc", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/composition_of_transformations/distributive-property-of-matrix-products/", "slug": "distributive-property-of-matrix-products"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25329"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25331"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25333"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25335"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25337"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25339"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25341"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25343"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25345"}], "hide": false, "description": "You can use a transformation/function to map from one set to another, but can you invert it? In other words, is there a function/transformation that given the output of the original mapping, can output the original input (this is much clearer with diagrams). \n\nThis tutorial addresses this question in a linear algebra context. Since matrices can represent linear transformations, we're going to spend a lot of time thinking about matrices that represent the inverse transformation.", "node_slug": "inverse_transformations", "title": "Inverse functions and transformations", "slug": "inverse_transformations", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "inverse_transformations", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to the inverse of a function", "title": "Introduction to the inverse of a function", "slug": "linear-algebra-introduction-to-the-inverse-of-a-function", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/linear-algebra-introduction-to-the-inverse-of-a-function/", "id": "-eAzhBZgq28"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Proof: Invertibility implies a unique solution to f(x)=y for all y in co-domain of f.", "title": "Proof: Invertibility implies a unique solution to f(x)=y", "slug": "proof-invertibility-implies-a-unique-solution-to-f-x-y", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/proof-invertibility-implies-a-unique-solution-to-f-x-y/", "id": "7GEUgRcnfVE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to surjective and injective functions", "title": "Surjective (onto) and injective (one-to-one) functions", "slug": "surjective-onto-and-injective-one-to-one-functions", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/surjective-onto-and-injective-one-to-one-functions/", "id": "xKNX8BUWR0g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Relating invertibility to being onto (surjective) and one-to-one (injective)", "title": "Relating invertibility to being onto and one-to-one", "id": "QIU1daMN8fw", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/relating-invertibility-to-being-onto-and-one-to-one/", "slug": "relating-invertibility-to-being-onto-and-one-to-one"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Determining whether a transformation is onto", "title": "Determining whether a transformation is onto", "id": "eR8vEdJTvd0", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/determining-whether-a-transformation-is-onto/", "slug": "determining-whether-a-transformation-is-onto"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Exploring the solution set of Ax=b (non homogeneous equations)", "title": "Exploring the solution set of Ax = b", "slug": "linear-algebra-exploring-the-solution-set-of-ax-b", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/linear-algebra-exploring-the-solution-set-of-ax-b/", "id": "1PsNIzUJPkc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that the rank of the of an mxn transformation matrix has to be an for the transformation to be one-to-one (injective)", "title": "Matrix condition for one-to-one trans", "slug": "linear-algebra-matrix-condition-for-one-to-one-trans", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/linear-algebra-matrix-condition-for-one-to-one-trans/", "id": "M3FuL9qKTBs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that a transformation is invertible if and only if rref(A) is equal to the identity matrix", "title": "Simplifying conditions for invertibility", "slug": "linear-algebra-simplifying-conditions-for-invertibility", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/linear-algebra-simplifying-conditions-for-invertibility/", "id": "Yz2OosyMTmY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that inverse transformations are also linear", "title": "Showing that inverses are linear", "slug": "linear-algebra-showing-that-inverses-are-linear", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_transformations/linear-algebra-showing-that-inverses-are-linear/", "id": "mr9Tow8hpCg"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25347"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25349"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25351"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25353"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25355"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25357"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25359"}], "hide": false, "description": "We've talked a lot about inverse transformations abstractly in the last tutorial. Now, we're ready to actually compute inverses. We start from \"documenting\" the row operations to get a matrix into reduced row echelon form and use this to come up with the formula for the inverse of a 2x2 matrix. After this we define a determinant for 2x2, 3x3 and nxn matrices.", "node_slug": "inverse_of_matrices", "title": "Finding inverses and determinants", "slug": "inverse_of_matrices", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "inverse_of_matrices", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Determining a method for constructing inverse transformation matrices", "title": "Deriving a method for determining inverses", "slug": "linear-algebra-deriving-a-method-for-determining-inverses", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-deriving-a-method-for-determining-inverses/", "id": "6DpzCKJBsz0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Example of calculating the inverse of a matrix", "title": "Example of finding matrix inverse", "slug": "linear-algebra-example-of-finding-matrix-inverse", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-example-of-finding-matrix-inverse/", "id": "r9aTLTN16V4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Figuring out the formula for a 2x2 matrix. Defining the determinant.", "title": "Formula for 2x2 inverse", "slug": "linear-algebra-formula-for-2x2-inverse", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-formula-for-2x2-inverse/", "id": "eEUK_ThrHuQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Determinants: Finding the determinant of a 3x3 matrix", "title": "3 x 3 determinant", "slug": "linear-algebra-3x3-determinant", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-3x3-determinant/", "id": "0c7dt2SQfLw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Defining the determinant for nxn matrices. An exampled of a 4x4 determinant.", "title": "n x n determinant", "slug": "linear-algebra-nxn-determinant", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-nxn-determinant/", "id": "H9BWRYJNIv4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Finding the determinant by going along other rows or columns", "title": "Determinants along other rows/cols", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinants-along-other-rows-cols", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-determinants-along-other-rows-cols/", "id": "nu87kfmwNfU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A alternative \"short cut\" for calculating 3x3 determinants (Rule of Sarrus)", "title": "Rule of Sarrus of determinants", "slug": "linear-algebra-rule-of-sarrus-of-determinants", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/inverse_of_matrices/linear-algebra-rule-of-sarrus-of-determinants/", "id": "4xFIi0JF2AM"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25361"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25363"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25365"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25367"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25369"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25371"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25373"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25375"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25377"}], "hide": false, "description": "In the last tutorial on matrix inverses, we first defined what a determinant is and gave several examples of computing them. In this tutorial we go deeper. We will explore what happens to the determinant under several circumstances and conceptualize it in several ways.", "node_slug": "determinant_depth", "title": "More determinant depth", "slug": "determinant_depth", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "determinant_depth", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "The determinant when a row is multiplied by a scalar", "title": "Determinant when row multiplied by scalar", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinant-when-row-multiplied-by-scalar", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-determinant-when-row-multiplied-by-scalar/", "id": "32rdijPB-rA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Correction of last video showing that the determinant when one row is multiplied by a scalar is equal to the scalar times the determinant", "title": "(correction) scalar multiplication of row", "slug": "linear-algebra-correction-scalar-muliplication-of-row", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-correction-scalar-muliplication-of-row/", "id": "WY6QG0mZ7uQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The determinant when one matrix has a row that is the sum of the rows of other matrices (and every other term is identical in the 3 matrices)", "title": "Determinant when row is added", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinant-when-row-is-added", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-determinant-when-row-is-added/", "id": "VrB3LaSD_uo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Determinant of a matrix with duplicate rows", "title": "Duplicate row determinant", "slug": "linear-algebra-duplicate-row-determinant", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-duplicate-row-determinant/", "id": "gYv8sttBIqs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What happens to the determinant when we perform a row operation", "title": "Determinant after row operations", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinant-after-row-operations", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-determinant-after-row-operations/", "id": "kpG7xySkivg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The determinant of an upper triangular matrix", "title": "Upper triangular determinant", "slug": "linear-algebra-upper-triangular-determinant", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-upper-triangular-determinant/", "id": "VX7K8iqoiRc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Calculating a 4x4 determinant by putting in in upper triangular form first.", "title": "Simpler 4x4 determinant", "slug": "linear-algebra-simpler-4x4-determinant", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-simpler-4x4-determinant/", "id": "QV0jsTiobU4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Realizing that the determinant of a 2x2 matrix is equal to the area of the parallelogram defined by the column vectors of the matrix", "title": "Determinant and area of a parallelogram", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinant-and-area-of-a-parallelogram", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-determinant-and-area-of-a-parallelogram/", "id": "n-S63_goDFg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Viewing the determinant of the transformation matrix as a scaling factor of regions", "title": "Determinant as scaling factor", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinant-as-scaling-factor", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/determinant_depth/linear-algebra-determinant-as-scaling-factor/", "id": "g3MqSdO5Ubc"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25379"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25381"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "178920409"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25383"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25385"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25387"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25389"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25393"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25407"}], "hide": false, "description": "We now explore what happens when you switch the rows and columns of a matrix!", "node_slug": "matrix_transpose", "title": "Transpose of a matrix", "slug": "matrix_transpose", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "matrix_transpose", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Transpose of a matrix", "title": "Transpose of a matrix", "slug": "linear-algebra-transpose-of-a-matrix", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-transpose-of-a-matrix/", "id": "2t0003_sxtU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Proof by induction that transposing a matrix does not change its determinant", "title": "Determinant of transpose", "slug": "linear-algebra-determinant-of-transpose", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-determinant-of-transpose/", "id": "x-GV2v0dRNE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Taking the transpose of the product of two matrices", "title": "Transpose of a matrix product", "slug": "linear-algebra-transpose-of-a-matrix-product", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-transpose-of-a-matrix-product/", "id": "UdHgWK13x5I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Transposes of sums and inverses", "title": "Transposes of sums and inverses", "slug": "linear-algebra-transposes-of-sums-and-inverses", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-transposes-of-sums-and-inverses/", "id": "Br_8t58mdeI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Transpose of a column vector. Matrix-matrix products using vectors", "title": "Transpose of a vector", "slug": "linear-algebra-transpose-of-a-vector", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-transpose-of-a-vector/", "id": "lSoaMCNKfAg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rowspace and Left Nullspace", "title": "Rowspace and left nullspace", "slug": "linear-algebra-rowspace-and-left-nullspace", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-rowspace-and-left-nullspace/", "id": "qBfc57x_RSg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Relationship between left nullspace, rowspace, column space and nullspace.", "title": "Visualizations of left nullspace and rowspace", "slug": "lin-alg-visualizations-of-left-nullspace-and-rowspace", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/lin-alg-visualizations-of-left-nullspace-and-rowspace/", "id": "GW8ZPjGlk24"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rank(A) = Rank(transpose of A)", "title": "rank(a) = rank(transpose of a)", "slug": "linear-algebra-rank-a-rank-transpose-of-a", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/linear-algebra-rank-a-rank-transpose-of-a/", "id": "tqqVOWm9YsU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that (transpose of A)(A) is invertible if A has linearly independent columns", "title": "Showing that A-transpose x A is invertible", "slug": "lin-alg-showing-that-a-transpose-x-a-is-invertible", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/matrix_transpose/lin-alg-showing-that-a-transpose-x-a-is-invertible/", "id": "ESSMQH6Y5OA"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x3826be61"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xd6d11862"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x476be17b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xf34f42a2"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xbbab9c7d"}], "hide": false, "description": "We explore creating and moving between various coordinate systems.", "node_slug": "alternate_bases", "title": "Alternate coordinate systems (bases)", "slug": "alternate_bases", "contains": ["Topic", "Video"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "alternate_bases", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25391"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25395"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25397"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25399"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25401"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25403"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25405"}], "hide": false, "description": "We will know explore the set of vectors that is orthogonal to every vector in a second set (this is the second set's orthogonal complement).", "node_slug": "othogonal_complements", "title": "Orthogonal complements", "slug": "othogonal_complements", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "othogonal_complements", "topic_page_url": "/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/", "extended_slug": "math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Orthogonal Complements as subspaces.", "title": "Orthogonal complements", "slug": "linear-algebra-orthogonal-complements", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/linear-algebra-orthogonal-complements/", "id": "QOTjdgmNqlg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that if V is a subspace of Rn, then dim(V) + dim(V's orthogonal complement) = n", "title": "dim(v) + dim(orthogonal complement of v) = n", "slug": "linear-algebra-dim-v-dim-orthogonal-complement-of-v-n", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/linear-algebra-dim-v-dim-orthogonal-complement-of-v-n/", "id": "pGhBfkBqok0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that any member of Rn can be represented as a unique sum of a vector in subspace V and a vector in the orthogonal complement of V.", "title": "Representing vectors in rn using subspace members", "slug": "lin-alg-representing-vectors-in-rn-using-subspace-members", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/lin-alg-representing-vectors-in-rn-using-subspace-members/", "id": "M6lFqkqvUgo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Finding that the orthogonal complement of the orthogonal complement of V is V", "title": "Orthogonal complement of the orthogonal complement", "slug": "lin-alg-orthogonal-complement-of-the-orthogonal-complement", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/lin-alg-orthogonal-complement-of-the-orthogonal-complement/", "id": "zlI8mx8Hc8o"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The orthogonal complement of the nullspace and left nullspace.", "title": "Orthogonal complement of the nullspace", "slug": "lin-alg-orthogonal-complement-of-the-nullspace", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/lin-alg-orthogonal-complement-of-the-nullspace/", "id": "LE_aQAur7nI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Showing that, for any b that is in the column space of A, there is a unique member of the row space that is the \"smallest\" solution to Ax=b", "title": "Unique rowspace solution to Ax = b", "slug": "lin-alg-unique-rowspace-solution-to-ax-b", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/lin-alg-unique-rowspace-solution-to-ax-b/", "id": "czIYvs9zj2g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visualizing the rowspace solution to Ax=b", "title": "Rowspace solution to Ax = b example", "slug": "linear-alg-rowspace-solution-to-ax-b-example", "path": "khan/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/othogonal_complements/linear-alg-rowspace-solution-to-ax-b-example/", "id": "qdf2CuMGdKs"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25409"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25411"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25413"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25415"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25417"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25419"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25421"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25423"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25425"}], "hide": false, "description": "This is one of those tutorials that bring many ideas we've been building together into something applicable. 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If you find one, keep it.", "title": "Doodling in math: Spirals, Fibonacci, and being a plant [2 of 3]", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-spirals-fibonacci-and-being-a-plant-2-of-3", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/spirals-fibonacci/doodling-in-math-class-spirals-fibonacci-and-being-a-plant-2-of-3/", "id": "lOIP_Z_-0Hs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 1: http://youtu.be/ahXIMUkSXX0 Part 2: http://youtu.be/lOIP_Z_-0Hs How to find the Lucas Angle: http://youtu.be/RRNQAaTVa_A References: Only good article I could find on the subject: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/8479/title/Math_Trek__The_Mathematical_Lives_of_Plants Book of Numbers: http://books.google.com/books?id=0--3rcO7dMYC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=conway+phyllotaxis&source=bl&ots=-bTLzWkMtB&sig=XnbL9nRYQoWOCbvWdZPAlVa3Co0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2afqTui9L6OUiAKapaC7BA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Douady and Couder paper with the magnetized droplets: http://www.math.ntnu.no/~jarlet/Douady96.pdf Pretty sane page on phyllotaxis: http://www.math.smith.edu/phyllo/", "title": "Doodling in math: Spirals, Fibonacci, and being a plant [3 of 3]", "slug": "doodling-in-math-spirals-fibonacci-and-being-a-plant-part-3-of-3", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/spirals-fibonacci/doodling-in-math-spirals-fibonacci-and-being-a-plant-part-3-of-3/", "id": "14-NdQwKz9w"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "SpongeBob background designer's response: \"OK, I guess the jig is up... I'm tired of living a lie.\" See his full message and pineapple redesign: http://kennypittenger.blogspot.com/2012/01/called-out.html\n\nP.S. http://youtu.be/sFTwc8kHSu4\nFor more on Fibonacci and Plants: http://youtu.be/ahXIMUkSXX0\nFor more snail: http://youtu.be/xbsAUq_nvxE", "title": "Open letter to Nickelodeon, re: SpongeBob's pineapple under the sea", "slug": "open-letter-to-nickelodeon-re-spongebob-s-pineapple-under-the-sea", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/spirals-fibonacci/open-letter-to-nickelodeon-re-spongebob-s-pineapple-under-the-sea/", "id": "gBxeju8dMho"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This is a follow-up from Being a Plant part 2 ( http://youtu.be/lOIP_Z_-0Hs )", "title": "Angle-a-trons", "id": "o6W6P8JZW0o", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/spirals-fibonacci/angle-a-trons/", "slug": "angle-a-trons"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "537994428"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538012397"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538019273"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "537953973"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538039386"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "994500389"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538104060"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538034158"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x89e93a69"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6493e13b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x52364ea5"}], "hide": false, "description": "Let's say you're me and you're in math class\u2026", "node_slug": "doodling-in-math", "title": "Doodling in math", "slug": "doodling-in-math", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "doodling-in-math", "topic_page_url": "/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/", "extended_slug": "math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "More videos/info: http://vihart.com/doodlingDoodling Snakes + Graphs: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heKK95DAKmsDoodling Stars: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfJzrmS9UfYDoodling Binary Trees: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4MSN6IImpIhttp://vihart.com", "title": "Doodling in math: Infinity elephants", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-infinity-elephants", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-infinity-elephants/", "id": "DK5Z709J2eo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "More videos/info: http://vihart.com/doodlingCheck out this cool star-making applet Ruurtjan sent me: http://stars.ruurtjan.comDoodling Infinity Elephants: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK5Z709J2eoDoodling Snakes + Graphs: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heKK95DAKmsDoodling Binary Trees: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4MSN6IImpIhttp://vihart.com", "title": "Doodling in math: Stars", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-stars", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-stars/", "id": "CfJzrmS9UfY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Thank you to all the people I know whose math classes do not require such pastimes!More videos/info: http://vihart.com/doodlingDoodling Snakes + Graphs: ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heKK95DAKmsDoodling Stars: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfJzrmS9UfYhttp://vihart.com", "title": "Doodling in math: Binary trees", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-binary-trees", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-binary-trees/", "id": "e4MSN6IImpI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "I don't even know if this makes sense. Boo cold.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam_spiral\n\nDoodling in Math Class videos: http://vihart.com/doodling", "title": "Doodling in math: Sick number games", "slug": "doodling-in-math-sick-number-games", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-sick-number-games/", "id": "Yhlv5Aeuo_k"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How to draw squiggles like a Hilbert.", "title": "Doodling in math: Squiggle inception", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-squiggle-inception", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-squiggle-inception/", "id": "ik2CZqsAw28"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Anti-parabola propoganda, plus musing on math class, cardioids, connect the dots, envelopes of lines, even a bit of origami.Extra points to a certain Andrea whose line-enveloped Hilbert curve inspired me to finish this video.", "title": "Doodling in math: Connecting dots", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-connecting-dots", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-connecting-dots/", "id": "v-pyuaThp-c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Triangles!", "title": "Doodling in math: Triangle party", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-triangle-party", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-triangle-party/", "id": "o6KlpIWhbcw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "More videos/info: http://vihart.com/doodlingDoodling Stars: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfJzrmS9UfYDoodling Binary Trees: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4MSN6IImpIhttp://vihart.com", "title": "Doodling in math: Snakes and graphs", "slug": "doodling-in-math-class-snakes-graphs", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/doodling-in-math-class-snakes-graphs/", "id": "heKK95DAKms"}, {"path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/dragons/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Doodling in math: Dragons", "id": "EdyociU35u8", "slug": "dragons"}, {"path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/dragondungeons/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Doodling in math: Dragon dungeons", "id": "dsvLLKQCxeA", "slug": "dragondungeons"}, {"path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/doodling-in-math/dragonscales/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Doodling in math: Dragon scales", "id": "Oc8sWN_jNF4", "slug": "dragonscales"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1064685143"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1076084869"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1088148940"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1164411134"}], "hide": false, "description": "Since it's shaped like a hexagon and flex rhymes with hex, hexaflexagon it is!", "node_slug": "hexaflexagons", "title": "Hexaflexagons", "slug": "hexaflexagons", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "hexaflexagons", "topic_page_url": "/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons/", "extended_slug": "math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Hooraaaay flexagons! Next hexaflexagon video in one week. Happy October!More info coming soon.", "title": "Hexaflexagons", "id": "VIVIegSt81k", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons/hexaflexagons/", "slug": "hexaflexagons"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video is based on, and in honor of, Martin Gardner's column from 1956, \"Hexaflexagons,\" which can be found here: http://maa.org/pubs/focus/Gardner_Hexaflexagons12_1956.pdf. For more information, see the top comment below.", "title": "Hexaflexagons 2", "id": "paQ10POrZh8", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons/hexaflexagons-2/", "slug": "hexaflexagons-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Don't let a flexigatastrophe happen to you! Happy Hexaflexagon Month, in honor of Martin Gardner. Yes, we've been encouraging recreational use of hexaflexagons and even hexaflexagon parties to happen on Oct. 21, but be sure to flex responsibly.This is my third hexaflexagon video this month. The first two are also awesome.Hexaflexagons: http://youtu.be/VIVIegSt81k Hexaflexagons 2: http://youtu.be/paQ10POrZh8To learn more about flexagons, Martin Gardner, or hosting a hexaflexagon party, go here: http://www.puzzles.com/hexaflexagonI stole the \"hexaflexadyslexia\" joke from @matthetube: https://twitter.com/matthetube/status/255446894128529408I'm @vihartvihart. Happy Flexing!", "title": "Hexaflexagon safety guide", "id": "AmN0YyaTD60", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons/hexaflexagon-safety-guide/", "slug": "hexaflexagon-safety-guide"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Might as well.", "title": "Flex Mex", "id": "GTwrVAbV56o", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/hexaflexagons/flex-mex/", "slug": "flex-mex"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "877506826"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538086220"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "756416991"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "656321710"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc562d375"}], "hide": false, "description": "When you want to make a circle, how is it done? Well you probably will start with the radius one.", "node_slug": "pi-tau", "title": "About pi and tau", "slug": "pi-tau", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "pi-tau", "topic_page_url": "/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau/", "extended_slug": "math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Happy Tau Day! This is a song about Tau! Other Tau things you should see:Pi is (still) Wrong: http://youtu.be/jG7vhMMXagQ What Tau Sounds Like: http://youtu.be/3174T-3-59QThe Tau Manifesto: http://tauday.com/", "title": "A song about a circle constant", "id": "FtxmFlMLYRI", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau/a-song-about-a-circle-constant/", "slug": "a-song-about-a-circle-constant"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Please excuse the simple math and spelling errors. You shouldn't believe anything I say without double-checking even at the best of times.\n\nGo here: http://tauday.com/\nand here: http://www.math.utah.edu/~palais/pi.html\n\nMe: http://vihart.com", "title": "Pi is (still) wrong.", "slug": "pi-is-still-wrong", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau/pi-is-still-wrong/", "id": "jG7vhMMXagQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Correction: when I mark where pi is on the graph, I meant pi/2!\nNote: If this video were supposed to be teaching you, I'd probably have to make it boring and say that in one sense of limits, spoiler alert, you actually do approach a circle and a line, solving the apparent paradox by saying that the invariant of length does not hold over infinity. Luckily I am an artist, and this is a Rhapsody, and instead of \"learning,\" you get to actually think, if you like.", "title": "Rhapsody on the proof of pi = 4", "slug": "rhapsody-on-the-proof-of-pi-4", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau/rhapsody-on-the-proof-of-pi-4/", "id": "D2xYjiL8yyE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Special thanks to Toby (or not Toby) for playing Dog Hamlet. This cool website lets you search the first 200,000,000 digits of Pi. See if your phone number or encoded name is in there! http://www.angio.net/pi/piquery Seven Sonnets: Are Shakespeare's plays encoded within Pi? The truth is: we don't know, but we suspect They're somewhere in those digits.\u00a0", "title": "Are Shakespeare's plays encoded within pi?", "slug": "are-shakespeare-s-plays-encoded-within-pi", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau/are-shakespeare-s-plays-encoded-within-pi/", "id": "uXoh6vi6J5U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sorry, Pi lovers! Maybe pick a better favorite number next time?", "title": "Anti-Pi Rant, 3/14/14", "id": "5iUh_CSjaSw", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/pi-tau/anti-pi-rant-2014/", "slug": "anti-pi-rant-2014"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "756692482"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538061176"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538105060"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf320cb16"}], "hide": false, "description": "The title says it all...", "node_slug": "singing", "title": "Singing (and noises)", "slug": "singing", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "singing", "topic_page_url": "/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing/", "extended_slug": "math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "A visual and musical expression of mathematical symmetry groups. The transformations done to the video are equivalent to the transformations done to the notes.\n\nThese type of repeating patterns are called frieze patterns. A couple wallpaper groups are also represented.", "title": "Doodle music", "id": "Av_Us6xHkUc", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing/doodle-music/", "slug": "doodle-music"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Thanks to my bro for the music! He's at christopherhart2010@gmail.com\n\nThanks to my other bro for hand dancin' and throwing money at me, and special thanks to my mamma and grandma for their guest appearances.", "title": "Binary hand dance", "id": "OCYZTg3jahU", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing/binary-hand-dance/", "slug": "binary-hand-dance"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Accuracy not guaranteed. Get Audacity and play! http://audacity.sourceforge.net/\n\nCorrection: it is the \"Basilar\" membrane, which is what I say, but somehow between recording the script and actually drawing the stuff I got confused and thought I just pronounced my Vs poorly. Always sad to have such a simple and glaring error in something I put hundreds of hours of work into, but a \"Vasilar\" membrane can be the kind that a Vi draws to explain Viola Vibrations, I guess! Making up new words is just so prolightfully awstastic.\n\nProps to my Bro for excellent and creative swing pushing, and to my Mamma for filming it.\n\nExtra special thanks to my generous donators, without whom I would not have been able to create this video. Because of your support, I have the equipment, time, and take-out Thai food necessary for doing stuff like this.", "title": "What is up with noises? (The science and mathematics of sound, frequency, and pitch)", "slug": "what-is-up-with-noises-the-science-and-mathematics-of-sound-frequency-and-pitch", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing/what-is-up-with-noises-the-science-and-mathematics-of-sound-frequency-and-pitch/", "id": "i_0DXxNeaQ0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Music box, backwards Bach, orbifolds and wooden bowl.", "title": "Folding space-time", "id": "WkmPDOq2WfA", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/singing/folding-space-time/", "slug": "folding-space-time"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "728954151"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "538068078"}], "hide": false, "description": "Playing mathematically with strips!", "node_slug": "mobius-strips", "title": "Mobius strips", "slug": "mobius-strips", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "mobius-strips", "topic_page_url": "/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/mobius-strips", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/mobius-strips/", "extended_slug": "math/recreational-math/vi-hart/mobius-strips", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Playing mathematically with fruits by the foot.\nMobius Story, Wind and Mr. Ug: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mdEsouIXGM\nMobius Candy buttons: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOLIB3cjFqw\nMobius Music box: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iMI_uOM_fY\n\nDoodling Snakes + Graphs (Useful for drawing Borromean rings): http://youtu.be/heKK95DAKms", "title": "Math improv: Fruit by the foot", "slug": "math-improv-fruit-by-the-foot", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/mobius-strips/math-improv-fruit-by-the-foot/", "id": "Am-a5x9DGjg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A cautionary tale. Other Mobius videos:Candy Buttons http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOLIB3cjFqwM\u00f6bius Music Box http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iMI_uOM_fYWikipedia links:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlatlandThis is the book you should get if you want to know all things M\u00f6bius: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1560259523?tag=vihartcom-20This story was inspired by the novel Flatland: http://www.amazon.com/dp/019953750X?tag=vihartcom-20There's a pretty cool movie version: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1604615370?tag=vihartcom-20Me: http://vihart.com", "title": "Mobius story: Wind and Mr. Ug", "slug": "m-bius-story-wind-and-mr-ug", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/mobius-strips/m-bius-story-wind-and-mr-ug/", "id": "4mdEsouIXGM"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1164366223"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1164209971"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1164332939"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1164444043"}], "hide": false, "description": "Mathed potatoes, Borromean onion rings, green bean matheroles and Turduckenen-duckenen (yes, you read that right)", "node_slug": "thanksgiving-math", "title": "Thanksgiving math", "slug": "thanksgiving-math", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "thanksgiving-math", "topic_page_url": "/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/thanksgiving-math", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/thanksgiving-math/", "extended_slug": "math/recreational-math/vi-hart/thanksgiving-math", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "This Thanksgiving, make sure your table isn't missing the all-important green bean matherole. Pick your favorite vector field and have at it!\n\nMathed Potatoes: http://youtu.be/F5RyVWI4Onk\nBorromean Onion Rings: http://youtu.be/4tsjCND2ZfM\nTurduckenen-duckenen: http://youtu.be/pjrI91J6jOw", "title": "Green bean matherole", "id": "XwIs1nlDQ2I", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/thanksgiving-math/green-bean-matherole/", "slug": "green-bean-matherole"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Borromean Onion Rings, the perfect way to top your Green Bean Matherole! Borromean onion rings were invented by special guest Marc ten Bosch (http://marctenbosch.com). Also shown are gelatinous cranberry cylinder, bread spheres and butter prism, mathed potatoes, apple pie, and pumpkin tau.\n\nMathed Potatoes: http://youtu.be/F5RyVWI4Onk\nGreen Bean Matherole: http://youtu.be/XwIs1nlDQ2I\nTurduckenen-duckenen: http://youtu.be/pjrI91J6jOw", "title": "Borromean onion rings", "id": "4tsjCND2ZfM", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/thanksgiving-math/borromean-onion-rings/", "slug": "borromean-onion-rings"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "With Thanksgiving just around the corner here in the US, it is important to know how to arrange mathed potatoes on your plate for maximum gravy. Also shown are bread spheres, butter prism, and gelatinous cranberry cylinder. \n\nGreen Bean Matherole: http://youtu.be/XwIs1nlDQ2I\nBorromean Onion Rings: http://youtu.be/4tsjCND2ZfM\nTurduckenen-duckenen: http://youtu.be/pjrI91J6jOw", "title": "Optimal potatoes", "id": "F5RyVWI4Onk", "path": "khan/math/recreational-math/vi-hart/thanksgiving-math/optimal-potatoes/", "slug": "optimal-potatoes"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Forget turducken... I'm stuffing my turkey with two ducks, stuffed with four hens, stuffed with eight quail eggs. 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Have you ever wondered why your body reacts this way? Your body has a deadly arsenal of weapons against microbial invaders, ranging from bacteria and viruses to protozoans and fungi. We have specialized cells that destroy foreign bodies through mechanisms such as consumption, expulsion, and degradation. 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Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "What is blood pressure?", "id": "J97G6BeYW0I", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/what-is-blood-pressure-1/", "slug": "what-is-blood-pressure-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how Dr. Korotkoff cleverly used a stethoscope to determine blood pressure, and that we still use his trick today! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Learn how a stethoscope can help determine blood pressure", "slug": "learn-how-a-stethoscope-can-help-determine-blood-pressure", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/learn-how-a-stethoscope-can-help-determine-blood-pressure/", "id": "A8xO92u0VFs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how the size of a tube (it's radius) is related to its resistance to something flowing through. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Resistance in a tube", "id": "8X7yEzgurP8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/resistance-in-a-tube/", "slug": "resistance-in-a-tube"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how resistance can be added up in series and in parallel (similar to electrical circuits!). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Adding up resistance in series and in parallel", "id": "E-q9JpkGc-8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/adding-up-resistance-in-series-and-in-parallel/", "slug": "adding-up-resistance-in-series-and-in-parallel"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's a chance to see if you can combine what you know to add up resistance in series AND in parallel. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Adding up resistance problem", "id": "5lXw5_4R2B4", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/adding-up-resistance-problem/", "slug": "adding-up-resistance-problem"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the difference between blood flow (Volume/time) and perfusion (Volume/time/amount of tissue). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Flow and perfusion", "id": "ePwN6rHhNyU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/flow-and-perfusion/", "slug": "flow-and-perfusion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how pressure, flow, and resistance relate to one another and how they each affect the human body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Putting it all together: Pressure, flow, and resistance", "slug": "putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance/", "id": "F2uzWHppVrk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how increasing resistance in the blood vessels can cause blood pressure to rise over time. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Blood pressure changes over time", "id": "fy_muPF0390", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure/blood-pressure-changes-over-time/", "slug": "blood-pressure-changes-over-time"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1036230273"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036126972"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047183569"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047335429"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047465049"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047330622"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047114997"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047406243"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047456036"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047327652"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058371798"}], "hide": false, "description": "The human body enjoys stability. For example, if your blood pressure changes, the body puts a couple of brilliant systems into motion in order to respond and bring your blood pressure back to normal. There are some quick responses using nerves and some slower responses using hormones. The system using hormones is sometimes called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which is the main system in the body for controlling blood pressure. When your blood pressure drops too low or gets too high, your kidneys, liver, and pituitary gland (part of your brain) talk to each other to solve the problem. They do this without you even noticing! Learn how the body knows when the blood pressure has changed, and how hormones like angiotensin 2, aldosterone, and ADH help return blood pressure to back to normal.", "node_slug": "blood_pressure_control", "title": "Blood pressure control", "slug": "blood_pressure_control", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "blood_pressure_control", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how the arteries use nerve impulses to help regulate blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Regulation of blood pressure with baroreceptors", "id": "ajLgwCygHsc", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors/", "slug": "regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the 5 major parts of the kidney's nephron. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Parts of a nephron", "id": "_vBJkK4eocA", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/parts-of-a-nephron/", "slug": "parts-of-a-nephron"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the important cells and hormones that are working together to control your blood pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "General overview of the RAAS system: Cells and hormones", "slug": "general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormones", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormones/", "id": "BVUeCLt68Ik"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the three major triggers for Renin production by the Juxtaglomerular cells. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Renin production in the kidneys", "id": "AtlhAhONHyM", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/renin-production-in-the-kidneys/", "slug": "renin-production-in-the-kidneys"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Renin and ACE work to cut Angiotensinogen down to size! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Activating angiotensin 2", "id": "cUVS0AlRyw8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/activating-angiotensin-2/", "slug": "activating-angiotensin-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Angiotensin 2 effects 4 target \"organs\" to increase blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure", "id": "Oges5YqDLHY", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure/", "slug": "angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Aldosterone effects the principal cells of the kidney to raise BP and lower potassium. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone raises blood pressure and lowers potassium", "id": "64_ZfIemRGM", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium/", "slug": "aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Aldosterone acts on the alpha-intercalated cell to remove protons (acid) from the blood. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone removes acid from the blood", "id": "7HTy-6NLWGM", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-blood/", "slug": "aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-blood"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the key triggers for ADH secretion. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "ADH secretion", "id": "8dQdfbE8kFU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/adh-secretion/", "slug": "adh-secretion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how ADH acts on blood vessels and the kidney to raise blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "ADH effects on blood pressure", "id": "Ot1We4_EfRE", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/adh-effects-on-blood-pressure/", "slug": "adh-effects-on-blood-pressure"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how Aldosterone and ADH cause changes in volume and osmolarity. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone and ADH", "id": "Z0XPMFL45oo", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood_pressure_control/aldosterone-and-adh/", "slug": "aldosterone-and-adh"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1192840523"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1192637761"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1081230475"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1192980081"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228485319"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228367762"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228525134"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228306858"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228326727"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228408237"}], "hide": false, "description": "At one stage or another in development, every friend you know had gill slits and a tail. Pretty crazy thought, huh? Fetal development is incredible, and it\u2019s important to understand exactly how it happens. The structure and function of the circulatory system is incredibly complex, and fetuses are no exception. Find out how the heart and circulatory system work in the fetus!", "node_slug": "fetal-circulation", "title": "Fetal circulation", "slug": "fetal-circulation", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "fetal-circulation", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how the needs of the fetus are met by the placenta, which is a special organ that belongs to both the mother and the fetus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Meet the placenta!", "slug": "meet-the-placenta", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/meet-the-placenta/", "id": "bQioHx12JuY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch as fetal blood goes through umbilical vessels and takes a shortcut through the Ductus Venosus to make it back to the heart. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Umbilical vessels and the ductus venosus", "id": "XDF2QyQtd_Q", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/umbilical-vessels-and-the-ductus-venosus/", "slug": "umbilical-vessels-and-the-ductus-venosus"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how blood flows through the heart, and understand the difference between systemic and pulmonary blood flow. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Flow through the heart", "slug": "flow-through-the-heart", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/flow-through-the-heart/", "id": "7XaftdE_h60"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how blood gets diverted away from alveoli with low oxygen levels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction", "id": "SJ1gu_WRx5o", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/hypoxic-pulmonary-vasoconstriction/", "slug": "hypoxic-pulmonary-vasoconstriction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how the fetal heart allows blood to simply bypass the lungs altogether using the Foramen Ovale and the Ductus Arteriosus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus", "id": "cgccQVcFLi4", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus/", "slug": "foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Although mom controls the oxygen source, the fetus has a couple of clever tricks to get the most oxygen possible! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Fetal hemoglobin and hematocrit", "slug": "fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit/", "id": "SqE5S1qS7ZU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how there are two distinct Bohr effects happening at the same time in the placenta. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Double Bohr effect", "id": "SL3I_RYjyZo", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/double-bohr-effect/", "slug": "double-bohr-effect"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how the blood flows through the fetal circulation and compare it to what happens in the baby's body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Fetal circulation right before birth", "id": "-IRkisEtzsk", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth/", "slug": "fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how the blood flows through the baby's circulation and compare it to what happens in the fetus. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Baby circulation right after birth", "id": "jFn0dyU5wUw", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/baby-circulation-right-after-birth/", "slug": "baby-circulation-right-after-birth"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out what happens to those nifty fetal structures once we get older. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Fetal structures in an adult", "id": "Oga0K4reWoY", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/fetal-structures-in-an-adult/", "slug": "fetal-structures-in-an-adult"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1036278079"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6451892a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x02c66e8b"}], "hide": false, "description": "Where does your blood go after it leaves the heart? Your body has a fantastic pipeline system that moves your blood around to drop off oxygen and food to those hungry cells, and removes cell waste. Learn how arteries carry blood away from the heart, how veins bring blood back to the heart, and about the different layers of cells that make up these blood vessels.", "node_slug": "blood-vessels", "title": "Blood vessels", "slug": "blood-vessels", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "blood-vessels", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-vessels", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-vessels/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-vessels", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Remember the 3 key layers of a blood vessel (Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa) and how arteries, veins, and capillaries are all different from one another. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Layers of a blood vessel", "slug": "layers-of-a-blood-vessel", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-vessels/layers-of-a-blood-vessel/", "id": "VMwa6yC3r-s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the differences between continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous capillaries, and how they affect the movement of molecules. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Three types of capillaries", "id": "hSkIG4MdKqU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-vessels/three-types-of-capillaries/", "slug": "three-types-of-capillaries"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the body controls how much blood flows through a capillary bed. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Pre-capillary sphincters", "id": "yeX0uDpPBj4", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-vessels/pre-capillary-sphincters/", "slug": "pre-capillary-sphincters"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1036209223"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036241270"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036286076"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036183638"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036051470"}], "hide": false, "description": "Believe it or not, the arteries are elastic and when they recoil they actually push blood along when the heart is relaxing (diastole). This is known as the windkessel effect and is the same basic principle used by some water guns. Unfortunately, with all the work that the circulatory system has to do, our arteries can become rigid with age. When the arteries get stiff like lead pipes, the problem is quite different then when the arteries actually get clogged up, but just as important.", "node_slug": "arterial-stiffness", "title": "Arterial stiffness", "slug": "arterial-stiffness", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "arterial-stiffness", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about compliance (and elastance) of arteries, veins, and lead pipes! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Compliance and elastance", "id": "cGhKJYfXW-c", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/compliance-and-elastance/", "slug": "compliance-and-elastance"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how total energy of a fluid helps explain why fluids can move from low pressure to high pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Bernoulli's equation of total energy", "id": "gYpokkRFvO8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/bernoulli-s-equation-of-total-energy/", "slug": "bernoulli-s-equation-of-total-energy"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how arteries behave like sling shots, shooting blood (not rocks) onwards! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Stored elastic energy in large and middle sized arteries", "id": "QcK7n-EqnQU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/stored-elastic-energy-in-large-and-middle-sized-arteries/", "slug": "stored-elastic-energy-in-large-and-middle-sized-arteries"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how compliance allows arteries to store elastic energy (and lower pressure). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Compliance - decreased blood pressure", "slug": "compliance-decreased-blood-pressure", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/compliance-decreased-blood-pressure/", "id": "RsYgjO5BiHU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how compliant arteries allows for a \"Constant Pressure System\" like a modern water gun! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Compliance - increased blood flow", "slug": "compliance-increased-blood-flow", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/compliance-increased-blood-flow/", "id": "LcyEXlCIkmA"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1097595603"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1097394824"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24004"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24006"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1101443158"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1101414195"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1117437512"}], "hide": false, "description": "Your heart is made of a special type of muscle, found nowhere else in the body! This unique muscle is specialized to perform the repetitive task of pumping your blood throughout your body, from the day you\u2019re born to the day you die. We\u2019ll take an in-depth look of how the heart accomplishes this on a cellular level, and learn about the proteins actin and myosin that are the workhorses that tug and pull on one another to create every single muscle contraction. You\u2019ll appreciate the fact that your heart beat is a fairly sophisticated process!", "node_slug": "heart-muscle-contraction", "title": "Heart muscle contraction", "slug": "heart-muscle-contraction", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "UncuratedTutorial", "id": "heart-muscle-contraction", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding the structure of a muscle cell.", "title": "Three types of muscle", "id": "bwOE1MEginA", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/three-types-of-muscle/", "slug": "three-types-of-muscle"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Get a close-up view of the cardiac cells and see what makes them different from the other (skeletal and smooth) muscle cells. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Heart cells up close!", "id": "__afuK1CMpQ", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/heart-cells-up-close/", "slug": "heart-cells-up-close"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How myosin and actin interact to produce mechanical force. ", "title": "Myosin and actin", "slug": "myosin-and-actin", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/myosin-and-actin/", "id": "zopoN2i7ALQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Tropomyosin and troponin and their role in regulating muscle contraction. How calcium ion concentration dictates whether a muscle is contracting or not.", "title": "Tropomyosin and troponin and their role in regulating muscle contraction", "id": "LiOfeSsjrB8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/tropomyosin-and-troponin-and-their-role-in-regulating-muscle-contraction/", "slug": "tropomyosin-and-troponin-and-their-role-in-regulating-muscle-contraction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See exactly how Calcium binds Troponin-C and allows Myosin to do some work. ", "title": "Calcium puts myosin to work", "id": "vv6WBeqw2Nc", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/calcium-puts-myosin-to-work/", "slug": "calcium-puts-myosin-to-work"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Check out how the amount of Myosin that is tugging on your heart can change depending on your activity level! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Sympathetic nerves affect myosin activity", "id": "xAL0tbYU8QU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/sympathetic-nerves-affect-myosin-activity/", "slug": "sympathetic-nerves-affect-myosin-activity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understand LaPlace's law to see the effect that pressure, radius, and wall thickness each have on the \"wall stress\" in the left ventricle. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Why doesn't the heart rip?", "id": "cuwMrVoG2V8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/why-doesn-t-the-heart-rip/", "slug": "why-doesn-t-the-heart-rip"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1077809718"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1077988383"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1078024276"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1077916714"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1078059064"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1089536367"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1078012364"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1077956571"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1084652257"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1089349882"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1084416478"}], "hide": false, "description": "Your heart relies on the flow of electricity to maintain a steady, consistent beat - like an automatic pump that maintains a regular rate and rhythm throughout your life! 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So even though your heart muscle beats by itself, the nerves can ramp up or down the speed. Check out the videos to learn more about how the nerves help to regulate the heart.", "node_slug": "nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "title": "Nerve regulation of the heart", "slug": "nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "UncuratedTutorial", "id": "nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/nerve-regulation-of-the-heart/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out exactly how your autonomic nervous system has a chronotropic effect (i.e. timing) that changes the delay between the contraction of the atria and the ventricles! 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It turns out that there are precisely three things that can change the shape of the loop: 1. Preload, 2. Afterload, and 3. Contractility. That\u2019s it! The tricky part comes when you try to change one and you realize that the body begins to change the other two as well as a natural consequence. In order to simplify, you\u2019ll find that PV loops are sometimes even described as PV boxes. You\u2019ll get to learn about PV loops, PV boxes, and even play around with them yourself in this tutorial!", "node_slug": "changing-the-PV-loop", "title": "Changing the PV loop", "slug": "changing-the-pv-loop", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "changing-the-PV-loop", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/changing-the-PV-loop", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/changing-the-pv-loop/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/changing-the-PV-loop", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Some say Preload = End-Diastolic Pressure, others say Preload = End-Diastolic Volume, so which one is it? Watch and find out! 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Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Acute treatment of stroke with medications", "slug": "acute-treatment-of-stroke-with-medications", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/stroke/acute-treatment-of-stroke-with-medications/", "id": "LvoONWiXJ5I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. 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Quite simply, circulatory shock refers to poor perfusion of organs with blood. For example, shock may result from loss of blood (hemorrhage), a poorly functioning heart (heart failure), or dilated blood vessels (sepsis and anaphylactic shock). 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They present with nonspecific symptoms like fever, fatigue, weight loss. Large, medium, and small vessels can all be involved. We will explore the specific differences between the various vasculitides, which range from Takayasu arteritis to microscopic polyangitis.", "node_slug": "vasculitis", "title": "Vasculitis", "slug": "vasculitis", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "vasculitis", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Vasculitis is a group of medical conditions which cause damage to the blood vessels through inflammation. Depending on which blood vessels are affected, vasculitis can be classified as large vessel, medium vessel, or small vessel vasculitis. Learn about the signs and symptoms of vasculitis such as purpura, bloody stool and urine, and bruits.", "title": "What is vasculitis?", "slug": "what-is-vasculitis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/what-is-vasculitis/", "id": "qMaVLzWnS80"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Vasculitis occurs when antibodies (part of the immune system of the body) accidentally mistake the proteins on blood vessels to be foreign (don\u2019t belong in the body). The immune system attacks the blood vessel cells and damages them. Learn how fibrinoid necrosis occurs to the blood vessels, and how the build up of fibrin impairs blood flow.", "title": "Vasculitis pathophysiology", "slug": "vasculitis-pathophysiology", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/vasculitis-pathophysiology/", "id": "cf_i8LicBEY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Temporal arteritis (otherwise known as giant-cell arteritis) is a type of vasculitis that affects medium to large arteries in the head. Patients with temporal arteritis can have symptoms like migraines and sudden vision problems. Learn how health care professionals diagnosis temporal arteritis by examining blood work (such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, granulomas) and taking samples (biopsies) of vascular tissue.", "title": "Temporal arteritis", "slug": "temporal-arteritis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/temporal-arteritis/", "id": "UtIFoMuyh_4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Takayasu arteritis (also known as the pulseless disease) is a type of vasculitis that affects large arteries and leads to significant narrowing of the vasculature. Patients with takayasu arteritis can have symptoms like weak or absent pulses in extremities, widely varying blood pressures, and dizziness. Learn how health care professionals diagnosis takayasu arteritis by examining blood work (such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, granulomas), and taking samples (biopsies) of vascular tissue,", "title": "Takayasu arteritis", "slug": "takayasu-arteritis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis/", "id": "VdaTuNbyDHg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Polyarteritis nodosa is a type of vasculitis that affects small to medium arteries and leads to significant narrowing of the vasculature. Patients with polyarteritis nodosa can have symptoms like bloody diarrhea, skin lesions, and impaired motor function caused by neuropathy. Learn how health care professionals diagnose and treat polyarteritis nodosa by examining arteriograms and prescribing steroids.", "title": "Polyarteritis nodosa", "slug": "polyarteritis-nodosa", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/polyarteritis-nodosa/", "id": "4bilImPrYE0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Kawasaki disease (also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a type of vasculitis that affects medium arteries. Patients with Kawasaki disease can have symptoms like rashes on the palms of hands, soles of feet, in the eyes, and on the tongue (called strawberry tongue).", "title": "What is Kawasaki disease?", "slug": "kawasaki-disease", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/kawasaki-disease/", "id": "MK-dN5WVVrk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Kawasaki disease is diagnosed off the presence of symptoms rather than the results of tests. Symptoms include: conjunctivitis, rash, adenopathy, strawberry tongue, and rash on palms and soles of hands and feet. Four of these symptoms must be present, in addition to a fever which has lasted more than 5 days to confirm a diagnosis. Learn about atypical Kawasaki disease, and how health professional treat the disease using intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and acetylsalicylic acid.", "title": "Kawasaki disease: diagnosis and treatment", "slug": "kawasaki-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/kawasaki-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment/", "id": "6RpVjF4N8nY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Buerger disease (also known as the thromboangiitis obliterans) is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels and has been linked strongly to smoking. Buerger disease is characterised by poor blood flow through blood vessels due to inflammation and blood clotting. Symptoms typically include pain (claudication), increased sensitivity to cold, diminished pulses, and cyanosis. Gangrene is often a complication which may require amputation of the affected area. Learn how health care professionals diagnose Buerger disease using ultrasound and angiography.", "title": "Buerger disease", "slug": "buerger-disease", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/buerger-disease/", "id": "i9z6x1LbdW8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis (also known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis) is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels. Symptoms can include saddle nose deformity, chronic sinusitis, and collapsed trachea. Microscopic polyangiitis is similar to wegener\u2019s granulomatosis except it only affects small blood vessels in the lungs or kidneys. Learn how the presence of granulomas and antibodies (cANCA and pANCA) differentiate these two conditions. ", "title": "Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis", "slug": "wegeners-granulomatosis-and-microscopic-polyangiitis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/wegeners-granulomatosis-and-microscopic-polyangiitis/", "id": "Ax98k35h_jk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Churg-Strauss syndrome (also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels. Symptoms of this disease are similar to seasonal allergies, such as runny nose, cough, sneezing. 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This disease is often treated with steroids.", "title": "Henoch-Schonlein purpura", "slug": "henoch-schonlein-purpura", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/vasculitis/henoch-schonlein-purpura/", "id": "pZcNmGtp5SA"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x934c3541"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x3f397449"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x23de9609"}], "hide": false, "description": "Place your hand on your ribs and inhale deeply. You\u2019ll notice that your chest expands and your back straightens. As this occurs, air is rushing through your windpipe and branches off to either your left or right lung. After 20 to 30 more branch points, oxygen in the air ends up in the alveoli where it diffuses into the liquid that surrounds the alveoli, and slips into the blood. This microscopic gas exchange occurs rapidly, oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body, and then you exhale. 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These videos will introduce you to the lungs, and show how they help you survive.", "node_slug": "Respiratory-system-introduction", "title": "Respiratory system introduction", "slug": "respiratory-system-introduction", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Respiratory-system-introduction", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/Respiratory-system-introduction", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/respiratory-system-introduction/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/Respiratory-system-introduction", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Every time you take a breath, oxygen makes it way into your lungs. Follow along on that journey! 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Learn more about the specific mechanisms of this \u201cgoods exchange\u201d in the tiny air sacs of the lungs: the alveoli.", "node_slug": "gas_exchange", "title": "Gas exchange", "slug": "gas_exchange", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "gas_exchange", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/gas_exchange", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/gas_exchange/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/gas_exchange", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how to calculate exactly how much oxygen is deep down inside your lungs! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. 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Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "O2 and CO2 solubility", "id": "OCD4Dr3kmmA", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/gas_exchange/o2-and-co2-solubility/", "slug": "o2-and-co2-solubility"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out whether oxygen or carbon dioxide has a higher rate of diffusion (Hint: It pays to be small!). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Graham's law of diffusion", "id": "g6QuuoTs2Oo", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/gas_exchange/graham-s-law-of-diffusion/", "slug": "graham-s-law-of-diffusion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn all of the different ways to maximize the amount of particles that diffuse over a short distance over time. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. 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Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Oxygen movement from alveoli to capillaries", "id": "nRpwdwm06Ic", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system/gas_exchange/oxygen-movement-from-alveoli-to-capillaries/", "slug": "oxygen-movement-from-alveoli-to-capillaries"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x8b9eb0eb"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x03a3321c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x775cfe3b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb6078c7d"}], "hide": false, "description": "Luckily, we can breathe without thinking which means that we have autonomic control of breathing. If we couldn\u2019t, we would risk dying if we went to sleep (look up Ondine\u2019s curse)! There are times when the body wants more oxygen (like during heavy exercise), and when the body wants less (like when we\u2019re resting). 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Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis treatments", "slug": "osteoarthritis-vs-rheumatoid-arthritis-treatments", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/muscular-skeletal-diseases/arthritis/osteoarthritis-vs-rheumatoid-arthritis-treatments/", "id": "2xFXOEa-xCk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis", "slug": "ankylosing-spondylitis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/muscular-skeletal-diseases/arthritis/ankylosing-spondylitis/", "id": "7Fxt6E7m7bM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Reiter's syndrome", "slug": "reiters-syndrome", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/muscular-skeletal-diseases/arthritis/reiters-syndrome/", "id": "dzQwIqc6dQE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Infectious arthritis", "slug": "infectious-arthritis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/muscular-skeletal-diseases/arthritis/infectious-arthritis/", "id": "CsrUfTljLJ8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Gout and pseudogout", "slug": "gout-and-pseudogout", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/muscular-skeletal-diseases/arthritis/gout-and-pseudogout/", "id": "1O3F-b8FfDY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. 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Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Extrapulmonary TB (Part 2)", "slug": "extrapulmonary-tb-part-2", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/extrapulmonary-tb-part-2/", "id": "C4nfSAr2eWI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how the Mantoux test is done and how it works. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Mantoux test (aka. PPD or TST)", "slug": "mantoux-test-aka-ppd-or-tst", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/mantoux-test-aka-ppd-or-tst/", "id": "qbXKrR9BQmg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the cutoff for a \"positive PPD\" depends on clinical clues. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Interpreting the PPD", "id": "m9b_h7TiRR8", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/interpreting-the-ppd/", "slug": "interpreting-the-ppd"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how we can use clinical clues to help figure out if someone has active TB infection.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Diagnosing active TB", "id": "faqhDcrWfHQ", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/diagnosing-active-tb/", "slug": "diagnosing-active-tb"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "There are a number of ways that we can help to prevent TB from spreading, learn some of the most common ones. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Preventing TB transmission", "id": "hAXnQgU4bsg", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/preventing-tb-transmission/", "slug": "preventing-tb-transmission"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how to help prevent TB disease using Intensive case finding, Isoniazid, Isolation, and Immunization.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Preventing TB using the \"4 I's\"", "slug": "preventing-tb-using-the-4-i-s", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/preventing-tb-using-the-4-i-s/", "id": "_20mkyAB7tY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn which medications help prevent active TB disease.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Treatment of Active TB", "id": "2K1ekrZ6ej4", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/treatment-of-active-tb/", "slug": "treatment-of-active-tb"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the different types of drug-resistant TB \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Drug-resistant TB", "id": "vce3BZFo27Y", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/drug-resistant-tb/", "slug": "drug-resistant-tb"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Two deadly diseases, HIV and TB, can often co-exist in the same patient.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "TB and HIV", "id": "S8s-g7KZR50", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/tb-and-hiv/", "slug": "tb-and-hiv"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xb8c0da6c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xff4fb435"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa516afdb"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x01e6835e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6440e097"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "pertussis", "title": "Pertussis", "slug": "pertussis", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "pertussis", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis", "children": [{"path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis/what-is-pertussis/", "slug": "what-is-pertussis", "id": "5tXV-8-6tw0", "kind": "Video", "title": "What is pertussis?"}, {"path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis/complications-of-pertussis/", "slug": "complications-of-pertussis", "id": "qkVX03qMzb4", "kind": "Video", "title": "Pertussis complications"}, {"path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis/pathophysiology-of-pertussis/", "slug": "pathophysiology-of-pertussis", "id": "XLcyqs5vQHQ", "kind": "Video", "title": "Pathophysiology of pertussis"}, {"path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis/diagnosing-and-treating-pertussis/", "slug": "diagnosing-and-treating-pertussis", "id": "UgXZFel0H8Q", "kind": "Video", "title": "Pertussis diagnosis and treatment"}, {"path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/pertussis/pertussis-vaccine/", "slug": "pertussis-vaccine", "id": "swQgTqphZzE", "kind": "Video", "title": "Pertussis vaccine"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1297441428"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1297348689"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1297459474"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1297563079"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1296964565"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1303681758"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1403730177"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1297589033"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1303800013"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1297443575"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1304013333"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1303958606"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1403719429"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1303688729"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1403742072"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1403321001"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1297502187"}], "hide": false, "description": "Most people have had the flu virus at least once in their lives, and it\u2019s usually not a pleasant experience\u2026 Fight back with some good information! Learn about typical flu symptoms (and how tell it apart from the cold), and how the flu virus invades your cells to cause disease. Finally, learn how flu vaccines may help prevent you from getting sick, and how we can test and treat the flu just in case you get really ill. Stay healthy, my friends!", "node_slug": "influenza", "title": "Influenza", "slug": "influenza", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "influenza", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the difference between the cold and the flu, and how we sometimes can get fooled by viruses! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "What is the flu?", "id": "wiWRUuRDXvc", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/what-is-the-flu/", "slug": "what-is-the-flu"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the flu spreads from person to person, and who is at the greatest risk of getting complications of the flu. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Catching and spreading the flu", "id": "6vy5CX6vK0I", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/catching-and-spreading-the-flu/", "slug": "catching-and-spreading-the-flu"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how flu viruses get into and out of your cells using Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase proteins on their surface. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "When flu viruses attack!", "id": "MNKXq7c3eQU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/when-flu-viruses-attack/", "slug": "when-flu-viruses-attack"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the three types of influenza virus (Type A, Type B, and Type C) and what makes them differ from one another. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Three types of flu", "id": "XCdvo5fv-W0", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/three-types-of-flu/", "slug": "three-types-of-flu"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "We've all heard of H1N1 or H3N2; now you can understand what all of those names mean and find out why they are helpful in keeping track of the different flu virueses! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Naming the flu: H-something, N-something", "slug": "naming-the-flu-h-something-n-something", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/naming-the-flu-h-something-n-something/", "id": "nVbgByJNLOo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn when testing for influenza makes sense, and the most common test that is used. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Testing for the flu", "id": "f93KCgI4DGM", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/testing-for-the-flu/", "slug": "testing-for-the-flu"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Antiviral drugs for the flu", "id": "NaZTlnDlnOA", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/antiviral-drugs-for-the-flu/", "slug": "antiviral-drugs-for-the-flu"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the genetic material in the Type A flu virus can get shuffled around to create brand new types of viruses! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Genetic shift in flu", "id": "-J--4Jc5FB0", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/genetic-shift-in-flu/", "slug": "genetic-shift-in-flu"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out just how useful the flu vaccine actually is at preventing the flu! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Flu vaccine efficacy", "id": "Ma9YxZiBiRU", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/flu-vaccine-efficacy/", "slug": "flu-vaccine-efficacy"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how Type B Influenza virus has genetic drift, whereas Type A Influenza virus has genetic drift AND shift. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Flu shift and drift", "id": "tjGGxA7AF9E", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/flu-shift-and-drift/", "slug": "flu-shift-and-drift"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understand the differences between TIV (dead virus) and LAIV (alive, but weakened virus) and who should get which one. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Two flu vaccines (TIV and LAIV)", "slug": "two-flu-vaccines-tiv-and-laiv", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/two-flu-vaccines-tiv-and-laiv/", "id": "4mXv-Pa4CMM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about some of the common and uncommon risks and benefits associated with the flu vaccine! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Flu vaccine risks and benefits", "id": "2h09oj26_H0", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/flu-vaccine-risks-and-benefits/", "slug": "flu-vaccine-risks-and-benefits"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how the flu vaccine is made every year and how they name the strains that they put inside. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Making flu vaccine each year", "id": "Xn29pt5159k", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/making-flu-vaccine-each-year/", "slug": "making-flu-vaccine-each-year"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Many people choose to avoid the flu vaccine each year. Review five popular excuses, and how they relate to common misunderstandings about the flu. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "5 common flu vaccine excuses", "id": "wDghWK_Rr_E", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/5-common-flu-vaccine-excuses/", "slug": "5-common-flu-vaccine-excuses"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The infamous Wakefield study kickstarted the Autism Myth, but many studies have since shown that there is no link between the MMR Vaccine and autism. Find out how it all got started. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Vaccines and the autism myth - part 1", "slug": "vaccines-and-the-autism-myth-part-1", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/vaccines-and-the-autism-myth-part-1/", "id": "u6gpw_Deth8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The infamous Wakefield study kickstarted the Autism Myth, but many studies have since shown that there is no link between the MMR Vaccine and autism. Find out how it all got started. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Vaccines and the autism myth - part 2", "slug": "vaccines-and-the-autism-myth-part-2", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/vaccines-and-the-autism-myth-part-2/", "id": "HGb9m1dbNdM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how many people get hospitalized and die from the flu each year, and learn how we can use the internet to keep tabs on the flu! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Flu surveillance", "id": "5ui43_O0RVQ", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/flu-surveillance/", "slug": "flu-surveillance"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1058493149"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228258123"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058438251"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058207911"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "364061"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058257462"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058477253"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058451242"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1057946910"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058446306"}], "hide": false, "description": "Ever wonder about your lab values and what they mean? Lab values measure amounts of electrolytes or cells in your blood and occasionally tell you about how hormones and enzymes are working! Dive deeper and get a good understanding of concentrations as well!", "node_slug": "lab-values", "title": "Lab values and concentrations", "slug": "lab-values", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "UncuratedTutorial", "id": "lab-values", "topic_page_url": "/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/", "extended_slug": "science/health-and-medicine/lab-values", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how health professionals use short-hand for labs and the meaning of normal ranges. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Introduction to lab values and normal ranges", "id": "_mGszRbve9s", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/introduction-to-lab-values-and-normal-ranges/", "slug": "introduction-to-lab-values-and-normal-ranges"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Spin down your blood and find out what it's made up of. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "What's inside of blood?", "id": "5MOn8X-tyFw", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/what-s-inside-of-blood/", "slug": "what-s-inside-of-blood"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Figure out how to interpret the units in common medical labs including the CBC, Chem 10, and LFTs. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Units for common medical lab values", "id": "OLWvKdV4PHg", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/units-for-common-medical-lab-values/", "slug": "units-for-common-medical-lab-values"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Figure out how to calculate an equivalent and how it relates to a mole. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "What is an equivalent?", "id": "If4Ar9lnB_4", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/what-is-an-equivalent/", "slug": "what-is-an-equivalent"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to the idea of a mole as a number (vs. an animal).", "title": "The mole and Avogadro's number", "slug": "the-mole-and-avogadro-s-number", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/the-mole-and-avogadro-s-number/", "id": "AsqEkF7hcII"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how molarity and molality differ! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Molarity vs. molality", "slug": "molarity-vs-molality", "path": "khan/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/molarity-vs-molality/", "id": "4VltXjR64SU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about osmoles and figure out how to calculate osmolarity really easily. 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Through this process, you will hopefully gain a deep understanding of how money and banking works in our modern world.", "node_slug": "banking-and-money", "title": "Banking and money", "slug": "banking-and-money", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "banking-and-money", "topic_page_url": "/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/", "extended_slug": "economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to how banks make money and the value they (potentially) add to society.", "title": "Banking 1", "id": "E-HOz8T6tAo", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-1/", "slug": "banking-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to the income statement of a bank (and to income statements in general).", "title": "Banking 2: A bank's income statement", "slug": "banking-2-a-bank-s-income-statement", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-2-a-bank-s-income-statement/", "id": "h3lMANILkw0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Fractional reserve banking and the multiplier effect. 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What it means when we say that Federal Reserve Notes are issued by the Reserve bank but are an obligation of the Government.", "title": "Banking 12: Treasuries (government debt)", "slug": "banking-12-treasuries-government-debt", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-12-treasuries-government-debt/", "id": "JBWdbzzYbtU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Tools of the Central Bank to increase the money supply.", "title": "Banking 13: Open market operations", "slug": "banking-13-open-market-operations", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-13-open-market-operations/", "id": "BTNarhvGX88"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How open market operations effect the rate at which banks lend to each other overnight.", "title": "Banking 14: Fed funds rate", "slug": "banking-14-fed-funds-rate", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-14-fed-funds-rate/", "id": "IniG1KkPS2c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "More on the mechanics of the Federal Funds rate and how it increases the money supply.", "title": "Banking 15: More on the Fed funds rate", "slug": "banking-15-more-on-the-fed-funds-rate", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-15-more-on-the-fed-funds-rate/", "id": "rgqFXkLAc-4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The rationale for targeting interest rates instead of directly having a money supply target.", "title": "Banking 16: Why target rates vs. money supply", "slug": "banking-16-why-target-rates-vs-money-supply", "path": "khan/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/banking-and-money/banking-16-why-target-rates-vs-money-supply/", "id": "yOgGhPIHnlA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Getting off the gold standard. 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Along the way, John will cover Abram/Abraham, the Covenant, the Roman Occupation of Judea, and the birth, life, death and legacy of Jesus of Nazareth. No flame wars! Let's keep the commentary civil.", "title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine", "id": "zfJqkiNXShI", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/whats-god-got-to-do-with-it-2/crash-course-world-history-11/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-11"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the fall of the Roman Empire, which happened considerably later than you may have been told. While the Western Roman Empire fell to barbarians in 476 CE, the Byzantines in Constantinople continued the Eastern Empire nicely, calling themselves Romans for a further 1000 years. Find out what Justinian and the rest of the Byzantine emperors were up to over there, and how the Roman Empire dragged out its famous Decline well into medieval times. In addition to all this, you'll learn about ancient sports riots and hipster barbarians, too.", "title": "Fall of Rome the Roman Empire... in the 15th Century", "id": "nLi5-KKcmY0", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/whats-god-got-to-do-with-it-2/crash-course-world-history-12/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-12"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you the history of Islam, including the revelation of the Qu'ran to Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, how the Islamic empire got its start, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and more. Learn about hadiths, Abu Bakr, and whether the Umma has anything to do with Uma Thurman (spoiler alert: it doesn't). Also, learn a little about the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and how to tell if this year's Ramadan is going to be difficult for your Muslim friends. Let's try to keep the flame wars out of this reasoned discussion.", "title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars all without a flamewar", "id": "3M8bwwafMxY", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/whats-god-got-to-do-with-it-2/crash-course-world-history-13/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-13"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "John Green teaches you about the so-called Dark Ages, which it turns out weren't as uniformly dark as you may have been led to believe. While Europe was indeed having some issues, many other parts of the world were thriving and relatively enlightened. John covers European Feudalism, the cultural blossoming of the Islamic world, and the scientific and artistic advances in China, all during these \"Dark Ages.\" Along the way, John will raise questions about the validity of Europe's status as a continent, reveal the best and worst years of his life, and frankly state that science and religion were once able to coexist.", "title": "The Dark Ages...how dark were they, really?", "id": "Qs0J-O0HCbA", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/whats-god-got-to-do-with-it-2/crash-course-world-history-14/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-14"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the Crusades embarked upon by European Christians in the 12th and 13th centuries. Our traditional perception of the Crusades as European Colonization thinly veiled in religion isn't quite right. John covers the First through the Fourth Crusades, telling you which were successful, which were well-intentioned yet ultimately destructive, and which were just plain crazy. Before you ask, no, he doesn't cover the Children's Crusade, in which children were provoked to gather for a Crusade, and then promptly sold into slavery by the organizers of said Crusade. While this story is charming, it turns out to be complete and utter hooey.\u00a0", "title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War?", "id": "p13IEJ_V_U0", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/whats-god-got-to-do-with-it-2/crash-course-world-history-15/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-15"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about Sub-Saharan Africa! So, what exactly was going on there? It turns out, it was a lot of trade, converting to Islam, visits from Ibn Battuta, trade, beautiful women, trade, some impressive architecture, and several empires. John not only covers the West African Malian Empire, which is the one Mansa Musa ruled, but he discusses the Ghana Empire, and even gets over to East Africa as well to discuss the trade-based city-states of Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Zanzibar. In addition to all this, John considers emigrating to Canada.", "title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-16", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/whats-god-got-to-do-with-it-2/crash-course-world-history-16/", "id": "Hz0neklvbX8"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x731ddc65"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb08b2f39"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xfbbf5021"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x704ec3c0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9d3c5e68"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "road-trip-conquest-trade-2", "title": "Road trip! (conquest, trade, & more conquest)", "slug": "road-trip-conquest-trade-2", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "road-trip-conquest-trade-2", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2/", "extended_slug": "humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you, at long last, about the most exceptional bunch of empire-building nomads in the history of the world, the Mongols! How did the Mongols go from being a relatively small band of herders who occasionally engaged in some light hunting-gathering to being one of the most formidable fighting forces in the world? It turns out Genghis Khan was a pretty big part of it, but you probably already knew that. The more interesting questions might be, what kind of rulers were they, and what effect did their empire have on the world we know today? Find out, as John FINALLY teaches you about the Mongols.", "title": "Wait for it... the Mongols!", "id": "TiXusw8aPMk", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2/crash-course-world-history-17/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-17"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you the history of the Indian Ocean Trade. John weaves a tale of swashbuckling adventure, replete with trade in books, ivory, and timber. Along the way, John manages to cover advances in seafaring technology, just how the monsoons work, and there's even a disembowelment for you Fangoria fans.", "title": "International commerce, snorkeling camels, and the Indian Ocean Trade", "id": "KZibsVxUOrw", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2/crash-course-world-history-18/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-18"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green discusses the strange and mutually beneficial relationship between a republic, the citystate of Venice, and an Empire, the Ottomans--and how studying history can help you to be a better boyfriend and/or girlfriend. Together, the Ottoman Empire and Venice grew wealthy by facilitating trade: The Venetians had ships and nautical expertise; the Ottomans had access to many of the most valuable goods in the world, especially pepper and grain. Working together across cultural and religious divides, they both become very rich, and the Ottomans became one of the most powerful political entities in the world. We also discuss how economic realities can overcome religious and political differences (in this case between Muslims and Christians), the doges of Venice, the sultans of the Ottoman empire, the janissaries and so-called slave aristocracy of the Ottoman Empire, and how money and knowledge from the Islamic world helped fuel and fund the European Renaissance. Also, there's a They Might Be Giants joke.", "title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire", "id": "5OEZTU8FdVA", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2/crash-course-world-history-19/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-19"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you how Russia evolved from a loose amalgamation of medieval principalities known as the Kievan Rus into the thriving democracy we know today. As you can imagine, there were a few bumps along the road. It turns out, our old friends the Mongols had quite a lot to do with unifying Russia. In yet another example of how surprisingly organized nomadic raiders can be, the Mongols brought the Kievan Rus together under a single leadership, and concentrated power in Moscow. This set the stage for the various Ivans (the Great and the Terrible) to throw off the yoke and form a pan-Russian nation ruled by an autocratic leader. More than 500 years later, we still have autocratic leadership in Russia. All this, plus a rundown of some of our favorite atrocities of Ivan the Terrible, and a visit from Putin!", "title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols", "id": "etmRI2_9Q_A", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2/crash-course-world-history-20/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-20"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the beginning of the so-called Age of Discovery. You've probably heard of Christopher Columbus, who \"discovered\" America in 1492, but what about Vasco da Gama? How about Zheng He? Columbus gets a bad rap from many modern historians, but it turns out he was pretty important as far as the history of the world goes. That said, he wasn't the only pioneer plying the seas in the 1400s. In Portugal, Vasco da Gama was busy integrating Europe into the Indian Ocean Trade by sailing around Africa. Chinese admiral Zheng He was also traveling far and wide in the largest wooden ships ever built. Columbus, whether portrayed as hero or villain, is usually credited as the great sailor of the 15th century, but he definitely wasn't the only contender. What better way to settle this question than with a knock-down, drag-out, no holds barred, old-fashioned battle royal? We were going to make it a cage match, but welding is EXPENSIVE.", "title": "Columbus, de Gama, and Zheng He! 15th Century Mariners", "id": "LSnZ0ZX60hI", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/road-trip-conquest-trade-2/crash-course-world-history-21/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-21"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x2251ad33"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9408a114"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9d165ed6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x83be2b67"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xdd1ddd1b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3fe2c121"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2", "title": "When people do great and really terrible things (The Renaissance, Colonialism, & the Slave Trade)", "slug": "when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/", "extended_slug": "humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. European learning changed the world in the 15th and 16th century, but was it a cultural revolution, or an evolution? We'd argue that any cultural shift that occurs over a couple of hundred years isn't too overwhelming to the people who live through it. In retrospect though, the cultural bloom in Europe during this time was pretty impressive. In addition to investigating what caused the Renaissance and who benefitted from the changes that occurred, John will tell you just how the Ninja Turtles got mixed up in all this.", "title": "The Renaissance: Was it a Thing?", "id": "VMtXfhvQRTo", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/crash-course-world-history-22/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-22"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the changes wrought by contact between the Old World and the New. John does this by exploring the totally awesome history book \"The Columbian Exchange\" by Alfred Cosby, Jr. After Columbus \"discovered\" the Americas, European conquerors, traders, and settlers brought all manner of changes to the formerly isolated continents. Disease and invasive plant and animal species remade the New World, usually in negative ways. While native people, plants, and animals were being displaced in the Americas, the rest of the world was benefitting from American imports, especially foods like maize, tomatoes, potatoes, pineapple, blueberries, sweet potatoes, and manioc. Was the Columbian Exchange a net positive? It's debatable. So debate.", "title": "The Columbian Exchange", "id": "a4nfbZYZ3SI", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/crash-course-world-history-23/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-23"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about one of the least funny subjects in history: slavery. John investigates when and where slavery originated, how it changed over the centuries, and how Europeans and colonists in the Americas arrived at the idea that people could own other people based on skin color.\u00a0\n\nSlavery has existed as long as humans have had civilization, but the Atlantic Slave Trade was the height, or depth, of dehumanizing, brutal, chattel slavery. American slavery ended less than 150 years ago. In some parts of the world, it is still going on. So how do we reconcile that with modern life? In a desperate attempt at comic relief, Boba Fett makes an appearance.\n", "title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade", "id": "3X5JMS9_EK8", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/crash-course-world-history-24/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-24"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green explores how Spain went from being a middling European power to one of the most powerful empires on Earth, thanks to their plunder of the New World in the 16th and 17th centuries. Learn how Spain managed to destroy the two biggest pre-Columbian civilizations, mine a mountain made of silver, mishandle their economy, and lose it all by the mid-1700s. Come along for the roller coaster ride with Charles I (he was also Charles V), Philip II, Atahualpa, Moctezuma, Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, and Francisco Pizarro as Spain rises and falls, and takes two empires and China down with them.", "title": "The Spanish Empire, silver, & runaway inflation", "id": "ybOKAzIVp70", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/crash-course-world-history-25/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-25"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John teaches you about the Seven Years War, which may have lasted nine years. Or as many as 23. It was a very confusing war. The Seven Years War was a global war, fought on five continents, which is kind of a lot. John focuses on the war as it happened in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. the \"great\" European powers were the primary combatants, but they fought just about everywhere. Of course, this being a history course, the outcomes of this war still resonate in our lives today. The Seven Years war determined the direction of the British Empire, and led pretty directly to the subject of Episode 28, the American Revolution.\u00a0", "title": "The Seven Years War", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-26", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/crash-course-world-history-26/", "id": "ICI0gpCS_Pc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the life and death of one of history's great explorers, Captain James Cook of the British Navy. He charted large swaths of the Pacific ocean, laid claim to Australia and New Zealand, and died a bizarre death in the Sandwich Islands, which are now called the Hawaiian Islands. Exactly how and why Captain Cook was killed in Hawaii is a long-running historical debate. John presents two interpretations of the event, and talks about what the differing interpretations say about history. It turns out how the story is told depends on who is doing the storytelling, and people from different backgrounds can interpret events in very different ways. Also, there is a celebration and a moustache involved in this episode, so you definitely don't want to miss it.", "title": "The amazing life and strange death of Captain Cook", "id": "3281cSAuk2g", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/when-people-do-great-and-really-terrible-things-2/crash-course-world-history-027/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-027"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x0266d343"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe95d87b8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9da82478"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc6077777"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xca10f1d5"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x57d39ed9"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2", "title": "You ain\u2019t the boss of me! Oh, maybe you are (Revolution and Modern Society)", "slug": "you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/", "extended_slug": "humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict.(hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from reins white guys, and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys.", "title": "Tea, Taxes, and the American Revolution", "id": "dkxnUlg-bUY", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/crash-course-world-history-28/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-28"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green examines the French Revolution, and gets into how and why it differed from the American Revolution. Was it the serial authoritarian regimes? The guillotine? The Reign of Terror? All of this and more contributed to the French Revolution not being quite as revolutionary as it could have been. France endured multiple constitutions, the heads of heads of state literally rolled, and then they ended up with a megalomaniacal little emperor by the name of Napoleon. But how did all of this change the world, and how did it lead to other, more successful revolutions around the world? Watch this video and find out. Spoiler alert: Marie Antoinette never said, \"Let them eat cake.\" Sorry.", "title": "The French Revolution", "id": "_Vxg6bsNgYU", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/crash-course-world-history-29/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-29"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Ideas like liberty, freedom, and self-determination were hot stuff in the late 18th century, as evidenced by our recent revolutionary videos. Although freedom was breaking out all over, many of the societies that were touting these ideas relied on slave labor. Few places in the world relied so heavily on slave labor as Saint-Domingue, France's most profitable colony. Slaves made up nearly 90% of Saint-Domingue's population, and in 1789 they couldn't help but hear about the revolution underway in France. All the talk of liberty, equality, and fraternity sounds pretty good to a person in bondage, and so the slaves rebelled. This led to not one but two revolutions, and ended up with France, the rebels, Britain, and Spain all fighting in the territory. Spoiler alert: the slaves won. So how did the slaves of what would become Haiti throw off the yoke of one of the world's great empires? John Green tells how they did it, and what it has meant in Haiti and in the rest of the world.", "title": "The Haitian Revolutions", "id": "YYGb1Fmz6TY", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/crash-course-world-history-30/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-30"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green talks about the many revolutions of Latin America in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 1800s, Latin America was firmly under the control of Spain and Portugal. The revolutionary zeal that had recently created the United States and had taken off Louis XVI's head in France arrived in South America, and a racially diverse group of people who felt more South American than European took over. John covers the soft revolution of Brazil, in which Prince Pedro boldly seized power from his father, but promised to give it back if King Jo\u00e3o ever returned to Brazil. He also covers the decidedly more violent revolutions in Mexico, Venezuela, and Argentina. Watch the video to see Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar's dream of a United South America crushed, even as he manages to liberate a bunch of countries and get two currencies and about a thousand schools and parks named after him.", "title": "Latin American Revolutions", "id": "kjAjlkzkvBU", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/crash-course-world-history-31/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-31"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green wraps up revolutions month with what is arguably the most revolutionary of modern revolutions, the Industrial Revolution. While very few leaders were beheaded in the course of this one, it changed the lives of more people more dramatically than any of the political revolutions we've discussed. So, why did the Industrial Revolution happen around 1750 in the United Kingdom? Coal. Easily accessible coal, it turns out. All this, plus you'll finally learn the difference between James Watt and Thomas Newcomen, and will never again be caught telling people that your blender has a 900 Newcomen motor.", "title": "Coal, steam, and the Industrial Revolution", "id": "tEHF3JB2ZqE", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/crash-course-world-history-32/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-32"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about capitalism and socialism in a way that is sure to please commenters from both sides of the debate. Learn how capitalism arose from the industrial revolution, and then gave rise to socialism. Learn about how we got from the British East India Company to iPhones and consumer culture in just a couple of hundred years. Stops along the way include the rise of industrial capitalism, mass production, disgruntled workers, Karl Marx, and the Socialist Beard. The socialist reactions to the ills of capitalism are covered as well, and John discusses some of the ideas of Karl Marx, and how they've been implemented or ignored in various socialist states. Plus, there are robots!", "title": "Capitalism and Socialism", "id": "Uu-5ofhxOX8", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/you-aint-the-boss-of-me-2/crash-course-world-history-33/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-33"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x4b9386c0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x93355517"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x960b648c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd9e4a8f3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc7a3fc40"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x109df4d2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb88a2eb5"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1d6a85cc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x27dc9e1e"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2", "title": "Nationalism, Imperialism & Globalization: the good, the bad and the really, really ugly", "slug": "nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2/", "extended_slug": "humanities/history/CrashCourse-WorldHistory/nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about Nationalism. Nationalism was everywhere in the 19th century, as people all over the world carved new nation-states out of old empires. Nationalist leaders changed the way people thought of themselves and the places they lived by reinventing education, military service, and the relationship between government and governed. In Japan, the traditional feudal society underwent a long transformation over the course of about 300 years to become a modern nation-state. John follows the course of Japanese history from the emergence of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the Meiji Restoration, and covers Nationalism in many other countries along the way. All this, plus a special guest appearance, plus the return of an old friend on a extra-special episode of Crash Course.", "title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism", "id": "hk_21n8ITqg", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2/crash-course-world-history-34/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-34"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about European Imperialism in the 19th century. European powers started to create colonial empires way back in the 16th century, but businesses really took off in the 19th century, especially in Asia and Africa. During the 1800s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China, India, and pretty much all of Africa. While all of the major (and some minor) powers in Europe participated in this new imperialism, England was by far the most dominant, once able to claim that the \"sun never set on the British Empire.\" Also, they went to war for the right to continue to sell opium to the people of China. Twice. John will teach you how these empires managed to leverage the advances of the Industrial Revolution to build vast, wealth-generating empires. As it turns out, improved medicine, steam engines, and better guns were crucial in the 19th century conquests. Also, the willingness to exploit and abuse the people and resources of so-called \"primitive\" nations was very helpful in the whole enterprise.\u00a0", "title": "Imperialism", "id": "cFbMqzDSVVg", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2/crash-course-world-history-35/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-35"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about the war that was supposed to end all wars. Instead, it solved nothing and set the stage for the world to be back at war just a couple of decades later. As an added bonus, World War I changed the way people look at the world, and normalized cynicism and irony. John will teach you how the assassination of an Austrian Archduke kicked off a new kind of war that involved more nations and more people than any war that came before. New technology like machine guns, airplanes, tanks, and poison gas made the killing more efficient than ever. Trench warfare and modern weapons led to battles in which tens of thousands of soldiers were killed in a day, with no ground gained for either side. World War I washed away the last vestiges of 19th century Romanticism and paved the way for the 20th century modernism that we all know and find to be cold and off-putting. While there may not be much upside to WWI, at least it inspired George M. Cohan to write the awesome song, \"Over There.\"", "title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I", "id": "ntUjJENYiLw", "path": "khan/humanities/history/crashcourse-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialism-globalization-2/crash-course-world-history-36/", "slug": "crash-course-world-history-36"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John Green teaches you about China's Revolutions. While the rest of the world was off having a couple of World Wars, China was busily uprooting the dynastic system that had ruled there for millennia. Most revolutions have some degree of tumult associated with them, but China's 20th century revolutions were REALLY disruptive. In 1911 and 1912, Chinese nationalists brought 3000 years of dynastic rule to an end. China plunged into chaos as warlords staked out regions of the country for themselves. The nationalists and communists joined forces briefly to bring the nation back together under the Chinese Republic, and then they quickly split and started fighting the Chinese Civil War. The fight between nationalists and communists went on for decades, and was interrupted by an alliance to fight the invading Japanese during World War II. After the World War II ended, the Chinese Civil War was back on. Mao and the communists were ultimately victorious, and Chiang Kai-Shek ended up in Taiwan. And then it got weird. 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We've all learned the facts about World War II many times over, thanks to repeated classroom coverage, the History channel, and your grandfather (or maybe great-grandfather) showing you that Nazi bayonet he used to keep in his sock drawer and telling you a bunch of age-inappropriate stories about his harrowing war experiences. So, why did the Axis powers think forceful expansion was a good idea? (they were hungry). So why did this thing shake out in favor of the Allies? HInt: it has to do with the fact that it was a world war. Germany and Japan made some pretty serious strategic errors, such as invading Russia and attacking the United States, and those errors meant that pretty much the whole world was against them. So, find out how this worldwide alliance came together to stop the Axis expansion. All this, plus Canada finally gets the respectful treatment it deserves. Oh, and a warning: there are a few graphic images in this episode. 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It took humans nearly 4000 years to build something--anything--taller than the Great Pyramids. 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It was molded in faience, a ceramic material made of ground quartz. Beneath the blue-green glaze, the body was painted with the outlines of river plants, symbolizing the marshes in which the animal lived.\n\nThe seemingly benign appearance that this figurine presents is deceptive. To the ancient Egyptians, the hippopotamus was one of the most dangerous animals in their world. The huge creatures were a hazard for small fishing boats and other rivercraft. The beast might also be encountered on the waterways in the journey to the afterlife. As such, the hippopotamus was a force of nature that needed to be propitiated and controlled, both in this life and the next. This example was one of a pair found in a shaft associated with the tomb chapel of the steward Senbi II at Meir, an Upper Egyptian site about thirty miles south of modern Asyut. Three of its legs have been restored because they were purposely broken to prevent the creature from harming the deceased. The hippo was part of Senbi's burial equipment, which included a canopic box (also in the Metropolitan Museum), a coffin, and numerous models of boats and food production.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit\u00a0Find an Educator Resource.\n", "title": "\"Precaution\" with Isabel St\u00fcnkel", "slug": "precaution", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/precaution/", "id": "uLjvEsHi_qU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Thebes, the city of the god Amon, was the capital of Egypt during the period of the Middle and New Kingdoms. 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The king's figure was considerably smaller than that of the god, indicating his subordinate status in the presence of the deity. All that remains of Amun is his right hand, which touches the back of the king's crown in a gesture that signifies Tutankhamun's investiture as king. During coronation rituals, various types of crowns were put on the king's head. The type represented here\u2014probably a leather helmet with metal disks sewn onto it\u2014was generally painted blue, and is commonly called the \"blue crown.\" The ancient name was khepresh.\n\nStatue groups showing a king together with gods had been created since the Old Kingdom, and formal groups relating to the pharaoh's coronation were dedicated at Karnak by Hatshepsut and other rulers of Dynasty 18. The Metropolitan's head of Tutankhamun with the hand of Amun is special because of the intimacy with which the subject is treated. The face of the king expresses a touching youthful earnestness, and the hand of the god is raised toward his crown with gentle care.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\u00a0\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan.\u00a0For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit\u00a0Find an Educator Resource.\n", "title": "\"Fragment\" with Nicholas Reeves", "slug": "fragment", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/fragment/", "id": "aW0blf6lWQc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Hunefer's Judgement in the presence of Osiris, Book of the Dead, 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1275 B.C.E., papyrus, Thebes, Egypt (British Museum).\u00a0", "title": "Last Judgement of Hunefer, from his tomb", "slug": "judgement-in-the-presence-of-osiris-hunefer-s-book-of-the-dead", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/judgement-in-the-presence-of-osiris-hunefer-s-book-of-the-dead/", "id": "WceVwMdN0eE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Preparing pieces of papyrus ready for display in the exhibition Journey through the afterlife: ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. \u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum", "title": "Ancient Egyptian papyrus in the Book of the Dead Exhibition", "slug": "papyrus-preserved-british-museum", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/papyrus-preserved-british-museum/", "id": "q0zlBUbcWWQ"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Last Judgement of Hunefer (quiz)", "slug": "last-judgement-of-hu-nefer-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/last-judgement-of-hu-nefer-quiz/", "id": "last-judgement-of-hu-nefer-quiz"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xeaf0a1ef"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x3d20e1ef"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xbb36ed1b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd1512e30"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf82795ed"}], "hide": false, "description": "Read the Rosetta stone, discover how mummies were prepared for the afterlife and how we care for them now.", "node_slug": "ptolemaic", "title": "Ptolemaic", "slug": "ptolemaic", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "ptolemaic", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/ptolemaic", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/ptolemaic/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/ptolemaic", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Ancient Egyptian mummification preserved the body for the afterlife by removing internal organs and moisture and by wrapping the body with linen. 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Follow us on Google+", "title": "The mummification process", "slug": "the-mummification-process", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/ptolemaic/the-mummification-process/", "id": "-MQ5dL9cQX0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Conservators at the British Museum preparing an ancient Egyptian coffin for display in the exhibition Journey through the afterlife: ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. \u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum.", "title": "Ancient Egyptian coffin prepared for the Book of the Dead exhibition at the British Museum", "slug": "ancient-egyptian-coffin", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/ptolemaic/ancient-egyptian-coffin/", "id": "Jqgpq8vn_oU"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x357214ce"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5e90fa20"}], "hide": false, "description": "19th century archaeologists sought evidence for Homer's epic poems. 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The Bronze Age Mycenaeans were also renowned smiths, who's expertise evident in the gold masks and jewelry found in the shafts below their grave circles.", "node_slug": "mycenaean", "title": "Mycenaean", "slug": "mycenaean", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "mycenaean", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "The \"Palace\" and Grave Circle A, Mycenae, c. 1600-1100 B.C.E.", "id": "S7HJB0PtiW0", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/mycenae-palace/", "slug": "mycenae-palace"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mask of Agamemnon, from shaft grave V, grave circle A, c.1550-1500 B.C.E., gold, 12 inches / 35 cm (National Archaeological Museum, Athens)\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Mask of Agamemnon, Mycenae, c. 1550-1500 B.C.E.", "id": "1PKOiYY9SPA", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/agamemnon-mask/", "slug": "agamemnon-mask"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Mask of Agamemnon (quiz)", "slug": "mask-of-agamemnon-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/mask-of-agamemnon-quiz/", "id": "mask-of-agamemnon-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00a0limestone, relief panel 9' 6\" highSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Lion Gate, Mycenae, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E.", "id": "tu5mKn3_h7Y", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/mycenae-lion-gate/", "slug": "mycenae-lion-gate"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge on this object", "title": "Lion Gate, Mycenae (quiz)", "slug": "lion-gate-mycenae", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/lion-gate-mycenae/", "id": "lion-gate--mycenae"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Beth Harris", "title": "The Treasury of Atreus, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E., Mycenae, Greece", "slug": "treasury-of-atreus", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/mycenaean/treasury-of-atreus/", "id": "Cc9cLmgXp_A"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5e50256c"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x342adde4"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x3d495ed1"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa728cc1b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa72ff57b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x18e1dad7"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x18ff309e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x82d9181a"}], "hide": false, "description": "Ancient Greek art was collected in ancient Rome, studied during the Renaissance and formalized in the 19th century. It is the most influential art ever made.", "node_slug": "greek-art", "title": "Greek art", "slug": "greek-art", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "greek-art", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xc4d8c438"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7375afe4"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xccace7f0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x2ff9041d"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xa3431551"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8c7b6c9a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2095ee2d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf2e4c942"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7869e158"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4d8cb1c0"}], "hide": false, "description": "Rio 2016, London 2012, Beijing 2008, Olympia 776 B.C.E. find out how the ancient pan-Hellenic games inspired our modern Olympiad. Then learn to identify the classical orders and you will never look at your city or town the same way.", "node_slug": "beginners-guide-greece", "title": "A beginner's guide to ancient Greece", "slug": "beginners-guide-greece", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "beginners-guide-greece", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "A conversation with Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris\n\nIn classical architecture, the Orders consist of variations of an assembly of parts made up of a column (usually with a base), a capital, and an entablature. 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Available at Oxford Art OnlineAncient Greece\n", "title": "The classical orders", "slug": "the-classical-orders", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/the-classical-orders/", "id": "nrRJkzXl4a4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Roman version of a Greek bronze original of about 440\u2013430 BC, found at Vaison, France.\nKnown as the Daidoumenos (ribbon wearer) this statue shows a triumphant athlete tying a ribbon round his head immediately after a victory. \u00a0Winners in the ancient Olympics were allowed to set up statues of themselves at Olympia. If they won three times they could set up specially commissioned portrait statues which could cost up to ten times the average yearly wage.\n\n\u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum\n", "title": "Victorious athlete: The Vaison Daidoumenos", "slug": "diadoumenos", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/diadoumenos/", "id": "Ruc8u1UyL7s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Chariot-racing was the only Olympic sport in which women could take part, as owners of teams of horses. Kyniska, a princess of Sparta, was the first woman to win the Olympic crown in this sport.\nBritish Museum curator Judith Swaddling describes the amphora.\n\u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum\n", "title": "Prize amphora showing a chariot race", "slug": "prize-amphora", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/prize-amphora/", "id": "YTRctTr7MyA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The long jump was the only type of jumping contest in the ancient Olympics. It differed vitally from our long jump in that athletes used pairs of weights or halteres, swung forward on take-off and back just before landing, probably as a handicap.\n\u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum\n", "title": "A competitor in the long jump", "slug": "long-jump", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/long-jump/", "id": "NeujZgfq7hA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The greatest Olympic runner of all was Leonidas of Rhodes who won all three running events at each of the four successive Olympiads between 164 and 152 BC. Women competed in foot races at Olympia, but these were not part of the Olympic Games.\u00a0\u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum", "title": "Sprinter on a vase from Rhodes and a bronze running girl", "slug": "sprinters", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/sprinters/", "id": "5coSaLCWzhA"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xa709b028"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xfc56ffea"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xadf884ee"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x8414848f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1064692619"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa03b78c2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1397435864"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xab328f25"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x071426f8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x58446d60"}], "hide": false, "description": "Almost no ancient Greek wall painting survives, fortunately, their magnificent painted vases can tell us a great deal about lost wall painting as well as Greek culture and technology. 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The two most popular techniques of vase decoration were the black-figure technique, so-named because the figures were painted black, and the red-figure technique, in which the figures were left the red color of the clay. The black-figure technique developed around 700 B.C. and remained the most popular Greek pottery style until about 530 B.C., when the red-figure technique was developed, eventually surpassing it in popularity. This video illustrates the techniques used in the making and decorating of a black-figure amphora (storage jar) in the Art Institute of Chicago's collection.\nThis video was produced with the generous support of a Long Range Fund grant provided by the Community Associates of the Art Institute of Chicago. 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The Diadochi divided Alexander's empire amongst themselves\u2014the Hellenistic dynasties of the Seleucids in the Near East, the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Antigonids in Macedonia, and the wealthy Attalid kings of Pergamon who ruled most of western Asia Minor. Greek culture flourished across an enormous area, but at the same time, these \"Hellenized\" peoples infused Greek art with a drama and breadth beyond anything the Greeks had previously produced.", "node_slug": "hellenistic", "title": "Hellenistic", "slug": "hellenistic", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "hellenistic", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/hellenistic", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/hellenistic/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/hellenistic", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Barberini Faun, c. 220 B.C.E., Hellenistic Period (Glyptothek, Munich). Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Barberini Faun", "slug": "barberini-faun-c-220-b-c-e", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/hellenistic/barberini-faun-c-220-b-c-e/", "id": "KQ63wu7lsXo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Dying Gaul, ancient Roman marble copy of a lost bronze Greek sculpture, c. 220 B.C.E., Hellenistic Period (Capitoline Museum). 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This Eros, god of love, has been brought down to earth and disarmed, a conception considerably different from that of the powerful, often cruel, and capricious being so often addressed in Archaic poetry. One of the few bronze statues to have survived from antiquity, this figure of a plump baby in relaxed pose conveys a sense of the immediacy and naturalistic detail that the medium of bronze made possible. He is clearly based on firsthand observation. The support on which the god rests is a modern addition, but the work originally would have had a separate base, most likely of stone.\u00a0\n\nThis statue is the finest example of its kind. Judging from the large number of extant replicas, the type was popular in Hellenistic and, especially, Roman times. In the Roman period, Sleeping Eros statues decorated villa gardens and fountains. Their function in the Hellenistic period is less clear. They may have been used as dedications within a sanctuary of Aphrodite or possibly may have been erected in a public park or private, even royal, garden.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan.\u00a0For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit Find an educator resource.\n", "title": "\"Enamored\" with Se\u00e1n Hemingway", "slug": "enamored", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/hellenistic/enamored/", "id": "_rdhFaROsVA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Nike (Winged Victory) of Samothrace, Lartos marble (ship) and Parian marble (figure), c. 190 B.C.E. 3.28m high, Hellenistic Period (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris). The sculpture was unearthed in 1863 after its discovery under the direction of Charles Champoiseau\u200b, the French Vice-Consul to Turkey. Please note that the theoretical reconstruction of the Nike as a trumpeter mentioned in the video has been largely abandoned; the monument is now thought to have been part of a fountain possibly commemorating a naval victory. Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Winged Victory (Nike) of Samothrace", "slug": "nike-winged-victory-of-samothrace-c-190-b-c-e", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/hellenistic/nike-winged-victory-of-samothrace-c-190-b-c-e/", "id": "TPM1LuW3Y5w"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The Pergamon Altar, c. 200-150 B.C.E., 35.64 x 33.4 meters, Hellenistic Period (Pergamon Museum, Berlin). 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Thus, systematic identification and monitoring of its potentially unstable areas is needed. The Jordanian government made a request in 2011 for assistance in this regard, and subsequently a rapid assessment of the Siq was carried out by UNESCO to identify the unstable blocks and map risk zones in the Siq. Read more here.", "title": "Petra: UNESCO Siq Project", "slug": "unesco-siq-project", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/nabataean/unesco-siq-project/", "id": "WZgYhVgWR8g"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x77d56b38"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd4c7ec58"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x9b381c3a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x27119979"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd15f581f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4093b128"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd9ea6e7a"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0474f941"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd5716aa3"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xa49c4857"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xda8415e7"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2cfe3767"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x45a302b4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x667c0450"}], "hide": false, "description": "Before Rome, the Etruscan civilization ruled much what is now Italy. The Etruscans left fine metalwork, elaborate tombs and a deep mark on ancient Roman culture.", "node_slug": "etruscan", "title": "Etruscan", "slug": "etruscan", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "etruscan", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Sarcophagus of the Spouses (or Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple), from the Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 520 B.C.E., painted terracotta, 3 feet 9 1/2 inches x 6 feet 7 inches (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome). Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Rome)", "slug": "sarcophagus-of-the-spouses-rome", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan/sarcophagus-of-the-spouses-rome/", "id": "XmirNCA_Lj4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Apulu (Apollo of Veil), from the roof of the Portonaccio temple, Italy, c. 510-500 B.C.E., painted terracotta, 5 feet, 11 inches high (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome). \u00a0Speakers: Dr Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Apulu (Apollo of Veil)", "slug": "apollo-of-veil", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan/apollo-of-veil/", "id": "GLgrt_4WnMY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\nThese two large Etruscan cemeteries reflect different types of burial practices from the 9th to the 1st century BC, and bear witness to the achievements of Etruscan culture. Which over nine centuries developed the earliest urban civilization in the northern Mediterranean. Some of the tombs are monumental, cut in rock and topped by impressive tumuli (burial mounds). Many feature carvings on their walls, others have wall paintings of\u00a0outstanding quality. The necropolis near Cerveteri, known as Banditaccia, contains thousands of tombs organized in a city-like plan, with streets, small squares and neighbourhoods. The site contains very different types of tombs: trenches cut in rock; tumuli; and some, also carved in rock, in the shape of huts or houses with a wealth of structural details. These provide the only surviving evidence of Etruscan residential architecture. The necropolis of Tarquinia, also known as Monterozzi, contains 6,000 graves cut in the rock. It is famous for its 200 painted tombs, the earliest of which date from the 7th century BC.\nSource: UNESCO TV / \u00a9 NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai (URL)\n", "title": "Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (from UNESCO/NHK)", "slug": "etruscan-necropolises-unesconhk", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan/etruscan-necropolises-unesconhk/", "id": "YheIckLuV7c"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Etruscan art (quiz)", "slug": "etruscan-art", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/etruscan/etruscan-art/", "id": "etruscan-art"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x6c8c2cdb"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x25dda5cc"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x846670b8"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x12980ca5"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xcf324c83"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x3c70feb6"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x42d3864b"}], "hide": false, "description": "The brilliance of ancient Roman art can be seen in the wall paintings of Pompeii, the massive ambition of the Colosseum, and the daring engineering of the Pantheon.", "node_slug": "roman", "title": "Roman", "slug": "roman", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "roman", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "785318223"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x213df5e6"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0a058384"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8282f2bb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xbc5ee710"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x221ed686"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1159741561"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2784dcd4"}], "hide": false, "description": "Roman art spans almost 1,000 years and three continents. The first Roman art can be dated back to 509 B.C.E., with the legendary founding of the Roman Republic, and lasted until 330 C.E. (or much longer, if you include Byzantine art). The city of Rome was a melting pot, and the Romans had no qualms about adapting artistic influences from the other Mediterranean cultures that surrounded and preceded them.", "node_slug": "beginners-guide-rome", "title": "A beginner's guide to ancient Rome", "slug": "beginners-guide-rome", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "beginners-guide-rome", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "A project between Khan Academy and Rome Reborn - with Dr. Bernard Frischer", "title": "Ancient Rome", "id": "VAgA6G75XsI", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a-tour-through-ancient-rome-in-320-c-e/", "slug": "a-tour-through-ancient-rome-in-320-c-e"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A conversation with Dr. Darius Arya and Dr. Beth Harris.", "title": "Digging through time", "id": "Z1RpVPbHgzU", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/digging-through-time/", "slug": "digging-through-time"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x2a1c2429"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "952728914"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x57c677d8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1159741559"}], "hide": false, "description": "Paintings from antiquity rarely survive\u2014paint, after all, is a much less durable medium than stone or bronze sculpture. But it is thanks to the ancient Roman city of Pompeii that we can trace the history of Roman wall painting. The entire city was buried in volcanic ash in 79 C.E. when the volcano at Mount Vesuvius erupted, thus preserving the rich colors in the paintings in the houses and monuments there for thousands of years until their rediscovery. ", "node_slug": "wall-painting", "title": "Wall painting", "slug": "wall-painting", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "wall-painting", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/wall-painting", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/wall-painting/", "extended_slug": "humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/wall-painting", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Painted Garden, Villa of Livia, fresco, 30-20 B.C.E. (Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo, Rome) Plant species include: umbrella pine, oak, red fir, quince, pomegranate, myrtle, oleander, date palm, strawberry, laurel, viburnum, holm oak, boxwood, cypress, ivy, acanthus, rose, poppy, chrysanthemum, chamomile, fern, violet, and iris.", "title": "Empire: Painted Garden, Villa of Livia", "slug": "painted-garden-villa-of-livia", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/wall-painting/painted-garden-villa-of-livia/", "id": "PPyqEsyVmIQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Dionysian Cult Cycle (?), Villa of Mysteries, before 79 C.E., fresco, Pompeii, Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Dionysiac frieze, Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii", "slug": "villa-of-mysteries", "path": "khan/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/wall-painting/villa-of-mysteries/", "id": "SEzDiejb1a0"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "671260985"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x11bd10fc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x88227945"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1315102373"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xad295dec"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0a8e60e4"}], "hide": false, "description": "In legend Rome was founded in 753 B.C.E. by Romulus, its first king. 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We call the period Romanesque (Roman-like) because the masons of this period looked back to the architecture of ancient Rome.", "node_slug": "romanesque1", "title": "Romanesque", "slug": "romanesque1", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "romanesque1", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/romanesque1", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/romanesque1/", "extended_slug": "humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/romanesque1", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "An exploration of how veneration is still very much in evidence today -- and not always in expected places. 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The linen canvas measures 20 inches in height by 130 feet\u00a0 in length (50 cm x 70 m), and supports the narrative embroidery that tells of the Norman invasion of England\u2014though very much from the Norman perspective.\n\nThe tapestry depicts Duke William of Normandy's conquest of Harold Godwinson\u2014England's new and ill-fated King. The conquest is portrayed as fully justified, and Harold is represented as an opportunist who broke his oaths to Edward the Confessor, former King of England, and to William himself. 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We\u2019re talking about the style of art and architecture In Europe from the 1100s to the beginnings of the Renaissance at about 1400. Hopefully by the end of this tutorial when someone says Gothic, you\u2019ll think of enormous stained-glass windows in churches whose vaulted ceilings reach toward heaven and not black clothing and dark eyeliner!", "node_slug": "gothic1", "title": "Gothic", "slug": "gothic1", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "gothic1", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/", "extended_slug": "humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Ambulatory, Basilica of Saint Denis, Paris, 1140-44.\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis", "slug": "birth-of-the-gothic-abbot-suger-and-the-ambulatory-in-the-basilica-of-st-denis-1140-44", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/birth-of-the-gothic-abbot-suger-and-the-ambulatory-in-the-basilica-of-st-denis-1140-44/", "id": "2EciWH-1ya4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "St. Denis Ambulatory (quiz)", "slug": "st-denis-ambulatory-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/st-denis-ambulatory-quiz/", "id": "st--denis-ambulatory-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 1: Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres, c.1145 and 1194-c.1220 This video (1 of 3), focuses on the cathedral's pre-Gothic history, its sacred relic, and the westwerk's royal portal and jamb figures Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker For more: http://smarthistory.org/Gothic.html", "title": "Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres (part 1)", "slug": "part-1-cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-c-1145-and-1194-c-1220", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/part-1-cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-c-1145-and-1194-c-1220/", "id": "w8QRG-Xc6oU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2: Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres, c.1145 and 1194-c.1220 This video (2 of 3), focuses on the cathedral's interior, its stained glass, nave, aisles, elevation, and choir Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker For more: http://smarthistory.org/Gothic.html", "title": "Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres (part 2)", "slug": "part-2-cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-c-1145-and-1194-c-1220", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/part-2-cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-c-1145-and-1194-c-1220/", "id": "dN5XRW7T0cc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 3: Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres, c.1145 and 1194-c.1220\n\nThis video (3 of 3), focuses on the symbolism of light, the cathedral's flying buttresses, transept, the iconography of the north rose window, and the north porch and its sculptural program\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nFor more: http://smarthistory.org/Gothic.html", "title": "Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres (part 3)", "slug": "part-3-cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-c-1145-and-1194-c-1220", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/part-3-cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-c-1145-and-1194-c-1220/", "id": "vAtQB9wLkUA"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres (quiz)", "slug": "cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-quiz/", "id": "cathedral-of-notre-dame-de-chartres-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Unknown artist,\u00a0The Wilton Diptych, c. 1395-99, tempera on oak panel, 53 x 37 cm\u00a0\n(The National Gallery, London)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris\n", "title": "Wilton Diptych", "slug": "wilton-diptych", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/wilton-diptych/", "id": "Z2Zmmx0u-gE"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Wilton Diptych (quiz)", "slug": "wilton-diptych-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/wilton-diptych-quiz/", "id": "wilton-diptych-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Bonaventura Berlinghieri, \u00a0St. Francis Altarpiece, 1235 (Church of San Francesco, Pescia, Italy). 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Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Giotto, St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata", "slug": "giotto-st-francis-receiving-the-stigmata-c-1295-1300", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/giotto-st-francis-receiving-the-stigmata-c-1295-1300/", "id": "MQct5EFQ9x8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Giotto's Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua, c. 1305, Part 1\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 1)", "slug": "giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-padua-c-1305-part-1-of-4", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-padua-c-1305-part-1-of-4/", "id": "47QgqdeSi0U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2: The Narrative Cycle from Giotto's Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua, c. 1305\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 2)", "slug": "giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-part-2-of-4", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-part-2-of-4/", "id": "I356lV1v8Bc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 3: The Lamentation from Giotto's Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua, c. 1305\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 3)", "slug": "giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-part-3-of-4", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-part-3-of-4/", "id": "RbBQN0Wt_wY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 4: The Last Judgment from Giotto's Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua, c. 1305\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 4)", "slug": "giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-part-4-of-4", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/giotto-arena-scrovegni-chapel-part-4-of-4/", "id": "6z_Kjsn8VLI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Giotto, Arena Chapel (quiz)", "slug": "arena-chapel-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/arena-chapel-quiz/", "id": "arena-chapel-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Giotto, The Entombment of Mary, 1310, tempera on poplar, 75 x 179 cm (Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, Kaiser Friedrich-Museums-Verein, Berlin)", "title": "Giotto, The Entombment of Mary", "slug": "giotto-the-entombment-of-mary-1310", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/giotto-the-entombment-of-mary-1310/", "id": "be9rz_HOnXI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Andrea Pisano, Reliefs for the Campanile in Florence, c. 1336\n\n\nSpeakers: David Drogin and Beth Harris", "title": "Andrea Pisano's reliefs on the Campanile in Florence", "slug": "andrea-pisano-reliefs-for-the-florence-campanile-c-1336", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/andrea-pisano-reliefs-for-the-florence-campanile-c-1336/", "id": "ncgAfzRSJrI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Florence in the 1300s (quiz)", "slug": "florence-in-the-1300s", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/florence-late-gothic/florence-in-the-1300s/", "id": "florence-in-the-1300s"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xb5df7436"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "952862569"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "952728915"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x854e8007"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "575708250"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xd6532eeb"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671702322"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1261328967"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x9ea93601"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719804656"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcb22ac20"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671702323"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x95d280b3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xde56ea50"}], "hide": false, "description": "When we think of the Renaissance, we tend to think of Florence (and Rome). But the city of Siena also deserves our attention. Today, the lovely walled city of Siena is one of the best preserved Medieval cities in Europe and it was chosen by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site. In the 14th century, Siena was a wealthy independent nation and often at war with its neighbor, Florence. Some of the most important art of the 14th century was commissioned for Siena\u2019s Cathedral and town hall. Duccio and his students, the Lorenzetti brothers and Simone Martini produced large-scale painting with an intricacy and subtle coloration that is unique in the Renaissance.", "node_slug": "siena-late-gothic", "title": "Siena, the Late Gothic", "slug": "siena-late-gothic", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "siena-late-gothic", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/siena-late-gothic", "path": "khan/humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/siena-late-gothic/", "extended_slug": "humanities/medieval-world/late-gothic-italy/siena-late-gothic", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Duccio, Maesta (front), 1308-11 (Museo dell'Opera Metropolitana del Duomo, Siena) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker.\n\nDuring this period, and for hundreds of years, Italy was not a unified country, but rather was divided into many small countries we call city-states.\u00a0Florence, Siena, Milan, Venice\u2014these were essentially independent nations with their own governments\u2014and they were at war with each other.\nThese city-states also had independent cultures with their own distinct styles in painting and sculpture. Siena had a unique style that emphasized decorative surfaces, sinuous lines, elongated figures and the heavy use of gold.\n\nDuccio was the founder of the Sienese style and his work was quite different from the Florentine painter Giotto. Giotto emphasized a greater naturalism\u2014creating figures who are more monumental (large, heavy and with a greater sense of accurate proportion) and a greater illusion of three-dimensional space.\u00a0\n\nContemporaneous description of the procession that brought this painting to Siena Cathedral (or Duomo):\n\nAt this time the altarpiece for the high altar was finished and the picture which was called the \"Madonna with the large eyes\" or Our Lady of Grace, that now hangs over the altar of St. Boniface, was taken down. Now this Our Lady was she who had hearkened to the people of Siena when the Florentines were routed at Monte Aperto, and her place was changed because the new one was made, which is far more beautiful and devout and larger, and is painted on the back with the stories of the Old and New Testaments. And on the day that it was carried to the Duomo the shops were shut, and the bishop conducted a great and devout company of priests and friars in solemn procession, accompanied by the nine signiors, and all the officers of the commune, and all the people, and one after another the worthiest with lighted candles in their hands took places near the picture, and behind came the women and children with great devotion. And they accompanied the said picture up to the Duomo, making the procession around the Campo, as is the custom, all the bells ringing joyously, out of reverence for so noble a picture as this. And this picture Duccio di Niccol\u00f2 the painter made, and it was made in the house of the Muciatti outside the gate aStalloreggi. And all that day persons, praying God and His Mother, who is our advocate, to defend us by their infinite mercy from every adversity and all evil, and keep us from the hands of traitors and of the enemies of Siena.\n\nEnglish translation: Charles Eliot Norton,\u00a0Historical Studies of Church-Buildings in the Middle Ages: Venice, Siena, Florence\u00a0(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880), 144-45\n\nItalian text:\u00a0G. 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A male studio assistant posed for the anatomical study, which was preparatory for the Libyan Sibyl, one of the female seers frescoed on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (Vatican Palace) in 1508-12. In the fresco, the figure is clothed except for her powerful shoulders and arms, and has an elaborately braided coiffure. Michelangelo used the present sheet to explore the elements that were crucial in the elegant resolution of the figure's pose, especially the counterpoint twist of shoulders and hips and the manner of weight-bearing on her toe. Recent research shows that this sheet of studies was owned by the Buonarroti family soon after Michelangelo's death. The \"no. 21\" inscribed on the verso of the sheet (at lower center) fits precisely into a numerical sequence found on many other drawings by the artist that have this early Buonarroti family provenance.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. 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Campbell on game changers in Bernard van Orley and Pieter de Pannemaker\u2019s The Last Supper.\n\nThis splendid Last Supper is part of a series of four tapestries illustrating the Passion of Christ. They were designed by Bernard van Orley, a leading artist in sixteenth-century Brussels, the preeminent center for tapestry manufacture in this period. The work exemplifies van Orley\u2019s integration of Northern traditions and Italian models to develop a new tapestry style. He combined the expressive emotion and penchant for detail found in Albrecht D\u00fcrer\u2019s Last Supper woodcut, which inspired the tapestry\u2019s compositional arrangement, with Raphael\u2019s monumental figures and spatial construction. Raphael\u2019s cartoons for the tapestry series Acts of the Apostles, commissioned for the Sistine Chapel and sent to Brussels to be woven, were significant models for van Orley and other Flemish artists, providing a paradigm of the grand, heroic narrative style of contemporary Roman art. In the Last Supper, populated by muscular, rhetorically gesturing figures engaged in a moment of high drama, van Orley fully realized tapestry's potential for emulating monumental painting.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan.\u00a0For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, try this and also visit\u00a0Find an Educator Resource.\n", "title": "\"Breakthrough\" with Thomas P. 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According to legend St Ursula was an English princess who decided to go on a holy pilgrimage before her marriage. The legend also states that she took with her 11,000 virgin companions as company for the journey.\n\nThe troop of 11,000 virgins travelled to Cologne, Basle and Rome and made their way home back through Cologne. It was here that they met with a group of pagan Huns, whose leader wanted to marry Ursula. Ursula being already engaged and a virgin refused! This made the Huns so angry that they murdered all 11,000 of the girls by arrow fire.\n\n11,000 virgins is certainly a large party \u2013 the legend of there being 11,000 virgins became fixed in the 10th century, but this was probably through a misunderstanding of a Latin numerical inscription which read 11 rather than 11,000! Once the legend took off it became incredibly popular and indeed provided much inspiration for medieval craftsmen to create objects such as this.\n\nThe \u2018door\u2019 in the centre of the head of this reliquary opens to reveal a cavity which once held a skull relic of this unknown female saint. \u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum\n", "title": "Reliquary bust of a companion of Saint Ursula", "slug": "st-ursula", "path": "khan/humanities/renaissance-reformation/northern/antwerp-bruges/st-ursula/", "id": "VEv7Mmx1V4w"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1159627874"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671686562"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x34f59595"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719781802"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719624692"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "cranach-altdorfer", "title": "Cranach and Altdorfer", "slug": "cranach-altdorfer", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "cranach-altdorfer", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/renaissance-reformation/northern/cranach-altdorfer", "path": "khan/humanities/renaissance-reformation/northern/cranach-altdorfer/", "extended_slug": "humanities/renaissance-reformation/northern/cranach-altdorfer", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Albrecht Altdorfer, The Battle of Issus, 1529, oil on panel, 158.4 \u00d7\u00a0120.3\u00a0cm, Alte Pinakothek, Munich. 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Bernini turns stone into flesh and Caravaggio makes the distant stories of the Bible into immediate experiences that take place before our eyes. Here are glorious frescos that dissolve the ceilings of cathedrals and reach up to the infinity of heaven.", "node_slug": "baroque-italy", "title": "Italy", "slug": "baroque-italy", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "baroque-italy", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/", "extended_slug": "humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Pluto and Proserpina (also know as the Rape of Proserpina), 1621-22, marble (Galleria Borghese, Rome). 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She was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which had inspired Neptune\u2019s love to serpents.\n\nAccording to Apollodorus, Medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's head on the shield of Minerva, which he had used in his expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. . . . Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Perseus conquered.(From\u00a0Lempri\u00e9re\u2019s Classical Dictionary of Proper names mentioned in Ancient Authors Writ Large. Ed. J. Lempri\u00e9re and F.A. Wright. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. As quoted by\u00a0Modern American Poetry site, Department of English, University of Illinois)\n", "title": "Bernini, Bust of Medusa", "slug": "bernini-bust-of-medusa-c-1644-48", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/bernini-bust-of-medusa-c-1644-48/", "id": "W3a2QIm3cXM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, 1647-52 (Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome). Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nThis is Saint Teresa's\u00a0description of the event that Bernini depicts:\u00a0\"Beside me, on the left, appeared an angel in bodily form.... He was not tall but short, and very beautiful; and his face was so aflame that he appeared to be one of the highest rank of angels, who seem to be all on fire.... In his hands I saw a great golden spear, and at the iron tip there appeared to be a point of fire. This he plunged into my heart several times so that it penetrated to my entrails. When he pulled it out I felt that he took them with it, and left me utterly consumed by the great love of God. The pain was so severe that it made me utter several moans. The sweetness caused by this intense pain is so extreme that one cannot possibly wish it to cease, nor is one's soul content with anything but God. This is not a physical but a spiritual pain, though the body has some share in it\u2014even a considerable share.\"\n", "title": "Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa", "slug": "bernini-ecstasy-of-st-theresa", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/bernini-ecstasy-of-st-theresa/", "id": "RKcJvjP9zgY"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (quiz)", "slug": "bernini-s-ecstasy-of-saint-teresa-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/bernini-s-ecstasy-of-saint-teresa-quiz/", "id": "bernini-s-ecstasy-of-saint-teresa-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Cathedra Petri (or Chair of St. Peter), gilded bronze, gold, wood, stained glass, 1647-53 (apse of Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Rome).\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker \n\nAccording to tradition, St. Peter himself, the founder of the institution of the Church and considered the first pope, sat on the ancient wooden chair that is encased within this larger bronze and gold chair.", "title": "Bernini, Cathedra Petri (Chair of St. Peter)", "slug": "gian-lorenzo-bernini-cathedra-petri-chair-of-st-peter-c-120-80-b-c-e", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/gian-lorenzo-bernini-cathedra-petri-chair-of-st-peter-c-120-80-b-c-e/", "id": "z-yC6Owcg7g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gianlorenzo Bernini, Saint Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro), Vatican City, Rome, 1656-67\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Bernini, Saint Peter's Square", "slug": "bernini-st-peter-s-piazza-1656-67", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/bernini-st-peter-s-piazza-1656-67/", "id": "ljmwlMTH5Tk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, 1658-70, Rome; commissioned by Cardinal Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili for the nearby Jesuit seminary", "title": "Bernini, Sant'Andrea al Quirinale", "slug": "bernini-sant-andrea-al-quirinale", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/bernini-sant-andrea-al-quirinale/", "id": "EhEg8Wx_NA8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (\"Carlino\"), Rome. Commissioned by Cardinal Francesco Barberini in 1634 for the Holy Order of the Trinity; construction began in 1638 and the church was consecrated in 1646.\n\nSpeakers: Frank Dabell, Dr. Beth Harris, and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane", "slug": "francesco-borromini-san-carlo-1638-1646", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/francesco-borromini-san-carlo-1638-1646/", "id": "Wm-akMcsHEc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Narcissus at the Source, oil on canvas, 1597-99 (Palazzo Barbarini) \n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Caravaggio, Narcissus at the Source", "slug": "caravaggio-narcissus-at-the-source-1597-99", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-narcissus-at-the-source-1597-99/", "id": "JrTsNuUQXzU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Caravaggio, Calling of St. Matthew, c. 1599-1600, oil on canvas (Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome). A Smarthistory video by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker", "title": "Caravaggio, Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi", "slug": "caravaggio-contarelli-chapel-san-luigi-dei-francesi-rome", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-contarelli-chapel-san-luigi-dei-francesi-rome/", "id": "OcUMAHfo9MA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Caravaggio's Calling of St. Matthew, oil on canvas, c. 1599-1600 (Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome)", "title": "Caravaggio, Calling of Saint Matthew", "slug": "caravaggio-s-calling-of-st-matthew-c-1599-1600", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-s-calling-of-st-matthew-c-1599-1600/", "id": "SZF5K8epWko"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Caravaggio, Calling of St. Matthew (quiz)", "slug": "caravaggio-calling-of-st-matthew-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-calling-of-st-matthew-quiz/", "id": "caravaggio--calling-of-st--matthew-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Caravaggio, Crucifixion of St. Peter, oil on canvas, 1601 (Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Caravaggio, Crucifixion of Saint Peter", "slug": "caravaggio-crucifixion-of-st-peter-1601", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-crucifixion-of-st-peter-1601/", "id": "cLICU2cDHrs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, The Supper at Emmaus, 1601, oil on canvas, 55 x 77 inches, 141 x 196.2 cm (National Gallery, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Caravaggio, Supper at Emmaus", "slug": "caravaggio-the-supper-at-emmaus-1601", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-the-supper-at-emmaus-1601/", "id": "asLQmxK7ExY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Caravaggio, Death of the Virgin, 1605-06, Oil on canvas, 12 feet, 10 inches x 8 feet (369 x 245 cm) (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) Painted for the altar of a family chapel in the church of Santa Maria della Scala del Trastevere, Rome. Speakers: Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker http://www.smarthistory.org/caravaggios-death-of-the-virgin.html", "title": "Caravaggio, Death of the Virgin", "slug": "caravaggio-death-of-the-virgin-1605-06", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/caravaggio-death-of-the-virgin-1605-06/", "id": "TkH-yjJ35vU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes, 1620-21, oil on canvas, 162.5 x 199 cm (Uffizi Gallery, Florence)\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes", "slug": "gentileschi-judith", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/gentileschi-judith/", "id": "BHFuLS9NW6s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Guercino, St. Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin, oil on canvas, 1652-53\n(Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City)", "title": "Guercino, Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin", "slug": "guercino-st-luke-displaying-a-painting-of-the-virgin-1652-53", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/guercino-st-luke-displaying-a-painting-of-the-virgin-1652-53/", "id": "EczhLjFtyio"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Church of Il Gesu, Rome (consecrated 1584, ceiling fresco, The Triumph of the Name of Jesus, by il Baciccio, also known as Giovanni Battista Gaulli, 1672-1685). Speakers: Frank Dabell, Beth Harris, and Steven Zucker Made with our partners, contexttravel.org", "title": "Il Ges\u00f9, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco", "slug": "il-gesu-rome-consecrated-1584", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/il-gesu-rome-consecrated-1584/", "id": "aj2el_owSg4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Andrea Pozzo, Saint Ignatius Chapel in the left transept of the church, Il Ges\u00f9, Rome (commissioned in 1695). \n\nMany artists contributed including Alessandro Algardi, Pierre Legros, Bernardino Ludovisi, Il Lorenzone and Jean-Baptiste Th\u00e9odon. \nMaterials include bronze, gold, silver, and many semiprecious stones most notably lapis lazuli. \n\nhttp://smarthistory.org/andrea-pozzos-saint-ignatius-chapel-in-church-il-gesu.html\nSpeakers: Frank Dabell, Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Pozzo, Saint Ignatius Chapel, Il Ges\u00f9", "slug": "pozzo-st-ignatius-chapel-il-gesu-rome-commissioned-in-1695", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/pozzo-st-ignatius-chapel-il-gesu-rome-commissioned-in-1695/", "id": "A3vkqYgJ93c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Fra Andrea Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, ceiling fresco in the nave of Sant'Ignazio, Rome, 1691-94\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, Sant'Ignazio", "slug": "pozzo-glorification-of-saint-ignatius-ceiling-fresco-in-the-nave-of-sant-ignazio-rome-1691-94", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/pozzo-glorification-of-saint-ignatius-ceiling-fresco-in-the-nave-of-sant-ignazio-rome-1691-94/", "id": "7ym7FWyCzKI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Pierre Le Gros the Younger, Stanislas Kostka on His Deathbed, 1703, upstairs at Bernini's Sant'Andrea al Quirinale\n\nSpeakers: Frank Dabbell, Beth Harris and Steven Zucker \n\nA Smarthistory.org video", "title": "Pierre Le Gros the Younger, Stanislas Kostka on his Deathbed", "slug": "pierre-le-gros-the-younger-stanislas-kostka-on-his-deathbed-1703", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/pierre-le-gros-the-younger-stanislas-kostka-on-his-deathbed-1703/", "id": "FgVkgR1bXvY"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Baroque art in Italy (quiz)", "slug": "baroque-art-in-italy", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/baroque-art-in-italy/", "id": "baroque-art-in-italy"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xeb53c8df"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xdd5f79a0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1159741563"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2bd17f66"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2a3da48e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671691300"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671622665"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5126b6bf"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x26420a2a"}], "hide": false, "description": "This tutorial focuses on the art of Peter Paul Rubens, whose work was in high demand by nearly every King, Queen and aristocrat in Catholic Europe (good thing he had a huge workshop!). Rubens was a master of color, dramatic compositions, and movement. Although he was from Northern Europe, he traveled to Italy and absorbed the art of the Renaissance, of classical antiquity, and of Caravaggio. He painted nearly every type of subject\u2014landscapes, portraits, mythology, and history paintings.", "node_slug": "flanders-1", "title": "Flanders", "slug": "flanders-1", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "flanders-1", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/", "extended_slug": "humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Peter Paul Rubens, Elevation of the Cross, 1610, oil on wood, 15 feet 1-7/8 inches x 11 feet 1-1/2 inches (originally for Saint Walpurgis (destroyed),\u00a0now in Antwerp Cathedral)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris\n", "title": "Peter Paul Rubens, Elevation of the Cross", "slug": "rubens-elevation", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/rubens-elevation/", "id": "qyQGBJIYC5s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sir Peter Paul Rubens, The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, 1617-18, oil on canvas, 224 x 210.5 cm, Alte Pinakothek, Munich Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Rubens, The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus", "slug": "peter-paul-rubens-the-rape-of-the-daughters-of-leucippus", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/peter-paul-rubens-the-rape-of-the-daughters-of-leucippus/", "id": "t9_lemSlr1o"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Peter Paul Rubens, The Presentation of the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, c. 1622-1625, oil on canvas, 394 x 295 cm (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris\n", "title": "Rubens, The Presentation of the Portrait of Marie de' Medici", "slug": "rubens-marie", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/rubens-marie/", "id": "jWQ4V43TJ6o"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Peter Paul Rubens, Arrival (or Disembarkation) of Marie de Medici at Marseilles,1621-25, oil on canvas, 394 x 295 cm (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) Speakers: Drs. 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He pays little heed to Venus, his mistress, who, accompanied by Amors and Cupids, strives with caresses and emraces to hold him. From the other side, Mars is dragged forward by the Fury Alekto, with a torch in her hand. Near by are monsters personifying Pestilence and Famine, those inseparable partners of War. On the ground, turning her back, lies a woman with a broken lute, representing Harmony, which is incompatible with the discord of War. There is also a mother with her child in her arms, indicating that fecundity, procreation and charity are thwarted by War, which corrupts and destroys everything. In addition, one sees an architect thrown on his back, with his instruments in his hand, to show that which in time of peace is constructed for the use and ornamentation of the City, is hurled to the ground by the force of arms and falls to ruin. I believe, if I remember rightly, that you will find on the ground, under the feet of Mars, a book and a drawing on paper, to imply that he treads underfoot all the arts and letters. There ought also to be a bundle of darts or arrows, with the band which held them together undone; these when bound form the symbol of Concord. Beside them is the caduceus and an olive branch, attribute of Peace; these are also cast aside. That grief-stricken woman clothed in black, with torn veil, robbed of all her jewles and other ornaments, is the unfortunate Europe who, for so many years now, has suffered plunder, outrage, and misery, which are so injurious to everyone, that it is unnecessary to go into detail. Europe's attribute is the globe, borne by a small angel or genius, and surmounted by the cross, to symbolize the Christian world. (from a letter to Justus Sustermans, translated by Kristin Lohse Belin, in Rubens, Phaidon, 1998).\n", "title": "Rubens, the Consequences of War", "slug": "peter-paul-rubens-the-consequences-of-war-1638-39", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/peter-paul-rubens-the-consequences-of-war-1638-39/", "id": "K9iMsmhBOjk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Anthony van Dyck, Charles I at the Hunt, c. 1635, oil on canvas, 2.66 x 2.07 m (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre), inscribed: \"Carolus.I.REX Magnae Britanniae\" - Charles I rules Great Britain\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker \u00a0", "title": "Anthony van Dyck, Charles I at the Hunt, c. 1635", "slug": "van-dyck-charles-i", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/van-dyck-charles-i/", "id": "SHZojeuDLjM"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Baroque art in Flanders (quiz)", "slug": "baroque-art-in-flanders", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/flanders-1/baroque-art-in-flanders/", "id": "baroque-art-in-flanders"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "708138867"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719786822"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe82c5b32"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xdc69f7fe"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcebf0456"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x7664e21a"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb7c3dad4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671622663"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcfe1b3de"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6737a4c4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671622662"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xca57f334"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb323cbe4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb3c48a24"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "708138866"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671686569"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7f6822bf"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6ecb93b4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd8dc58b1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x67786c28"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc21701f4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb604e352"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xaa8592e4"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4bd30db4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671686574"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xd95f6f47"}], "hide": false, "description": "In the Protestant Dutch Republic of the 17th century there was an enormous demand for art from a wide cross-section of the public. This was a very good thing, since the institution that had been the main patron for art\u2014the Church\u2014was no longer in the business of commissioning art due to the Protestant Reformation. Dutch artists sought out new subjects of interest to their new clientele, scenes of everyday life (genre paintings), landscapes and still-lifes. There was also an enormous market for portraits. One of the greatest artist of this period, Rembrandt, made his name as a portrait painter, but was also a printmaker, and his work also includes moving interpretations of biblical subjects (though from a Protestant perspective).", "node_slug": "holland", "title": "Dutch Republic", "slug": "holland", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "holland", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/", "extended_slug": "humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Frans Hals, Singing Boy with Flute, c. 1623, oil on canvas, 68.8 x 55.2 cm (Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)", "title": "Hals, Singing Boy with Flute", "slug": "frans-hals-singing-boy-with-flute-c-1623", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/frans-hals-singing-boy-with-flute-c-1623/", "id": "iQ5uG6ryCa4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Frans Hals, Malle Babbe, c. 1633, oil on canvas, 78.50 x 66.20 cm (Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)", "title": "Hals, Malle Babbe", "slug": "frans-hals-malle-babbe-c-1633", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/frans-hals-malle-babbe-c-1633/", "id": "9fEublFSTOg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rembrandt van Rijn, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632, oil on canvas, 169.5 x 216.5 cm, (Mauritshuis, Den Haag). 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(81.6 x 61 cm), (Dulwich Picture Gallery, London) Speakers: Pippa Couch, Rachel Ropeik", "title": "Rembrandt, Girl at a Window", "slug": "rembrandt-a-girl-at-a-window-1645", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/rembrandt-a-girl-at-a-window-1645/", "id": "xSixUm1cXSw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Met curator Walter Liedtke on reflection in Rembrandt van Rijn\u2019s Aristotle with a Bust of Homer.\n\nAristotle (384\u2013322 B.C.E.) rests his hand reflectively on a bust of Homer, the blind epic poet of the Iliad and the Odyssey. A medallion representing Alexander the Great, whom Aristotle tutored, hangs from the heavy gold chain. The philosopher contemplates material rewards as opposed to spiritual values, with the play of light and shadow on his features suggesting the motions of his mind. Painted for the great Sicilian collector Antonio Ruffo, the picture also refers to Aristotle's comparison of touch and sight as a means of acquiring knowledge.\u00a0\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit Find an educator resource.\n", "title": "\"The Choice\" with Walter Liedtke", "slug": "the-choice", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/the-choice/", "id": "B2dCeTPDEKY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Met curator Nadine Orenstein on universal emotion in Rembrandt van Rijn\u2019s Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves: The Three Crosses.\n\nThe Three Crosses, Rembrandt's finest works in any medium, represents the culmination of his virtuosity as a printmaker. He drew on the copperplate entirely in drypoint which allowed him to fully exploit the velvety areas of burr raised by the drypoint tool as it cut into the copper. When Rembrandt created this impression, he deliberately left ink on the printing plate; it lightly veils the figures standing at the foot of the cross on the right; a thicker layer almost completely covers the bushes along the right edge. By creatively inking the copperplate, Rembrandt in a certain sense painted each impression. Each time he printed the copperplate he created a unique work. He further varied impressions by printing them on different supports; this impression is printed on vellum, which infuses the composition with a warm light. Vellum, less absorbent than paper, holds ink on the surface, softening lines and enhancing the richness of entire effect.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a\u00a0related lesson plan. For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, try this and also visit Find an Educator Resource.\n", "title": "\"Altered States\" with Nadine Orenstein", "slug": "altered-states", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/altered-states/", "id": "lF-7leHMUbw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rembrandt van Rijn, Bathsheba at Her Bath, 1654, oil on canvas, 56 x 56 in (142 x 142 cm) , Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris Speakers: Drs. 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(61 x 79 cm), (Dulwich Picture Gallery, London)\n\nSpeakers: Pippa Couch, Rachel S. Ropeik", "title": "Van Huysum, Vase with Flowers", "slug": "jan-van-huysum-vase-with-flowers-c-1718-20", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/jan-van-huysum-vase-with-flowers-c-1718-20/", "id": "WOnOq9YIrWI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Baroque art in Holland (quiz)", "slug": "baroque-art-in-holland", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/holland/baroque-art-in-holland/", "id": "baroque-art-in-holland"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x8ec68f55"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x48832a1e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671622664"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671632343"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x37fa3b15"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671702330"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x04ab86b2"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x71b53e7d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671563218"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x05723c67"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6e0a511f"}], "hide": false, "description": "The main focus of this tutorial, and a leading artist at this time is the great Diego Velazquez, who spent most of his career as the court painter to the King of Spain painting official portraits. But in the hands of Velazquez, even mundane portraits became masterpieces of brushwork and color. His early work was influenced by the realism of Caravaggio. Get up close to the princess in his later masterpiece, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), and you\u2019ll see broad brushstrokes of red, pink, black and white, but step back and they magically resolve to create a perfect illusion of the silk of her dress and the light moving across her face and hair. 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Follow us on Google+", "title": "The inlay technique of marquetry", "id": "9JcpyE01Yzc", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/rococo/inlay-technique-marquetry/", "slug": "inlay-technique-marquetry"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Honor\u00e9 Fragonard, The Swing, oil on canvas, 1767 (Wallace Collection, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Fragonard, The Swing", "slug": "fragonard-the-swing-1767", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/rococo/fragonard-the-swing-1767/", "id": "rVI5Sjm0xKI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "This quiz is for the video Fragonard, The Swing.", "title": "Fragonard's The Swing Quiz", "slug": "fragonard-s-the-swing-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/rococo/fragonard-s-the-swing-quiz/", "id": "fragonard-s-the-swing-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Honor\u00e9 Fragonard, The Progress of Love: The Meeting, 1771-1773, oil on canvas, 317.5 x 243.8 cm (The Frick Collection, New York)", "title": "Fragonard, The Meeting", "slug": "jean-honor-fragonard-the-progress-of-love-the-meeting-1771-1773", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/rococo/jean-honor-fragonard-the-progress-of-love-the-meeting-1771-1773/", "id": "w1dqzlTTm0E"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Rococo Art", "slug": "rococo-art", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/rococo/rococo-art/", "id": "rococo-art"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xb1087284"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671539970"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x936ec236"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x30c89309"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671711125"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x76bd6c20"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x92d1fa7a"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xde791cca"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671563221"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc965e334"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671539973"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8a4184ac"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671563220"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xeff1f265"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5efe5ea7"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x6b876dca"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x93a739d7"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x45c3b18b"}], "hide": false, "description": "Jacques Louis David invented a style reflecting Enlightenment ideas by looking back to ancient art. 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As with many of his iconic Neoclassical canvases, the subject was drawn from Roman history but found great resonance in the context of contemporary events. The canvas depicts an episode from the life of Lucius Junius Brutus, who put to an end the brutal r\u00e9gime of Tarquin, Rome\u2019s last king, and established the first Roman Empire, only to later find his two sons embroiled in a royalist conspiracy. True to his political convictions, Brutus condemned his sons to death. The novelty of David\u2019s painting is its focus, not on the executions, but on the wrenching domestic aftermath.\u00a0David\u2019s Neoclassical style is fully formed here and can be seen in the clean geometry of the architectural setting, the arrangement of the figures in a relief-like plane, the linear treatment of the forms, and the cool monochrome palette. The poses of the main figures, from the brooding Brutus cast in shadow at the left, to his anguished wife and daughters to the right, as well as the furniture and accessories, are all based on antiquities copied by the artist while he was a student in Rome.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\u00a0\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit Find an educator resource.\u00a0\n", "title": "\"Family\" with Perrin Stein", "slug": "family", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/neo-classicism/family/", "id": "n_4UNkeqk8s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, 1793, oil on canvas, 65 x 50-1/2 inches (Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels)\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n", "title": "Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat", "slug": "david-marat", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/neo-classicism/david-marat/", "id": "Hw2_hv439Fg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jacques-Louis David, The Intervention of the Sabine Women, 1799, Oil on canvas, 12 feet, 8 inches x 17 feet and 3/4 of an inch or 3.85 x 5.22 m (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\n\u00a0\n\nAt this juncture the Sabine women, from the outrage on whom the war originated,\u00a0\n\nwith hair dishevelled and garments rent, the timidity of their sex being overcome\u00a0\n\nby such dreadful scenes, had the courage to throw themselves amid the flying\u00a0\n\nweapons, and making a rush across, to part the incensed armies, and assuage their\u00a0\n\nfury; imploring their fathers on the one side, their husbands on the other, \"that as\u00a0\n\nfathers-in-law and sons-in-law they would not contaminate each other with impious\u00a0\n\nblood, nor stain their offspring with parricide, the one their grandchildren, the other\u00a0\n\ntheir children. If you are dissatisfied with the affinity between you, if with our\u00a0\n\nmarriages, turn your resentment against us; we are the cause of war, we of wounds\u00a0\n\nand of bloodshed to our husbands and parents. It were better that we perish than\u00a0\n\nlive widowed or fatherless without one or other of you.\" The silence affects both the multitudes and the leaders. Silence and sudden suspension ensue. Upon this the leaders come forward in order to concert a treaty, and they not only conclude a peace, but form one state out of two.\u00a0\n\nLivy,\u00a0The History of Rome\u00a0tranlated by D. Spillan, London: Bohn, 1849: book 1, section 13,\u00a0\n\npage 19\n", "title": "David, The Intervention of the Sabine Women", "slug": "david-the-intervention-of-the-sabine-women-1799", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/neo-classicism/david-the-intervention-of-the-sabine-women-1799/", "id": "ovOKjwLE4qA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jacques-Louis David, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, 1812, oil on canvas 80-1/4 x 49-1/4 inches (National Gallery of Art) For more videos see http://www.smarthistory.org", "title": "David, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries", "slug": "jacques-louis-david-the-emperor-napoleon-in-his-study-at-the-tuileries-1812", "path": "khan/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/neo-classicism/jacques-louis-david-the-emperor-napoleon-in-his-study-at-the-tuileries-1812/", "id": "Go5nAAwQnpA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, The Sleep of Endymion, 1791, oil on canvas, 1.98 x 2.61m (6 feet 5-\u00be inches x 8 feet 6-\u00be inches), exhibited in the salons of 1793 and 1814 (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) Speakers: Drs. 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Despite this, only a small percentage of gallery collections and displays belong to women artists, even today. So how do we go about talking about women in art history? Learn more about the changing role of female artists in a male dominated art world over the centuries. Join Jemima Kirke as she guides us through a history of women in art, exploring the ways in which they have been represented, underrepresented, and sometimes misrepresented.\nShould there exist a separate Women\u2019s Art History to tell this story, or is it simply a matter of inserting women into existing narratives? What about removing the label altogether, and referring to women artists as just artists? Would this ignore an important component of identity or recognise that women and men can be artists in equal measure?\u00a0How can women artists be sufficiently recognised without distancing them from art history as we know it?\n", "title": "Unlock Art: Where are the Women?", "slug": "where-are-the-women", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/intro-becoming-modern/where-are-the-women/", "id": "AbUkraQIYv8"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x1a886c0f"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xd8fe62cd"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xdfe479bc"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x8220c628"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x2b937ee7"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xfe4c2595"}], "hide": false, "description": "Artists such as Delacroix, Goya, Turner, and Friedrich responded to a newly modern world by creating some of the most emotionally expressive art ever made.", "node_slug": "romanticism", "title": "Romanticism", "slug": "romanticism", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "romanticism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x89cc8015"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385801"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xb73ad205"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc49ea050"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8ea3a4e9"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656221"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc1acaff6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656224"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xde42b76a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671593301"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656223"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x0127ec70"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x851a24eb"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671422835"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671260999"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671539974"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6786fe7f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x6a3c2bee"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x2c996bfb"}], "hide": false, "description": "Romanticism begins in France with the violent and exotic battle scenes of Gros and the famous shipwreck, the Raft of the Medusa, painted by Gericault. Soon after, two distinct trends emerge in French painting, one\u2014represented by the artist Delacroix\u2014was rebellious, and emphasized emotion, color and loose brushwork. The other\u2014which can be seen in the art of Ingres\u2014upheld tradition, and emphasized line and a highly finished surface. Of course, things were more complicated\u2014but those were battle lines!", "node_slug": "romanticism-in-france", "title": "France", "slug": "romanticism-in-france", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "romanticism-in-france", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Pest House in Jaffa, 1804, oil on canvas, 209 x 280 inches (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nNote: Gros was a student of the Neo-Classical painter David, however, this painting, sometimes also titled, \u00a0Napoleon Visiting the Pest House in Jaffa, is a proto-Romantic painting that points to the later style of Gericault and Delacroix.\u00a0Gros was trained in David's studio between 1785-1792, and is most well known for recording Napoleon's military campaigns, which proved to be ideal subjects for exploring the exotic, violent, and heroic. In this painting, which measures more than 17 feet high and 23 feet wide, Gros depicted a legendary episode from Napoleon's campaigns in Egypt (1798-1801). On March 21, 1799, \u00a0in a make-shift hospital in Jaffa, Napoleon visited his troops who were stricken with the Bubonic Plague. Gros depicts Napoleon attempting to calm the growing panic about contagion by fearlessly \u00a0touching the sores of one of the plague victims. Like earlier neoclassical paintings such as David's Death of Marat, Gros combines Christian iconography, in this case Christ healing the sick, with a contemporary subject. He also draws on the art of classical antiquity, by depicting Napoleon in the same position as the ancient Greek sculpture, the Apollo Belvedere. In this way, he imbues Napoleon with divine qualities while simultaneously showing him as a military hero. But in contrast to David, Gros uses warm, sensual colors and focuses on the dead and dying who occupy the foreground of the painting. We see the same approach later in Delacroix's painting ofLiberty Leading the People (1830). Napoleon was a master at using art to manipulate his public image. In reality he had ordered the death of the prisoners who he could not afford to house or feed, and poisoned his troops who were dying from the plague as he retreated from Jaffa.\n", "title": "Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa", "slug": "gros-napoleon-bonaparte-visiting-the-pest-house-in-jaffa-1804", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france/gros-napoleon-bonaparte-visiting-the-pest-house-in-jaffa-1804/", "id": "Rx1HtFtc1cM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque, 1814, Oil on canvas, 36\" x 63\" (91 x 162 cm), (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris)", "title": "Ingres, La Grande Odalisque", "slug": "ingres-la-grande-odalisque-1814", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france/ingres-la-grande-odalisque-1814/", "id": "lSV-J1JHDFY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,\u00a0Princesse de Broglie, oil on canvas,\u00a01851\u201353\u00a0(The Metropolitan Museum of Art).\u00a0Speakers:\u00a0Dr. Beth Harris,\u00a0Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Ingres, Princesse de Broglie", "slug": "ingres-princess-de-broglie-1851-53", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france/ingres-princess-de-broglie-1851-53/", "id": "sQpAYcxSVEg"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Ingres, La Grande Odalisque (quiz)", "slug": "ingres-la-grande-odalisque-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-france/ingres-la-grande-odalisque-quiz/", "id": "ingres--la-grande-odalisque-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Raphael and the Fornarina, 1814, Oil on canvas, 64.77 x 53.34 cm (25 1/2 x 21 in.) 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Goya began his career designing tapestries for the royal residences, and eventually became court painter to the King of Spain. But after Napoleon\u2019s army occupied Spain and deposed the King, Goya documented the horrors he witnessed. His work following the occupation, including the Third of May 1808, remains some of the most powerful anti-war images ever created. His later years were spent largely in a house outside Madrid which he painted with haunting scenes. Saturn Devouring his sons belongs to this late series, known as the \u201cBlack Paintings.\u201d", "node_slug": "romanticism-in-spain", "title": "Spain", "slug": "romanticism-in-spain", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "romanticism-in-spain", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (quiz)", "slug": "goya-the-sleep-of-reason-produces-monsters-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain/goya-the-sleep-of-reason-produces-monsters-quiz/", "id": "goya--the-sleep-of-reason-produces-monsters-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV, c. 1800, Prado Museum, 280 cm x 336 cm (Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Goya, The Family of Charles IV", "slug": "goya-the-family-of-charles-iv-c-1800", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain/goya-the-family-of-charles-iv-c-1800/", "id": "TlvXGblFsv8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Goya, The Third of May (quiz)", "slug": "goya-the-third-of-may-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain/goya-the-third-of-may-quiz/", "id": "goya--the-third-of-may-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, Saturn Devouring One Of His Sons, 1821-1823, 143.5 x 81.4 cm (Prado, Madrid) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\n\u00a0\n\nOne of the\"Black Paintings\" that Goya painted on the walls of his house outside Madrid. This image was originally located on the lower floor of the house known as \"la Quinta del Sordo.\" Goya painted on the walls using several materials including oil paint. The \"Black Paintings\" had suffered significant damage and loss in their original location and when they were removed from the walls and transferred to canvas by Baron \u00c9mile d'Erlanger shortly after he aquired the house in 1873. Please note that Saturn is also known as Cronus or Kronus.\n", "title": "Goya, Saturn Devouring His Son", "slug": "goya-saturn-devouring-one-of-his-sons", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-spain/goya-saturn-devouring-one-of-his-sons/", "id": "3Lawz8TcPig"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x485a3eb0"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xde55086f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x4efbc2c6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719832194"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x585e08ad"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x6142b160"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe0038df8"}], "hide": false, "description": "As the industrial revolution transformed the British countryside, replacing fields with factories, painters turned to landscape. Constable painted his native suffolk, where he spent his childhood, and imbued it with a sense of affection for rural life. Turner, on the other hand, created dramatic and sublime landscapes with a sense of the heroic or even the tragic. What both of these artists have in common is a desire to make landscape painting\u2014understood as a low subject by the Academy which dictated official views on art\u2014carry serious meaning.", "node_slug": "romanticism-in-england", "title": "England (Blake and Fuseli)", "slug": "romanticism-in-england", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "romanticism-in-england", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-england", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-england/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-england", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Fuseli, The Nighmare (quiz)", "slug": "fuselli-the-nighmare-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-england/fuselli-the-nighmare-quiz/", "id": "fuselli--the-nighmare-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Henry Fuseli, Titania and Bottom, c. 1790, oil on canvas, 2172 x 2756 mm (Tate Britain, London)", "title": "Fuseli, Titania and Bottom", "slug": "henry-fuseli-titania-and-bottom-c-1790", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-england/henry-fuseli-titania-and-bottom-c-1790/", "id": "DMxaK0xjIdE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Met curator Constance McPhee on outsiders in William Blake\u2019s The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins.\n\nBlake painted four versions of this subject for his patron Thomas Butts and this lucid watercolor is the earliest. The wise virgins at left are elegant, palely luminous, and composed within a single plane, recalling classical low-relief sculpture. In contrast, their foolish companions at right are agitated and characterized by dark tones. The drawing illustrates\u00a0a parable in Matthew 25:1-13 used by Jesus to warn listeners to be spiritually prepared:\u00a0\n\nThen shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom. And five of them were wise, and five were foolish. They that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with them. But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps.\u00a0A trumpeting angel flying overhead signifies that the moment of judgment has arrived.\n\nView this work on the metmuseum.org.\u00a0\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan.\u00a0For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit Find an Educator Resource.\n", "title": "\"Be Prepared\" with Constance McPhee", "slug": "be-prepared", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/romanticism/romanticism-in-england/be-prepared/", "id": "8pSBIydZULc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Martin Myrone explores the work of William Blake. 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Ford Madox Brown's Work is one of over 150 works currently on show at Tate Britain in the exhibition Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde (2013).", "title": "Pre-Raphaelites: Curator's choice - Ford Madox Brown's 'Work'", "slug": "curators-choice-browns-work", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/curators-choice-browns-work/", "id": "uc2xgyjxKHg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Henry Wallis, Chatterton, 1856, oil on canvas, 622 x 933 cm (Tate Britain, London)", "title": "Wallis, Chatterton", "slug": "henry-wallis-chatterton-1856", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/henry-wallis-chatterton-1856/", "id": "HNoyVb1hr7g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "William Dyce, Pegwell Bay, Kent - a Recollection of October 5th 1858-60, oil on canvas,\n25 x 35 inches (Tate Britain, London)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Dyce's Pegwell Bay, Kent - a Recollection of October 5th, 1858", "slug": "dyce-pegwell-bay-kent-1858-60", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/dyce-pegwell-bay-kent-1858-60/", "id": "GlkqvEOYicA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "John Roddam Spencer Stanhope, Thoughts of the Past, exhibited 1859, oil on canvas, 864 x 508 mm (Tate Britain, London)", "title": "John Roddam Spencer Stanhope, Thoughts of the Past", "slug": "john-roddam-spencer-stanhope-thoughts-of-the-past-exhibited-1859", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/john-roddam-spencer-stanhope-thoughts-of-the-past-exhibited-1859/", "id": "zA2KSx5OYog"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, The Golden Stairs, 1880, oil on canvas\n2692 x 1168 mm (Tate Britain, London)", "title": "Burne-Jones, The Golden Stairs", "slug": "sir-edward-coley-burne-jones-the-golden-stairs-1880", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/sir-edward-coley-burne-jones-the-golden-stairs-1880/", "id": "VQniy8iq9EQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Edward Burne-Jones, King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid, oil on canvas, 1884\n(Tate Britain, London)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Burne-Jones, King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid", "slug": "burne-jones-king-cophetua-and-the-beggar-maid-1884", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/burne-jones-king-cophetua-and-the-beggar-maid-1884/", "id": "iPb5zeXTsSE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Hope, 1896, 179 x 63.5 cm, oil on canvas (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)", "title": "Burne-Jones, Hope", "slug": "sir-edward-burne-jones-hope-1896", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/sir-edward-burne-jones-hope-1896/", "id": "F00vnE37pIE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "All Saints Church, 7 Margaret Street, London\nArchitect: William Butterfield\n\nPrimary patrons: Alexander Beresford Hope and Henry Tritton\n\nDesigned 1849\n\nCornerstone laid by Edward Bouverie Pusey, 1850\n\nConsecrated 1859\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Ayla Lepine and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nWilliam Butterfield had little more than 100 square feet of real estate, but designed perhaps the greatest example of High Victorian Gothic architecture. The spire soars 227 feet above London and its interior is a kaleidoscope of color and pattern that expresses the vision of the Oxford Movement and the Ecclesiological Society. In 1841, the Society announced its intentions for their model church:\n\nIt must be in a Gothic Style.\n\nIt must be built of solid materials.\n\nIts ornament should decorate its construction.\n\nIts artist should be 'a single pious and laborious artist alone, pondering deeply over his duty to do his best for the service of God's Holy Religion'.\n\nAbove all the church must be built so that the 'Rubricks and Canons of the Church of England may be Consistently observed, and the Sacraments rubrically and decently administered\u2019.\n", "title": "William Butterfield, All Saints, Margaret Street", "slug": "william-butterfield-all-saints-church-margaret-street", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/william-butterfield-all-saints-church-margaret-street/", "id": "OMEDRrGpybY"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge of Pre-Raphaelite Art!", "title": "Pre-Raphaelites", "slug": "pre-raphaelites", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/pre-raphaelites/pre-raphaelites/", "id": "pre-raphaelites"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "719728954"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb8b7b675"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "708175162"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x349f9831"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe4573ecf"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd13d747e"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa85512d2"}], "hide": false, "description": "British art saw a return to the classical after the 1860s, not just in terms of style, but also subject matter. Alma Tadema created sensual Victorian visions of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and Leighton too rendered classicizing figures and subjects. Both of these artists, together with Sargent, were influenced by the Aesthetic Movement, where the subject or narrative of a work of art was minimized in favor of a focus on issues of form (color harmonies, line, composition).", "node_slug": "victorian-late", "title": "Late Victorian", "slug": "victorian-late", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "victorian-late", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/Victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/Victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Sir Frederic Leighton, An Athlete Wrestling with a Python, 1877, bronze, 1746 x 984 x 1099 mm (Tate Britain, London)", "title": "Leighton, an Athlete Wrestling with a Python", "slug": "sir-frederic-leighton-an-athlete-wrestling-with-a-python-1877", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late/sir-frederic-leighton-an-athlete-wrestling-with-a-python-1877/", "id": "99hAYY4usME"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, A Reading from Homer, 1885, oil on canvas, 36-1/8 x 72-1/4 inches / 91.8 x 183.5 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)", "title": "Alma-Tadema, Listening to Homer", "slug": "sir-lawrence-alma-tadema-a-reading-from-homer-1885", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late/sir-lawrence-alma-tadema-a-reading-from-homer-1885/", "id": "YDYxQMBm50k"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Carol Jacobi explores the period 1890-1910.\n\nLearn more about the art featured in this video:\n-\u00a0Sir William Goscombe John, A Boy at Play, 1895\n-\u00a0Sir Alfred Gilbert, Model for \u2018Eros\u2019 on the Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadilly Circus, 1891, cast 1925\n- Sir Thomas Brock, Eve, 1900", "title": "Room: 1890-1910", "slug": "room-1890-1910", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late/room-1890-1910/", "id": "W_YeBq1vgAs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Late Victorian (quiz)", "slug": "late-victorian", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/victorian-art-architecture/victorian-late/late-victorian/", "id": "late-victorian"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x79e94e3a"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xdfbfdcce"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x68aeab5d"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5f5e7272"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x1a93f342"}], "hide": false, "description": "Courbet, Manet, Degas, and van Gogh used subjective experience to invent new ways to see.", "node_slug": "avant-garde-france", "title": "The avant-garde: Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism", "slug": "avant-garde-france", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "avant-garde-france", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x2149fa33"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111812"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x92ca9d7b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1168530971"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x7fe95070"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x1b7a9b3d"}], "hide": false, "description": "Despite the brief dismantling of the Royal Academy during the French Revolution, art remained an extension of the power of the French State which regularly purchased art that it favored (often art that supported its political objectives). Through the Royal Academy (originally been founded by Louis XIV), the state extended its reach to the official exhibitions (salons) and to matters of style and subject matter through the \u00c9cole des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts). These were not just the official institutions of art, they were, in essence, the only institutions available for living artists to train and to make their work known. This tutorial looks at a crucial moment for painting, on the eve of the Revolution of 1848. We also examine one of the great State commissions of the Second Empire, the Opera House.", "node_slug": "second-empire", "title": "Art and the French state", "slug": "second-empire", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "second-empire", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Charles Garnier, The Paris Op\u00e9ra, 1860-75", "title": "Garnier, Paris Op\u00e9ra", "slug": "charles-garnier-the-paris-op-ra-1860-75", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire/charles-garnier-the-paris-op-ra-1860-75/", "id": "EtTGyLsR7lk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Thomas Couture, Romans of the Decadence, 1847 (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker For more art history videos visit smarthistory.org", "title": "Couture, Romans of the Decadence", "slug": "thomas-couture-romans-of-the-decadence-1847", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire/thomas-couture-romans-of-the-decadence-1847/", "id": "pQJrTf_x7Wk"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge on this painting.", "title": "Couture, Romans of the Decadence", "slug": "couture-romans-of-the-decadence", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire/couture-romans-of-the-decadence/", "id": "couture--romans-of-the-decadence"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Art and the French State", "slug": "art-and-the-french-state", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/second-empire/art-and-the-french-state/", "id": "art-and-the-french-state"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xf1bb0ecb"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385804"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x867c8291"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368683"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc89abd34"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xf2a651b5"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385805"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671718098"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671593303"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656228"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x92225e8b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1239463263"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xae462546"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671634396"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368684"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x65dae5ff"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111809"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671718099"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368687"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "708126673"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385816"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671718101"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x663fc5e7"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x7fb90be3"}], "hide": false, "description": "In the mid-Nineteenth Century, great art was still defined as art that took it\u2019s subjects from religion, history or mythology and its style from ancient Greece and Rome. Hardly what we would consider modern and appropriate for an industrial, commercial, urban culture! Courbet agreed, and so did his friend, the writer Charles Baudelaire who called for an art that would depict, as he called it, the beauty of modern life. Courbet painted the reality of life in the countryside\u2014not the idealized peasants that were the usual fare at the exhibits in Paris. The revolution of 1848, in which both the working class and the middle class played a significant role, set the stage for Realism. Later, Manet and then Degas painted modern life in Paris, a city which was undergoing rapid modernization in the period after 1855 (the Second Empire).", "node_slug": "realism", "title": "Realism", "slug": "realism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "realism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans, begun late summer 1849, completed 1850, exhibited at the Salon of 1850-51, 124 x 260 inches, oil on canvas (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Courbet, Burial at Ornans", "slug": "courbet-a-burial-at-ornans-1850", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/courbet-a-burial-at-ornans-1850/", "id": "zRuLkyLx3No"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustave Courbet, The Artist's Studio; A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life, oil on canvas, 1854-55 (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Courbet, The Artist's Studio, a real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life", "slug": "courbet-the-artist-s-studio-1854-55", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/courbet-the-artist-s-studio-1854-55/", "id": "SvFtmPhbNRw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rosa Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais (or The First Dressing), oil on canvas, 1849 (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais", "slug": "rosa-bonheur-plowing-in-the-nivernais-1849", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/rosa-bonheur-plowing-in-the-nivernais-1849/", "id": "kOnzZHJYzb4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Rosa Bonheur, Sheep in the Highlands, 1857, oil on canvas, 46 x 65 cm (Wallace Collection, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker The Wallace Collection suggests that this painting is likely the result of a trip that the artist made to Scotland the previous year.", "title": "Bonheur, Sheep in the Highlands", "slug": "bonheur-sheep-in-the-highlands-1857", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/bonheur-sheep-in-the-highlands-1857/", "id": "76gw8PA12ag"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Millet (French), L'Ang\u00e9lus, c. 1857-1859, oil on canvas, 21 x 26 (53.3 \u00d7 66.0 cm) (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker For more art history videos, visit Smarthistory.org", "title": "Millet, L'Angelus", "slug": "millet-l-ang-lus-ca-1857-1859", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/millet-l-ang-lus-ca-1857-1859/", "id": "3KjZ3w5MtBo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Millet (French), The Gleaners, 1857, oil on canvas, 33 x 43 in (83.5 x 110 cm) (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker http://www.smarthistory.org/jean-francois-millet-french-the-gleaners-1857.html http://www.smarthistory.org/jean-francois-millet-french-the-gleaners-1857.html", "title": "Millet, The Gleaners", "slug": "millet-gleaners-1857", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/millet-gleaners-1857/", "id": "Dk1nuM5JKqQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, Olympia, oil on canvas, 1863 (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\n\u00a0\n\n\u00c9douard Manet brought to Realism his curiosity about social mores. However, he was not interested in mirroring polite parlor conversations and middle class promenades in the Bois de \u00a0Boulogne (Paris\u2019 Central Park). Rather, Manet invented subjects that set the Parisians\u2019 teeth on edge.\u00a0\n\nIn 1865, Manet submitted his risqu\u00e9 painting of a courtesan greeting her client (in this case, you), Olympia, of 1863, to the French Salon. The jury for the 1865 Salon accepted this painting despite their disapproval of the subject matter, because two years earlier, Manet\u2019s Luncheon on the Grass created such a stir when it was rejected from the Salon. (It was instead exhibited in Emperor Napoleon III\u2019s conciliatory exhibition\u2014the Salon des R\u00e9fus\u00e9s, or the Exhibition of the Refused. Crowds came to the Salon des R\u00e9fus\u00e9s specifically to laugh and jeer at what they considered Manet\u2019s folly.)\n\nSomehow they were afraid another rejection would seem like a personal attack on Manet himself. The reasoning was odd, but the result was the same\u2014Olympia became infamous and the painting had to be hung very high to protect it from physical attacks.\u00a0\n\nManet was a Realist, but sometimes his \u201creal\u201d situations shocked and rocked the Parisian art world to its foundations. His later work was much tamer.\n\n(Text by Dr. Beth Gersh-Nesic)\n", "title": "Manet, Olympia", "slug": "manet-olympia-1863-exhibited-1865", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/manet-olympia-1863-exhibited-1865/", "id": "bihBbqzL96Y"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "This quiz is for the video Manet, Olympia.", "title": "Manet's Olympia Quiz", "slug": "manet-s-olympia-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/manet-s-olympia-quiz/", "id": "manet-s-olympia-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, Le d\u00e9jeuner sur l'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), oil on canvas, 1863 (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Manet, Le d\u00e9jeuner sur l'herbe", "slug": "manet-le-d-jeuner-sur-l-herbe-luncheon-on-the-grass-1863", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/manet-le-d-jeuner-sur-l-herbe-luncheon-on-the-grass-1863/", "id": "Nb_4nEFyeGk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, The Railway,1872-73, oil on canvas (National Gallery of Art)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Manet, The Railway", "slug": "douard-manet-the-railway-1872-73", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/douard-manet-the-railway-1872-73/", "id": "2GD1Oz0sPzY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, \u00c9mile Zola, 1868, oil on canvas, 57 x 45 inches or 146.5 x 114 cm\n(Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris)\n\nThis portrait was painted in appreciation for the support Zola gave to Manet in his\n1866 essay in La Revue du XXe si\u00e8cle and during Manet's independent exhibition \nheld along side the Universal Exposition in 1867.", "title": "Manet, \u00c9mile Zola", "slug": "manet-mile-zola-1868", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/manet-mile-zola-1868/", "id": "znKX9WcowfY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, The Balcony, 1868-69, oil on canvas, 66-1/2 x 44-1/4 inches (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris)\n\nSpeakers: Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker\n\nhttp://www.smarthistory.org/manets-the-balcony.html\n\nThe three principal figures depicted are each a friend of the artist. From left to right they are: the painters Berthe Morisot and Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet, and Fanny Claus, a violinist. Some have suggested that the fourth figure, barely visible in the shadows, is the young Leon Leenhoff, the son of Manet's wife.", "title": "Manet, The Balcony", "slug": "manet-the-balcony-1868-69", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/manet-the-balcony-1868-69/", "id": "XS8OhYdc-20"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, Plum Brandy, c. 1877, oil on canvas (National Gallery of Art)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker, Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Manet, Plum Brandy", "slug": "douard-manet-plum-brandy-c-1877", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/douard-manet-plum-brandy-c-1877/", "id": "K3XTsNlcDS8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Edouard Manet, In the Conservatory, 1878-1879, oil on canvas, 115 x 150 cm (Alte Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)", "title": "Manet, In the Conservatory", "slug": "edouard-manet-in-the-conservatory-1878-1879", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/edouard-manet-in-the-conservatory-1878-1879/", "id": "eNhrYgYV0MA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re, 1882 (Courtauld Gallery, London) \n\nSpeakers: Beth Harris and Steven Zucker\n\nFor more videos see www.smarthistory.org", "title": "Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re", "slug": "douard-manet-a-bar-at-the-folies-berg-re-1882", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/douard-manet-a-bar-at-the-folies-berg-re-1882/", "id": "kMACjCg9r4E"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Edouard Manet, Corner of a Caf\u00e9-Concert, 1878-80, 97.1 x 77.5 cm (National Gallery, London)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Manet, Corner of a Caf\u00e9-Concert", "slug": "manet-corner-of-a-caf-concert-1878-80", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/manet-corner-of-a-caf-concert-1878-80/", "id": "BXzR-hdSFUY"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Realism", "slug": "realism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/realism/realism/", "id": "realism"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xacd1a31d"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x532f79fd"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385812"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719842167"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671593304"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719474985"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368685"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "816157054"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671738041"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719728953"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xfb844287"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719786825"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368686"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719786828"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xf5b3b7e3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671718104"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385814"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656226"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa11fad80"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719513885"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719786826"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671718103"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671738042"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385809"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719781805"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368688"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719842169"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111813"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xee69130b"}], "hide": false, "description": "Impressionism is both a style, and the name of a group of artists who did something radical\u2014in 1874 they banded together and held their own independent exhibition. These artists described, in fleeting sensations of light, the new leisure pastimes of the city and its suburbs It\u2019s hard to imagine, but at this time in France, the only place of consequence that artists could exhibit their work was the official government-sanctioned exhibitions (called salons), held just once a year, and controlled by a conservative jury. The Impressionists painted modern Paris and landscapes with a loose open brushstrokes, bright colors, and unconventional compositions\u2014none of which was appreciated by the salon jury!", "node_slug": "impressionism", "title": "Impressionism", "slug": "impressionism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "impressionism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Edgar Degas, The Bellelli Family, 1858-67, oil on canvas, 78-3/4 x 98-1/2 inches, 200 x 250 cm (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker.\nDegas was in his mid-twenties when he painted this canvas. It depicts from left to right, the ten-year-old Giovanna, her mother, the artist's paternal aunt Laura, her younger daughter, Giula age 7, and the Baron Gennaro Bellelli. Preperatory sketches for the painting may have been made in Florence where the family was living\u2014the Baron had been exiled from Naples. The picture may have been completed in Paris.\n", "title": "Degas, The Bellelli Family", "slug": "degas-the-bellelli-family-1858-67", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/degas-the-bellelli-family-1858-67/", "id": "irLOxG7SpUk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Edgar Degas, At the Races in the Countryside, 1869, oil on canvas, 36.5 x 55.9 cm / 14-3/8 x 22 inches (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)", "title": "Degas, At the Races in the Countryside", "slug": "edgar-degas-at-the-races-in-the-countryside-1869", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/edgar-degas-at-the-races-in-the-countryside-1869/", "id": "6HTBjvqn9uw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, oil on canvas, 1874 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker, Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Degas, The Dance Class", "slug": "degas-the-dance-class-1874", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/degas-the-dance-class-1874/", "id": "NigP3DjV3NY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Edgar Degas, Visit to a Museum, c. 1879--90, oil on canvas, 91.8 x 68 cm / 36-1/8 x 26-3/4 inches (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)", "title": "Degas, Visit to a Museum", "slug": "edgar-degas-visit-to-a-museum-c-1879-90", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/edgar-degas-visit-to-a-museum-c-1879-90/", "id": "wvtPCKwGZCU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustave Caillebotte, The Floor Scrapers (Les raboteurs de parquet), 1875, oil on canvas, 102 x 146.5 cm (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). Speakers: Dr. Parmi Giuntini, Director of Art History, Otis College of Art and Design and Dr. Robert Summers, lecturer, Otis College of Art and Design", "title": "Caillebotte, The Floor Scrapers", "slug": "caillebotte-the-floor-scrapers-1875", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/caillebotte-the-floor-scrapers-1875/", "id": "eKj12_KS8m0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street; Rainy Day, 1877, oil on canvas 83-1/2 x 108-3/4 inches / 212.2 x 276.2 cm (The Art Institute of Chicago). In the Google Art Project: http://www.googleartproject.com/collection/the-art-institute-of-chicago/artwork/paris-street-rainy-day-gustave-caillebotte/425239/ View this work up close on the Google Art Project: http://www.googleartproject.com/collection/the-art-institute-of-chicago/artwork/paris-street-rainy-day-gustave-caillebotte/425239/", "title": "Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street; Rainy Day", "slug": "gustave-caillebotte-paris-street-rainy-day-1877", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/gustave-caillebotte-paris-street-rainy-day-1877/", "id": "U8d45ETt78o"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustave Caillebotte, Man at his Bath, 1884, oil on canvas, 57 x 45 in. (144.8 x 114.3 cm), (Private Collection, on loan to the National Gallery, London) Speakers: Dr. Parme Giuntini, Director of Art History, Otis College of Art and Design Dr. Robert Summers, Lecturer, Otis College of Art and Design", "title": "Caillebotte, Man at his Bath", "slug": "caillebotte-man-at-his-bath-1884", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/caillebotte-man-at-his-bath-1884/", "id": "cYUVtdpTlEo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mary Cassatt, In the Loge, 1878, oil on canvas, 81.28 x 66.04 cm / 32 x 26 inches (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nIn nineteenth century France, the gaze of the observer\u2014whether on Napoleon's grand new boulevards or in the opera\u2014was very much structured by issues of economic status. Mary Cassatt's remarkable painting In the Loge (c. 1878-79) clearly shows the complex relationship between the gaze, public spectacle, gender, and class privilege.\n\nCassatt was a wealthy American artist who had adopted the style of the Impressionists while living in Paris. Here she depicts a fashionable upper-class woman in a box seat at the Paris opera (as it happens, the sitter is Cassatt's sister, Lydia). Lydia is shown holding opera glasses up to her eyes; but instead of tilting them down, as she would if she were watching the performance below, her gaze is level. She peers straight across the chamber perhaps at another member of the audience. Look closely and you will notice that, in turn, and in one of the boxes across the room, a gentleman is gazing at her. Lydia is then, in a sense, caught between his gaze and ours even as she spies another.\n", "title": "Cassatt, In the Loge", "slug": "mary-cassatt-in-the-loge-1878", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/mary-cassatt-in-the-loge-1878/", "id": "HVuyK_vIMfc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mary Cassatt, Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge, 1879, oil on canvas, 32 x 23-1/2 inches or 81.3 x 59.7 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)", "title": "Cassatt, Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge", "slug": "mary-cassatt-woman-with-a-pearl-necklace-in-a-loge-1879", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/mary-cassatt-woman-with-a-pearl-necklace-in-a-loge-1879/", "id": "guxLpVICBjg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mary Cassatt, The Loge, oil on canvas, 1882. 31-7/16 x 25-1/8 inches (National Gallery of Art)\n\nSpeakers: Beth Harris and Steven Zucker", "title": "Cassatt, The Loge", "slug": "cassatt-the-loge-1882", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/cassatt-the-loge-1882/", "id": "zOZiuAOuOkA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mary Cassatt, The Child's Bath, 1893, oil on canvas, 100.3 x 66.1 cm / 39-1/2 x 26 inches (Art Institute of Chicago)", "title": "Cassatt, The Child's Bath", "slug": "mary-cassatt-the-child-s-bath-1893", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/mary-cassatt-the-child-s-bath-1893/", "id": "O4St29B7cmU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mary Cassatt, Breakfast In Bed, 1897 (Huntington Library) \n\nSpeakers: Beth Harris and Steven Zucker", "title": "Cassatt, Breakfast in Bed", "slug": "mary-cassatt-breakfast-in-bed-1897", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/mary-cassatt-breakfast-in-bed-1897/", "id": "gDbpcwwUgjI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claude Monet, The Argenteuil Bridge, 1874, oil on canvas, 60.5 x 80 cm (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker Please note that there is significant background chatter in this video, the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay is happily a very busy museum and this painting is hung in a relatively small room. http://www.smarthistory.org/monet-the-argenteuil-bridge.html", "title": "Monet, The Argenteuil Bridge", "slug": "monet-the-argenteuil-bridge-1874", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/monet-the-argenteuil-bridge-1874/", "id": "Iics7KH_rLE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claude Monet, Gare St. Lazare, 1877 (Musee d'Orsay)", "title": "Monet, Gare St. Lazare", "slug": "claude-monet-gare-st-lazare-1877", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/claude-monet-gare-st-lazare-1877/", "id": "sYQ5CSyACpc"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "This quiz is for the video Monet, Gare St. Lazare.", "title": "Monet's Gare St. Lazare Quiz", "slug": "monet-s-gare-st-lazare-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/monet-s-gare-st-lazare-quiz/", "id": "monet-s-gare-st--lazare-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claude Monet, Cliff Walk at Pourville, 1882, oil on canvas, 26-1/8 x 32-7/16 inches / 66.5 x 82.3 cm (Art Institute of Chicago)", "title": "Monet, Cliff Walk at Pourville", "slug": "claude-monet-cliff-walk-at-pourville-1882", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/claude-monet-cliff-walk-at-pourville-1882/", "id": "D8cHdto-G-I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claude Monet, Poplars, 1891, oil on canvas, 36-5/8 x 29-3/16 inches / 93 x 74.1 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)", "title": "Monet, Poplars", "slug": "claude-monet-poplars-1891", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/claude-monet-poplars-1891/", "id": "JCKshDyxjuw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claude Monet\u200b painted more than 30 canvases depicting Rouen cathedral between 1892 and 1894. This video discusses the following four paintings in the collection of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay in Paris: Rouen Cathedral (The Portal, Grey Weather), 1894, oil on canvas, 100 x 65 cm Rouen Cathedral (The Portal and the Tour d'Albane, Morning Effect), 1894, oil on canvas, 106 x 73 cm Rouen Cathedral (The Portal, Harmony in Blue), 1894, oil on canvas, 91 x 63 cm Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral (The Portal and the Tour d'Albane in the Sunlight), 1894, oil on canvas, 107 x 73 cm Speakers: Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker", "title": "Monet, Rouen Cathedral Series", "slug": "monet-rouen-cathedral-series-1892-4", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/monet-rouen-cathedral-series-1892-4/", "id": "LnPKrSVMLnQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claude Monet, Les Nymph\u00e9as (The Water Lilies), suite of paintings on permanent exhibition at the Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie in Paris: Room 1: Morning, oil on two canvas panels, 200 x 425 cm, c. 1918-26 Clouds, oil on three canvas panels, 200 x 1275 cm, c. 1918-26 Green Highlights, oil on two canvas panels, 200 x 850 cm, c. 1918-26 Sunset, oil on canvas, 200 x 600 cm, c. 1918-26 Room 2: Reflection of Trees, oil on two canvas panels, 200 x 850 cm, c. 1918-26 The Morning Light, the willows, oil on three canvas panels, 200 x 1275 cm, c. 1918-26 The Morning Willows, oil on three canvas panels, 200 x 1275 cm, c. 1918-26 The Two Willows, oil on four canvas panels, 200 x 1700 cm, c. 1918-26 Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Monet, Water Lilies", "slug": "monet-les-nymph-as-the-water-lilies-1918-26", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/monet-les-nymph-as-the-water-lilies-1918-26/", "id": "6fHorNn2zqQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Pierre Auguste Renoir, La Loge, 1874, oil on canvas, 31 1/2 x 24 5/8 in. (80 x 63.5 cm) (Courtauld Gallery, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Rachel S. Ropeik This painting was exhibited by Renoir at the first Impressionist exhibition in Paris (1874).", "title": "Renoir, La Loge", "slug": "pierre-auguste-renoir-la-loge-1874", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/pierre-auguste-renoir-la-loge-1874/", "id": "_uUD1ZP79tE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Grands Boulevards, 1875, oil on canvas, 20-1/2 x 25 inches / 52.1 x 63.5 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)", "title": "Renoir, The Grands Boulevards", "slug": "pierre-auguste-renoir-the-grands-boulevards-1875", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/pierre-auguste-renoir-the-grands-boulevards-1875/", "id": "3SmyaLwpSaI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, 1876, oil on canvas, 51 1/2 x 68 7/8 in. (131 x 175 cm), (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Renoir, Moulin de la Galette", "slug": "renoir-moulin-de-la-galette-1876", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/renoir-moulin-de-la-galette-1876/", "id": "x6rAFt5FW_Q"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Large Bathers, 1884-87, oil on canvas, 46-3/8 x 67-1/4 inches / 117.8 x 170.8 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)", "title": "Renoir, The Large Bathers", "slug": "pierre-auguste-renoir-the-large-bathers-1884-87", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/pierre-auguste-renoir-the-large-bathers-1884-87/", "id": "7qaxUhbiQUc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Berthe Morisot, The Mother and Sister of the Artist, c. 1869/1870, oil on canvas\n39 3/4 x 32 3/16 in. (101 x 81.8 cm), (National Gallery of Art)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nhttp://smarthistory.org/morisots-mother-and-sister-of-the-artist.html", "title": "Morisot, The Mother and Sister of the Artist", "slug": "morisot-the-mother-and-sister-of-the-artist-c-1869-1870", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/morisot-the-mother-and-sister-of-the-artist-c-1869-1870/", "id": "BSQr7Ii_vbY"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Impressionism", "slug": "impressionism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/impressionism/", "id": "impressionism"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "671634393"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719842168"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656229"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xf9c89506"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x96f21f25"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719804658"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc83252f7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe131f51e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656227"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385811"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4a3aee6e"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x752ce975"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2e449e47"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x03ccb62f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe70384b1"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x230cb19e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671738038"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5fbcfa70"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719786823"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368682"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x6d8b4c4c"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0407cafe"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719474984"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719786827"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xda0a751e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719836280"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xbb93707a"}], "hide": false, "description": "The work of van Gogh, Gauguin, C\u00e9zanne and Seurat together constitute Post-Impressionism and yet their work is so varied and unrelated, we might never otherwise think of these four artists as a group. Certainly van Gogh and Gauguin were friends and they briefly painted together, but each of these artists was concerned with solving particular issues that had to do with their own individual sensibility. Ironically, if anything ties these artists together it is this focus on subjectivity. This tutorial explores the sketchy multiperspectival views of C\u00e9zanne, Seurat\u2019s systematized critiques of upper middle-class Paris, Gauguin\u2019s fascination with the primitive and exotic, and van Gogh\u2019s unerring ability to convey deeply human experiences.", "node_slug": "post-impressionism", "title": "Post-Impressionism", "slug": "post-impressionism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "post-impressionism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/post-impressionism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/post-impressionism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/post-impressionism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Georges Seurat, Bathers at Asni\u00e8res, 1884, oil on canvas, 6.6 x 9.8 ft (National Gallery, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Seurat, Bathers at Asni\u00e8res", "slug": "seurat-bathers-at-asni-res-1884", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/post-impressionism/seurat-bathers-at-asni-res-1884/", "id": "9bs1iQ14LJY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte - 1884, 1884-86, oil on canvas, 81-3/4 x 121-1/4 inches / 207.5 x 308.1 cm (The Art Institute of Chicago). 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In 1964 it was replaced by a copy executed by Paul Belmondo.", "title": "Carpeaux, Dance", "slug": "jean-baptiste-carpeaux-dance-1865-69", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/avant-garde-sculpture/jean-baptiste-carpeaux-dance-1865-69/", "id": "3ZGmMTNyW0k"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Auguste Rodin, The Gates of Hell\u200b, 1880-1917, plaster (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\nWhen the building, earlier on the site of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay in Paris, was destroyed by fire during the Commune in 1871, plans were drawn up to replace it with a museum of decorative arts. Rodin won the competition to design a great set of doors for its entry way. Although the museum was never built, Rodin continued to work on the doors. They became an ongoing project; a grand stage for his sculptural ideas. It's fitting that the plaster of this great unfinished sculpture, The Gates of Hell, is now on display at the d'Orsay, the former railway terminal that was built on this site instead of the museum of decorative arts and that, by lovely coincidence, was converted into one of the world's great art museums.", "title": "Rodin, The Gates of Hell", "slug": "rodin-the-gates-of-hell-1880-1917", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/avant-garde-sculpture/rodin-the-gates-of-hell-1880-1917/", "id": "TgLTzYXg530"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "708138869"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111814"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x1f605743"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111810"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1159664939"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2e0329da"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1159664940"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x51fcf74f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "867037959"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "868390389"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xd2dab45c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "708175163"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111815"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xbd76ba50"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x305a7f04"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2596ee43"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x00b1846c"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x248facc9"}], "hide": false, "description": "By the 1880s artists such as Klimt, Khnopff, and Stuck turned from the academies and focused on the interior self by exploring dreams, myth and death.", "node_slug": "symbolism", "title": "Symbolism & Art Nouveau", "slug": "symbolism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "symbolism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/becoming-modern/symbolism", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/symbolism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/becoming-modern/symbolism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Arnold B\u00f6cklin, Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle, 1872, oil on canvas, 75 x 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"Hector Guimard, Cit\u00e9 entrance, Paris M\u00e9tropolitain", "slug": "hector-guimard-cit-entrance-paris-m-tropolitain-c-1900", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/symbolism/hector-guimard-cit-entrance-paris-m-tropolitain-c-1900/", "id": "sazsDYOXVis"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustav Klimt, Beethoven Frieze, Vienna Secession, 1902 A conversation with Khan Academy's Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris\n\nIn the News: The heirs of the Austrian Jewish collector who owned this work before World War II recently lost their case to recover it.\u00a0 Learn more:\u00a0March 7, 2015 New York Times article\n", "title": "Gustav Klimt, Beethoven Frieze", "slug": "gustav-klimt-beethoven-frieze-vienna-secession-1902", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/symbolism/gustav-klimt-beethoven-frieze-vienna-secession-1902/", "id": "983Tu9rlP54"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Gustav Klimt, The Kiss, 1907-8, oil and gold leaf on canvas, 180 x 180 cm (\u00d6sterreichische Galerie 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", "title": "L\u00e9on Bakst, \"Costume design for the ballet The Firebird\"", "id": "hqynp3DH9NU", "path": "khan/humanities/becoming-modern/symbolism/moma-costume-design-ballet-the-firebird/", "slug": "moma-costume-design-ballet-the-firebird"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Met curator Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen on transience in Louis Comfort Tiffany\u2019s Hair Ornament.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. 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Matisse's title comes from Charles Baudelaire's\npoem, L'invitation au voyage (Invitation To A Voyage) from his collection, The Flowers of Evil. 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Meanwhile in Vienna, Egon Schiele was exploring representations of the body with wild, restless energy.", "node_slug": "expressionism1", "title": "Expressionism", "slug": "expressionism1", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "expressionism1", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden, oil on canvas, 1908 (MoMA)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Juliana Kreinik, Dr. Steven Zucker, Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Kirchner, Street, Dresden", "slug": "ernst-ludwig-kirchner-street-dresden-1908", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/ernst-ludwig-kirchner-street-dresden-1908/", "id": "zfZu--psur8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Walk the streets of 1913 Berlin with the Expressionist painter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.\u00a0To learn about other great moments in modern art, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945.", "title": "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, \"Street, Berlin\"", "slug": "kirchner-street-berlin", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/kirchner-street-berlin/", "id": "HWivDUWFaX0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "To learn about other great moments in modern art, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945 or Pigment to Pixel: Color in Modern and Contemporary Art.", "title": "Emil Nolde, \"Young Couple,\" 1913", "slug": "moma-nolde-youngcouple", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/moma-nolde-youngcouple/", "id": "MCL1qhlSq1Y"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Alexej von Jawlensky, Young Girl in a Flowered Hat, 1910, oil on cardboard (Albertina, Vienna)", "title": "Jawlensky, Young Girl in a Flowered Hat", "slug": "alexej-von-jawlensky-young-girl-in-a-flowered-hat-1910", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/alexej-von-jawlensky-young-girl-in-a-flowered-hat-1910/", "id": "vUxYPrznFLw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Egon Schiele, Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait), 1910, oil and gouache on canvas, 152.5 \u00d7 150 cm (Leopold Museum, Vienna)", "title": "Schiele, Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait)", "slug": "egon-schiele-seated-male-nude-self-portrait-1910", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/egon-schiele-seated-male-nude-self-portrait-1910/", "id": "croM4PvOdbM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Egon Schiele, Hermits, 1912, oil on canvas, 71-1/4 x 71-1/4 inches (Leopold Museum, Vienna)", "title": "Schiele, Hermits", "slug": "egon-schiele-hermits-1912", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/egon-schiele-hermits-1912/", "id": "PqRx4OV5jhM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "To learn about other great moments in modern art, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945 or Pigment to Pixel: Color in Modern and Contemporary Art.", "title": "Vasily Kandinsky, \"Kl\u00e4nge (Sounds)\"", "slug": "kandinsky-sounds", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/kandinsky-sounds/", "id": "WdPMdGUeYGk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Wassily Kandinsky, Composition VII, oil on canvas, 1913 (State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Juliana Kreinik, Dr. Steven Zucker \n\nhttp://smarthistory.org/Kandinsky-CompositionVII.html", "title": "Kandinsky, Composition VII", "slug": "wassily-kandinsky-composition-vii-1913", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/expressionism1/wassily-kandinsky-composition-vii-1913/", "id": "i16sGRY7SZ4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x8e4ff292"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x6309c760"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xce855fae"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671385817"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc545282b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671634401"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671593315"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0e484104"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x29b7bc36"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "670111817"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2451fa3c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0cddd7f0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1175994509"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7219d5b5"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe5d96922"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd3466b44"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa5cfd029"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x21bf1551"}], "hide": false, "description": "The Spaniard Picasso changed the way we see the world. He could draw with academic perfection at a very young age but he gave it up in order to create a language of representation suited to the modern world. Together with the French artist George Braque, Picasso undertook an analysis of form and vision that would inspire radical new visual forms across Europe and in America. This tutorial explains the underlying principles of Cubism and the abstract experiments that followed including Italian Futurism, Russian Suprematism, and the Dutch movement, de Stijl.", "node_slug": "cubism", "title": "Cubism and its impact", "slug": "cubism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "cubism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (Museum of Modern Art)", "title": "Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", "slug": "picasso-les-demoiselles-d-avignon-1907", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/picasso-les-demoiselles-d-avignon-1907/", "id": "fy2TlYnYIzA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Georges Braque, Le Viaduc \u00e0 L'Estaque, (The Viaduct at L'Estaque), 1908, oil on canvas, 28-5/8 x 23-1/4 inches or 72.5 x 59 cm (Mus\u00e9e national d'art moderne, Centre Pompidou, Paris). Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\u00a0", "title": "Braque, The Viaduct at L'Estaque", "slug": "braque-le-viaduc-l-estaque-the-viaduct-at-l-estaque-1908", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/braque-le-viaduc-l-estaque-the-viaduct-at-l-estaque-1908/", "id": "j2-95i4pq9g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Pablo Picasso, The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro, oil on canvas, summer 1909, 24-1/8 x 20-1/8\" (MoMA, fractional and promised gift)", "title": "Picasso, The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro", "slug": "picasso-the-reservoir-horta-de-ebro-1909", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/picasso-the-reservoir-horta-de-ebro-1909/", "id": "IXtreNuEC-Q"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Braque, The Portuguese (quiz)", "slug": "braque-s-the-portuguese-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/braque-s-the-portuguese-quiz/", "id": "braque-s-the-portuguese-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Picasso, Still-Life with Chair Caning, 1912 (Mus\u00e9e Picasso)", "title": "Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning", "slug": "picasso-still-life-with-chair-caning-1912", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/picasso-still-life-with-chair-caning-1912/", "id": "286FiUvOeFs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "To learn about other great moments in modern art, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945.", "title": "Pablo Picasso, \"Guitar, Glass, and Bottle\"", "slug": "moma-picasso-glassguitarbottle", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/moma-picasso-glassguitarbottle/", "id": "-jXFckR2yoY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A conversation between Salman Khan and Steven Zucker about Pablo Picasso's sculpture, Guitar and related work, 1912-14 at The Museum of Modern Art\n\n\"I have seen what no man has seen before. When Pablo Picasso, leaving aside painting for a moment, was constructing this immense guitar out of sheet metal whose plans could be dispatched to any ignoramus in the universe who could put it together as well as him, I saw Picasso's studio, and this studio, more incredible than Faust's laboratory, this studio which, according to some, contained no works of art, in the old sense, was furnished with the newest of objects... Some witnesses, already shocked by the things that they saw covering the walls, and that they refused to call paintings because they were made of oilcloth, wrapping paper, and newspaper, said, pointing a haughty finger at the object of Picasso's clever pains: \"What is it? Does it rest on a pedestal? Does it hang on a wall? What is it, painting or sculpture?'\u00a0Picasso, dressed in the blue of Parisian artisans, responded in his finest Andalusian voice: 'It's nothing, it's el guitare!';\u00a0And there you are! The watertight compartments are demolished. We are delivered from painting and sculpture, which already have been liberated from the idiotic tyranny of genres. It is neither this nor that. It is nothing. It's el guitare!\" (Andr\u00e9 Salmon, New French Painting, August 9, 1919)\n", "title": "Picasso, Guitar", "slug": "the-language-of-representation-pablo-picasso-s-guitar-1912-14", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/the-language-of-representation-pablo-picasso-s-guitar-1912-14/", "id": "bfy6IxsN_lg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Photography helps MoMA conservators determine how to treat Picasso's 1913 Cubist sculpture, Still-Life with Guitar. To learn about how art changes over time, enroll in one of MoMA's courses online.", "title": "Conservation | Picasso's Guitars", "slug": "moma-picasso-guitars-1912-1914", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/moma-picasso-guitars-1912-1914/", "id": "YwnfVj5qeo4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "To learn about other great moments in modern art, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945 or Pigment to Pixel: Color in Modern and Contemporary Art. ", "title": "Fernand L\u00e9ger, \"Contrast of Forms\"", "id": "iKGCnjBi2sQ", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/moma-contrast-of-forms/", "slug": "moma-contrast-of-forms"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "To learn more about how abstract artists became the radical thinkers of their time, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945 or Pigment to Pixel: Color in Modern and Contemporary Art.", "title": "Robert Delaunay, \"Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon\"", "id": "PkzACPGZcVk", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/moma-simultaneous-contrasts-sun-moon/", "slug": "moma-simultaneous-contrasts-sun-moon"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Cubism and its impact (quiz)", "slug": "cubism-and-its-impact", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/cubism-and-its-impact/", "id": "cubism-and-its-impact"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x740e6234"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xf68d4051"}], "hide": false, "description": "Boccioni and the Futurists responded very differently than did Duchamp and the Dada artists to the violence of the Great War.", "node_slug": "wwI-dada", "title": "World War I, Futurism and Dada", "slug": "wwi-dada", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "wwI-dada", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/wwI-dada", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/wwI-dada", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xe2128dff"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x084160b1"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xed9a3310"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9b526c4a"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd50086b1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x14b3e978"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc5bb3187"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "719804660"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x43b302d2"}], "hide": false, "description": "Here are several examples that show artists interpreting the rise of the machine immediately before and during WWI.", "node_slug": "art-great-war", "title": "Futurism and the Great War", "slug": "art-great-war", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "art-great-war", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/wwI-dada/art-great-war", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/art-great-war/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/wwI-dada/art-great-war", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "To learn more about how abstract artists became the radical thinkers of their time, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945 or Pigment to Pixel: Color in Modern and Contemporary Art.", "title": "Umberto Boccioni, \"Dynamism of a Soccer Player\"", "id": "GLEJgVSL0Ac", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/art-great-war/dynamism-soccer-player-boccioni/", "slug": "dynamism-soccer-player-boccioni"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Discover how advertising, machinery and U-boats intersect on the eve of WWI. \u00a0To learn about other great moments in modern art, take our online course, Modern Art, 1880-1945.", "title": "1913 | Schiess-Dusseldorf by Ludwig Hohlwein", "slug": "ludwig-hohlwein", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/art-great-war/ludwig-hohlwein/", "id": "BSeQPlYD6S8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Horse, 1914, bronze, 39-3/8 x 24 x 36 inches / 99 x 61 x 91.4 cm (Art Institute of Chicago)", "title": "Duchamp-Villon, Horse", "slug": "raymond-duchamp-villon-horse-1914", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/art-great-war/raymond-duchamp-villon-horse-1914/", "id": "JAe14gwSvIU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Chris Stephens explores the years 1914 & 1915.\n\nLearn more about the art featured in this video:\n-\u00a0Sir Jacob Epstein, Torso in Metal from \u2018The Rock Drill\u2019, 1913\u201314\n- David Bomberg, The Mud Bath, 1914\n-\u00a0Walter Richard Sickert, Brighton Pierrots, 1915", "title": "Room: 1914 & 1915", "slug": "room-1914-1915", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/art-great-war/room-1914-1915/", "id": "iCYSKCJNbwM"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1021049728"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1233757970"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xbdd8f04b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5a724e7d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671593308"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368692"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x51824268"}], "hide": false, "description": "Dada was an anti-art movement that sought to subvert the function of the arts in an increasingly commercial and militaristic society. 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The equally exhausted victors imposed harsh terms on Germany. It was forced to forfeit its overseas colonial possessions, to cede land to its neighbors, and to pay reparations. As demobilized troops returned, German cities filled with unemployed, often maimed veterans. The Socialists briefly seized power and by the early 1920s hyperinflation further destabilized the nation. Neue Sachlichkeit or the New Objectivity cast a cold sharp eye on Modern Germany\u2019s hypocrisy, aggression, and destitution even as extremists on the political right consolidated power. The National Socialists or Nazi Party won the chancellorship in 1933 and quickly used art and architecture as a means build the myth of a pure German people shaped by the land and unsullied by modern industrial culture. 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Oil on canvas, 15 7/8 x 12 5/8\" (40.3 x 32.1 cm) (The Museum of Modern Art) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Mondrian, Composition No. II, with Red and Blue", "slug": "mondrian-composition-no-ii-with-red-and-blue-1929", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/intl-avant-garde/mondrian-composition-no-ii-with-red-and-blue-1929/", "id": "NpWxl4C0OWU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Henri Cartier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare, Paris, 1932 Speakers: Dr. Shana Gallagher-Lindsay, Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Cartier-Bresson, Behind the Gare St. Lazare", "slug": "cartier-bresson-behind-the-gare-saint-lazare-paris-1932", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/intl-avant-garde/cartier-bresson-behind-the-gare-saint-lazare-paris-1932/", "id": "YxMBp4Ef3ek"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Chris Stephens explores the 1930s.\n\nLearn more about the art featured in this video:\n-\u00a0Leon Underwood, Totem to the Artist,\u00a01925\u201330\n- Christopher Wood, Zebra and Parachute, 1930\n-\u00a0Julian Trevelyan, The Potteries,\u00a01938", "title": "Room: 1930s", "slug": "room-1930", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/intl-avant-garde/room-1930/", "id": "iBge6zxqWv8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Chris Stephens explores the 1940s.\n\nLearn more about the art featured in this video:\n-\u00a0Francis Bacon, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion,\u00a01944\n-\u00a0Sir Jacob Epstein, Jacob and the Angel.\u00a01940\u20131", "title": "Room: 1940s", "slug": "room-1940", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/intl-avant-garde/room-1940/", "id": "TzSMvEiEuo0"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x61a8fbe5"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd0a4e62b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671718109"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9f14f629"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1226959825"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368694"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368691"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb1a7fac8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xcafbb7b5"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x4c5440c6"}], "hide": false, "description": "Do we too readily accept the concrete rational world before us as all that is real? Could there be more? Could the dream be a doorway to a more primal creative experience no less real than our waking world? Influenced by ideas of psychoanalysis such as the unconscious artists built on the irrational art of Dada to explore the dark world of desire freed from rules created to protect us from inner ourselves.", "node_slug": "surrealism1", "title": "Surrealism", "slug": "surrealism1", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "surrealism1", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Ren\u00e9 Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci n'est pas une pipe), 1929 (LACMA) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci n\u2019est pas une pipe)", "slug": "magritte-the-treachery-of-images-ceci-n-est-pas-une-pipe-1929", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/magritte-the-treachery-of-images-ceci-n-est-pas-une-pipe-1929/", "id": "w702yvnip_w"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "For more information please visit http://www.moma.org/magritte", "title": "Conservation | Ren\u00e9 Magritte, \"The Portrait,\" 1935", "slug": "magritte-the-portrait", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/magritte-the-portrait/", "id": "RcPI6Mb9J6k"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Salvador Dal\u00ed, The Persistence of Memory, 1931 (The Museum of Modern Art)\n\nSpeakers: Sal Khan & Steven Zucker", "title": "Dali, The Persistence of Memory", "slug": "salvador-dal-the-persistence-of-memory-1931", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/salvador-dal-the-persistence-of-memory-1931/", "id": "6mp-fBJNQmU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Salvador Dal\u00ed, Metamorphosis of Narcissus, 1937, oil on canvas, 51.1 x 78.1 cm (Tate Modern, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\n\u00a0\n\nThe ancient source of this subject is Ovid's Metamorphosis (Book 3, lines 339-507) tells of Narcissus who upon seeing his own image reflected in a pool so falls in love that he could not look away, eventually he vanishes and in his place is a \"sweet flower, gold and white, the white around the gold.\"\n\nDal\u00ed's poem, below, accompanied the painting when it was initially exhibited:\n\nNarcissus,\n\nin his immobility,\n\nabsorbed by his reflection with the digestive slowness of carnivorous plants,\n\nbecomes invisible.\n\nThere remains of him only the hallucinatingly white oval of his head,\n\nhis head again more tender,\n\nhis head, chrysalis of hidden biological designs,\n\nhis head held up by the tips of the water's fingers,\n\nat the tips of the fingers\n\nof the insensate hand,\n\nof the terrible hand,\n\nof the mortal hand\n\nof his own reflection.\n\nWhen that head slits\n\nwhen that head splits\n\nwhen that head bursts,\n\nit will be the flower,\n\nthe new Narcissus,\n\nGala - my Narcissus\n", "title": "Dali, Metamorphosis of Narcissus", "slug": "dal-metamorphosis-of-narcissus-1937", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/dal-metamorphosis-of-narcissus-1937/", "id": "HUZDPWLTZ0g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Alberto Giacometti, Palace at 4am, wood, glass, wire and string, 1932 (MoMA)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker, Dr. Beth Harris \n\nhttp://www.smarthistory.org/surrealism-giacometti.html", "title": "Giacometti, The Palace at 4am", "slug": "giacometti-palace-at-4am-1932", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/giacometti-palace-at-4am-1932/", "id": "3zU90x0OZ0Y"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge!", "title": "Oppenheim's Object Quiz", "slug": "oppenheim-s-object-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/oppenheim-s-object-quiz/", "id": "oppenheim-s-object-quiz"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Surrealism (quiz)", "slug": "surrealism-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/art-between-wars/surrealism1/surrealism-quiz/", "id": "surrealism--quiz"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "669368697"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb544eca1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa5e8f07a"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xa786b2fc"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xa2f04d7e"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x409d05db"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2291b261"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xcfb412e9"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x075f3560"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x9f81f264"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x860c884f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xde07d2a9"}], "hide": false, "description": "Latin America produced many of the most important modernists of the 20th century. 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She accompanied her husband Diego Rivera who was painting in the United States and would, at the end of the year, be the subject of a retrospecive at The Museum of Modern Art in New York. The banderole carried by the bird above the artist states: Here you see us, me, Frieda Kahlo\u200b, with my beloved husband Diego Rivera, I painted these portraits in the beautiful city of San Francisco, California, for our friend Mr. Albert Bender, and it was the month of April of the year 1931. 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McCullin has been covering events of global importance since the 1960s by placing himself in the heart of the action armed with nothing but a camera. In this video, he speaks about a series of his photographs in which there are no explicit images of war or violence, but traces of more subtle and insidious instances of conflict, such as the ravaging effect of industrialisation on the English countryside or poverty in major cities. His photographs also illuminate an idea that is central not only to photography, but to art in general: the relationship between text and image. If you had seen any of McCullin's photographs without titles, would you know where they took place, who they depicted, or what message they were intended to convey?\n\nFor McCullin, the camera can reveal the untold truths of a society. It also serves as a tool for healing, allowing the photographer to not only capture an image through its lens but to engage with its subjects in a unique way. Would you agree? 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Abstract Expressionism is not a single style and isn't even consistently abstract. Rather, it is intensely personal painting often on a very large scale that is more concerned with exposing the act of creative invention than in traditions of representation.", "node_slug": "abstract-expressionism", "title": "Abstract Expressionism", "slug": "abstract-expressionism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "abstract-expressionism", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Barnett Newman, Onement I, 1948, oil on canvas ,27 1/4 x 16 1/4\" (69.2 x 41.2 cm), The Museum of Modern Art\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Steven Zucker, Dr. Beth Harris \n\nhttp://smarthistory.org/barnett-newman.html", "title": "Newman's Onement I, 1948", "slug": "barnett-newman-onement-i-1948", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism/barnett-newman-onement-i-1948/", "id": "4qgOSBHptLM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Set aside the everyday and enter the profound, even spiritual space of Barnett Newman's paintings. 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Find out on this journey through art, science, and conservation.\n\nLearn more about Mark Rothko and his work in the Tate Collection here.\n", "title": "Restoring Rothko", "slug": "restoring-rothko", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism/restoring-rothko/", "id": "AGqAggmwyMU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Why is that Important?: Looking at Jackson Pollock\n\nA conversation with Sal Khan, Steven Zucker and Beth Harris", "title": "Why is that important? 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To experiment on your own, take our online studio course Materials and Techniques of Postwar Abstract Painting.", "title": "The Painting Techniques of Franz Kline", "id": "1xQTlp0hscs", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism/moma-painting-technique-kline/", "slug": "moma-painting-technique-kline"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Abstract Expressionism (quiz)", "slug": "abex-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/abstract-expressionism/abex-quiz/", "id": "abex-quiz"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x0a3325ae"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1385500124"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x876db2db"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x70ddc64f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1390714408"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "669368699"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1397630213"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2afbf1d7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9d581911"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb036feb0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xb98e2177"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe56309b2"}], "hide": false, "description": "The term New York School usually refers to both the younger Abstract Expressionists sometimes also known as 2nd generation Abstract Expressionists and artists directly influenced by this movement. The includes both the color field paintings championed by the critic Clement Greenberg who sought to advance formal aspects of AbEx and artists like Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg who looked at the heroic nature of Abstract Expressionism with both irony and respect. ", "node_slug": "ny-school", "title": "New York School", "slug": "ny-school", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "ny-school", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "A conversation between Salman Khan and Steven Zucker about Jasper Johns, Flag, 1954-55 (dated on reverse 1954), encaustic, oil, and collage on fabric mounted on plywood, three panels, 42-1/4 x 60-5/8 inches /107.3 x 153.8 cm (The Museum of Modern Art)\n\n\"One night I dreamed I painted a large American flag, and the next morning I got up and I went out and bought the materials to begin it. And I did. I worked on that painting a long time. It's a very rotten painting\u2014physically rotten\u2014because I began it in house enamel paint, which you paint furniture with, and it wouldn't dry quickly enough. Then I had in my head this idea of something I had read or heard about: wax encaustic. \"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 --Jasper Johns\n", "title": "Jasper Johns, Flag", "slug": "jasper-johns-flag", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school/jasper-johns-flag/", "id": "9bWJt2hjBH0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Met curator Ian Alteveer on reticence in Jasper Johns\u2019s White Flag.\n\nBorn in Augusta, Georgia, in 1930 and raised in South Carolina, Jasper Johns moved in 1949 to New York City, where he enrolled in a commercial art school for two semesters. Back in New York, following his service in the army (ca. 1950\u201351), Johns became acquainted with artist Robert Rauschenberg, composer John Cage, and dancer Merce Cunningham. By the mid- to late 1950s Johns had already achieved fame with his paintings of targets, numerals, and American flags, and his work was exhibited in prominent museums and galleries in New York. \"White Flag\" of 1955, recently acquired by the Metropolitan from the artist's own collection, exemplifies Johns's early style, which engendered a wide range of subsequent art movements, among them Pop Art, Minimal Art, and Conceptual Art. During the 1950s and 1960s Johns frequently appropriated well-known images (such as targets, flags, and beer cans), elevating them to cultural icons. Throughout his oeuvre \u2014 which includes painting, prints, drawings, and sculpture \u2014 images are constantly recycled and combined in extensive series. In his later compositions of the 1970s, Johns filled the surface of his pictures with colorful cross-hatchings (suggested by the passing cars on an expressway); and since the 1980s he has incorporated images that have more autobiographical significance.\n\n\"White Flag\" is the largest of his flag paintings and the first in which the flag is presented in monochrome. By draining most of the color from the flag but leaving subtle gradations in tone, the artist shifts our attention from the familiarity of the image to the way in which it is made. \"White Flag\" is painted on three separate panels: the stars, the seven upper stripes to the right of the stars, and the longer stripes below. Johns worked on each panel separately. After applying a ground of unbleached beeswax, he built up the stars, the negative areas around them, and the stripes with applications of collage\u2014cut or torn pieces of newsprint, other papers, and bits of fabric. He dipped these into molten beeswax and adhered them to the surface. He then joined the three panels and overpainted them with more beeswax mixed with pigments, adding touches of white oil.\n\nThe fast-setting medium of encaustic enabled Johns to make each brushstroke distinct, while the forty-eight-star flag design\u2014contiguous with the perimeters of the canvas\u2014 provided a structure for the richly varied surface, which ranges from translucent to opaque.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n", "title": "\"Below the Surface\" with Ian Alteveer", "slug": "below-the-surface", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school/below-the-surface/", "id": "VLNxk83TIOU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Robert Rauschenberg, Bed, 1955, oil and pencil on pillow, quilt, and sheet on wood supports, 191.1 x 80 x 20.3 cm (The Museum of Modern Art) \u00a9 2013 Robert Rauschenberg Foundation\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Robert Rauschenberg, Bed", "slug": "robert-rauschenberg-bed-1955", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school/robert-rauschenberg-bed-1955/", "id": "tvpp2lAD9iY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz, Useful Art #5: The Western Hotel, 1992\n(Portland Art Museum)\n\nSpeakers: Tina Olsen, Bruce Guenther", "title": "Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz Useful Art #5: The Western Hotel, 1992", "slug": "ed-kienholz-and-nancy-reddin-kienholz-useful-art-5-the-western-hotel-1992", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school/ed-kienholz-and-nancy-reddin-kienholz-useful-art-5-the-western-hotel-1992/", "id": "WhGOmAwuQTE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Take time with Ad Reinhardt's black canvases and discover the rewards of contemplation. To learn more and create your own works, take our online course Materials and Techniques of Postwar Abstract Painting.", "title": "Ad Reinhardt", "id": "p5nej7Gy7kQ", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/abstract-exp-nyschool/ny-school/moma-ad-reinhardt/", "slug": "moma-ad-reinhardt"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Take time with Ad Reinhardt's black canvases and discover the rewards of contemplation. 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(211.4 x 144.7 cm), 1962 (MoMA)", "title": "Warhol, Gold Marilyn Monroe", "slug": "warhol-gold-marilyn-monroe-1962", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/pop/warhol-gold-marilyn-monroe-1962/", "id": "lXfzq27fGvU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Claes Oldenburg, Floor Cake, 1962, synthetic polymer paint and latex on canvas filled with foam rubber and cardboard boxes, 58.375 x 114.25 x 58.375 in. (148.2 x 290.2 x 148.2 cm) (MoMA) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Oldenburg, Floor Cake", "slug": "oldenburg-floor-cake-1962", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/pop/oldenburg-floor-cake-1962/", "id": "N-mt2tiRJ7U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\u200bJames Rosenquist said about his 1964 painting, F111, \"a multiplicity of ideas caused its existence.\" To learn more about what artists have to say, take our online course, Modern and Contemporary Art, 1945-1989.", "title": "James Rosenquist, \"F-111,\" 1964-65", "id": "txHg9ItLH3Y", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/pop/moma-rosenquist-f111/", "slug": "moma-rosenquist-f111"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Roy Lichtenstein, Rouen Cathedral Set V, 1969, oil and magna on canvas, 3 canvases: 63-5/8 x 141-7/8 x 1-3/4 inches or 161.61 x 360.36 x 4.45 cm (SFMOMA) Speakers: Dr,. 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Created by the American artist Robert Morris, it consists of a series of beams, weights, platforms, rollers, tunnels and ramps that people can clamber all over. It closed just four days after opening, due to safety concerns over the wildly enthusiastic reaction of the audience. Take a look at this 2009 recreation of the piece and listen as curators Catherine Wood and Kathy Noble talk about Morris's vision of art and participation.", "title": "Robert Morris: Bodyspacemotionthings at Tate Modern", "slug": "robert-morris-bodyspacemotionthings", "path": "khan/humanities/art-1010/minimalism-earthworks/robert-morris-bodyspacemotionthings/", "id": "IeUiL5vzSzA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Contemporary artist Dorothea Rockburne talks about mathematics, magic, and materials. 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What do you think she is trying to say about the human condition in her work?\n\nRead more about Nan Goldin and explore her work in the Tate Collection here.\n", "title": "Nan Goldin's snapshots of innocence and childhood", "slug": "nan-goldin", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-united-states/nan-goldin/", "id": "r_rVyt-ojpY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Sherrie Levine, Untitled (After Edward Weston, ca. 1925), Type C color print, 19.5 x 14.625 in. 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In this video, Simpson shows us how she arrived at this methodology and why the things that surround here are so important to her work.\nWhat kind of influence does identity have on an artist? In what ways do you think her gender, race, social class, or sexual orientation would have an effect on her work?\n", "title": "Art and identity in the work of Lorna Simpson", "slug": "lorna-simpson", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-united-states/lorna-simpson/", "id": "dNk098ffjLM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Combining text and photography, contemporary artist Carrie Mae Weems explores the notion of a narrative within her work. Love art? 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A rare female voice in the Beirut art scene from the 1940s onwards, she has spent her career combining Western abstraction with the traditions of Islamic design. But working through civil war and ongoing unrest in Lebanon, she remains virtually unknown outside her own country. At the age of 97, this pioneer of art was belatedly recognised with her first major museum show. Here we travel to Beirut to meet the artist's daughter at the apartment where Choucair's work started its journey.", "title": "Saloua Raouda Choucair: From Beirut to Tate Modern", "slug": "saloua-raouda-choucair", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/saloua-raouda-choucair/", "id": "bB1K4H0vx0g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by Tate.org.uk\n\nA major figure in Arab and African modernism, artist Ibrahim El-Salahi discusses his work Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I\u00a0(1962-3), a large-scale oil painting at Tate. In 2013, Tate Modern presented the UK's first major exhibition of El-Salahi's work, bringing together 100 pieces from across more than five decades of his international career. Take a look at some highlights from one of the most significant figures in African art and learn more about how he belongs to a broader, global art history as well.", "title": "Ibrahim El-Salahi", "slug": "el-salahi", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/el-salahi/", "id": "yenSUBmGrdU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Salman Khan and Steven Zucker discuss Gerhard Richter's Betty, 1988, oil on canvas, 102 x 72 cm. 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Learn more about how the artist strove to establish herself both in and beyond Japan, and how she harnessed those struggles to forge a remarkable artistic legacy.", "title": "Yayoi Kusama", "slug": "yayoi-kusama", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/yayoi-kusama/", "id": "rRZR3nsiIeA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nYBA (Young British Artist) Fiona Rae\u2019s paintings are clever, lively, and full of restless energy. Her abstract canvases are an exuberant collision of painting styles: encrusted surfaces, brushy swathes and watery pools, along with kitsch cartoon elements, which somehow coalesce despite their differences. Similarly exuberant is Rae\u2019s method of painting, using an eight-foot-long palette, an array of vivid colours, and a cart full of brushes she uses to craft her canvases.\nMany years into her artistic career,\u00a0Rae admits she is still amazed by the possibilities of painting, and her passion for paint is evident in the way she speaks about it. Do you think that passion for a particular material can change the way an artist uses it?\n\nRead more about Fiona Rae and explore her work in the Tate Collection here.\n", "title": "Fiona Rae on paint and passion", "slug": "fiona-rae", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/fiona-rae/", "id": "4gwbyfERDrA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by Tate.org.uk\n\nWhether capturing images of Frida Kahlo's house, wild dogs in India, or the Seri people in Mexico's Sonoran desert, Mexican photographer Graciela Iturbide presents the world in black in white, or as she describes it, as \"an abstraction of the mind.\" Travelling with her camera every day and often living with her subjects for months, Iturbide says that her process is similar to that of a travel photographer, except that she only shoots \"what surprises and provokes an emotion that I want to capture.\"", "title": "Graciela Iturbide", "slug": "graciela-iturbide", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/graciela-iturbide/", "id": "CyDtzMQbDfQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nHaving moved to the UK in 1976, artist Dia\u00a0Al-Azzawi found that by viewing Iraq from afar, he could understand more about Iraqi and Arabic culture than if he had remained there. Al-Azzawi's vast drawing Sabra and Shatila Massacre 1982-3\u00a0is an example of work that arose from this process of\u00a0observation. Here\u00a0Al-Azzawi explains how working from imagination, he depicted the painting's scenes of chaos\u00a0in a semi-abstract style to create a work that is not a propaganda piece, but which documents a\u00a0tragedy.\n", "title": "Dia Al-Azzawi", "slug": "dia-al-azzawi", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/dia-al-azzawi/", "id": "f8LDv2kthzw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Helen Little explores the 1970s & 1980s.\n\nLearn more about the art featured in this video:\n-\u00a0Tony Cragg, Stack, 1975\n- Mark Wallinger, Where There's Muck, 1985", "title": "Room: 1970s & 1980s", "slug": "room-1970-1980", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/room-1970-1980/", "id": "EC4wJhOEUz8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nCurator Helen Little explores the 1990s.\n\nLearn more about the art featured in this video:\n-\u00a0Leon Kossoff, Christ Church, Spitalfields, Morning, 1990\n-\u00a0Keith Coventry, East Street Estate, 1994\n- Chris Ofili, No Woman, No Cry, 1998", "title": "Room: 1990s", "slug": "room-1990", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/room-1990/", "id": "SadSIPGOeIE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nTate\u2019s Conservation Department works hard behind the scenes to ensure that future generations can enjoy the paintings, sculptures, and other works in the collection. But it\u2019s not just the old masters that get their attention\u2013because contemporary artists work in a diverse and sometimes unusual range of materials, the team often undertakes extensive research to help them and see how their works will hold up in the future. Join paintings conservator Natasha Walker as she explains how the team goes about conserving Chris Ofili\u2019s paintings by creating replicas of his works and subjecting them to drops, falls, cracks, and accelerated aging processes. With the help of the artist, his assistants, and even an elephant, the team\u2019s \u201cChris Ofilis\u201d might not be as good as the real thing, but they will help protect the originals well into the future.", "title": "Conserving Chris Ofili", "slug": "conserving-chris-ofili", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/conserving-chris-ofili/", "id": "2T6-eVRui1I"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Identity, the body and the subversion of Modernism (quiz)", "slug": "europe-identity-body-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/identity-body/identity-body-europe/europe-identity-body-quiz/", "id": "europe-identity-body-quiz"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xe9567ce6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0e1c4eaa"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0d78f6c6"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd4dc3b83"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5c863854"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671593320"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x974f76d2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xbcd3d2a0"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x47fce848"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x789d006a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x8ff17f28"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf80770b9"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x89e33d8c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1064586560"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4365cd34"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x26f5f629"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa4ba64ca"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd3cb75d9"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x80062651"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0e6b03f7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2c8e53d6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa0482a0d"}], "hide": false, "description": "Does art need to be a physical thing, an object made of stone or canvas? 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In Seedbed, Transference Zone, and Supply Room, the artist explores the interplay between the psychological and the social, and the overlapping boundaries of interior and exterior. Listen as Acconci, who still lives and works in New York, shares his thoughts on these three performances.", "title": "Vito Acconci", "slug": "tateshots-vito-acconci", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/conceptual-performance/tateshots-vito-acconci/", "id": "j_dqT-XeIjA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by Tate.org.uk\n\nJuan Downey (1940-1993) was a Chilean artist whose innovations in video, sculpture and interactive performance encouraged reflection on perception and the self. Drawing together advances in technology with an interest in the rituals of his native Latin America, Downey asks big questions about society, history, information and the environment. In this video, his groundbreaking 1973 performance Plato Now is restaged and invites the audience members to consider their role in the piece.", "title": "Juan Downey: Plato Now", "slug": "the-tanks-juan-downey", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/conceptual-performance/the-tanks-juan-downey/", "id": "Aa4RIyDatO8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by Tate.org.uk\n\nSince the early 1960s, German-American artist Hans Haacke has been producing controversial work, often seeking to expose systems of power and influence. While some artists might work to engage with local concerns, Haacke brings his art and its topics to a global scale. In this video, he explains his 1978 photographic series A Breed Apart, a group of montages which targets former car manufacturer British Leyland and for its insidious campaigns and actions in apartheid\u2014or racially segregated\u2014South Africa. By juxtaposing slick advertising shots with images of Leyland vehicles \u201cin action,\u201d as he puts it, against the black indigenous population of South Africa, Haacke highlighted the incongruities of the company\u2019s stance.\n\n\n\n\n\n\u201cI believe it is necessary for the public... the voters... to become aware of these interdependencies, and come up with, hopefully, an alternative,\u201d says Haacke. 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Here she discusses works like Veil\u00a0(1999), returning to themes of light and darkness, visual perception and judgement, explaining: \"I'm trying to explore how we see the world.\"", "title": "Shirazeh Houshiary", "slug": "shirazeh-houshiary", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/shirazeh-houshiary/", "id": "GwTehaUOkhg"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Shonibare, The Swing Quiz", "slug": "shonibare-the-swing-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/shonibare-the-swing-quiz/", "id": "shonibare--the-swing-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nPalestinian, London-based artist Mona Hatoum creates art that challenging our perceptions of everyday objects. \"Often my work is about conflict and contradiction, and that contradiction can be within the actual object,\" she explains. One of her sculptures is a simple wheelchair, an unremarkable object apart from the fact that its handles have been replaced with knives. Another is a baby\u2019s cot, but one with the bottom taken out and replaced with taut, menacing wires. Sometimes the materials she works with are unexpected, like the soap she used to draw a map of a peace agreement between Israel and Palestine.\nThere are many internal contradictions at work in Hatoum\u2019s art. What purpose do they serve? Do they get you thinking about commonplace objects in uncommon ways?\n\nClick here to learn more about Mona Hatoum and her work.\n", "title": "Mona Hatoum's self-contradictory objects", "slug": "mona-hatoum", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/mona-hatoum/", "id": "Xs3DzydSKu8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "El Anatsui, Old Man's Cloth (quiz)", "slug": "el-anatsui-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/el-anatsui-quiz/", "id": "el-anatsui-quiz"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Mehretu, Stadia II (quiz)", "slug": "mehretu-stadia-ii-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/mehretu-stadia-ii-quiz/", "id": "mehretu--stadia-ii-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by Tate.org.uk\n\nZarina Hashmi left India in 1958. Around the same time, her family were subject to relocation from Delhi to Karachi following the partition of India and Pakistan. As a result, exile and the loss of the family home are embedded in her work, which often evokes physical and psychological spaces relating to memories of childhood and later life. Hear the artist speak about her piece Letters from Home\u00a0(2004), a set of woodcuts in which handwritten letters from her sister Rani are overlaid by maps and floorplans that represent the artist's travels and places where she has lived, exploring the relationship with her native language and origins.", "title": "Zarina Hashmi", "slug": "zarina-hashmi", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/zarina-hashmi/", "id": "jXJpbpvcMDU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nIn photographer Mark Ruwedel\u2019s Crossing (2005), we come across a landscape littered with strange and incongruous objects: inner tubes, water bottles, passports, and single shoes are scattered across the desert that stretches over the border between Mexico and Southern California. While we don\u2019t see the players in the drama Ruwedel has documented, his photographs reveal the traces they have left behind, both banal and poignant, as the attempt to cross an invisible line in the desert while escaping detection. Ruwedel walked miles along the US-Mexico border and photographed every object he came across in order to tell the story of undocumented migrants attempting to cross the border in secret.\n\nAs Ruwedel puts it, his photographs deal with \u201cforensic evidence as it is embedded in a landscape that speaks of human histories.\" What purpose do you think Ruwedel\u2019s photographs serve? Are they merely documenting evidence, or telling more complex stories?\n", "title": "Traces of illegal migration in Mexico: Mark Ruwedel", "slug": "mark-ruwedel", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/mark-ruwedel/", "id": "AbecBgtWehE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nIsraeli photographer and former solider Shai Kremer invites us into an expansive military training ground. Kremer snuck into an Israeli training compound\u2014or \u201cstage\u201d\u2014for urban military manoeuvres and took photographs of the exercises taking place within. Hiding from an hourly patrol, Kremer secretly took photos of this fake city in hopes of raising discussion about what he see as the militarisation of society. Although it seems empty from afar, looking more closely at Kremer\u2019s photograph reveals even more details.\nWhat message do you think Kremer is trying to convey in this photograph? Is he supportive or against what he sees\u2014or neither?\u00a0\n", "title": "Shai Kremer in an Israeli military training stage", "slug": "shai-kremer", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/shai-kremer/", "id": "44ZkTayk2hk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by Tate.org.uk\n\nCreative, playful and inventive, Gabriel Orozco creates art in the streets, his apartment or wherever he is inspired. Born in Mexico but working across the globe, Orozco is renowned for his endless experimentation with found objects, which he subtly alters. Join him as he shares his work, throws a boomerang, and marvels at what art can do.", "title": "Gabriel Orozco", "slug": "gabriel-orozco", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/gabriel-orozco/", "id": "LwF9nTEB84k"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\n\"Every work of art is political because every work of art is breaking new ground,\" says Colombian artist Doris Salcedo. In this video, Salcedo explains why she decided to literally break new ground in Tate Modern\u2019s Turbine Hall by splitting the floor open with a long snaking crack in her piece Shibboleth. The word \u201cshibboleth\u201d refers to a word or custom that can be used to differentiate one group from another, and is therefore a token of power: the power to judge and reject with violence.\n\nWhat might it mean to refer to such violence in an art museum? For Salcedo, the crack represents a history of racism, running parallel to the history of modernity. As Salcedo comes from a country riven by war, she has always seen conflict and the world from the perspective of the oppressed. The piece is not an attack, but rather a reminder, a question mark and a disruption of the status quo: she invites us to look down into it, and to confront discomforting truths about our world.\n\nIf you could create some kind of artistic distruption, what would it be? Would it be in a gallery, or on the street? Would it be confrontational or subtle?\n\nTo learn more about Doris Salcedo,\u00a0Shibboleth, and other thought-provoking sculptures by the artist, click here.\n", "title": "Doris Salcedo's \"Shibboleth\"", "slug": "doris-salcedo", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/doris-salcedo/", "id": "NIJDn2MAn9I"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Doris Salcedo, Shibboleth (quiz)", "slug": "doris-salcedo-shibbo", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/doris-salcedo-shibbo/", "id": "doris-salcedo--shibbo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts,\u00a01998 -- 2009 (opened 2010), Via Guido Reni, Rome.\u00a0A conversation between Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts, Rome", "slug": "hadid-maxxi", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/hadid-maxxi/", "id": "Kv3feYibIUk"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Zaha Hadid, MAXII National Museum (quiz)", "slug": "zaha-hadid-maxii-national-museum-quiz", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/zaha-hadid-maxii-national-museum-quiz/", "id": "zaha-hadid--maxii-national-museum-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nThe Venice Biennale art fair is home to a number of national exhibitions as well as smaller shows, often representing people and places that wouldn't normally get a look in. Former Tate curator Jemima Montagu presents an exhibition of work by artists from Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. She talks about the thriving visual culture of the region and misconceptions surrounding it.", "title": "East-West Divan at the Venice Biennale", "slug": "east-west-divan", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/east-west-divan/", "id": "GzTr-OnMI-E"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nNew Yorker Doug Fishbone talks about his film Elmina, in which he joins the cast of an entirely Ghanaian-written and produced film melodrama as the lead character. There is no explanation for Fishbone's difference, leading us as viewers to question our preconceptions of fiction, narrative, cinema, and race.\u00a0Take a look at the artist's unique project as he guides us through big questions about roles and representations in film.", "title": "Doug Fishbone: Elmina", "slug": "doug-fishbone", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/doug-fishbone/", "id": "YtibtTFpF6U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nSyrian artist Hrair Sarkissian was profoundly marked after witnessing a public execution as a child. Having grown up around photographs, Sarkissian decided to use his craft to engage with and document the places that have haunted him the most. Taken in the Syrian cities of Damascus, Aleppo, and Lattakia, Execution Squares takes us to the major public squares in which executions have taken place for civil rather than political crimes. Sarkissian photographed the squares in the early morning when the streets were quiet, around the time when executions are typically carried out.\nDoes seeing these empty squares encourage you to imagine that these peaceful places, and that no such acts of violence could have occurred there? Or does knowing Sarkissian\u2019s stories of what really happened give these photographs new meaning?\n", "title": "Hrair Sarkissian: Syria's \"Execution Squares\"", "slug": "hrair-sarkissian", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/hrair-sarkissian/", "id": "dqn5CgMFfDY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nIn the process of crafting millions of porcelain sunflower seeds, Chinese artist Ai WeiWei creates a work of art as well as a positive social project for the village in rural China he employed to make the seeds.\u00a0Follow Sunflower Seeds\u00a0on its remarkable journey from conception to delivery, and hear the artist talk about his unique socio-political approach to making art.", "title": "Ai Weiwei: Sunflower Seeds", "slug": "ai-weiwei", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/ai-weiwei/", "id": "PueYywpkJW8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nChinese artist Wang Peng started out as an abstract painter before turning to installations\u2014at a time when installation and performance art was banned in China. And yet the artist flourished in what could be considered a hostile environment, using the restrictions imposed upon him to play with how far his art could go instead of simply giving in to the ban. In one piece, the artist and his fellow performers blocked the entrance to a gallery by building a wall of bricks in front of it. The next day, police tore down the wall in an ironic subversion, unwittingly taking part in the performance and symbolically opening the gallery back up.\nUnderpinning Wang Peng\u2019s work is a steadfast resolve to challenge the conventions and boundaries of art. \"Your love of art should never be affected by politics,\u201d he says. Do you think that an artist can be unaffected by politics but still engage with political and social issues?\n\nLearn more about Wang Peng's performance and politics here.\n", "title": "Wang Peng: Performance as politics in China and beyond", "slug": "wang-peng", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/wang-peng/", "id": "LinNW-GIlP0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Met curator John Carpenter on perception in Kohei Nawa\u2019s PixCell-Deer#24.\n\nThis taxidermied deer has been completely transformed through the artist\u2019s use of variably sized \u201cPixCell\u201d beads, a term he invented. PixCell is a portmanteau word combining the idea of a \u201ccell\u201d with that of a \u201cpixel,\u201d the smallest unit of a digital image. Whether intentionally or unintentionally on the artist\u2019s part, PixCell-Deer#24 resonates with a type of religious painting known as a Kasuga Deer Mandala, which features a deer\u2014the messenger animal of Shinto deities\u2014posed similarly with its head turned to the side, and with a round sacred mirror on its back. For Japanese artists the deer was depicted often as a companion of ancient sages and had auspicious or poetic associations.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan.\u00a0For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, visit Find an Educator Resource.\n", "title": "\"Startled\" with John Carpenter", "slug": "startled", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/startled/", "id": "z-DvmxflJgA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Artist Isaac Julien discusses his work, Ten Thousand Waves, and its installation.\u00a0To learn more about what artists have to say, take our online course, Modern and Contemporary Art, 1945-1989.", "title": "Isaac Julien, Ten Thousand Waves | MoMA", "slug": "isaac-julien", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/isaac-julien/", "id": "lM32TL7VnOw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nIn this video, artist Michael Rakowitz explores seemingly implausible connections and contradictions between objects and events. In his 2010 exhibition The worst condition is to pass under a sword which is not one\u2019s own, Rakowitz explores the unexpected links between Western science fiction and fantasy and the design of weapons, uniforms, and monuments under the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq.\n\nThe project explores how images and idea from popular culture have become powerful contemporary mythologies, creating a world in which fictional characters coexist with and inform even the most radical historical figures. What kind of effect do these strange juxtapositions have? Could they make an extreme figure more relatable?\n", "title": "Michael Rakowitz on Star Wars and Saddam Hussein", "slug": "michael-rakowitz", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/michael-rakowitz/", "id": "iCmtnhPs7TI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Wolfgang Laib describes the pollen he collected over 27 years \"as the beginning of life.\" \u00a0To learn more about what artists have to say, take our online course, Modern and Contemporary Art, 1945-1989.", "title": "Wolfgang Laib, \"Pollen from Hazelnut\"", "slug": "moma-laib-pollen-from-hazelnut", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/moma-laib-pollen-from-hazelnut/", "id": "e-_92MYcANk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video brought to you by\u00a0Tate.org.uk\n\nDrawing his greatest inspiration from his hometown of Cotonou, Benin, artist Meschac Gaba uses the city as his workspace and presentation site. Take a look as Gaba parades his work through the street, encouraging passersby to engage with his art, questioning what contemporary African art is and where it dwells. Find out what the artist means when he says, \"The Africa I come from, a lot of people don't know this Africa.\"", "title": "Meschac Gaba", "slug": "meschac-gaba", "path": "khan/humanities/global-culture/global-art-architecture/meschac-gaba/", "id": "e523Snw21Hk"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xac82bc0e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x18af94a5"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe04f3365"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xbde52eb5"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x7260fba4"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x77e41fc0"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x7f61ab3c"}], "hide": false, "description": "This section looks at the art and cultures of Imperial China (for ancient China please see the section, \"Ancient Art and Civilizations\" above), Hindu and Buddhist from South Asia, the great temple and palace complexes of Southeast Asia, and the art and architecture of Korea and Japan. 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It has complex roots, and involves a vast array of practices and a host of deities. Its plethora of forms and beliefs reflects the tremendous diversity of India, where most of its one billion followers reside. Hinduism is more than a religion. It is a culture, a way of life, and a code of behavior. ", "node_slug": "hindu-art-culture", "title": "Hindu art and culture, an introduction", "slug": "hindu-art-culture", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "hindu-art-culture", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore the Hindu temples of India in this short documentary. Learn more about Hindu temples. >", "title": "Hindu temples", "slug": "hindu-temples", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture/hindu-temples/", "id": "o7-i6KLoEkc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how to identify the Hindu deity Shiva and hear a story related to a depiction of Shiva in the Asian Art Museum's collection.", "title": "The Hindu deity Shiva", "slug": "shiva", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture/shiva/", "id": "gYcwNXHrtlQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the Hindu deity Vishnu and his avatar Krishna, and hear a story about Krishna defeating the serpent Kaliya. 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The Buddha was simply a human being and he claimed no inspiration from any god or external power.", "node_slug": "buddhist-art-culture", "title": "Buddhist art and culture, an introduction", "slug": "buddhist-art-culture", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "buddhist-art-culture", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "An introduction to Zen, a form of Buddhism that emphasizes seeking one's own Buddha nature through meditation.\u00a0 Learn more about Buddhism in Japan on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Zen Buddhism", "slug": "zen-buddhism", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture/zen-buddhism/", "id": "_WAi2fwUqN4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A short documentary on the stupa, a hemispherical mound that represents the burial mound of the Buddha. 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Here we see elements that tell us we're in the presence of the Buddha as he was on the threshold of achieving enlightenment. Above his head are branches of heart-shaped leaves. They indicate the sacred bodhi tree, under which he is said to have attained enlightenment some 2,500 years ago. Learn more about this artwork on the Asian Art Museum's education website.", "title": "The Buddha triumphing over Mara", "slug": "buddha-and-mara", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture/buddha-and-mara/", "id": "lA8pSpp-FS4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xac0665d7"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xcb8d6c4b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xb62874f2"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xcacb11b2"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x4d6a02bc"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xcc3efc78"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xea4baa04"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x30024960"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa1f7e57e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x64103eb2"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x2bf93b29"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x223a9150"}], "hide": false, "description": "Imperial Chinese history begins in the 3rd century B.C.E. with Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor of China and ends with the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911.", "node_slug": "imperial-china", "title": "China", "slug": "imperial-china", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "imperial-china", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/imperial-china", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xd7bd39f6"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4defa30f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xdb84b690"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x01531b07"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x1b6ee5eb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x7177d6a6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x18c3d480"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x48a34b1e"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x87d1fc61"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x1d6185b3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd5cea3ac"}], "hide": false, "description": "", "node_slug": "neolithic-art-china", "title": "Neolithic art in China", "slug": "neolithic-art-china", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "neolithic-art-china", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "This video explores the significance and working of jade in China. 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Under the great cliff, in the stillness of the landscape, a solitary figure meditates on the illusory world before him.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, try this and also visit Find an educator resource.\n", "title": "\"Metaphorical\" with Shi-yee Liu", "slug": "metaphorical", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/song-dynasty/metaphorical/", "id": "QvdMC_wY_K4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "719786816"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0592bf39"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8375da91"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xabb669a1"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8ae12421"}], "hide": false, "description": "The Yuan dynasty was established by the Mongol invader Kublai Khan and was a period of unified rule, trade and important developments in ceramics, painting, poetry, and theater. 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Hearn on emptiness in Fang Congyi\u2019s Cloudy Mountains.\n\nFang Congyi, a Daoist priest from Jiangxi, traveled extensively in the north before settling down at the seat of the Orthodox Unity Daoist church, the Shangqing Temple on Mount Longhu (Dragon Tiger Mountain), Jiangxi province. Imbued with Daoist mysticism, he painted landscapes that \"turned the shapeless into shapes and returned things that have shapes to the shapeless.\"\n\nAccording to Daoist geomantic beliefs, a powerful life energy pulsates through mountain ranges and watercourses in patterns known as longmo (dragon veins). In Cloudy Mountains, the painter's kinetic brushwork, wound up as if in a whirlwind, charges the mountains with an expressive liveliness that defies their physical structure. The great mountain range, weightless and dematerialized, resembles a dragon ascending into the clouds.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan. 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", "node_slug": "korea-japan", "title": "Korea", "slug": "korea-japan", "contains": ["Topic", "Video"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "korea-japan", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/korea-japan", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/korea-japan/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/korea-japan", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xb6ddd045"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd4f87520"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x53df834f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x7a887c86"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4a5557f0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb646ca21"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x31ee2cee"}], "hide": false, "description": "Discover the Royal Palaces of Seoul, monastic practices that keep traditional painting alive, a Confucian scholar's house and the tradition of Korean ceramics.", "node_slug": "korean-art", "title": "A beginner's guide to Korean art", "slug": "korean-art", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "korean-art", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/korea-japan/korean-art", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/korea-japan/korean-art/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/korea-japan/korean-art", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "This video documents the creation of a Buddhist painting by the monk artist, Seol-min (formerly known as Jae-u), who has dedicated her life to keeping the tradition of Buddhist painting alive. 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The Asian Art Museum's Bonten and Taishakuten are the only large-scale, matched Japanese hollow dry lacquer sculptures from the Nara period in a U.S. collection. Even in Japan, sculptures like these are extremely rare and most have been designated as National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties. 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The first sculptures of Fud\u014d made in Japan were seated, but standing sculptures like this one were carved beginning in the eleventh century. Fud\u014d uses his sword to cut through ignorance and his lasso to reign in those who would block the path to enlightenment. The heavy weight of the shoulders and back is planted firmly on the stiffened legs, appropriate for a deity whose name means the \u201cImmovable.\u201d\n\nImages of Fud\u014d are often housed in temple halls called Gomad\u014d where a fire-burning ritual called the goma-e is performed. The ritual involves the burning of incense and other possessions to symbolically destroy defilements. This statue, originally composed of six hollowed-out pieces of wood, was formerly the central icon of the Kuhonji Gomad\u014d in Funasaka, twenty miles northwest of Kyoto. The hall has not survived. 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Hinduism has a vast pantheon of male and female deities but pre-eminent among them are Shiva and Vishnu.", "node_slug": "hindu-art", "title": "Hindu art in South Asia", "slug": "hindu-art", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "hindu-art", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/hindu-art", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/hindu-art/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/south-asia/hindu-art", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore Hinduism through clips of significant sites in South Asia and interviews with members of the Bay Area South Asian community. Learn more about Hinduism on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Beliefs made visible: Hindu art in South Asia", "slug": "beliefs-made-visible-i", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/hindu-art/beliefs-made-visible-i/", "id": "IX85uiG86RA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The elephant-headed Ganesha is one of the most popular Hindu gods -- the creator and remover of obstacles. The main stone sculpture in the display was carved from schist around 800 years ago and was originally positioned on the outside of a temple in the eastern state of Orissa (recently renamed Odisha). The display brings this sculpture together with other more recent depictions of Ganesha created for different purposes. Among these are the temporary statues created every year for the Ganeshchaturthi festival in Mumbai, which are placed in public or domestic shrines before being immersed in water at the end of the celebrations.\u00a0\u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum", "title": "The making and worship of Ganesha statues in Maharashtra", "slug": "ganesha", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/hindu-art/ganesha/", "id": "wkP1TF16z1M"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x64539d32"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0c838595"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe13bacd3"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x665cf0a5"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x2652b0e8"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc04d1655"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x363d21ba"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x616662db"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x6aefd753"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcdbad937"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0640a539"}], "hide": false, "description": "Buddhism was established in the fifth century B.C.E. by the Buddha or \"enlightened one.\" However it was not until the third century B.C.E. that Buddhism enjoyed royal patronage under the Mauryan kings\u2014notably Ashoka\u2014and spread to all parts of the subcontinent. Buddhism continued to flourish in subsequent centuries, reaching South East Asia in the fifth century C.E. and Tibet in the seventh.", "node_slug": "buddhist-art2", "title": "Buddhist art in South Asia", "slug": "buddhist-art2", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "buddhist-art2", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/buddhist-art2", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/buddhist-art2/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-asia/south-asia/buddhist-art2", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore Buddhism through clips of significant sites in South Asia and interviews with members of the Bay Area South Asian community. Learn more about Buddhism on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Beliefs made visible: Buddhist art in South Asia", "slug": "beliefs-made-visible-ii", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/buddhist-art2/beliefs-made-visible-ii/", "id": "jl6S0wdeWk4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Discover Bodh Gaya, one of several sights in India associated with the birth of Buddhism. Learn more about Bodh Gaya on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Bodh Gaya: center of the Buddhist world", "slug": "bodh-gaya", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/buddhist-art2/bodh-gaya/", "id": "qk-9Ez3xICY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A short documentary about one of India's most sacred cities, Varanasi. 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Beneath it hangs a garland of severed heads. In the crooks of his elbows he supports a gandi gong, used to summon monks to assemblies and a symbol of his vow to protect the Buddhist university of Nalanda. His principal companions, Palden Remati and Palden Lhamo, appear to his left, and Legden Nagpo and Bhutadamara appear to his right. To the lower left is Brahmarupa, blowing a thighbone trumpet.\n\nThis tangka is one of the earliest and grandest of this subject, and marks the beginning of a transfer from what was largely a mural tradition to large-scale cloth paintings. Although commissioned for a Tibetan monastery, the work is strongly Nepali in style and composition, and can be related to paintings in the fifteenth-century Kumbum at Gyantse monastery, believed to have been painted under Newari direction.\n\nAre you an educator? Here's a related lesson plan.\u00a0For additional educator resources from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, try this and also visit Find an Educator Resource.\n\nView this work on metmuseum.org.\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\n", "title": "\"The Dark Lord\" with Kurt Behrendt", "slug": "dark-lord", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/south-asia/buddhist-art2/dark-lord/", "id": "9gPTOKcwp3c"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xf671db05"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x59760512"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb21ba5c7"}], "hide": false, "description": "Archaeologists discovered treasures from Afghanistan's nomadic ancestors but then had to hide them to keep them safe. 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A succession of kings built huge temples that remain in Cambodia today as some of the world's greatest religious monuments. Learn more about artworks from Southeast Asia on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Angkor temple mountains", "slug": "angkor-temple-mountains", "path": "khan/humanities/art-asia/southeast-asia/mainland-se-asia/angkor-temple-mountains/", "id": "fPc20_vtlaM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Apart from their damaged limbs, these 1,000-year-old Cambodian sculptures survive in excellent condition, and the fact that they have remained together makes them rare. These statues would have been in the inner sanctuary of a Hindu temple, a huge stone complex built up like a step pyramid, with the sanctuary at the top. Images of Shiva acting out his power in the world might be found on the outside of an ancient Cambodian temple, but inside the temple the deity would be shown standing upright and still, conveying a sense of resolute calm to all who gazed upon him. Learn more about the deities Shiva and Parvati on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\n\nThe third eye in the middle of the forehead of the male figure identifies him as the Hindu deity Shiva. His wife is Parvati. Both these deities can be represented in supernatural forms with multiple arms, and both have violent and frightening forms as well. Here, however, they are shown in the guise of a graceful young man and woman. Before and after the period of these sculptures, Angkorian art usually emphasized the power and remoteness of the gods. In the late 900s, however, and continuing for several generations, gentleness and sensitivity were sometimes emphasized. 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When she is portrayed alone, like here, she dances gracefully; her\u00a0right leg is raised and bent, and her left leg would usually be planted on a prostrate demonic figure, which\u00a0in this case is missing. Originally she would have held a chopper (a curved, chopping knife) in her right\u00a0hand and a bowl made from a human skull in her left. These are also missing. She is naked except for\u00a0jewelry (originally inset with semiprecious stones), a tiger skin is wrapped around her waist, and human\u00a0skin is knotted around her shoulders.\nTogether with Makaravaktra Dakini (a crocodile-headed dakini), Simhavaktra attends Penden Lhamo, the only female goddess among the Eight Guardians of the Dharma who protect the teachings\u00a0of the Buddha. 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Though small and separated by thousands of miles, they share similar environments and were settled by people with a common cultural heritage. The western Polynesian islands of Fiji and Tonga were settled approximately 3,000 years ago, whilst New Zealand was settled as recently as 1200 C.E.", "node_slug": "polynesia", "title": "Polynesia", "slug": "polynesia", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "polynesia", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-oceania/polynesia", "path": "khan/humanities/art-oceania/polynesia/", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-oceania/polynesia", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Ceremony of blessing for a display of a Maori meeting house in Living and Dying, the Wellcome Trust Gallery, at the British Museum.\nVideo features Natasha McKinney, curator, George Nuku, artist, and Kateia Burrows, Ngati Porou, Aitutaki.\n\nSpeakers in the ceremony: Karl Burrows, Ngati Maru, Te Ati Awa, Whanganui.\n\n\u00a9Trustees of the British Museum\n", "title": "A welcome to a Maori meeting house", "slug": "maori-meeting-house", "path": "khan/humanities/art-oceania/polynesia/maori-meeting-house/", "id": "hHBaf7PfvaY"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x132a1850"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe90b20c6"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xaeb6d097"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x63ee813a"}], "hide": false, "description": "To the north and east of Australia lie the islands known as Melanesia. 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"enzyme-structure-and-function-passage-2", "id": "enzyme-structure-and-function---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Muscles rely on lactate dehydrogenase"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to pancreatitis", "title": "The role of alcohol abuse in pancreatitis", "slug": "the-role-of-alcohol-abuse-in-pancreatitis", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/the-role-of-alcohol-abuse-in-pancreatitis/", "id": "the-role-of-alcohol-abuse-in-pancreatitis"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization.", "title": "A genetic mutation with prognostic value for glioblastoma patients", "slug": "a-genetic-mutation-with-prognostic-value-for-glioblastoma-patients", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/a-genetic-mutation-with-prognostic-value-for-glioblastoma-patients/", "id": "a-genetic-mutation-with-prognostic-value-for-glioblastoma-patients"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to genetics and control of enzyme activity", "title": "Myelogenous leukemia and two chemotherapeutic agents", "slug": "myelogenous-leukemia-and-two-chemotherapeutic-agents", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/myelogenous-leukemia-and-two-chemotherapeutic-agents/", "id": "myelogenous-leukemia-and-two-chemotherapeutic-agents"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions Related to Controlling Enzyme Activity", "title": "Biochemistry of a newly discovered (pretend) neurotransmitter", "slug": "-biochemistry-of-a-newly-discovered-pretend-neurotransmitter", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/-biochemistry-of-a-newly-discovered-pretend-neurotransmitter/", "id": "-biochemistry-of-a-newly-discovered--pretend--neurotransmitter"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to DNA and the immune system", "title": "Mechanisms of antibody variability during B-cell development", "slug": "mechanisms-of-antibody-variability-during-b-cell-development", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/mechanisms-of-antibody-variability-during-b-cell-development/", "id": "mechanisms-of-antibody-variability-during-b-cell-development"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to recombinant DNA and biotechnology", "title": "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) of a UV-dependent gene", "slug": "reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction-rt-pcr-of-a-uv-dependent-gene", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction-rt-pcr-of-a-uv-dependent-gene/", "id": "reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction--rt-pcr--of-a-uv-dependent-gene"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to translocation", "title": "Translocations in the germline", "slug": "translocations-in-the-germline", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/translocations-in-the-germline/", "id": "translocations-in-the-germline"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to heredity", "title": "A family history of Marfan syndrome", "slug": "a-family-history-of-marfan-syndrome", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/a-family-history-of-marfan-syndrome/", "id": "a-family-history-of-marfan-syndrome"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "questions on cell cycle of cardia muscle", "title": "Blood oxygen levels may determine cardiac muscle regeneration", "slug": "blood-oxygen-levels-may-determine-cardiac-muscle-regeneration", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/blood-oxygen-levels-may-determine-cardiac-muscle-regeneration/", "id": "blood-oxygen-levels-may-determine-cardiac-muscle-regeneration"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to the functions of the endocrine systems and ways in which hormones coordinate the organ systems.", "title": "Cushing's syndrome and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis", "slug": "cushing-s-syndrome-and-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-axis", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/cushing-s-syndrome-and-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-axis/", "id": "cushing-s-syndrome-and-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-axis"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/the-electrophoretic-separation-of-proteins/", "slug": "the-electrophoretic-separation-of-proteins", "id": "the-electrophoretic-separation-of-proteins", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "The 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"khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/dna-passage-1/", "slug": "dna-passage-1", "id": "dna---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Early experiments on the genetic code"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/dna-passage-2/", "slug": "dna-passage-2", "id": "dna---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Understanding the cause of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/gene-control-passage-1/", "slug": "gene-control-passage-1", "id": "gene-control---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Gene therapy using retroviruses"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/gene-control-passage-2/", "slug": "gene-control-passage-2", "id": "gene-control---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Regulation of the lac operon"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Genetic mutations - Passage 1", "title": "Mutations that cause Crohn\u2019s Disease", "slug": "genetic-mutations-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/genetic-mutations-passage-1/", "id": "genetic-mutations---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Genetic mutations - Passage 2", "title": "Genetics of Myotonic dystrophy", "slug": "genetic-mutations-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/genetic-mutations-passage-2/", "id": "genetic-mutations---passage-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to Mendelian inhertiance", "title": "Inheritance patterns in flowering plants", "slug": "inheritance-patterns-in-flowering-plants", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/inheritance-patterns-in-flowering-plants/", "id": "inheritance-patterns-in-flowering-plants"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/evolution-and-population-dynamics-passage-1/", "slug": "evolution-and-population-dynamics-passage-1", "id": "evolution-and-population-dynamics---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Selective pressures on cacti needle length"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Evolution and population dynamics - Passage 2", "title": "Human impact on animal populations", "slug": "evolution-and-population-dynamics-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/evolution-and-population-dynamics-passage-2/", "id": "evolution-and-population-dynamics----passage-2"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/principle-s-of-bioenergetics/", "slug": "principle-s-of-bioenergetics", "id": "principle-s-of-bioenergetics", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Heat generation in brown fat"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/principles-of-bioenergetics-passage-2/", "slug": "principles-of-bioenergetics-passage-2", "id": "principles-of-bioenergetics---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Control of glucose levels"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/overview-of-metabolism-passage-1/", "slug": "overview-of-metabolism-passage-1", "id": "overview-of-metabolism---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Regulating electron carrier molecules"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/overview-of-metabolism-passage-2/", "slug": "overview-of-metabolism-passage-2", "id": "overview-of-metabolism---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Studying metabolism with galvanic cells"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Carbohydrates quiz passage 1", "title": "The structure of monosaccharides", "slug": "carbohydrates-quiz-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/carbohydrates-quiz-passage-1/", "id": "carbohydrates-quiz-passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Carbohydrates quiz passage 2", "title": "Hemiacetal formation of carbohydrates", "slug": "carbohydrates-quiz-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/carbohydrates-quiz-passage-2/", "id": "carbohydrates-quiz-passage-2"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/carbohydrate-metabolism-passage-1/", "slug": "carbohydrate-metabolism-passage-1", "id": "carbohydrate-metabolism---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Hypoglycemia and carbohydrate metabolism"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/carbohydrate-metabolism-passage-2/", "slug": "carbohydrate-metabolism-passage-2", "id": "carbohydrate-metabolism---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/krebs-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation-passage-1/", "slug": "krebs-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation-passage-1", "id": "krebs-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Inhibiting the electron transport chain"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/krebs-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation-passage-2/", "slug": "krebs-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation-passage-2", "id": "krebs-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Fat and Protein Metabolism - Passage 1", "title": "Diabetes and hyperglycemia", "slug": "fat-and-protein-metabolism-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/fat-and-protein-metabolism-passage-1/", "id": "fat-and-protein-metabolism---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Fat and Protein Metabolism - Passage 2", "title": "Fat metabolism deficiences", "slug": "fat-and-protein-metabolism-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/fat-and-protein-metabolism-passage-2/", "id": "fat-and-protein-metabolism---passage-2"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/cell-membrane-overview-passage-1/", "slug": "cell-membrane-overview-passage-1", "id": "cell-membrane-overview---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Cell membranes and trafficking disorders"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/cell-membrane-overview-passage-2/", "slug": "cell-membrane-overview-passage-2", "id": "cell-membrane-overview---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Ion transport defects cause cystic fibrosis"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Cell-cell Interactions - Passage 1", "title": "Reducing pain with morphine", "slug": "cell-cell-interactions-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/cell-cell-interactions-passage-1/", "id": "cell-cell-interactions---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Cell-cell Interactions - Passage 2", "title": "The role of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in preventing cancer", "slug": "cell-cell-interactions-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/cell-cell-interactions-passage-2/", "id": "cell-cell-interactions---passage-2"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/neural-cells-passage-1/", "slug": "neural-cells-passage-1", "id": "neural-cells---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Effects of stroke on the brain"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/neural-cells-passage-2/", "slug": "neural-cells-passage-2", "id": "neural-cells---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and viruses"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/neuron-membrane-potentials-passage-1/", "slug": "neuron-membrane-potentials-passage-1", "id": "neuron-membrane-potentials---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Ion channel effects on neuron membrane potentials"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/neuron-membrane-potentials-passage-2/", "slug": "neuron-membrane-potentials-passage-2", "id": "neuron-membrane-potentials---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Demyelinating disease and aging"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/the-synapse-passage-1/", "slug": "the-synapse-passage-1", "id": "the-synapse---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Neurotransmitter removal from the synapse"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/the-synapse-passage-2/", "slug": "the-synapse-passage-2", "id": "the-synapse---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Synaptic transmission between neurons"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/endocrine-system-passage-1/", "slug": "endocrine-system-passage-1", "id": "endocrine-system---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Regulation of growth hormone"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/endocrine-system-passage-2/", "slug": "endocrine-system-passage-2", "id": "endocrine-system---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Measuring 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"The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin", "slug": "hematologic-system-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/hematologic-system-passage-2/", "id": "hematologic-system--passage-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "This passage will test your knowledge on the respiratory system", "title": "Inspiration, respiratory rate, and respiratory therapy", "slug": "respiratory-system-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/respiratory-system-passage-1/", "id": "respiratory-system---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "This passage will test your knowledge on the respiratory system\u00a0", "title": "Residual lung volume in a patient", "slug": "respiratory-system-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/respiratory-system-passage-2/", "id": "respiratory-system---passage-2"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/lymphatic-system-passage-1/", "slug": "lymphatic-system-passage-1", "id": "lymphatic-system---passage-1", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Lymph system function during cirrhosis"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/lymphatic-system-passage-2/", "slug": "lymphatic-system-passage-2", "id": "lymphatic-system---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Studying lymph in a model system"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Immune System - Passage 1", "title": "Fighting infection with adaptive immunity", "slug": "immune-system-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/immune-system-passage-1/", "id": "immune-system---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Immune System - Passage 2", "title": "Neutrophil proliferation and disease", "slug": "immune-system-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/immune-system-passage-2/", "id": "immune-system---passage-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Renal system - Passage 1", "title": "Hair dye chemicals and cancer", "slug": "renal-system-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/renal-system-passage-1/", "id": "renal-system---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Renal system - Passage 2", "title": "Measuring kidney function", "slug": "renal-system-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biological-sciences-practice/biological-sciences-practice-tut/renal-system-passage-2/", "id": "renal-system---passage-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "questions", "title": "Blood pressure regulation in the kidney", "slug": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure-passage-1", "path": 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development"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/social-sciences-practice/social-science-practice-tut/self-identity-passage-2/", "slug": "self-identity-passage-2", "id": "self-identity---passage-2", "kind": "Exercise", "title": "Increasing Sarah's self-efficacy: A case study"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to urbanization and urban growth", "title": "Urban growth models", "slug": "social-structures-passage-1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/social-sciences-practice/social-science-practice-tut/social-structures-passage-1/", "id": "social-structures---passage-1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to social norms and deviant behavior.", "title": "Social norms and deviant behavior", "slug": "social-structures-passage-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/social-sciences-practice/social-science-practice-tut/social-structures-passage-2/", "id": "social-structures---passage-2"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to population growth 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Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "DNA sequencing", "slug": "dna-sequencing", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna-technology/dna-sequencing/", "id": "Jnk_4Maf5Fk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Gene expression and function", "slug": "gene-expression-and-function", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna-technology/gene-expression-and-function/", "id": "vP23dkY0mPo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Applications of DNA technologies", "slug": "applications-of-dna-technologies", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna-technology/applications-of-dna-technologies/", "id": "gqMqYYcJgz4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Safety and ethics of DNA technologies", "slug": "safety-and-ethics-of-dna-technologies", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna-technology/safety-and-ethics-of-dna-technologies/", "id": "7fztCjCfhZQ"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xf7b63e29"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3d699a3c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x95c0a545"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23946"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23942"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6e2290ad"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x18b8c30a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2e49d122"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3ce4eef4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x51994d7d"}], "hide": false, "description": "Between 1856 and 1863, Gregor Mendel did a series of experiments with pea plants that established much of our fundamental understanding of heredity. In this section you will learn how traits are passed down from parents to their offspring and how genetic recombination can produce organisms with new gene combinations.", "node_slug": "chromosomal-inheritance", "title": "Chromosomal inheritance", "slug": "chromosomal-inheritance", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "chromosomal-inheritance", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions pertaining to chromosomal inheritance", "title": "Chromosomal inheritance questions", "slug": "chromosomal-inheritance-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/chromosomal-inheritance-questions/", "id": "chromosomal-inheritance-questions"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-1/", "slug": "evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-1", "id": "IMvBKaeaxco", "kind": "Video", "title": "Evidence that DNA is genetic material 1"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-2/", "slug": "evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-2", "id": "oC_-oUOEaVM", "kind": "Video", "title": "Evidence that DNA is genetic material 2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Chromosomal basis for gender. Sex-linked traits.", "title": "Sex-linked traits", "slug": "sex-linked-traits", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/sex-linked-traits/", "id": "-ROhfKyxgCo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Dihybrid crosses. Independent assortment. Incomplete dominance. Codominance and multiple alleles.", "title": "Punnett square fun", "slug": "punnett-square-fun", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/punnett-square-fun/", "id": "D5ymMYcLtv0"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/genetic-recombination-1/", "slug": "genetic-recombination-1", "id": "BlnUNmfGn7I", "kind": "Video", "title": "Genetic recombination 1"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/genetic-recombination-2/", "slug": "genetic-recombination-2", "id": "jrGpD13LLf8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Genetic recombination 2"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/gene-mapping/", "slug": "gene-mapping", "id": "ZeATszO-6e0", "kind": "Video", "title": "Gene mapping"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/extranuclear-inheritance-1/", "slug": "extranuclear-inheritance-1", "id": "yyM0yIOJ2yE", "kind": "Video", "title": "Extranuclear inheritance 1"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/extranuclear-inheritance-2/", "slug": "extranuclear-inheritance-2", "id": "RjzzgiUpaQY", "kind": "Video", "title": "Extranuclear inheritance 2"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x8922de36"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb358a3c7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2d066b76"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xfbcf3fec"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd13f37bc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x918eb2d9"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2c49b090"}], "hide": false, "description": "1C: Charles Darwin inaugurated the field of evolutionary biology 150 years ago with the publication of \u201cOn the Origin of Species.\u201d You will learn about the driving forces of evolution beyond natural selection and the relationship between populations and their environments. The story of Darwin\u2019s finches will make a lot more sense. \n", "node_slug": "evolution-population-dynmaics", "title": "Evolution and population dynamics", "slug": "evolution-population-dynmaics", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "evolution-population-dynmaics", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Evolution and population dynamics questions", "title": "Evolution and population dynamics questions", "slug": "evolution-and-population-dynamics-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/evolution-and-population-dynamics-questions/", "id": "evolution-and-population-dynamics-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the fundamental principles about how natural selection can drive the process of evolution.\u00a0 By Ross Firestone.", "title": "Evolution and natural selection", "id": "Me_041nrRZk", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/evolution-natural-selection/", "slug": "evolution-natural-selection"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the concept of fecundity and how it contributes to an organism's overall biological fitness. By Ross Firestone. ", "title": "Fitness and fecundity", "id": "l5aJ1Y1CiEs", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/fitness-and-fecundity/", "slug": "fitness-and-fecundity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about driving forces of evolution other than natural selection. Group selection and artificial selection are just a few of these forms of \"Alternative Selection.\"\u00a0 By Ross Firestone.", "title": "Alternative selection", "id": "RB7H7paHXd0", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/alternative-selection/", "slug": "alternative-selection"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how changes in the environment can change the way natural selection behaves. What happens when a population's environment changes drastically?\u00a0 By Ross Firestone.", "title": "Bottlenecks and the environment", "id": "YWE9HuV0lo8", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/bottlenecks-the-environment/", "slug": "bottlenecks-the-environment"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about inbreeding and how it can hurt a population's genetic diversity. By Ross Firestone.", "title": "Inbreeding", "id": "eg7ltl5vll0", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/inbreeding/", "slug": "inbreeding"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What makes two organisms members of different species? Learn about the forces behind reproductive isolation. By Ross Firestone. ", "title": "Reproductive isolation", "id": "vmgKC2IJjOI", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/evolution-population-dynmaics/reproductive-isolation/", "slug": "reproductive-isolation"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xaeb783a3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x7a46fb33"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd9cd47f4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x34d1968c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0c3b1a42"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcfac46de"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "388057"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe46d55e0"}], "hide": false, "description": "1D: When you light a candle, energy in the form of heat is dissipated into the surroundings. Without energy transfer, frogs wouldn\u2019t jump, and cheetahs wouldn\u2019t run. We will discuss Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and Le Chatelier\u2019s principles, thermodynamic concepts governing energy transfer as we examine their relationship to metabolism. After this tutorial, you will understand what it really means to \u201cburn calories\u201d during exercise.\n", "node_slug": "principles-of-bioenergetics", "title": "Principles of bioenergetics", "slug": "principles-of-bioenergetics", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "principles-of-bioenergetics", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Questions related to bioenergetics", "title": "Bioenergetics questions", "slug": "principles-of-bioenergetics-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/principles-of-bioenergetics-questions/", "id": "principles-of-bioenergetics-questions"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Bioenergetics questions", "title": "Bioenergetics questions (2)", "slug": "bioenergetics-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/bioenergetics-questions/", "id": "bioenergetics-questions"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/gibbs-free-energy-introduction/", "slug": "gibbs-free-energy-introduction", "id": "ZBLoUQAMWP8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Gibbs free energy introduction"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/gibbs-free-energy-an-analogy/", "slug": "gibbs-free-energy-an-analogy", "id": "qTXZ6UrO54U", "kind": "Video", "title": "An analogy for Gibbs free energy"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/heat-transfer-1/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Heat transfer", "id": "JoFSRuJDp5o", "slug": "heat-transfer-1"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/enthalpy-1/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Enthalpy", "id": "AfjH7Xn8VB8", "slug": "enthalpy-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Le Chatelier's Principle regarding the \"stressing\" of reactions in equilibrium", "title": "Le Chatelier's principle", "id": "4-fEvpVNTlE", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/le-chatelier-s-principle/", "slug": "le-chatelier-s-principle"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/thermodynamics-vs-kinetics/", "slug": "thermodynamics-vs-kinetics", "id": "l-l_8cSQdEw", "kind": "Video", "title": "Thermodynamics vs kinetics"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xb2f307f7"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb7f05d8d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xaa3f87dd"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb219c635"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x8f9c2be6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23956"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc553bc46"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x654477f1"}], "hide": false, "description": "1D: You are breathing, your heart is beating, and you are reading this sentence. All these processes would be impossible were it not for the chemical energy produce within our cells. In this tutorial, we will integrate the biology and chemistry of metabolism as we walk you through the electron transport chain and the production of ATP, the ultimate energy currency in our bodies.\n", "node_slug": "overview-metabolism", "title": "Overview of metabolism", "slug": "overview-metabolism", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "overview-metabolism", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "What is the purpose of metabolism? Learn about the two major divisions in metabolism: anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).\u00a0 By Jasmine Rana.", "title": "Overview of metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism", "id": "ST1UWnenOo0", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/overview-of-metabolism-anabolism-and-catabolism/", "slug": "overview-of-metabolism-anabolism-and-catabolism"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/atp/", "slug": "atp", "id": "PK6HmIe2EAg", "kind": "Video", "title": "ATP: Adenosine triphosphate"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/atp-hydrolysis/", "slug": "atp-hydrolysis", "id": "M-aktLHDZEA", "kind": "Video", "title": "ATP hydrolysis mechanism"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\nHow does ATP provide energy for biosynthesis reactions? Use an understanding of Gibbs Free Energy to understand how ATP is coupled to energy-requiring processes. By Jasmine Rana.\n\n", "title": "ATP hydrolysis: Gibbs free energy", "id": "76O8KpO_4Zw", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/atp-hydrolysis-gibbs-free-energy/", "slug": "atp-hydrolysis-gibbs-free-energy"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How is ATP coupled to energy-requiring processes? How does the transfer of a phosphate group \"fuel\" chemical reactions?", "title": "ATP hydrolysis: Transfer of a phosphate group", "id": "AcNDiCzz3do", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group/", "slug": "atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Taking a looking at oxidation and reduction in a biological context. ", "title": "Oxidation and reduction review from biological point-of-view", "id": "orI2m6IarJg", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/oxidation-and-reduction-from-biological-view/", "slug": "oxidation-and-reduction-from-biological-view"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How is metabolism similar to a galvanic cell? Apply fundamental principles of electrochemistry to understand the energy harnessed from the oxidation-reduction processes of metabolism.", "title": "Oxidation and reduction in metabolism", "id": "g7GXj5QTnJw", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/oxidation-and-reduction-in-metabolism/", "slug": "oxidation-and-reduction-in-metabolism"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What are electron carrier molecules? What role do they play in metabolism? Learn how electron carrier molecules capture the flow of electrons from the breakdown of a fuel (e.g. glucose) to produce ATP.", "title": "Electron carrier molecules", "id": "yDCeMg0krRM", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/electron-carrier-molecules/", "slug": "electron-carrier-molecules"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x1761796b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xadddf3af"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb4a4cc38"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2a49b048"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe885dfb1"}], "hide": false, "description": "1D: Sugars are more than a prelude to a trip to the dentist - they makes life itself possible. This tutorial will describe the structure of these vital biomolecules.", "node_slug": "carbohydrates", "title": "Carbohydrates", "slug": "carbohydrates", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "carbohydrates", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates", "children": [{"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-naming-and-classification/", "slug": "carbohydrates-naming-and-classification", "id": "doe_zZDjU5c", "kind": "Video", "title": "Carbohydrates - naming and classification"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-absolute-configuration-epimers-common-names/", "slug": "carbohydrates-absolute-configuration-epimers-common-names", "id": "U5xnGyw2llY", "kind": "Video", "title": "Carbohydrates - absolute configuration, epimers, common names"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1/", "slug": "carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1", "id": "4ztQjBGbecw", "kind": "Video", "title": "Carbohydrates - Cyclic structures and anomers"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-di-and-polysaccharides/", "slug": "carbohydrates-di-and-polysaccharides", "id": "e_WWO2O5Nb8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Carbohydrates- di and polysaccharides"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Mechanisms for acid and base catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization. By Jay.", "title": "Keto-enol tautomerization", "slug": "keto-enol-tautomerization-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/keto-enol-tautomerization-2/", "id": "NdRl1C6Jr5o"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xf2ac672e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23954"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "23960"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4162ad15"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe52e787e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6a6c4fa2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7027a9d4"}], "hide": false, "description": "1D: The glucose in the bread of the ham and cheese sandwich you just had for lunch goes on a productive journey within your cells after it is absorbed - the glucose in the bread is involved in several interlinked pathways. Your body has a decision to make - it can either break down the glucose for energy or store it for later. We will delve into the metabolic pathways of glucose - glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate shunt.", "node_slug": "carbohydrate-metabolism", "title": "Carbohydrate Metabolism", "slug": "carbohydrate-metabolism", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "carbohydrate-metabolism", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Carbohydrate metabolism questions", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism questions", "slug": "carbohydrate-metabolism-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/carbohydrate-metabolism-questions/", "id": "carbohydrate-metabolism-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to cellular respiration, glycolysis, the Kreb's Cycle, and the electron transport chain", "title": "Introduction to cellular respiration", "id": "2f7YwCtHcgk", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/introduction-to-cellular-respiration/", "slug": "introduction-to-cellular-respiration"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Overview of glycolysis", "title": "Glycolysis", "id": "FE2jfTXAJHg", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/glycolysis/", "slug": "glycolysis"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What are the reactions that are unique to gluconeogenesis (vs. glycolysis)?Where does gluconeogenesis fit into carbohydrate metabolism? 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", "node_slug": "neural-synapses", "title": "Neuronal synapses", "slug": "neural-synapses", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "neural-synapses", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Neuronal synapses questions", "title": "Neuronal synapses questions", "slug": "neuronal-synapses-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/neuronal-synapses-questions/", "id": "neuronal-synapses-questions"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/synapse-structure/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Synapse structure", "id": "iqf3ft0mh1M", "slug": "synapse-structure"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/neurotransmitter-release/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Neurotransmitter release", "id": "Ac-Npt3vgCE", "slug": "neurotransmitter-release"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/types-of-neurotransmitters/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Types of neurotransmitters", "id": "FXYX_ksRwIk", "slug": "types-of-neurotransmitters"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/types-of-neurotransmitter-receptors/", "slug": "types-of-neurotransmitter-receptors", "id": "yg44T2HcA2o", "kind": "Video", "title": "Types of neurotransmitter receptors"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/neurotransmitter-removal/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Neurotransmitter removal", "id": "FO10z7FX13c", "slug": "neurotransmitter-removal"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neural-synapses/neuroplasticity/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Neuroplasticity", "id": "J8wW1t1JqUc", "slug": "neuroplasticity"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x6589e16e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xbc73c884"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7e31c319"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd63ac3ee"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xdec1d13d"}], "hide": false, "description": "3A: The human body is composed of about 100 trillion cells (this is not counting your bacterial buddies, who actually outnumber your cells 10 to 1!) 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In this tutorial, you will learn about the molecular basis of cellular signaling that makes this vast network speedy and efficient.", "node_slug": "biosignaling", "title": "Biosignaling", "slug": "biosignaling", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "biosignaling", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how membrane receptors work in our body.", "title": "Membrane Receptors", "slug": "membrane-receptors", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/membrane-receptors/", "id": "8Otn9DVkm-g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how ligand gated ion channels work in the cell membrane.", "title": "Ligand Gated Ion Channels", "slug": "ligand-gated-ion-channels", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/ligand-gated-ion-channels/", "id": "Pl7nzXaVqak"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how g protein coupled receptors work in the cell membrane.", "title": "G Protein Coupled Receptors", "slug": "g-protein-coupled-receptors", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/g-protein-coupled-receptors/", "id": "ZBSo_GFN3qI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how enzyme linked receptors, particularly Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, work in the body.", "title": "Enzyme Linked Receptors", "slug": "enzyme-linked-receptors", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/enzyme-linked-receptors/", "id": "kaoRrzakjGE"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xaf2ad25b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x26e9c294"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcdd0a401"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9ff1d77e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd4489fab"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9f41189c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xada599e1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xe1598fd3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x993cf2da"}], "hide": false, "description": "3A: Glands are special organs that secrete chemical messages called hormones, which seep into the blood - it\u2019s like putting a tea bag in hot water. As the heart pumps, this blood carries these chemical messages throughout the body, allowing the hormones to interact with specific target cells and organs. Endocrine glands help us to maintain our appetites, grow up, metabolize molecules, concentrate urine,- and oh, so much more! We will examine how these variegated hormones play a role in homeostasis as the body responds to a changing environment.", "node_slug": "endocrine-system", "title": "Endocrine system", "slug": "endocrine-system", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "endocrine-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Welcome to the Endocrine System. Get ready to learn about one of the most important ways that our body parts communicate! By Ryan Patton. ", "title": "Endocrine gland hormone review", "id": "ER49EweKwW8", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/endocrine-gland-hormone-review/", "slug": "endocrine-gland-hormone-review"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What makes the endocrine organs tick? Find out in this video about the hypothalamus and pituitary glands! \u00a0By Ryan Patton.", "title": "The hypothalamus and pituitary gland", "id": "9dS7bc_2bUE", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland/", "slug": "hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video we're going to learn about how the concentration of hormones in our blood is regulated. By Ryan Patton. ", "title": "Hormone concentration metabolism and negative feedback", "id": "RycF0ub2Al0", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/hormone-concentration-metabolism-negative-feedback/", "slug": "hormone-concentration-metabolism-negative-feedback"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "There are three major types of hormones, based on structure, in our body. Lets find out a little more about them. By Ryan Patton. ", "title": "Types of hormones", "id": "KSclrkk_Ako", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/types-of-hormones/", "slug": "types-of-hormones"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the interaction between chemical messages and their target cells in this video about hormone action. By Ryan Patton. ", "title": "Cellular mechanism of hormone action", "id": "TNGSzt2v4xY", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/cellular-mechanism-hormone-action/", "slug": "cellular-mechanism-hormone-action"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Steroids have to come from somewhere, right? Let's learn about the carbon building blocks with which steroids are made. By Ryan Patton. ", "title": "From terpenes to steroids part 1: Terpenes", "slug": "terpenes-to-steroids1", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/terpenes-to-steroids1/", "id": "ywfxY9UDRo4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "After learning about terpenes, lets see how are body uses them to eventually make all the steroid hormones of our body. By Ryan Patton. ", "title": "From terpenes to steroids part 2: Squalene, cholesterol, and steroids", "id": "x9wyOYnot7E", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/endocrine-system/terpenes-to-steroids2/", "slug": "terpenes-to-steroids2"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xf9141e2f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1081136975"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1081260395"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1081230475"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1192377802"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1081112668"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036278079"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036157588"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036250178"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036166642"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0c625f6c"}], "hide": false, "description": "3B: With every beat, the heart pumps blood throughout the body through an intricate system of blood vessels to provide oxygenation to tissues - from about 4 weeks after conception until the day you die. Over your lifetime, it will pump about 175 million liters of blood (that\u2019s only the amount of water that falls over the Niagara in a few minutes). This little pump in the middle of your chest is only the size of a clenched fist (if you\u2019re an adult), and yet it does so much.", "node_slug": "the-circulatory-system", "title": "Circulatory system", "slug": "the-circulatory-system", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-circulatory-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Circulatory system questions", "title": "Circulatory system questions", "slug": "circulatory-system-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/circulatory-system-questions/", "id": "circulatory-system-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out exactly where the heart rests in your body and what it does. 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Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Flow through the heart", "slug": "flow-through-the-heart", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/flow-through-the-heart/", "id": "7XaftdE_h60"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems in the body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Two circulations in the body", "slug": "two-circulations-in-the-body", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/two-circulations-in-the-body/", "id": "K57qjYYjgIY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Ever wonder why the heart sounds the way that it does? Opening and closing of heart valves makes the heart rhythm come alive with its lub dub beats... Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Lub dub", "slug": "lub-dub", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/lub-dub/", "id": "-4kGMI-qQ3I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Remember the 3 key layers of a blood vessel (Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa) and how arteries, veins, and capillaries are all different from one another. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Layers of a blood vessel", "slug": "layers-of-a-blood-vessel", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/layers-of-a-blood-vessel/", "id": "VMwa6yC3r-s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn some important differences between arteries (high pressure/low volume) and veins (low pressure/high volume). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Arteries vs. veins - what's the difference?", "slug": "arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference/", "id": "7b6LRebCgb4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how the size of a tube (it's radius) is related to its resistance to something flowing through. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Resistance in a tube", "id": "8X7yEzgurP8", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/resistance-in-a-tube/", "slug": "resistance-in-a-tube"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how pressure, flow, and resistance relate to one another and how they each affect the human body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Putting it all together: Pressure, flow, and resistance", "slug": "putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance/", "id": "F2uzWHppVrk"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-circulatory-system/thermoregulation-in-the-circulatory-system/", "slug": "thermoregulation-in-the-circulatory-system", "id": "C_LiAEjuIIc", "kind": "Video", "title": "Thermoregulation in the circulatory system"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x5da83671"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228258123"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228218407"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228432957"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x20edc5f4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5780b274"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6000b8a4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf7e04c5d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa549333a"}], "hide": false, "description": "3B: Roughly 5 L of blood fill your arteries, veins, capillaries, and venules. What\u2019s it good for you ask? It carries oxygen to help your cells carry out respiration in addition to a number of other substances like lipids and hormones throughout the body. In cases of blood loss, such as trauma situations, the physician must be wary of the different blood types. We will explore the intricacies of the hematologic system here. \n", "node_slug": "hematologic-system", "title": "Hematologic system", "slug": "hematologic-system", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "hematologic-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Hematologic system questions", "title": "Hematologic system questions", "slug": "hematologic-system-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/hematologic-system-questions/", "id": "hematologic-system-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Spin down your blood and find out what it's made up of. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "What's inside of blood?", "id": "5MOn8X-tyFw", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/what-s-inside-of-blood/", "slug": "what-s-inside-of-blood"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the two ways that oxygen moves from the lungs to the tissues, and the three ways that carbon dioxide returns from the tissues to the lungs. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Hemoglobin moves O2 and CO2", "slug": "hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2/", "id": "QP8ImP6NCk8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Take a close look at how some friendly competition for Hemoglobin allows the body to more efficiently move oxygen and carbon Dioxide around. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Bohr effect vs. Haldane effect", "slug": "bohr-effect-vs-haldane-effect", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/bohr-effect-vs-haldane-effect/", "id": "dHi9ctwDUnc"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/blood-types/", "slug": "blood-types", "id": "Nnqp_3HMlDU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Blood types"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/how-do-we-make-blood-clots/", "slug": "how-do-we-make-blood-clots", "id": "RQpBj8ebbNY", "kind": "Video", "title": "How do we make blood clots?"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/coagulation-cascade/", "slug": "coagulation-cascade", "id": "FNVvQ788wzk", "kind": "Video", "title": "Coagulation cascade"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/the-life-and-times-of-rbcs-and-platelets/", "slug": "the-life-and-times-of-rbcs-and-platelets", "id": "UBlem4dGLGU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Life and times of RBCs and platelets"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/hematologic-system/blood-cell-lineages/", "slug": "blood-cell-lineages", "id": "ddifthdMNVc", "kind": "Video", "title": "Blood cell lineages"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x773d49f1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1150539313"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1179650621"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1179655597"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xeab45ce1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x33409079"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0f010548"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x536c7d31"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x775cfe3b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc69180a5"}], "hide": false, "description": "3B: If you place your hand on your ribs and take a deep breath, you\u2019ll notice that your chest expands and your back straightens. As this occurs, air is rushing through your windpipe and branches off to either your left or right lung. After about 20-30 more branch points, oxygen in the air ends up in the alveoli where it diffuses into the surrounding liquid, slipping into the blood. This rapid microscopic gas exchange allows oxygen to be taken up during inhalation as carbon dioxide leaves during exhalation.", "node_slug": "the-respiratory-system", "title": "Respiratory system", "slug": "the-respiratory-system", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-respiratory-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Respiratory system questions", "title": "Respiratory system questions", "slug": "respiratory-system-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/respiratory-system-questions/", "id": "respiratory-system-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Every time you take a breath, oxygen makes it way into your lungs. Follow along on that journey! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Meet the lungs", "slug": "meet-the-lungs", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/meet-the-lungs/", "id": "qGiPZf7njqY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out exactly why air goes in and out of the lungs. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Inhaling and exhaling", "slug": "inhaling-and-exhaling", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/inhaling-and-exhaling/", "id": "mykrnTh1tz8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how muscle contraction and lung recoil actually help the lungs change their volume with every breath! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "How does lung volume change?", "slug": "how-does-lung-volume-change", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/how-does-lung-volume-change/", "id": "dTsUyXXudvA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Get an intuition for why carbon dioxide is so much more soluble than oxygen when it goes into water. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "O2 and CO2 solubility", "id": "OCD4Dr3kmmA", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/o2-and-co2-solubility/", "slug": "o2-and-co2-solubility"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore the relationship between partial pressure of a gas and the concentration of the gas molecule within a liquid. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Henry's law", "id": "Wiuat7KdMmA", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/henry-s-law/", "slug": "henry-s-law"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn all of the different ways to maximize the amount of particles that diffuse over a short distance over time. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Fick's law of diffusion", "id": "Cg4KlmI_acs", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/fick-s-law-of-diffusion/", "slug": "fick-s-law-of-diffusion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch as a molecule of oxygen makes its way from the alveoli (gas layer) through various liquid layers in order to end up in the blood. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Oxygen movement from alveoli to capillaries", "id": "nRpwdwm06Ic", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/oxygen-movement-from-alveoli-to-capillaries/", "slug": "oxygen-movement-from-alveoli-to-capillaries"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the respiratory center collects information from all over the body and then helps regulate your breathing. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "The respiratory center", "id": "_BFDgTci0ck", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/the-respiratory-center/", "slug": "the-respiratory-center"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/thermoregulation-in-the-lungs/", "slug": "thermoregulation-in-the-lungs", "id": "Iya-2bS14ho", "kind": "Video", "title": "Thermoregulation in the lungs"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xd0841695"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb6494b98"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6b3d6ec8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xefd7202b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcefa425b"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x35cee70c"}], "hide": false, "description": "3B: Your heart pumps roughly 20 L of blood throughout the day to your tissues. The plasma component of blood (not containing blood cells) leaks out through capillaries (the tiniest of blood vessels) and is mostly reabsorbed. However, about 3L of the plasma is left behind in fluid surrounding tissues, and it is the job of the hard-working lymphatic system to bring back this fluid to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system moves fluid in one direction, but without the force of a pump like the heart. ", "node_slug": "lymphatic-system", "title": "Lymphatic system", "slug": "lymphatic-system", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "lymphatic-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Welcome to the lymphatic system! Find out why we need it, and how it interacts with our blood vessels. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.", "title": "Why we need a lymphatic system", "id": "_GinTV94hUk", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system/why-do-we-need-a-lymphatic-system/", "slug": "why-do-we-need-a-lymphatic-system"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the body's mysterious second circulatory system works. Learn how it can move fluid even when it has no heart of its own. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen. ", "title": "How lymphatic vessels move fluid", "id": "CLneY6SoPi0", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system/lymphatic-vessels-move-fluid/", "slug": "lymphatic-vessels-move-fluid"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how B and T cells reside in lymph nodes. Find out how that enables them to get a preview of what they need to be prepared to fight. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.", "title": "The lymphatic system's role in immunity", "id": "kjLwVqxwaIM", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system/lymphatic-system-immunity/", "slug": "lymphatic-system-immunity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about a third function of the lymphatic system. See how it finds a sneaky way to get fats and proteins into your bloodstream. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen. ", "title": "Lipid and protein transport in the lymphatic system", "id": "EHUlWm0kFTA", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system/lipid-and-protein-transport-lymphatic-system/", "slug": "lipid-and-protein-transport-lymphatic-system"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the differences between lymph and blood. Find out what is actually in lymph, and how it might be different across your body. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen. ", "title": "What is actually in lymph", "id": "2Bq2xopLew8", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/lymphatic-system/what-is-lymph/", "slug": "what-is-lymph"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x98d01047"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24012"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24014"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24016"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24018"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24020"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24022"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24024"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa3c5171b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x71bee542"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe563beb3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcf8c6f8f"}], "hide": false, "description": "3B: Chances are , you\u2019ve had a fever or a cough at least once in your life (unless you live in a bubble, in which case you should probably go out more!) Have you ever wondered why your body reacts this way? Your body has a deadly arsenal of weapons against microbial invaders, ranging from bacteria and viruses to protozoans and fungi. We have specialized cells that destroy foreign bodies through mechanisms such as consumption, expulsion, and degradation. You will become acquainted with the interplay of the numerous soldiers in your body\u2019s army and how they keep you healthy!", "node_slug": "the-immune-system", "title": "Immune system", "slug": "the-immune-system", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-immune-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Immune system questions", "title": "Immune system questions", "slug": "immune-system-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/immune-system-questions/", "id": "immune-system-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Role of phagocytes in innate or nonspecific immunity. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. MHC II.", "title": "Role of phagocytes in innate or nonspecific immunity", "id": "O1N2rENXq_Y", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity/", "slug": "role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Overview of types of immune responses. Difference between innate and adaptive immunity. 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These paired organs are key to maintaining electrolyte and water homeostasis in your body.", "node_slug": "the-renal-system", "title": "Renal system", "slug": "the-renal-system", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-renal-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Renal system questions", "title": "Renal system questions", "slug": "renal-system-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/renal-system-questions/", "id": "renal-system-questions"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/meet-the-kidneys/", "slug": "meet-the-kidneys", "id": "mcQQGGShmLs", "kind": "Video", "title": "Meet the kidneys!"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/how-do-our-kidneys-work/", "slug": "how-do-our-kidneys-work", "id": "ctGkLYuUCvU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Kidney function and anatomy"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/glomerular-filtration-in-the-nephron/", "slug": "glomerular-filtration-in-the-nephron", "id": "wWsdcfGta4k", "kind": "Video", "title": "Glomerular filtration in the nephron"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/changing-glomerular-filtration-rate/", "slug": "changing-glomerular-filtration-rate", "id": "x0pFo1RxTzM", "kind": "Video", "title": "Changing glomerular filtration rate"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/countercurrent-multiplication-in-the-kidney/", "slug": "countercurrent-multiplication-in-the-kidney", "id": "Vqce2dtg45U", "kind": "Video", "title": "Countercurrent multiplication in the kidney"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/urination/", "slug": "urination", "id": "rheO1tVyB0U", "kind": "Video", "title": "Urination"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Overview of how the nephrons in the kidney filter blood and reabsorb water and other molecules.", "title": "The kidney and nephron", "id": "cc8sUv2SuaY", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/the-kidney-and-nephron/", "slug": "the-kidney-and-nephron"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Secondary Active Transport in the Nephron", "title": "Secondary active transport in the nephron", "id": "czY5nyvZ7cU", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/secondary-active-transport-in-the-nephron/", "slug": "secondary-active-transport-in-the-nephron"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xa0895736"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047183569"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047335429"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047465049"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047330622"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047114997"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047406243"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047456036"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047327652"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058371798"}], "hide": false, "description": "3B: In addition to fluid and electrolyte balance, the kidneys play an essential role in regulating blood pressure. When the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, senses that it is not receiving much blood flow, it knows something is up. So begins a cascade which allows the nephron to reabsorb more fluid from the urine, in attempt to fill up the perceived dip in blood volume. Here you will learn the mechanism of ADH and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in sustaining this homeostasis. ", "node_slug": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure", "title": "Renal regulation of blood pressure", "slug": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Renal regulation of blood pressure questions", "title": "Renal regulation of blood pressure questions", "slug": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure-questions", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure-questions/", "id": "renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure-questions"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the important cells and hormones that are working together to control your blood pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "General overview of the RAAS system: Cells and hormones", "slug": "general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormones", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormones/", "id": "BVUeCLt68Ik"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the three major triggers for Renin production by the Juxtaglomerular cells. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Renin production in the kidneys", "id": "AtlhAhONHyM", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/renin-production-in-the-kidneys/", "slug": "renin-production-in-the-kidneys"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Renin and ACE work to cut Angiotensinogen down to size! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Activating angiotensin 2", "id": "cUVS0AlRyw8", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/activating-angiotensin-2/", "slug": "activating-angiotensin-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Angiotensin 2 effects 4 target \"organs\" to increase blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure", "id": "Oges5YqDLHY", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure/", "slug": "angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Aldosterone effects the principal cells of the kidney to raise BP and lower potassium. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone raises blood pressure and lowers potassium", "id": "64_ZfIemRGM", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium/", "slug": "aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Aldosterone acts on the alpha-intercalated cell to remove protons (acid) from the blood. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone removes acid from the blood", "id": "7HTy-6NLWGM", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-blood/", "slug": "aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-blood"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the key triggers for ADH secretion. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "ADH secretion", "id": "8dQdfbE8kFU", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/adh-secretion/", "slug": "adh-secretion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how ADH acts on blood vessels and the kidney to raise blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "ADH effects on blood pressure", "id": "Ot1We4_EfRE", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/renal-regulation-of-blood-pressure/adh-effects-on-blood-pressure/", "slug": "adh-effects-on-blood-pressure"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how Aldosterone and ADH cause changes in volume and osmolarity. 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These three laws described by the famous Englishman centuries ago still inform our understanding of the physical world today. When you push a patient\u2019s bed down the halls of the hospital, you are providing a force in a direction. 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Gravity is providing a downward force. The only reason he does not fall down to the valley below is due to the force of tension upward, provided by the muscles of his arm. You will work through some interesting real-world problems involving tensile forces in these tutorials. 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Then we figure our how much we need to accelerate a pie for it to safely reach a man's face.", "title": "Tension in an accelerating system and pie in the face", "id": "52wxpYnS64U", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/force-of-tension/tension-in-an-accelerating-system-and-pie-in-the-face/", "slug": "tension-in-an-accelerating-system-and-pie-in-the-face"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x665cade1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032796"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032792"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032795"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032797"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032794"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032798"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "123032793"}], "hide": false, "description": "4A: If you've ever moved from one town to another, you are likely familiar with inclined planes. When you push up that 50 pound box into the long flatbed truck , there are several forces at play: the weight of the box, the frictional force between the box and the ramp, and the force of your push. We will explain how these forces interact so next time the move won't be so back-breaking. ", "node_slug": "forces-on-inclined-planes", "title": "Forces on inclined planes", "slug": "forces-on-inclined-planes", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "forces-on-inclined-planes", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Figuring out the components of the force due to gravity that are parallel and perpendicular to the surface of an inclined plane", "title": "Inclined plane force components", "id": "TC23wD34C7k", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/inclined-plane-force-components/", "slug": "inclined-plane-force-components"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Figuring out the acceleration of ice down a plane made of ice", "title": "Ice accelerating down an incline", "id": "Mz2nDXElcoM", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/ice-accelerating-down-an-incline/", "slug": "ice-accelerating-down-an-incline"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Block of wood kept stationary by the force of friction (Correction made in next video)", "title": "Force of friction keeping the block stationary", "id": "v8ODIMqbQ44", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/force-of-friction-keeping-the-block-stationary/", "slug": "force-of-friction-keeping-the-block-stationary"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Correction to Force of Friction Keeping the Block Stationary", "title": "Correction to force of friction keeping the block stationary", "id": "BukTc4q9BMc", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/correction-of-force-of-friction-keeping-the-block-stationary/", "slug": "correction-of-force-of-friction-keeping-the-block-stationary"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Calculating the coefficient of kinetic friction (correction made in next video)", "title": "Force of friction keeping velocity constant", "id": "iA7Thhnzc64", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/force-of-friction-keeping-velocity-constant/", "slug": "force-of-friction-keeping-velocity-constant"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Why static friction is harder to overcome than kinetic friction", "title": "Intuition on static and kinetic friction comparisons", "id": "J9BWNiOSGlc", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/intuition-on-static-and-kinetic-friction-comparisons/", "slug": "intuition-on-static-and-kinetic-friction-comparisons"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Thinking about the coefficients of static and kinetic friction", "title": "Static and kinetic friction example", "id": "ZA_D4O6l1lo", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/forces-on-inclined-planes/static-and-kinetic-friction-example/", "slug": "static-and-kinetic-friction-example"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "25587"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25589"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4302d2d1"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe52a1e85"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25591"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25593"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25637"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25639"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25641"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x19f2d6c4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7ed35f44"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3e147b11"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "25595"}], "hide": false, "description": "4A: Work doesn\u2019t always have to break your back. In physics, it has a different meaning. When a force is applied to an object and results in displacement, work has been done. When an apple falls from a tree, gravity has done work on the object as it descends earthward. And as work is done by gravity on the object, its gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy (which is also why it hurts as it lands on your head, hopefully resulting in a brilliant Newtonian idea). 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Introduction to Kinetic and Potential Energies.", "title": "Work and energy (part 2)", "slug": "work-and-energy-part-2", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/work-and-energy-part-2/", "id": "3mier94pbnU"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/work-and-the-work-energy-principle/", "slug": "work-and-the-work-energy-principle", "id": "30o4omX5qfo", "kind": "Video", "title": "Work and the work-energy principle"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/work-example-problems/", "slug": "work-example-problems", "id": "udgMh3Y-dTk", "kind": "Video", "title": "Work example problems"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Using the law of conservation of energy to see how potential energy is converted into kinetic energy", "title": "Conservation of energy", "id": "kw_4Loo1HR4", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/conservation-of-energy/", "slug": "conservation-of-energy"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A conservation of energy problem where all of the energy is not conserved.", "title": "Work/energy problem with friction", "id": "YvacYWgygaA", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/work-energy-problem-with-friction/", "slug": "work-energy-problem-with-friction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Introduction to Hooke's Law", "title": "Intro to springs and Hooke's law", "id": "ZzwuHS9ldbY", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law/", "slug": "intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Work needed to compress a spring is the same thing as the potential energy stored in the compressed spring.", "title": "Potential energy stored in a spring", "id": "eVl5zs6Lqy0", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/work-and-energy-mcat/potential-energy-stored-in-a-spring/", "slug": "potential-energy-stored-in-a-spring"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "A spring, a frozen loop-d-loop and more! 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Unfortunately, some people have addictions to drugs - 18.1% of all US adults smoke cigarettes, which have disastrous consequences on our health. 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The phone goes off, you get a text message, all while you try to finish an essay or read a book. In an increasingly busy world, our attention is frequently distracted by so many inputs. Here you will explore the concept of selective and divided attention, as well as the role of language in cognition and development in our lives. ", "node_slug": "attention-language", "title": "Attention", "slug": "attention-language", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "attention-language", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/attention-language", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/attention-language/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/attention-language", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about divided attention, selective attention, inattentional blindness, & change blindness. By Carole Yue. ", "title": "Divided attention, selective attention, inattentional blindness, & change blindness", "id": "s4JBqLoY3tY", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/attention-language/divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindness/", "slug": "divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindness"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the three major theories of selective attention. By Carole Yue. ", "title": "Theories of selective attention", "id": "qpsaHE_uZic", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/attention-language/selective-attention/", "slug": "selective-attention"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "The spotlight model of attention and our ability to multitask", "slug": "the-spotlight-model-of-attention-and-our-ability-to-multitask", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/attention-language/the-spotlight-model-of-attention-and-our-ability-to-multitask/", "id": "THJgaznSBu8"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x52d1966e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2f413e05"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf38bb3ef"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3d533add"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xffdb9be4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3a871e46"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x38b33f79"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6fb13071"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3dac9945"}], "hide": false, "description": "6B: Ever since you were in grade school, memory has been one of your best friends. I\u2019m not talking about the RAM on your computer. Memory has helped you pass exams, remember the names of your friends, and made sure you know where you put your car keys. Hopefully you will remember how . We will examine the role of synapses in the physiology of neural networks such as these. You will also come to understand the structure of human memory; processes involved in normal encoding, retrieval, forgetting, and aging; and diseases affecting memory.", "node_slug": "memory", "title": "Memory", "slug": "memory", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "memory", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the information processing model of human memory.", "title": "Information processing model: Sensory, working, and long term memory", "slug": "information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory/", "id": "pMMRE4Q2FGk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about rote rehearsal, chunking, mnemonic devices, self-referencing, and spacing.", "title": "Encoding strategies", "id": "mlrOJgyPySw", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/encoding-strategies/", "slug": "encoding-strategies"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how priming, environmental context, and internal state affect memory.", "title": "Retrieval cues", "id": "aUmApJMfUTc", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/retrieval-cues/", "slug": "retrieval-cues"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about three types of retrieval: free recall, cued recall, and recognition.", "title": "Retrieval: Free recall, cued recall, and recognition", "slug": "retrieval-free-recall-cued-recall-and-recognition", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/retrieval-free-recall-cued-recall-and-recognition/", "id": "i6LY9q9UIas"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about memory reconstruction, source monitoring, and flashbulb memories.", "title": "Memory reconstruction, source monitoring, and emotional memories", "slug": "memory-reconstruction-source-monitoring-and-emotional-memories", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/memory-reconstruction-source-monitoring-and-emotional-memories/", "id": "xv-UAPbcbNU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation, the physiological mechanism behind learning.", "title": "Long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity", "id": "uVQXZudZd5s", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/long-term-potentiation-and-synaptic-plasticity/", "slug": "long-term-potentiation-and-synaptic-plasticity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about decay and interference in human memory.", "title": "Decay and interference", "id": "47JRs6hF_ic", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/decay-and-interference/", "slug": "decay-and-interference"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how cognitive abilities change as we age.", "title": "Aging and cognitive abilities", "id": "45qlm6cfHgg", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/aging-and-cognitive-abilities/", "slug": "aging-and-cognitive-abilities"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how Alzheimer's Disease and Korsakoff's Syndrome affect memory.", "title": "Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome", "id": "qWfwRbSrQMU", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/memory/alzheimer-s-disease-and-korsakoff-s-syndrome/", "slug": "alzheimer-s-disease-and-korsakoff-s-syndrome"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x2b063cea"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x22fb46e3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4720caf5"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9db82d8c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x34bf905a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc787dfb9"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x4a2bbad8"}], "hide": false, "description": "6B: What is the difference between the thought processes of a five-year-old and a freshly-minted graduate with a Ph.D. in astrophysics? That would be cognition, the entirety of mental abilities relating to knowledge and memory. 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It\u2019s a complex thing which is difficult to define in even a book. Nonetheless, throughout history, several notable psychologists and schools of thought have attempted to figure out how to organize and categorize human personalities. We will review these theories and see which one resonates the most with you! By Shreena Desai.\nMotivation and attitudes - What makes us dot he things we do, or feel the way we feel in various social situations? We will discuss how the physiological and psycho-social theories, factors, and situations behind motivation, attitudes, and behavior are interrelated. ", "node_slug": "theories-personality", "title": "Theories of personality", "slug": "theories-personality", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "theories-personality", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality and the different structures of our mind that contribute to our personality. By Shreena Desai. ", "title": "Psychoanalytic theory", "id": "jdawTFsCNtc", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/psychoanalytic-theory/", "slug": "psychoanalytic-theory"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a basic psychology concept in understanding the Humanistic approach to personality and behaviors. By Shreena Desai. 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", "title": "Biological theory", "id": "FfugceYn140", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/biological-theory/", "slug": "biological-theory"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore the contributions two major behavioral theorists have made to the Behavioral Theory of Personality. By Shreena Desai. ", "title": "Behavioral theory", "id": "x7wZCtFWblE", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/behavioral-theory/", "slug": "behavioral-theory"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how our traits make up our personality by taking a look at different psychologists' perspectives in how the Trait Theory came to be. By Shreena Desai. ", "title": "Trait theory", "id": "Hxk6GCKUiZI", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/trait-theory/", "slug": "trait-theory"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "An explanation of the Bobo Doll Experiment, how it demonstrated learning performance distinction, and resulted in Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. By Jeffrey Walsh. ", "title": "Observational learning: Bobo doll experiment and social cognitive theory", "id": "wf3-tRpmGmY", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/observational-learning/", "slug": "observational-learning"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x0db61ad4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x60936710"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x516879c5"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xeb1f7f74"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa5d50f04"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6e2857d7"}], "hide": false, "description": "When someone breaks their leg they get a cast to fix the damage and when someone gets a papercut, they use a bandaid. But what happens when someone\u2019s mind needs to be healed? Although many mental disorders are difficult to diagnose, these videos explore the symptoms and biological explanations of a few mental disorders that are extensively researched.", "node_slug": "psychological-disorders", "title": "Psychological disorders", "slug": "psychological-disorders", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "psychological-disorders", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders", "children": [{"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/introduction-to-mental-disorders/", "slug": "introduction-to-mental-disorders", "id": "FxPXC8t-2ls", "kind": "Video", "title": "Introduction to mental disorders"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/categories-of-mental-disorders/", "slug": "categories-of-mental-disorders", "id": "yar47jvr7M8", "kind": "Video", "title": "Categories of mental disorders"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/biological-basis-of-schizophrenia/", "slug": "biological-basis-of-schizophrenia", "id": "6D_yOm6bjkw", "kind": "Video", "title": "Biological basis of schizophrenia"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/biological-basis-of-depression/", "slug": "biological-basis-of-depression", "id": "QEjWLj5wAFM", "kind": "Video", "title": "Biological basis of depression"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/biological-basis-of-alzheimers-disease/", "slug": "biological-basis-of-alzheimers-disease", "id": "816WMQIwNoY", "kind": "Video", "title": "Biological basis of alzheimer's disease"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/biological-basis-of-parkinsons-disease/", "slug": "biological-basis-of-parkinsons-disease", "id": "uL3grek6D54", "kind": "Video", "title": "Biological basis of parkinson's disease"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x75744a4c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x4c2f203e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd5b9bbaa"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc9f1e670"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xc0a30846"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xce3b7cd8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xaebd0454"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x441c99f8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9f33931e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3023022d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0ab2788b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd4accc32"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xaf2b7807"}], "hide": false, "description": "Birds of a feather flock together. How do we explain these and other observations in the way we interact with fellow human beings? We will dive into the fascinating and relevant world of social psychology as we discuss concepts which you may have noticed in real life. You will come to know the names of such phenomena as well as the specific factors that motivate people to behave the way they do in groups. 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The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Factors that influence obedience and conformity", "slug": "factors-that-influence-obedience-and-conformity", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/factors-that-influence-obedience-and-conformity/", "id": "LG6H_8BU-f4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Conformity and obedience", "slug": "conformity-and-obedience", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/conformity-and-obedience/", "id": "Loy1zLkbuF0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Asch conformity studies (Asch line studies)", "slug": "asch-conformity-studies-asch-line-studies", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/asch-conformity-studies-asch-line-studies/", "id": "p3MPAgnbMk8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Events that inspired the Milgram studies on obedience", "slug": "events-that-inspired-the-milgram-studies-on-obedience", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/events-that-inspired-the-milgram-studies-on-obedience/", "id": "hTi7wvRE9UQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "What can we learn from the Milgram experiment", "slug": "what-can-we-learn-from-the-milgram-experiment", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/what-can-we-learn-from-the-milgram-experiment/", "id": "LTZKp8nOhVU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Milgram experiment on obedience", "slug": "milgram-experiment-on-obedience", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/milgram-experiment-on-obedience/", "id": "PJFzqfLMBIw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Zimbardo prison study The Stanford prison experiment", "slug": "zimbardo-prison-study-the-stanford-prison-experiment", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/zimbardo-prison-study-the-stanford-prison-experiment/", "id": "d2TCfex1aFw"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. \n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "A closer look at the Stanford prison experiment", "slug": "a-closer-look-at-the-stanford-prison-experiment", "path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/a-closer-look-at-the-stanford-prison-experiment/", "id": "fS-YgKwAco8"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/bystander-effect/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Bystander effect", "id": "175ig2I9rt0", "slug": "bystander-effect"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/social-facilitation-and-social-loafing/", "kind": "Video", "title": "Social facilitation and social loafing", "id": "yT-BpKlHMps", "slug": "social-facilitation-and-social-loafing"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/agents-of-socialization/", "slug": "agents-of-socialization", "id": "PF7m1fFr2eQ", "kind": "Video", "title": "Agents of socialization"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xb485bce0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1e085618"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xd7ad0f3b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2b084132"}], "hide": false, "description": "7B: Learn about how \"normal\" and \"deviant\" behavior is defined in today's society. 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Blood pressure is one of the major vital signs frequently measured by health care workers, and it tells us a lot about our blood circulation. Learn what blood pressure is, how it relates to resistance in a tube, why it is necessary to get oxygen to your cells, and how it can change as you age. We\u2019ll finally put it all together by relating pressure, flow, and resistance in one awesome equation!", "node_slug": "blood-pressure", "title": "Blood pressure", "slug": "blood-pressure", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "blood-pressure", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out what a systolic and diastolic blood pressure mean. 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Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Resistance in a tube", "id": "8X7yEzgurP8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/resistance-in-a-tube/", "slug": "resistance-in-a-tube"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how resistance can be added up in series and in parallel (similar to electrical circuits!). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Adding up resistance in series and in parallel", "id": "E-q9JpkGc-8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/adding-up-resistance-in-series-and-in-parallel/", "slug": "adding-up-resistance-in-series-and-in-parallel"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Here's a chance to see if you can combine what you know to add up resistance in series AND in parallel. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Adding up resistance problem", "id": "5lXw5_4R2B4", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/adding-up-resistance-problem/", "slug": "adding-up-resistance-problem"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the difference between blood flow (Volume/time) and perfusion (Volume/time/amount of tissue). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Flow and perfusion", "id": "ePwN6rHhNyU", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/flow-and-perfusion/", "slug": "flow-and-perfusion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how pressure, flow, and resistance relate to one another and how they each affect the human body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Putting it all together: Pressure, flow, and resistance", "slug": "putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance/", "id": "F2uzWHppVrk"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how increasing resistance in the blood vessels can cause blood pressure to rise over time. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Blood pressure changes over time", "id": "fy_muPF0390", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/blood-pressure/blood-pressure-changes-over-time/", "slug": "blood-pressure-changes-over-time"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1036230273"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036126972"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047183569"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047335429"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047465049"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047330622"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047114997"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047406243"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047456036"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047327652"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058371798"}], "hide": false, "description": "The human body enjoys stability. For example, if your blood pressure changes, the body puts a couple of brilliant systems into motion in order to respond and bring your blood pressure back to normal. There are some quick responses using nerves and some slower responses using hormones. The system using hormones is sometimes called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which is the main system in the body for controlling blood pressure. When your blood pressure drops too low or gets too high, your kidneys, liver, and pituitary gland (part of your brain) talk to each other to solve the problem. They do this without you even noticing! Learn how the body knows when the blood pressure has changed, and how hormones like angiotensin 2, aldosterone, and ADH help return blood pressure to back to normal.", "node_slug": "rn-blood-pressure-control", "title": "Blood pressure control", "slug": "rn-blood-pressure-control", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "rn-blood-pressure-control", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about how the arteries use nerve impulses to help regulate blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Regulation of blood pressure with baroreceptors", "id": "ajLgwCygHsc", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors/", "slug": "regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about the 5 major parts of the kidney's nephron. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Parts of a nephron", "id": "_vBJkK4eocA", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/parts-of-a-nephron/", "slug": "parts-of-a-nephron"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the important cells and hormones that are working together to control your blood pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "General overview of the RAAS system: Cells and hormones", "slug": "general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormones", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormones/", "id": "BVUeCLt68Ik"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the three major triggers for Renin production by the Juxtaglomerular cells. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Renin production in the kidneys", "id": "AtlhAhONHyM", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/renin-production-in-the-kidneys/", "slug": "renin-production-in-the-kidneys"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Renin and ACE work to cut Angiotensinogen down to size! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Activating angiotensin 2", "id": "cUVS0AlRyw8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/activating-angiotensin-2/", "slug": "activating-angiotensin-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Angiotensin 2 effects 4 target \"organs\" to increase blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure", "id": "Oges5YqDLHY", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure/", "slug": "angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Aldosterone effects the principal cells of the kidney to raise BP and lower potassium. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone raises blood pressure and lowers potassium", "id": "64_ZfIemRGM", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium/", "slug": "aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how Aldosterone acts on the alpha-intercalated cell to remove protons (acid) from the blood. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone removes acid from the blood", "id": "7HTy-6NLWGM", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-blood/", "slug": "aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-blood"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the key triggers for ADH secretion. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "ADH secretion", "id": "8dQdfbE8kFU", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/adh-secretion/", "slug": "adh-secretion"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how ADH acts on blood vessels and the kidney to raise blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "ADH effects on blood pressure", "id": "Ot1We4_EfRE", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/adh-effects-on-blood-pressure/", "slug": "adh-effects-on-blood-pressure"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how Aldosterone and ADH cause changes in volume and osmolarity. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Aldosterone and ADH", "id": "Z0XPMFL45oo", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/rn-blood-pressure-control/aldosterone-and-adh/", "slug": "aldosterone-and-adh"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1192840523"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1192637761"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1081230475"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1192980081"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228485319"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228367762"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228525134"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228306858"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228326727"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1228408237"}], "hide": false, "description": "At one stage or another in development, every friend you know had gill slits and a tail. Pretty crazy thought, huh? Fetal development is incredible, and it\u2019s important to understand exactly how it happens. The structure and function of the circulatory system is incredibly complex, and fetuses are no exception. Find out how the heart and circulatory system work in the fetus!", "node_slug": "Fetal-circulation", "title": "Fetal circulation", "slug": "fetal-circulation", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Fetal-circulation", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Fetal-circulation", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Fetal-circulation", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how the needs of the fetus are met by the placenta, which is a special organ that belongs to both the mother and the fetus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Meet the placenta!", "slug": "meet-the-placenta", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/meet-the-placenta/", "id": "bQioHx12JuY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch as fetal blood goes through umbilical vessels and takes a shortcut through the Ductus Venosus to make it back to the heart. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Umbilical vessels and the ductus venosus", "id": "XDF2QyQtd_Q", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/umbilical-vessels-and-the-ductus-venosus/", "slug": "umbilical-vessels-and-the-ductus-venosus"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how blood flows through the heart, and understand the difference between systemic and pulmonary blood flow. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Flow through the heart", "slug": "flow-through-the-heart", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/flow-through-the-heart/", "id": "7XaftdE_h60"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how blood gets diverted away from alveoli with low oxygen levels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction", "id": "SJ1gu_WRx5o", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/hypoxic-pulmonary-vasoconstriction/", "slug": "hypoxic-pulmonary-vasoconstriction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how the fetal heart allows blood to simply bypass the lungs altogether using the Foramen Ovale and the Ductus Arteriosus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus", "id": "cgccQVcFLi4", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus/", "slug": "foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Although mom controls the oxygen source, the fetus has a couple of clever tricks to get the most oxygen possible! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Fetal hemoglobin and hematocrit", "slug": "fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit/", "id": "SqE5S1qS7ZU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how there are two distinct Bohr effects happening at the same time in the placenta. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Double Bohr effect", "id": "SL3I_RYjyZo", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/double-bohr-effect/", "slug": "double-bohr-effect"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how the blood flows through the fetal circulation and compare it to what happens in the baby's body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Fetal circulation right before birth", "id": "-IRkisEtzsk", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth/", "slug": "fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch how the blood flows through the baby's circulation and compare it to what happens in the fetus. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Baby circulation right after birth", "id": "jFn0dyU5wUw", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/baby-circulation-right-after-birth/", "slug": "baby-circulation-right-after-birth"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out what happens to those nifty fetal structures once we get older. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Fetal structures in an adult", "id": "Oga0K4reWoY", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/fetal-structures-in-an-adult/", "slug": "fetal-structures-in-an-adult"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1036278079"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6451892a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x02c66e8b"}], "hide": false, "description": "Where does your blood go after it leaves the heart? Your body has a fantastic pipeline system that moves your blood around to drop off oxygen and food to those hungry cells, and removes cell waste. Learn how arteries carry blood away from the heart, how veins bring blood back to the heart, and about the different layers of cells that make up these blood vessels.", "node_slug": "bloodvessels", "title": "Blood vessels", "slug": "bloodvessels", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "bloodvessels", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/bloodvessels", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/bloodvessels/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/bloodvessels", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Remember the 3 key layers of a blood vessel (Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa) and how arteries, veins, and capillaries are all different from one another. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Layers of a blood vessel", "slug": "layers-of-a-blood-vessel", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/bloodvessels/layers-of-a-blood-vessel/", "id": "VMwa6yC3r-s"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the differences between continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous capillaries, and how they affect the movement of molecules. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Three types of capillaries", "id": "hSkIG4MdKqU", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/bloodvessels/three-types-of-capillaries/", "slug": "three-types-of-capillaries"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the body controls how much blood flows through a capillary bed. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.\n\nThese videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.", "title": "Pre-capillary sphincters", "id": "yeX0uDpPBj4", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/bloodvessels/pre-capillary-sphincters/", "slug": "pre-capillary-sphincters"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1036209223"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036241270"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036286076"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036183638"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1036051470"}], "hide": false, "description": "Believe it or not, the arteries are elastic and when they recoil they actually push blood along when the heart is relaxing (diastole). This is known as the windkessel effect and is the same basic principle used by some water guns. Unfortunately, with all the work that the circulatory system has to do, our arteries can become rigid with age. When the arteries get stiff like lead pipes, the problem is quite different then when the arteries actually get clogged up, but just as important.", "node_slug": "Arterial-stiffness", "title": "Arterial stiffness", "slug": "arterial-stiffness", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Arterial-stiffness", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Arterial-stiffness", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Arterial-stiffness", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn about compliance (and elastance) of arteries, veins, and lead pipes! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Compliance and elastance", "id": "cGhKJYfXW-c", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/compliance-and-elastance/", "slug": "compliance-and-elastance"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how total energy of a fluid helps explain why fluids can move from low pressure to high pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Bernoulli's equation of total energy", "id": "gYpokkRFvO8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/bernoulli-s-equation-of-total-energy/", "slug": "bernoulli-s-equation-of-total-energy"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See how arteries behave like sling shots, shooting blood (not rocks) onwards! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Stored elastic energy in large and middle sized arteries", "id": "QcK7n-EqnQU", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/stored-elastic-energy-in-large-and-middle-sized-arteries/", "slug": "stored-elastic-energy-in-large-and-middle-sized-arteries"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how compliance allows arteries to store elastic energy (and lower pressure). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Compliance - decreased blood pressure", "slug": "compliance-decreased-blood-pressure", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/compliance-decreased-blood-pressure/", "id": "RsYgjO5BiHU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn how compliant arteries allows for a \"Constant Pressure System\" like a modern water gun! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Compliance - increased blood flow", "slug": "compliance-increased-blood-flow", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/arterial-stiffness/compliance-increased-blood-flow/", "id": "LcyEXlCIkmA"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "24006"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1097595603"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1097394824"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "24004"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1101443158"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1101414195"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1117437512"}], "hide": false, "description": "Your heart is made of a special type of muscle, found nowhere else in the body! This unique muscle is specialized to perform the repetitive task of pumping your blood throughout your body, from the day you\u2019re born to the day you die. We\u2019ll take an in-depth look of how the heart accomplishes this on a cellular level, and learn about the proteins actin and myosin that are the workhorses that tug and pull on one another to create every single muscle contraction. You\u2019ll appreciate the fact that your heart beat is a fairly sophisticated process!", "node_slug": "Heart-muscle-contraction", "title": "Heart muscle contraction", "slug": "heart-muscle-contraction", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Heart-muscle-contraction", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Heart-muscle-contraction", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Heart-muscle-contraction", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Tropomyosin and troponin and their role in regulating muscle contraction. How calcium ion concentration dictates whether a muscle is contracting or not.", "title": "Tropomyosin and troponin and their role in regulating muscle contraction", "id": "LiOfeSsjrB8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/tropomyosin-and-troponin-and-their-role-in-regulating-muscle-contraction/", "slug": "tropomyosin-and-troponin-and-their-role-in-regulating-muscle-contraction"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understanding the structure of a muscle cell.", "title": "Three types of muscle", "id": "bwOE1MEginA", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/three-types-of-muscle/", "slug": "three-types-of-muscle"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Get a close-up view of the cardiac cells and see what makes them different from the other (skeletal and smooth) muscle cells. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Heart cells up close!", "id": "__afuK1CMpQ", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/heart-cells-up-close/", "slug": "heart-cells-up-close"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "How myosin and actin interact to produce mechanical force. ", "title": "Myosin and actin", "slug": "myosin-and-actin", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/myosin-and-actin/", "id": "zopoN2i7ALQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "See exactly how Calcium binds Troponin-C and allows Myosin to do some work. ", "title": "Calcium puts myosin to work", "id": "vv6WBeqw2Nc", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/calcium-puts-myosin-to-work/", "slug": "calcium-puts-myosin-to-work"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Check out how the amount of Myosin that is tugging on your heart can change depending on your activity level! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Sympathetic nerves affect myosin activity", "id": "xAL0tbYU8QU", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/sympathetic-nerves-affect-myosin-activity/", "slug": "sympathetic-nerves-affect-myosin-activity"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Understand LaPlace's law to see the effect that pressure, radius, and wall thickness each have on the \"wall stress\" in the left ventricle. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Why doesn't the heart rip?", "id": "cuwMrVoG2V8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-muscle-contraction/why-doesn-t-the-heart-rip/", "slug": "why-doesn-t-the-heart-rip"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1077809718"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1077988383"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1078024276"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1077916714"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1078059064"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1089536367"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1077956571"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1078012364"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1084652257"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1089349882"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1084416478"}], "hide": false, "description": "Your heart relies on the flow of electricity to maintain a steady, consistent beat - like an automatic pump that maintains a regular rate and rhythm throughout your life! There are specialized heart cells that allow positive current to travel quickly throughout the heart muscle. In these videos, we\u2019ll check out the flow of this positive charge on a macroscopic and microscopic level.", "node_slug": "Heart-depolarization", "title": "Heart depolarization", "slug": "heart-depolarization", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Heart-depolarization", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Heart-depolarization", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Heart-depolarization", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how a cell that is permeable to one ion can become charged (either positive or negative) if there is permeability and a concentration gradient. 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So even though your heart muscle beats by itself, the nerves can ramp up or down the speed. Check out the videos to learn more about how the nerves help to regulate the heart.", "node_slug": "Nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "title": "Nerve regulation of the heart", "slug": "nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/nerve-regulation-of-the-heart/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Nerve-regulation-of-the-heart", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out exactly how your autonomic nervous system has a chronotropic effect (i.e. timing) that changes the delay between the contraction of the atria and the ventricles! 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Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Changing the heart rate - chronotropic effect", "slug": "changing-the-heart-rate-chronotropic-effect", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/nerve-regulation-of-the-heart/changing-the-heart-rate-chronotropic-effect/", "id": "3HvIKsQb6es"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Find out how the sympathetic nerves increase the heart's force of contraction and speed of relaxation! 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Well, your heart manages to stay healthy despite all of the \u201cwall stress\u201d that pulls on the heart walls. During different parts of the heart cycle (afterload vs. preload) the mechanics of \u201cwall stress\u201d change dramatically. Learn exactly what preload and afterload mean, and how we can use pressure-volume loops to estimate their values.", "node_slug": "Preload-and-afterload ", "title": "Preload and afterload", "slug": "preload-and-afterload", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Preload-and-afterload ", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Preload-and-afterload ", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/preload-and-afterload/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Preload-and-afterload ", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Understand LaPlace's law to see the effect that pressure, radius, and wall thickness each have on the \"wall stress\" in the left ventricle. 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This is a fascinating area where physics and biology meet to produce something miraculous.", "node_slug": "Pressure-volume-loops", "title": "Pressure volume loops", "slug": "pressure-volume-loops", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "Pressure-volume-loops", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Pressure-volume-loops", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/pressure-volume-loops/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/Pressure-volume-loops", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Watch the pressure in the left heart go up and down with every heart beat! 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Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Pressure in the left heart - part 3", "slug": "pressure-in-the-left-heart-part-3", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/pressure-volume-loops/pressure-in-the-left-heart-part-3/", "id": "E5PndKebh70"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Ever wonder exactly how the left ventricle's pressure changes over time? Find out in this color-coded video! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.", "title": "Left ventricular pressure vs. time", "slug": "left-ventricular-pressure-vs-time", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/nclex-rn-circulatory-system/pressure-volume-loops/left-ventricular-pressure-vs-time/", "id": "SrL6TQbWKJE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Left ventricular volume changes over time in a way that makes a curious looking graph. Learn more in this video! 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", "title": "What is actually in lymph", "id": "2Bq2xopLew8", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-lymphatic-system/rn-the-lymphatic-system/what-is-lymph/", "slug": "what-is-lymph"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe9b98776"}], "hide": false, "description": "Chances are, you\u2019ve had a fever or a cough at least once in your life (unless you live in a bubble, in which case you should probably go out more!) Have you ever wondered why your body reacts this way? Your body has a deadly arsenal of weapons against microbial invaders, ranging from bacteria and viruses to protozoans and fungi. We have specialized cells that destroy foreign bodies through mechanisms such as consumption, expulsion, and degradation. 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(Pun aside, the kidneys are about more than just making urine). Every thirty minutes, your kidneys filter the entire blood supply in your body. Imagine a dirty pool filled with algae. Placing a filter in this pool will cause the algae to be flushed out, and after a time you\u2019ll have a clean, crisp blue pool to enjoy. Just like the filter for a pool, our kidneys filter the blood and remove toxic wastes. 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These paired organs are key to maintaining electrolyte and water homeostasis in your body.", "node_slug": "rn-the-renal-system", "title": "Renal system introduction", "slug": "rn-the-renal-system", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "rn-the-renal-system", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/NCLEX-RN/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/NCLEX-RN/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system", "children": [{"path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/meet-the-kidneys/", "slug": "meet-the-kidneys", "id": "mcQQGGShmLs", "kind": "Video", "title": "Meet the kidneys!"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/how-do-our-kidneys-work/", "slug": "how-do-our-kidneys-work", "id": "ctGkLYuUCvU", "kind": "Video", "title": "Kidney function and anatomy"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/glomerular-filtration-in-the-nephron/", "slug": "glomerular-filtration-in-the-nephron", "id": "wWsdcfGta4k", "kind": "Video", "title": "Glomerular filtration in the nephron"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/changing-glomerular-filtration-rate/", "slug": "changing-glomerular-filtration-rate", "id": "x0pFo1RxTzM", "kind": "Video", "title": "Changing glomerular filtration rate"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/countercurrent-multiplication-in-the-kidney/", "slug": "countercurrent-multiplication-in-the-kidney", "id": "Vqce2dtg45U", "kind": "Video", "title": "Countercurrent multiplication in the kidney"}, {"path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/urination/", "slug": "urination", "id": "rheO1tVyB0U", "kind": "Video", "title": "Urination"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Overview of how the nephrons in the kidney filter blood and reabsorb water and other molecules.", "title": "The kidney and nephron", "id": "cc8sUv2SuaY", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/the-kidney-and-nephron/", "slug": "the-kidney-and-nephron"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Secondary Active Transport in the Nephron", "title": "Secondary active transport in the nephron", "id": "czY5nyvZ7cU", "path": "khan/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-renal-system/rn-the-renal-system/secondary-active-transport-in-the-nephron/", "slug": "secondary-active-transport-in-the-nephron"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "1047183569"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047335429"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047465049"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047330622"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047114997"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047406243"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047456036"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1047327652"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1058371798"}], "hide": false, "description": "In addition to fluid and electrolyte balance, the kidneys play an essential role in regulating blood pressure. 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"path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-symmetric-and-skew-symmetric-matrices/", "slug": "iit-jee-symmetric-and-skew-symmetric-matrices"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 43 Trace and Determinant", "title": "IIT JEE trace and determinant", "id": "5S03uylNn-Q", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-trace-and-determinant/", "slug": "iit-jee-trace-and-determinant"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 44 Divisible Determinants 2", "title": "IIT JEE divisible determinants", "id": "9vlsBN3pFE0", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-divisible-determinants/", "slug": "iit-jee-divisible-determinants"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 46 Circle Hyperbola Intersection", "title": "IIT JEE circle hyperbola intersection", "id": "6g3DPg2HqGw", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-intersection/", "slug": "iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-intersection"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 45 Circle Hyperbola Common Tan", "title": "IIT JEE circle hyperbola common tangent part 1", "id": "MhLfun2Vask", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-1/", "slug": "iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-1"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 45 Circle Hyperbola Common Tangent Part 2", "title": "IIT JEE circle hyperbola common tangent part 2", "id": "0imeUgSxR10", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-2/", "slug": "iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-2"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 45 Circle Hyperbola Common Tangent Part 3", "title": "IIT JEE circle hyperbola common tangent part 3", "id": "RomnHMWSLoE", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-3/", "slug": "iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-3"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 45 Circle Hyperbola Common Tangent Part 4", "title": "IIT JEE circle hyperbola common tangent part 4", "id": "eGo8C2Jshzs", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-4/", "slug": "iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 45 Circle Hyperbola Common Tangent Part 5", "title": "IIT JEE circle hyperbola common tangent part 5", "id": "rPoqpQcgNv4", "path": "khan/test-prep/iit-jee-subject/iit-jee/iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-5/", "slug": "iit-jee-circle-hyperbola-common-tangent-part-5"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 47 Trigonometric Constraints", "title": "IIT JEE trigonometric constraints", "id": "EjtjdJZ2x8w", 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This was the question we posed to several of our colleagues at a conference for museum professionals. 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Learn more about Hinduism on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Beliefs made visible: Hindu art in South Asia", "slug": "beliefs-made-visible-i", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/cultures-religions-ap-arthistory/beliefs-made-visible-i/", "id": "IX85uiG86RA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore Buddhism through clips of significant sites in South Asia and interviews with members of the Bay Area South Asian community. Learn more about Buddhism on the Asian Art Museum's education website.\u00a0", "title": "Beliefs made visible: Buddhist art in South Asia", "slug": "beliefs-made-visible-ii", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/cultures-religions-ap-arthistory/beliefs-made-visible-ii/", "id": "jl6S0wdeWk4"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x2e92ecdb"}], "hide": false, "description": "Human expression existed across the globe before the written record. 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Human behavior and expression was influenced by the changing environments in which they lived.\n\nBy permission, \u00a9 2013 The College Board", "node_slug": "paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic", "title": "Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic", "slug": "paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/ap-art-history/global-prehistory-ap/paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/global-prehistory-ap/paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/ap-art-history/global-prehistory-ap/paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Bushel with ibex motifs, 4200--3500 B.C.E., Susa I period, necropolis, acropolis mound, Susa, Iran, painted terra-cotta, 28.90 x 16.40 cm, excavations led by Jacques de Morgan, 1906-08 (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Bushel with ibex motifs", "slug": "susa-ibex", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/global-prehistory-ap/paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic/susa-ibex/", "id": "eeNfDr4ojZg"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jade Cong, c. 2500 B.C.E., Liangzhu culture, Neolithic period, China (British Museum)\n\nSpeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n", "title": "Jade Cong", "slug": "jade-cong", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/global-prehistory-ap/paleolithic-mesolithic-neolithic/jade-cong/", "id": "ld8kHvz1yN4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "This video explores the significance and working of jade in China. 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Etruscan and Roman artists and architects accumulated and creatively adapted Greek objects and forms to create buildings and artworks that appealed to their tastes for eclecticism and historicism. Contextual information for ancient Greek and Roman art can be derived from contemporary literary, political, legal, and economic records as well as from archaeological excavations conducted from the mid-18th century onward. Etruscan art, by contrast, is illuminated primarily by modern archaeological record and by descriptions of contemporary external observers.\n\nBy permission, \u00a9 2013 The College Board", "node_slug": "greece-etruria-rome", "title": "Ancient Greece", "slug": "greece-etruria-rome", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "greece-etruria-rome", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-AP/greece-etruria-rome", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/greece-etruria-rome/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-AP/greece-etruria-rome", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "A conversation with Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris\n\nIn classical architecture, the Orders consist of variations of an assembly of parts made up of a column (usually with a base), a capital, and an entablature. These structural units may be repeated and combined to form the elevation of a building and its architectural vocabulary.\n\nThere are eight Orders in total: Doric (Greek and Roman versions), Tuscan, Ionic (Greek and Roman), Corinthian (Greek and Roman), and Composite. The simplest is the Tuscan, supposedly derived from the Etruscan-type temple. It has a base and capital and a plain column. The Doric is probably earlier, however, its Greek version having no base, as on the Parthenon. The Ionic Order, with its twin volute capitals, originated in Asia Minor in the mid-6th century B.C.E. The Corinthian Order was an Athenian invention of the 5th century B.C.E. and was later developed by the Romans. The Composite Order is a late Roman combination of elements from the Ionic and Corinthian Orders.\n\nThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms, Michael Clarke, Deborah Clarke. \u00a9 2012 Oxford University Press. 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In his hands I saw a great golden spear, and at the iron tip there appeared to be a point of fire. This he plunged into my heart several times so that it penetrated to my entrails. When he pulled it out I felt that he took them with it, and left me utterly consumed by the great love of God. The pain was so severe that it made me utter several moans. The sweetness caused by this intense pain is so extreme that one cannot possibly wish it to cease, nor is one's soul content with anything but God. 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Art and architecture exhibited a diversity of styles, forming an array of \u201cisms.\u201d Works of art took on new roles and functions in society and were experienced by audiences in new ways. Art of this era often proved challenging for audiences and patrons to immediately understand.", "node_slug": "later-europe-and-americas", "title": "Later Europe and Americas: 1750-1980 C.E.", "slug": "later-europe-and-americas", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "later-europe-and-americas", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xb9f8df53"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xbee59f1a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671539972"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5d1fadb0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671539970"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x936ec236"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x30c89309"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xba124e24"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe281b878"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671656221"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc1acaff6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "671539974"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd9535395"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x6786fe7f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5cceda7d"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xcd1e5a83"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x980bccee"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "1239028451"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe988b1a9"}], "hide": false, "description": "The Enlightenment set the stage for this era. 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The advent of mass production supplied artists with ready images, which they were quick to appropriate.\n\nBy permission, \u00a9 2013 The College Board", "node_slug": "enlightenment-revolution", "title": "Enlightenment and revolution", "slug": "enlightenment-revolution", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "enlightenment-revolution", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Honor\u00e9 Fragonard, The Swing, oil on canvas, 1767 (Wallace Collection, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Fragonard, The Swing", "slug": "fragonard-the-swing-1767", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/fragonard-the-swing-1767/", "id": "rVI5Sjm0xKI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, oil on canvas, 1784 (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre)", "title": "David, Oath of the Horatii", "slug": "david-oath-of-the-horatii-1784", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/david-oath-of-the-horatii-1784/", "id": "Mawq5PKRB6k"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "This quiz is for the video David, Oath of the Horatii.", "title": "David's Oath of the Horatii Quiz", "slug": "david-s-oath-of-the-horatii-quiz", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/david-s-oath-of-the-horatii-quiz/", "id": "david-s-oath-of-the-horatii-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque, 1814, Oil on canvas, 36\" x 63\" (91 x 162 cm), (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris)", "title": "Ingres, La Grande Odalisque", "slug": "ingres-la-grande-odalisque-1814", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/ingres-la-grande-odalisque-1814/", "id": "lSV-J1JHDFY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, oil on canvas, 2.6 x 3.25m, 1830 (Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker", "title": "Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People", "slug": "delacroix-liberty-leading-the-people-1830", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/delacroix-liberty-leading-the-people-1830/", "id": "BP5mCFyBCq8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Test your knowledge.", "title": "Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (quiz)", "slug": "delacroix-s-liberty-leading-the-people-quiz", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/delacroix-s-liberty-leading-the-people-quiz/", "id": "delacroix-s-liberty-leading-the-people-quiz"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Thomas Cole, View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm\u2014The Oxbow, 1836, oil on canvas, 51 1/2 x 76 inches / 130.8 x 193 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris", "title": "Thomas Cole, The Oxbow", "slug": "cole-oxbow", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/cole-oxbow/", "id": "RQ0855yB2ZM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Joseph Mallord William Turner, Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), 1840 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Speakers: Lori Landay & Beth Harris", "title": "Turner, Slave Ship", "slug": "turner-slave-ship-slavers-throwing-overboard-the-dead-and-dying-typhoon-coming-on-1840", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/turner-slave-ship-slavers-throwing-overboard-the-dead-and-dying-typhoon-coming-on-1840/", "id": "NoCW80MEGXY"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Charles Barry and A.W.N. 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Subdivisions include Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, Expressionism, Cubism, Constructivism, Abstraction, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, performance art, and earth and environmental art. Many of these categories fall under the general heading of modernism.\n\n\u00a9 2013 The College Board ", "node_slug": "modernity-AP", "title": "Modernism", "slug": "modernity-ap", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "modernity-AP", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/modernity-AP", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/modernity-ap/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/modernity-AP", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet, Olympia, oil on canvas, 1863 (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker\n\n\u00a0\n\n\u00c9douard Manet brought to Realism his curiosity about social mores. However, he was not interested in mirroring polite parlor conversations and middle class promenades in the Bois de \u00a0Boulogne (Paris\u2019 Central Park). Rather, Manet invented subjects that set the Parisians\u2019 teeth on edge.\u00a0\n\nIn 1865, Manet submitted his risqu\u00e9 painting of a courtesan greeting her client (in this case, you), Olympia, of 1863, to the French Salon. The jury for the 1865 Salon accepted this painting despite their disapproval of the subject matter, because two years earlier, Manet\u2019s Luncheon on the Grass created such a stir when it was rejected from the Salon. (It was instead exhibited in Emperor Napoleon III\u2019s conciliatory exhibition\u2014the Salon des R\u00e9fus\u00e9s, or the Exhibition of the Refused. Crowds came to the Salon des R\u00e9fus\u00e9s specifically to laugh and jeer at what they considered Manet\u2019s folly.)\n\nSomehow they were afraid another rejection would seem like a personal attack on Manet himself. The reasoning was odd, but the result was the same\u2014Olympia became infamous and the painting had to be hung very high to protect it from physical attacks.\u00a0\n\nManet was a Realist, but sometimes his \u201creal\u201d situations shocked and rocked the Parisian art world to its foundations. 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While its roots lie in northern Asia, it developed independently between c. 10,000 B.C.E. and 1492 C.E., which marked the beginning of the European invasions. Regions and cultures are referred to as the Indigenous Americas to signal the priority of First Nations cultural traditions over those of the colonizing and migrant peoples that have progressively taken over the American continents for the last 500 years.", "node_slug": "indigenous-americas", "title": "Indigenous Americas", "slug": "indigenous-americas", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "indigenous-americas", "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/ap-art-history/indigenous-americas", "path": "khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/indigenous-americas/", "extended_slug": "test-prep/ap-art-history/indigenous-americas", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "The archaeological site of Chavin gave its name to the culture that developed between 1500 and 300 B.C. in this high valley of the Peruvian Andes. 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He tells us about the difference between the literal meaning of a sentence someone says, and what they intend to convey by using that sentence at that particular time.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. William Salmon, Assistant Professor of Linguistics,\u00a0University of Minnesota Duluth", "title": "Language: Conventional implicature", "slug": "conventional-implicature", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/conventional-implicature/", "id": "YD82l_bUhLc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Justin invites us to think about conditional sentences (\"if P then Q\"). Perhaps surprisingly, the question of what these sentences mean has vexed philosophers for thousands of years. In part one, Justin motivates the question and introduces one of the oldest answers to it, the material conditional theory.\u00a0\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Justin Khoo, Assistant Professor, MIT", "title": "Language: Conditionals part 1", "slug": "conditionals-pt1", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/conditionals-pt1/", "id": "4Zxp2-_pLCE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Justin Khoo invites us to think about conditional sentences (\"if P then Q\"). Perhaps surprisingly, the question of what these sentences mean has vexed philosophers for thousands of years. In part 2 of the series on conditionals, Justin discusses some of the challenges facing the material conditional theory.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Justin Khoo, Assistant Professor, M.I.T.", "title": "Language: Conditionals part 2", "slug": "conditionals-pt-2", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/conditionals-pt-2/", "id": "Xs6E-FEls1c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In part 3 of the series on conditionals, Justin picks up where part 2\u00a0leaves off, introducing an alternative theory of conditionals: the strict conditional theory. According to the strict theory, conditionals express necessary connections between their antecedent and consequent. Justin shows how this theory avoids the problems facing the material conditional theory. However, the strict theory turns out to face a similar problem of its own!\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Justin Khoo, Assitant Professor, M.I.T.", "title": "Language: Conditionals part 3", "slug": "conditionals-pt3", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/conditionals-pt3/", "id": "Oxt1DdfT8ME"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, Justin picks up where part 3 left off. \u00a0He introduces the Conditional Assertion Theory of conditionals, which aims to resolve the problems presented for the other theories of conditionals. 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He discusses a classic debate on that subject, between philosophers William James and William Clifford.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Thomas Donaldson, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Stanford University", "title": "Epistemology: The will to believe", "slug": "will-to-believe", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/will-to-believe/", "id": "uzmLXIuAspQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, Michael introduces the Sleeping Beauty problem. This is a problem in formal epistemology about how to correctly assign probabilities to an odd scenario in which we flip a coin and, depending on the outcome, wake Sleeping Beauty up according to two different patterns. We\u2019ll discover some very strange consequences for our beliefs as a result.\n\nSpeaker: Michael Campbell, Duke University", "title": "Epistemology: Sleeping Beauty", "slug": "sleeping-beauty-problem", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/sleeping-beauty-problem/", "id": "5Cqbf86jTro"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2 of a pair. Tim moves on to the version of the Cosmological Argument for the existence of God called 'the Modal Argument.' The idea is that all the contingent facts about the world need to be explained by some necessary fact, and that necessary fact is that God exists.\n\nSpeaker: Dr.\u00a0Timothy Yenter, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Mississippi", "title": "Religion: Cosmological argument part 2", "slug": "cosmological-argument-part-2", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/cosmological-argument-part-2/", "id": "mBMAMIFw9n4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 1 of a pair. Tim lays out a classic argument for the existence of God, called 'The Cosmological Argument' -- roughly, the idea that something has to explain why the world is the way it is, and that something is God. He distinguishes two versions: the Beginnings Argument, and the Modal Argument. He covers the Beginnings Argument.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Timothy Yenter, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Mississippi\n\u00a0", "title": "Religion: Cosmological argument part 1", "slug": "cosmological-argument-part-1", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/cosmological-argument-part-1/", "id": "2zS1HiuWPMA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "It is common to think that Faith and Reason must be in conflict. Often this view emerges because how we use the term \"believe\" is ambiguous. In this video we clarify how this term is used and how Faith and Reason can be properly related.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Greg Ganssle", "title": "Religion: Reason and faith", "slug": "reason-and-faith", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/reason-and-faith/", "id": "MTPHXNMi9tA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Does our ordinary notion of a \u201ctrue self\u201d simply pick out a certain part of the mind? Or is this notion actually wrapped up in some inextricable way with our own values and ideals?\n\nSpeaker: Dr.\u00a0Joshua Knobe,\u00a0Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Yale University", "title": "Psychology: The True Self", "slug": "the-true-self", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/metaphys-epistemology/the-true-self/", "id": "rMYdKz4xxMc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The Monty Hall problem is a strange result arising from a very simple situation. 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Along the way, she distinguishes different ways in which people believe that God exists, and discusses what's bad about having contradictory beliefs.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Sally Haslanger,\u00a0Ford Professor of Philosophy and\u00a0Women's & Gender Studies, MIT", "title": "Ethics: The problem of evil", "slug": "problem-of-evil", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/problem-of-evil/", "id": "9pRzyioUKp0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 1 of a trilogy. Greg lays out a classic argument that God does not exist, called \u2018The Problem of Evil\u2019. He distinguishes two versions of that argument, which are sometimes called \u2018the deductive\u2019 and \u2018the evidential\u2019 version. He goes into some details on the deductive version.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Greg Ganssle, Senior Fellow Rivendell Institute, Yale University", "title": "Ethics: Problem of evil part 1", "slug": "problem-of-evil-part-1", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/problem-of-evil-part-1/", "id": "V4z9Y2u30Qs"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2 of a trilogy. Here, Greg gives a response to the deductive version of the Problem of Evil on behalf of someone who believes that God exists. In thinking about this response, we need to think about whether God can make contradictions true, and whether God can have good reasons for allowing bad things to happen.\n\nSpeaker: Dr.\u00a0Greg Ganssle, Senior Fellow, Rivendell Institute, Yale University", "title": "Ethics: Problem of evil part 2", "slug": "problem-of-evil-part-2", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/problem-of-evil-part-2/", "id": "prWSGbDW3LU"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 3 of a trilogy. Greg considers the evidential version of the Problem of Evil, and gives a response on behalf of someone who believes that God exists. This involves considering whether God might have a good reason to allow bad things to happen.\n\nSpeaker: Dr.\u00a0Greg Ganssle, Senior Fellow, Rivendell Institute, Yale University", "title": "Ethics: Problem of evil part 3", "slug": "problem-of-evil-part-3", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/problem-of-evil-part-3/", "id": "L67dlpMgDa4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 1 of a pair. Stephen considers the relationship between morality and God. Specifically, he asks: is morality the same thing as the commands of God? Is there no morality if there is no God? Ultimately, Stephen will argue that morality and God's commands are distinct, even if there is a God and she commands moral things. However, in this first video, Steve considers why you might like the view that morality just is God's commands.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Stephen Darwall, Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy, Yale University", "title": "Ethics: God and morality part 1", "slug": "god-morality-part-1", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/god-morality-part-1/", "id": "lmhiibdwznQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2 of a pair. Stephen considers the relationship between morality and God. Specifically, he asks: is morality the same thing as the commands of God? Is there no morality if there is no God? Stephen thinks the answer to both these questions is 'no'. He argues that, if you believe God exists and that we should follow his commands *for certain reasons*, then you should *not* think that morality just is whatever God commands.\n\nSpeaker:\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Stephen Darwall, Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy, Yale University", "title": "Ethics: God and morality part 2", "slug": "god-morality-part-2", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/god-morality-part-2/", "id": "x726HASktrQ"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Jeff discusses the nature of moral status. What does it take for someone to be a subject of moral concern? Do they have to be human? Rational? Sentient? Alive? And how does our answer to this question affect how we should act in everyday life?\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Jeff Sebo, Research Fellow, Department of Bioethics, The National Institutes of Health", "title": "Ethics: Moral status", "slug": "moral-status", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/moral-status/", "id": "smuhAjyRbw0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, Tyler asks why it is morally permissible to kill animals for food. He offers a few explanations that seem unsatisfactory. So, he asks you for help answering this question about animals ethics.\n\nSpeaker: Tyler Doggett", "title": "Ethics: Killing animals for food", "slug": "killing-animals-for-food", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/killing-animals-for-food/", "id": "3HAMk_ZYO7g"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What makes our life go best? Is being happy all that matters? Is a life of blissful ignorance a good life? Or is there more to a good life than this? Richard Rowland discusses whether we should take the blue pill in 'hedonism and the experience machine\u2019.\nSpeaker: Dr. Richard Rowland, Departmental Lecturer, Somerville College, University of Oxford\n\n\u00a0\n", "title": "Ethics: Hedonism and The Experience Machine", "slug": "hedonism-and-the-experience-machine", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/hedonism-and-the-experience-machine/", "id": "yJ1dsNauhGE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Julia Markovits (Cornell University) gives an introduction to the moral theory of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the view that the right moral action is the one that maximizes happiness for all.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Julia Markovits, Associate Professor, Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell Universtiy", "title": "Ethics: Utilitarianism part 1", "slug": "utilitarianism-part-1", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/utilitarianism-part-1/", "id": "uvmz5E75ZIA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Julia Markovits (Cornell University) gives an introduction to the moral theory of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the view that the right moral action is the one that maximizes happiness for all.\nSpeaker: Dr.\u00a0Julia Markovits, Associate Professor, Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell Universtiy\n", "title": "Ethics: Utilitarianism part 2", "slug": "utilitarianism-part-2", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/utilitarianism-part-2/", "id": "uGDk23Q0S9E"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Julia Markovits (Cornell University) gives an introduction to the moral theory of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the view that the right moral action is the one that maximizes happiness for all.\n\nSpeaker: Dr.\u00a0Julia Markovits, Associate Professor, Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell Universtiy", "title": "Ethics: Utilitarianism part 3", "slug": "utilitarianism-part-3", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/utilitarianism-part-3/", "id": "MoCuVa9UeR4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, Molly introduces the nonidentity problem. This problem arises in cases where an individual appears to be wronged by the very action upon which his or her own existence depends. We\u2019ll see why this problem has implications for reproductive choices, genetic engineering, and whether we should take care of the environment for the sake of future generations.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Molly Gardner, Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill", "title": "Ethics: The Nonidentity Problem", "slug": "the-nonidentity-problem", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/the-nonidentity-problem/", "id": "3P-ILdjdipA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Luvell introduces us to the original position -- an idea due to the most important political philosopher of the 20th Century, John Rawls. The original position is a way of thinking about what makes an institution or a society just.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Luvell Anderson, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, The University of Memphis", "title": "Political: Original position", "slug": "original-position", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/value-theory-1/original-position/", "id": "nO5me_5c8dM"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x8a0d99ca"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x72e98f8b"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5d84815e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x0b9f562e"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2c7f8526"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2b943262"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7b0ec957"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1523d8d6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x3e7c54ec"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6f9fd9b8"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x8b885aaa"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xed5719ae"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa8d084b3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x58307910"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x5d7997ca"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf7deb347"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x2ab562b4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x25cac618"}], "hide": false, "description": "Are you interested in learning more about what philosophers have said in the past? Check out this section to learn more about the history of philosophical thought.", "node_slug": "the-history-of-philosophy", "title": "History of philosophy", "slug": "the-history-of-philosophy", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-history-of-philosophy", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, Monte explores an approach to the question \u201cWhat is the purpose of life?\u201d developed by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC). Aristotle reasoned that just as artificial things (such as tools and workers) have characteristic capabilities with respect to which they are judged to be good or do well, so each kind of natural thing (including plants and humans) has characteristic capabilities with respect to which can be judged, objectively, to be good or do well. For plants and animals these mostly have to do with nutrition and reproduction, and in the case of animals, pleasure and pain. For humans, these vegetative and animal capabilities are necessary but not sufficient for our flourishing. Since reason and the use of language are the unique and highest capabilities of humans, the cultivation and exercise of intellectual friendships and partnerships, moral and political virtue, scientific knowledge and (above all) theoretical philosophy, was argued by Aristotle to be the ultimate purpose of human life.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Monte Ransome Johnson, \u00a0Associate Professor, University of California San Diego", "title": "Ancient: Aristotle on the purpose of life", "slug": "aristotle-on-the-purpose-of-life", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/aristotle-on-the-purpose-of-life/", "id": "sQk6t-9mQjE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video,\u00a0Monte\u00a0discusses the \u201ctetrapharmakos\u201d or \u201cfour-part remedy\u201d developed by the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 BC) and his followers to treat unhappiness and anxiety. The tetrapharmakos consists of four maxims which encapsulate the Epicurean outlook on god, life, death, pleasure, and pain. The maxims can be meditated upon in order to alleviate worries and concerns that continue to plague us as much as they did the ancients.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Monte Ransome Johnson, Associate Professor, University of California, San Diego", "title": "Ancient: Epicurus\u2019 Cure for Unhappiness", "slug": "epicurus-cure-for-unhappiness", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/epicurus-cure-for-unhappiness/", "id": "E5f5smh7Keo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What is human nature? Is human nature good or bad? Can human nature be good even if the world contains some notably bad people? Matthew Walker (Yale-NUS College) looks at the views of the early Confucian thinker Mengzi (Mencius).\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Matthew Walker, Assistant Professor, Yale-NUS College", "title": "Ancient: Mengzi (Mencius) on Human Nature", "slug": "history-of-philosophy-mengzi-on-human-nature", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/history-of-philosophy-mengzi-on-human-nature/", "id": "qvmxbDomk90"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, David Wong discusses Xunzi's view of human nature.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. David Wong,\u00a0Susan Fox Beischer and George D. Beischer Professor of Philosophy, Duke University", "title": "Ancient: Xunzi on Human Nature", "slug": "xunzi-on-human-nature", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/xunzi-on-human-nature/", "id": "hEgLzTtQj7I"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 1 of 3. What makes you the same person as the little kid growing up a number of years ago? \u00a0Is the identity of a person tied to the persistence of a body or a soul or something else entirely? \u00a0Can we even give\u00a0any explanation at all of the persistence of a person? \u00a0Michael Della Rocca (Yale University) explores some of the puzzles and problems of personal identity that arise from the revolutionary work of the philosopher John Locke.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Michael Della Rocca,\u00a0Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy, Yale University\u00a0\n", "title": "Early Modern: Locke on Personal Identity part 1", "slug": "locke-personal-identity-part-1", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/locke-personal-identity-part-1/", "id": "462Y898PVn8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 2\u00a0of 3. What makes you the same person as the little kid growing up a number of years ago? \u00a0Is the identity of a person tied to the persistence of a body or a soul or something else entirely? \u00a0Can we even give\u00a0any explanation at all of the persistence of a person? \u00a0Michael Della Rocca (Yale University) explores some of the puzzles and problems of personal identity that arise from the revolutionary work of the philosopher John Locke.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Michael Della Rocca,\u00a0Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy, Yale University\u00a0\n", "title": "Early Modern: Locke on Personal Identity part 2", "slug": "locke-personal-identity-part-2", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/locke-personal-identity-part-2/", "id": "hLy2KhCUwN0"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Part 3\u00a0of 3. What makes you the same person as the little kid growing up a number of years ago? \u00a0Is the identity of a person tied to the persistence of a body or a soul or something else entirely? \u00a0Can we even give\u00a0any explanation at all of the persistence of a person? \u00a0Michael Della Rocca (Yale University) explores some of the puzzles and problems of personal identity that arise from the revolutionary work of the philosopher John Locke.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Michael Della Rocca,\u00a0Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy, Yale University\u00a0\n", "title": "Early Modern: Locke on Personal Identity part 3", "slug": "locke-personal-identity-part-3", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/locke-personal-identity-part-3/", "id": "3oG69aK0McM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "\"I think, therefore I am\" - almost everyone has heard of Ren\u00e9 Descartes' famous cogito argument. But what is this argument about? What does it show, and why are so many philosophers excited about it - even today, more than 350 years after Descartes first presented this argument?\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Stephan Schmid, Assistant Professor, Humboldt-University", "title": "Early Modern: Descartes' Cogito Argument", "slug": "philosophy-descartes-cogito-argument", "path": "khan/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/philosophy-descartes-cogito-argument/", "id": "7iGjiSbEp9c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this first of two videos, Andrew Janiak introduces Emilie Du Chatelet, a French philosopher, and her contribution to the debate about the principle of sufficient reason. This video is a part of a series of videos coming from Project Vox (Duke), a project recovering the lost voices of women philosophers.\n\nSpeaker: Dr. Andrew Janiak,\u00a0Creed C. 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Today\u2019s scientific view of the history of the Universe is based on the work of thousands of scientists and scholars over thousands of years. People built upon each other\u2019s work. New technology and new observations have led to ever sharper theories about the Universe and its beginnings. As you study how these views have evolved, you\u2019ll develop your own skills for testing the claims of others and making claims of your own.", "node_slug": "big-bang", "title": "2. 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Their views built upon one another, leading to our modern view of the Universe.", "node_slug": "how-did-big-bang-change", "title": "2.0\u2014How Did Our Understanding of the Universe Change?", "slug": "how-did-big-bang-change", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "how-did-big-bang-change", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Geocentric to heliocentric, and beyond. An overview of the major changes in the way people have viewed the Universe.", "title": "How Did Our View of the Universe Change?", "slug": "bhp-view-of-the-universe-change", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change/bhp-view-of-the-universe-change/", "id": "P9lTAUtnreo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 2.0", "title": "Quiz: How Did Our Understanding of the Universe Change?", "slug": "quiz-how-did-our-view-of-the-universe-change-", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change/quiz-how-did-our-view-of-the-universe-change-/", "id": "quiz-how-did-our-view-of-the-universe-change-"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x862049f0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x410b2e00"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xeb06460f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x11cb5f72"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x07a6a35a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x1152a49c"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xdf8ea698"}], "hide": false, "description": "The Big Bang hasn\u2019t always been the generally accepted explanation of how our Universe came to be. In fact, our views on the origin and structure of the Universe have changed drastically over the last thousand years. As new thinking and evidence have built upon one another, our understanding of the Universe has evolved. 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We use the term \"claim testing\" in Big History to mean the process that someone goes through when evaluating the truth of a statement that is made either in Big History or in other research that you might do. In general, when you encounter a claim, it\u2019s important to ask why you should believe and trust in that claim. This is a core idea in Big History, and you should use claim testing on a regular basis throughout the course. ", "node_slug": "claim-testing", "title": "2.2\u2014Claim Testing", "slug": "claim-testing", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "claim-testing", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/claim-testing", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/claim-testing/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/claim-testing", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn to use \"claim testers\" to evaluate information and decide what you believe!", "title": "How Do We Decide What to Believe?", "slug": "how-do-we-decide-what-to-believe", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/claim-testing/how-do-we-decide-what-to-believe/", "id": "vkDCkD88-B0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 2.2", "title": "Quiz: Claim Testing", "slug": "quiz-what-emerged-from-the-big-bang-", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/claim-testing/quiz-what-emerged-from-the-big-bang-/", "id": "quiz-what-emerged-from-the-big-bang-"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xedf15e4e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x9f64ab32"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xea74209b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x8849087d"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x88acb033"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x02fb5abf"}], "hide": false, "description": "By 200 million years after the Big Bang, the Universe had become a very dark and cold place. Then things started to change. First, galaxies and nebulae formed. These were the earliest structures in the Universe. Then stars \u2013 \u201chot spots\u201d of light and energy \u2013 emerged from these clouds of dust and gas. Why did they form and how did they change everything? Stars, the first complex, stable entities in the Universe, have the capacity to generate energy for millions, even billions of years. The first stars, which passed through their entire life cycles relatively quickly, produced many of the chemical elements of the periodic table. In this unit, you\u2019ll learn how stars first formed and how the lives and deaths of stars provided the chemical diversity necessary for even more complex things.", "node_slug": "stars-and-elements", "title": "3. Stars & Elements", "slug": "stars-and-elements", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "stars-and-elements", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x6842f3d4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x7c61e8a5"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x12c78efb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xedda965d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6ad88cfb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xff6738b4"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x93afb015"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xeb66f470"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x677e2a16"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x735db2e5"}], "hide": false, "description": "In the years following the Big Bang, hydrogen atoms floated freely around the Universe. These atoms were slightly more packed together in some places than in others. In the more crowded areas, the hydrogen atoms were close enough to each other to let gravity do its work. In these little pockets of hydrogen, stars lit up across our Universe.", "node_slug": "how-were-stars-formed", "title": "3.0\u2014How Were Stars Formed?", "slug": "how-were-stars-formed", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "how-were-stars-formed", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/how-were-stars-formed", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/how-were-stars-formed/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/how-were-stars-formed", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore the Universe before and after the birth of stars and study the extraordinary process of star formation.", "title": "How Were Stars Formed?", "slug": "bhp-how-were-stars-formed", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/how-were-stars-formed/bhp-how-were-stars-formed/", "id": "uxoAJHlgcF4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The early Universe was dark and cold \u2013 until a few atoms of hydrogen and helium got together, and a star was born.", "title": "Threshold 2: Stars Light Up", "slug": "bhp-stars-light-up", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/how-were-stars-formed/bhp-stars-light-up/", "id": "gEEgicZzwMU"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 3.0", "title": "Quiz: How Were Stars Formed?", "slug": "quiz-how-were-stars-formed-", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/how-were-stars-formed/quiz-how-were-stars-formed-/", "id": "quiz-how-were-stars-formed-"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x48adea3d"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xcb776228"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x1aeae331"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x64b43756"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x8302edb3"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x8a4bcd01"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x074c81da"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe9e5bae1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xf2bf4493"}], "hide": false, "description": "With the birth of stars, new sources of light and energy emerged all over the Universe. They burned hydrogen to create helium. Helium was used to create carbon. Neon, oxygen, silicon, and iron were also created during the lives of stars. However, once these stars started running out of fuel is when things really got interesting. It\u2019s in the massive explosions that resulted from certain stars running out of fuel that all of the elements of the periodic table were created. Without the death of stars, our world would not exist today. ", "node_slug": "creation-complex-elements", "title": "3.1\u2014Creation of Complex Elements", "slug": "creation-complex-elements", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "creation-complex-elements", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Large stars die, and then explode into massive supernovae. This scatters all the elements of the periodic table throughout the Universe, which results in Threshold 3.", "title": "Threshold 3: New Chemical Elements", "slug": "bhp-new-chemical-elements", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements/bhp-new-chemical-elements/", "id": "jWVdmanh8w4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Aging and dying stars generate extremely hot temperatures, hot enough to create entirely new elements.", "title": "What Did Stars Give Us?", "slug": "bhp-what-did-stars-give-us", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements/bhp-what-did-stars-give-us/", "id": "Y9FyokN7WlM"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn the basic organization of the periodic table and what it tells us about the chemical elements.", "title": "Navigating the Periodic Table", "slug": "bhp-navigating-periodic-table", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements/bhp-navigating-periodic-table/", "id": "TEysuDHExc4"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The guys at CrashCourse explain the process by which stars are formed and explode, in their own unique style.", "title": "Crash Course Big History: Stars & Galaxies", "slug": "bhp-stars-galaxies-crashcourse", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements/bhp-stars-galaxies-crashcourse/", "id": "CYomswUKFuI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 3.1", "title": "Quiz: Creation of Complex Elements", "slug": "quiz-stars-and-big-history", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/creation-complex-elements/quiz-stars-and-big-history/", "id": "quiz-stars-and-big-history"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x4c287776"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x8000504e"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x779f6b78"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x3d9eb34f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x2ce75279"}], "hide": false, "description": "Aging and dying stars get hotter than\u2026 well, they get hot. Hot enough to create new, heavier elements. What's so special about the heavier elements? Imagine life without metal.", "node_slug": "knowing-stars-elements", "title": "3.2\u2014Way of Knowing: Stars and Elements", "slug": "knowing-stars-elements", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "knowing-stars-elements", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Anne McNeil introduces the central science and discusses how the study of matter has changed over time.", "title": "Intro to Chemistry", "slug": "bhp-intro-to-chemistry", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements/bhp-intro-to-chemistry/", "id": "91wF7Ef_k8Y"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Hank gives us a tour of the most important table ever, including the life story of the obsessive man who championed it, Dmitri Mendeleev.", "title": "Crash Course Chemistry: Periodic Table of Elements", "slug": "bhp-periodic-table-crashcourse", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements/bhp-periodic-table-crashcourse/", "id": "0RRVV4Diomg"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 3.3", "title": "Quiz: Stars and Elements", "slug": "quiz-stars-and-elements", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements/quiz-stars-and-elements/", "id": "quiz-stars-and-elements"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x764d33cf"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xc8d18b70"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x52ce5498"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xe084575f"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x1620fdef"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x23bb9c13"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x74b39b6f"}], "hide": false, "description": "Billowing clouds of matter spun around and around our young Sun, gradually forming just about everything in our Solar System \u2013 from meteors and asteroids to all the planets and moons. One planet in particular would enable the creation of even more remarkable complexity. ", "node_slug": "solar-system-and-earth", "title": "4. 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Since 1995, hundreds of \u201cexoplanets,\u201d or planets outside of our Solar System, have been discovered orbiting other stars. The Earth and our Solar System are not as unique as they were once thought to be. Planet formation is now considered to be very common in the Universe, and planets can form in the wake of the formation of any star. Star formation begins in giant gas clouds, and probably 99.9 percent of the material in these clouds goes into making the star. Only about 0.1 percent of the material in the original gas cloud is left for planet formation. This leftover material orbits the star and various forces cause the materials to begin crashing into one another. Over time, this process leads to the formation of very large objects\u2014what we know as planets. Sometimes rocky like our Earth, sometimes gassy like Jupiter, these planets gather mass as other floating debris crashes onto their surfaces. In the early days of our Solar System, the Earth was constantly bombarded with floating debris. 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The Earth that we know today, the relatively peaceful home of myriad forms of life, didn\u2019t appear overnight. Rather, it took billions of years to slowly evolve into its current form. The process of accretion that led to the formation of the Earth was a violent one, and it produced an Earth that was only a little less violent and hostile. For a few hundred million years, the early Earth was characterized by high temperatures, toxic gases, high levels of radiation, and ongoing high-impact collisions. Over time, these conditions improved and the Earth took on its distinctive structure with differentiated layers of core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere. This distinctive structure has important consequences: First, it helps explain why the surface of the Earth changes over time; and second, it helps explain why the Earth evolved into a suitable setting for living things. 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We walk upright and build cities, we travel from continent to continent in hours, and we communicate across the globe in an instant. We alone can build bombs and invent medicines. Why can we do all these things that other creatures can\u2019t? What makes us so different from other species?", "node_slug": "early-humans", "title": "6. 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We\u2019ll explore how bacteria, plants, and animals have transformed over time, leading to the arrival of Homo sapiens (fancy words for humans). We\u2019ll then take a look at how this process of change led to the cultural evolution of humans and the development of our most powerful skill, collective learning.", "node_slug": "how-ancestors-evolved", "title": "6.0\u2014How Our Ancestors Evolved", "slug": "how-ancestors-evolved", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "how-ancestors-evolved", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "About 200,000 years ago, man evolved to become the most important force for change on the Earth's surface. What makes us so different from other living things? How did we, together, make something entirely new?", "title": "Threshold 6: Humans and Collective Learning", "slug": "bhp-threshold6", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved/bhp-threshold6/", "id": "ppIzSaP2jWI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "No, we really really did not evolve from monkeys. John and Hank Green explain this and lots of other things related to human evolution.\u00a0\u00a0", "title": "Crash Course Big History: Human Evolution", "slug": "bhp-human-evolution-crashcourse", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved/bhp-human-evolution-crashcourse/", "id": "6PZYYIaB0UY"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 6.0", "title": "Quiz: How Our Ancestors Evolved", "slug": "quiz-how-our-ancestors-evolved", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-ancestors-evolved/quiz-how-our-ancestors-evolved/", "id": "quiz--how-our-ancestors-evolved"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x90787a1f"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb43387c4"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x18fa2ea4"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x61225a24"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc3b0b427"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xedcb7a23"}], "hide": false, "description": "Considering we have never met a Homo habilis or an Australopithecus, how do we know about these early human species? Disciplines such as anthropology, archaeology, primatology, and history give us bits and pieces of evidence to help solve the puzzle of how humans have evolved over time. While we have learned a great deal about this topic in the last hundred years, there are still many unanswered questions and more evidence to be found!", "node_slug": "ways-of-knowing-early-humans", "title": "6.1\u2014Ways of Knowing: Early Humans", "slug": "ways-of-knowing-early-humans", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "ways-of-knowing-early-humans", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Kathy Schick defines the role of the anthropologist in understanding our past and present.", "title": "Intro to Anthropology", "slug": "bhp-intro-anthropology", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans/bhp-intro-anthropology/", "id": "D_jevR2FvzE"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Nicholas Toth explains the tools, methods, and focus of an archaeologist.", "title": "Intro to Archaeology", "slug": "bhp-intro-archaeology", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans/bhp-intro-archaeology/", "id": "ZVSVHvJRy8U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Nicholas Toth shows how early humans made stone tools that were simple but effective.", "title": "Making Stone Tools", "slug": "bhp-making-stone-tool", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans/bhp-making-stone-tool/", "id": "SrvPOkMs4U4"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 6.1", "title": "Quiz: Early Humans", "slug": "quiz-early-humans", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/ways-of-knowing-early-humans/quiz-early-humans/", "id": "quiz--early-humans"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xb21eddf6"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x08a61859"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x039b9d61"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xa852b130"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xbd00d28b"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x5fcc229f"}], "hide": false, "description": "Considering we have never met a Homo habilis or an Australopithecus, how do we know about these early human species? Disciplines such as anthropology, archaeology, primatology, and history give us bits and pieces of evidence to help solve the puzzle of how humans have evolved over time. While we have learned a great deal about this topic in the last hundred years, there are still many unanswered questions and more evidence to be found! ", "node_slug": "collective-learning", "title": "6.2\u2014Collective Learning", "slug": "collective-learning", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "collective-learning", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/collective-learning", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/collective-learning/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/collective-learning", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn why humans, more than any other species, have made such a profound impression on the biosphere.", "title": "Collective Learning at Scale", "slug": "bhp-collective-learning-at-scale", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/collective-learning/bhp-collective-learning-at-scale/", "id": "o3Ym-tAtCvc"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Stone tools, changes in the human skull, and mutant genes: John Shea discusses some of the early evidence we have for collective learning.", "title": "Early Evidence of Collective Learning", "slug": "bhp-early-evidence-collective-learning", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/collective-learning/bhp-early-evidence-collective-learning/", "id": "pFNwgwqSWDo"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 6.2", "title": "Quiz: Collective Learning", "slug": "quiz-collective-learning", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/collective-learning/quiz-collective-learning/", "id": "quiz--collective-learning"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x88f59dea"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x15c07140"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xce9313aa"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x79b432de"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5c663a83"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xa017457e"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x717a1b94"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x8a814f01"}], "hide": false, "description": "We often teach dogs a few basic tricks, such as how to sit, stay, and fetch. However, have you ever seen dogs teach one another tricks? They might mimic each other\u2019s behavior, but that\u2019s really not the same thing. Humans, on the other hand, can deliberately pass information to each other and teach one another new skills. This makes it much easier for each generation to pick up where the previous one left off, and it\u2019s why we are the only species able to dominate the biosphere. But why have humans evolved into such a powerful species? What makes us special? Here the story continues, as our ancestors evolve from early Homo sapiens to more intelligent beings who are able to learn collectively. Collective learning is the foundation on which modern society is built, and the reason our species continues to build upon what previous generations created.", "node_slug": "how-did-first-humans-live", "title": "6.3\u2014How Did the First Humans Live?", "slug": "how-did-first-humans-live", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "how-did-first-humans-live", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "The evidence left behind by early humans gives us a vivid picture of their lives.", "title": "How Did The First Humans Live?", "slug": "bhp-how-did-first-humans-live", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live/bhp-how-did-first-humans-live/", "id": "3XymgBX-R2c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "What was it like for hunter-gathers? What were their favorite foods that they would go the extra mile to get their hands on? How are decisions like that different from the decisions we make today?", "title": "From Foraging to Food Shopping", "slug": "bhp-from-foraging-to-food-shopping", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live/bhp-from-foraging-to-food-shopping/", "id": "TKI1DaquKnI"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "In this video, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., explains how three types of genetic tests helped him understand his own family history, and then goes on to explain how these same tests can help scholars reconstruct the past 60,000 years of human migration.", "title": "Genealogy and Human Ancestry", "slug": "bhp-genealogy-ancestry", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live/bhp-genealogy-ancestry/", "id": "zaJVEO44_08"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 6.3", "title": "Quiz: How Did the First Humans Live?", "slug": "quiz-how-did-the-first-humans-live-", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live/quiz-how-did-the-first-humans-live-/", "id": "quiz--how-did-the-first-humans-live-"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x1c20524c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x37cfdc0c"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe02049bd"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe0b7076c"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x02596d49"}], "hide": false, "description": "Access a range of other materials to support learning about this unit.", "node_slug": "other-materials6", "title": "Other Materials", "slug": "other-materials6", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "other-materials6", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/other-materials6", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/other-materials6/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/other-materials6", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "All life on earth shares a common ancestor. After the dinosaurs became extinct, biodiversity flourished.", "title": "How Did Our Ancestors Evolve?", "slug": "bhp-how-did-ancestors-evolve", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/other-materials6/bhp-how-did-ancestors-evolve/", "id": "_JGdeRfJJ2U"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Learn why humans, more than any other species, have made such a profound impression on the biosphere.", "title": "What Makes Humans Different?", "slug": "bhp-what-makes-us-different", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/other-materials6/bhp-what-makes-us-different/", "id": "xfFqSnulTR8"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Journey with Craig Benjamin through 250,000 years of technological creativity and human migration. Explore how our species has had to adapt, change, and migrate to survive.", "title": "Migrations and Technological Creativity", "slug": "bhp-migrations-technology", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/other-materials6/bhp-migrations-technology/", "id": "hleYHNMDnBE"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5fa12edc"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xd8a42075"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x9271d484"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xdf4ec945"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x28e25fa6"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5f6c42fa"}], "hide": false, "description": "If everyone had to survive as foragers, there wouldn't be nearly enough food to feed 7 billion people. Farming sustains us, and it's easy to assume it has always existed, but it hasn't. Humans invented agriculture. This altered our relationship with the Earth, drove population growth, and enabled the emergence of magnificent civilizations. ", "node_slug": "agriculture-civilization", "title": "7. Agriculture & Civilization", "slug": "agriculture-civilization", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "agriculture-civilization", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xce8d714a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xdc7be2eb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x924dbf40"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x54a70add"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xb5593e9b"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4c1884e3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x2d58f858"}], "hide": false, "description": "All living things need energy to survive. For a long time, humans met their energy needs almost exclusively by eating the food they foraged in their local environment. In other words, humans were completely dependent on the plants and animals that nature provided. The invention of farming about 12,000 years ago gave humans access to vast new food and energy resources, which helped to dramatically transform the way humans lived. Among other things, farming made possible dramatic population growth, and it allowed humans to settle in larger, denser communities than a foraging lifestyle could support. These larger and denser communities eventually led to the development of cities and civilizations, which accelerated collective learning and innovation. ", "node_slug": "rise-of-agriculture", "title": "7.0\u2014The Rise of Agriculture", "slug": "rise-of-agriculture", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "rise-of-agriculture", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/rise-of-agriculture", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/rise-of-agriculture/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/rise-of-agriculture", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "When humans began farming, new, more complex ways of living were possible.", "title": "Threshold 7: Agriculture", "slug": "bhp-why-agriculture-was-so-important", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/rise-of-agriculture/bhp-why-agriculture-was-so-important/", "id": "8n4nne9FQFo"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "The invention of agriculture is not just a matter of tastier food. It unlocked powerful forces that transformed history.", "title": "Why Was Agriculture So Important?", "slug": "bhp-why-agriculture-was-important", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/rise-of-agriculture/bhp-why-agriculture-was-important/", "id": "Hx6-m510hjU"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 7.0", "title": "Quiz: The Rise of Agriculture", "slug": "quiz-the-rise-of-agriculture", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/rise-of-agriculture/quiz-the-rise-of-agriculture/", "id": "quiz--the-rise-of-agriculture"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x6bd95111"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x56f4c70b"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xf1bea04c"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x9e5116d7"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x66a39c16"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x3faac3f8"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xccee2209"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x78eb9656"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0ede520f"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x7f0c0df1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xdef637cc"}], "hide": false, "description": "The invention of farming led to dramatic changes in the way humans got their food. By domesticating plants and animals, people could settle in one place. Because domestication gave people more control over the plants and animals in an area, human groups could grow bigger and denser. As these populations grew and turned into cities, states, and empires, greater opportunities for collective learning evolved but so did the types of challenges human communities had to face. Population growth, specialization of labor, and the emergence of rulers and social hierarchies all paved the way for increased collective learning, but they also created some complex problems and relationships that we are still struggling to resolve today.", "node_slug": "first-cities-states", "title": "7.1\u2014The First Cities and States Appear", "slug": "first-cities-states", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "first-cities-states", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Fueled by surplus crops, agriculture led to the formation of the world's first large-scale civilizations.", "title": "Where and Why Did the First Cities and States Appear?", "slug": "bhp-where-when-cities-states", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/bhp-where-when-cities-states/", "id": "ppNmUPTbXtU"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 7.1", "title": "Quiz: The First Cities and States Appear", "slug": "quiz-the-first-cities-and-states-appear", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/quiz-the-first-cities-and-states-appear/", "id": "quiz--the-first-cities-and-states-appear"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x47ea4ac2"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9ffabe2b"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xf8fffddc"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x845d78d6"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x342f9610"}], "hide": false, "description": "The mysterious pyramids of Ancient Egypt, the Great Wall of China, and the beauty of Machu Picchu (an old Incan city in Peru) are all impressive remnants left behind from some of the world\u2019s ancient agrarian civilizations. But not every civilization has left behind such noticeable clues. In fact, many artifacts from agrarian civilizations fade away with time. But the clues that remain become important windows to the past. Researchers in a variety of disciplines such as history and archaeology use both written record and historical artifacts to pose, analyze, and answer questions about the past. As you will see, written record is of particular importance. Unlike other species, writing gives us the ability to preserve and pass on large amounts of information from one generation to the next. With this ability comes incredible power.\n", "node_slug": "first-cities-appear", "title": "7.2\u2014Ways of Knowing: Agriculture and Civilization", "slug": "first-cities-appear", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "first-cities-appear", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-appear", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-appear/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-appear", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Historians ask questions about the past to help understand the present, and gain insight to the future.", "title": "Intro to History", "slug": "bhp-intro-to-history", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-appear/bhp-intro-to-history/", "id": "a_bKCdxLkF0"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 7.2", "title": "Quiz: Agriculture and Civilization", "slug": "quiz-agriculture-and-civilization", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-appear/quiz-agriculture-and-civilization/", "id": "quiz--agriculture-and-civilization"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "xe38d92d2"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc81865f9"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xfe4c8731"}], "hide": false, "description": "Access a range of other materials to support learning about this unit.", "node_slug": "other-materials7", "title": "Other Materials", "slug": "other-materials7", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "other-materials7", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/other-materials7", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/other-materials7/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/other-materials7", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Craig Benjamin explains how agriculture drove change and why humans took the risk of abandoning foraging.", "title": "Transition to Agriculture", "slug": "bhp-transition-to-agriculture", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/other-materials7/bhp-transition-to-agriculture/", "id": "VNwh90eJels"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "xd3bbaa21"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x10a31089"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xdf29e855"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xa2a79840"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x44333aa3"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x0c50f8c3"}], "hide": false, "description": "Early humans had pretty small social networks. At most, they probably met only a couple hundred people who probably all lived very similar lives to their own. As people started farming, these networks got larger. People were increasingly specialized in their work and trade. Populations in cities got larger. Trade reached across longer distances, bringing together people with very different lives and ways of thinking. ", "node_slug": "expansion-interconnection", "title": "8. Expansion & Interconnection", "slug": "expansion-interconnection", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "expansion-interconnection", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x62fb77cc"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x9f7a356a"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf3429efd"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb5329340"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x8d64adf5"}], "hide": false, "description": "For most of the agrarian era, the world was divided into four separate and distinct world zones. Over time, these zones slowly became more connected as networks of communication and exchange expanded. While innovations did occur throughout this era, such as irrigation, iron plows, and fast-ripening rice, none of these innovations were able to sustain long-term population growth, which limited expansion. Each innovation led to immediate growth, but once populations had grown beyond a certain point, they fell. These cycles of rise and fall in population, called Malthusian cycles, characterized the agrarian era. Humans would not break out of these cycles until the world zones became more connected and rates of innovation were capable of sustaining growth over much longer periods of time.", "node_slug": "expansion", "title": "8.0\u2014Expansion", "slug": "expansion", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "expansion", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/expansion", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/expansion/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/expansion", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Expansion meant the addition of new territories, resources, and people.", "title": "Why Did Civilizations Expand?", "slug": "bhp-why-civilizations-expand", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/expansion/bhp-why-civilizations-expand/", "id": "1QihY-g20QA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "As civilizations grew larger, demand for resources grew along with it. This led people to spread out over larger territories in search of food, natural resources, and new ideas.", "title": "Crash Course Big History: Modernity", "slug": "crash-course-big-history-modernity", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/expansion/crash-course-big-history-modernity/", "id": "eYS3-ShEnbs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 8.0", "title": "Quiz: Expansion & Interconnection", "slug": "quiz-expansion-interconnection", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/expansion/quiz-expansion-interconnection/", "id": "quiz--expansion---interconnection"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xefb442f6"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xf8518c38"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd97854aa"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x37c8f7e5"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb8b102fb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe85dd899"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xcf4f67aa"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4631d0ab"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xdf0e51e3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xd95322e6"}], "hide": false, "description": "The rise of agriculture ushered in an era of increasing innovation in communication and transportation that led different parts of the world to connect in entirely new ways. The voyages of Christopher Columbus extended this exchange from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas, which saw a massive movement of ideas, people, diseases, plants, and animals between the two hemispheres. The results of these exchanges were dramatic. Potatoes and corn, first cultivated in the Americas, quickly became crucial in the diets of people across Eurasia. Horses and cattle, unknown in the New World in 1492, quickly took on crucial roles in many societies in the Americas. The linking of the different world zones in this period and the exchanges that this linking made possible, transformed the lifeways of the people and civilizations involved \u2013 and laid the foundation for modern exchange routes and the global balance of power.", "node_slug": "exploration-interconnection", "title": "8.1\u2014Exploration & Interconnection", "slug": "exploration-interconnection", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "exploration-interconnection", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "New trade networks caused an explosion in the trade of goods, but also of ideas, technologies, and diseases.", "title": "How Did the World Become Interconnected?", "slug": "bhp-how-world-interconnected", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/bhp-how-world-interconnected/", "id": "cLOQJVv77w8"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 8.1", "title": "Quiz: Exploration & Interconnection", "slug": "quiz-exploration-interconnection", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/quiz-exploration-interconnection/", "id": "quiz--exploration---interconnection"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x364965f2"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x9e5eeebb"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x07952e58"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x25a1cdea"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x1c123ac1"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x27ec4d39"}], "hide": false, "description": "Evading bandits through mountain passes, leading a caravan of yaks carrying silk and goods, sailing the trade winds off the Indian coastline \u2013 these are a few things you might have done as a trader in the age of agrarian civilizations. Systems of exchange and trade between large agrarian civilizations facilitated the transfer of goods from one civilization to the next, but they also helped share the world\u2019s religions, ideas, innovations, diseases, and people. While each world zone had its own trade routes, none were as vast and intense as the Silk Road. This large system of exchange and trade, initially designed for commerce, dispersed goods and ideas throughout Afro-Eurasia, and paved the way for a substantial increase in both commerce and collective learning.", "node_slug": "commerce-collective-learning", "title": "8.2\u2014Commerce & Collective Learning", "slug": "commerce-collective-learning", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "commerce-collective-learning", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/commerce-collective-learning", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/commerce-collective-learning/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/commerce-collective-learning", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Wealthy Romans and Chinese silkworms: connections that reshape the world.", "title": "Systems of Exchange and Trade", "slug": "bhp-systems-exchange-trade", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/commerce-collective-learning/bhp-systems-exchange-trade/", "id": "DzVug3LpSHk"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 8.2", "title": "Quiz: Commerce & Collective Learning", "slug": "quiz-commerce-collective-learning", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/commerce-collective-learning/quiz-commerce-collective-learning/", "id": "quiz--commerce---collective-learning"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xcab5e1a7"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x8358bb89"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x30870c5d"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x126be414"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xec6d5524"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x411ab3b0"}], "hide": false, "description": "Access a range of other materials to support learning about this unit.", "node_slug": "other-materials8", "title": "Other Materials", "slug": "other-materials8", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "other-materials8", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/other-materials8", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/other-materials8/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/other-materials8", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "When Columbus sailed to the Americas, there was a wave of interconnection that rippled across the world. Unfortunately, this interconnection Included deadly microorganisms.", "title": "Re-Creating Pangaea", "slug": "bhp-recreating-pangaea", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/other-materials8/bhp-recreating-pangaea/", "id": "VZB1P4uNFAw"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x0e47f580"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xc3df923e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x831309d5"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x2c365823"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xbfaa713e"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x95c63931"}], "hide": false, "description": "Just 500 years ago, humans lived in four separate world zones, each with distinct cultures and technologies. Now, humanity is linked within one interconnected network of information and commerce that spans the entire planet.", "node_slug": "acceleration", "title": "9. Acceleration", "slug": "acceleration", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "acceleration", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x22140677"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xfa08bc3b"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5f2e5ad0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x210ef5aa"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x5ae4e065"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x51be90ce"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x26254ca7"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x8b864b29"}], "hide": false, "description": "For most of the agrarian era, the four world zones operated independently of each other with little or no knowledge of what was going on in the other zones. The world, in effect, was divided into four unconnected regions, none of which was really interested in the others. With the improved transportation and communication technologies developed 500 years ago, humans acquired the means for connecting these formerly independent zones. After 1492, for example, the Americas and Afro-Eurasia were put in regular contact, and the Columbian Exchange saw the transfer of people, ideas, animals, plants, and diseases between these two once separate world zones. Exchanges like these fueled social, political, economic, and intellectual innovation. Within a few hundred years, this more fully connected world saw dramatic acceleration in innovation and population growth, which ushered in the Modern Revolution. ", "node_slug": "bhp-acceleration", "title": "9.0\u2014Acceleration", "slug": "bhp-acceleration", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "bhp-acceleration", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "The Modern Revolution began about 200 ago and created the world we live in today.", "title": "Threshold 8: The Modern Revolution", "slug": "bhp-threshold8", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/bhp-threshold8/", "id": "2EJzrIKtKok"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "n which John Green wraps up revolutions month with what is arguably the most revolutionary of modern revolutions, the Industrial Revolution.", "title": "Crash Course World History: The Industrial Revolution", "slug": "bhp-industrial-revolution-crashcourse", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/bhp-industrial-revolution-crashcourse/", "id": "zhL5DCizj5c"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Exchange multiplies, markets grow, and fossil fuels flow, revolutionizing government and industry.", "title": "How Did Change Accelerate?", "slug": "bhp-how-did-accelerate", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/bhp-how-did-accelerate/", "id": "VTtlgX27FgI"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 9.0", "title": "Quiz: Acceleration", "slug": "quiz-acceleration", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/quiz-acceleration/", "id": "quiz--acceleration"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xc4a31cf4"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe1797dd3"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xed897659"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xce9cc473"}], "hide": false, "description": "For most of the past 10,000 years or so, the biosphere has been a fairly stable and predictable place. Whether you look at temperature, types of vegetation, soils, or sea level, the basic characteristics of the biosphere have remained about the same, having shown only moderate variation at any point within most of that time frame. That type of consistency is what prompted geologists to label the last 10,000 years of geological history as the Holocene Epoch; an epoch that was ushered in at the end of the last ice age. But there are now a number of scientists who view the data from the last 250 years and conclude that the biosphere is showing fundamentally different characteristics from the previous 10,000 years. The rise of carbon dioxide levels, glacial melting, and the shrinking of tropical rainforests are just some of the factors that they cite as evidence that the biosphere has entered a new epoch. Because so much of the change they have identified seems to derive from human activity, these scientists propose that this new epoch be called the Anthropocene to reflect the tremendous impact that humans now exert in the biosphere. ", "node_slug": "the-anthropocene", "title": "9.1\u2014The Anthropocene", "slug": "the-anthropocene", "contains": ["Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-anthropocene", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/the-anthropocene", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/the-anthropocene/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/the-anthropocene", "children": [{"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 9.1", "title": "Quiz: The Anthropocene", "slug": "quiz-the-anthropocene", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/the-anthropocene/quiz-the-anthropocene/", "id": "quiz--the-anthropocene"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xe2357932"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x6ef778d2"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0c872b01"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xbee0973f"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x8e9af281"}], "hide": false, "description": "The Modern Revolution created the world we live in today. This world is very different from the world of 500 or 1,000 years ago, let alone 10,000 or 100,000 years ago. The connection of the four world zones allowed for the creation of a global network of exchange. Though this network was not built overnight, it emerged fairly quickly, and it increased the potential connections and diversity of connections for many members of the network. The result was an acceleration of both collective learning and innovation. Commerce was an important driver of change in this global network. Because commerce began to take on greater significance for many societies, a number of important thinkers began to ask questions about the nature of the exchange of goods, the nature of productivity and efficiency, and the interests of the individual and the state in business. All of this new inquiry gave birth to the discipline of economics. These economic thinkers, like the thinkers in any discipline, shared a set of concerns and questions but often came up with very different answers to those questions. The articulation of the ideas of capitalism and communism were the most influential economic ideas generated in the course of the Modern Revolution. ", "node_slug": "changing-economies", "title": "9.2\u2014Changing Economies", "slug": "changing-economies", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "changing-economies", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/changing-economies", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/changing-economies/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/changing-economies", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Three forces of change gather momentum and help create the modern world, transforming the biosphere.", "title": "How Was the Modern World Created?", "slug": "bhp-how-modern-world-created", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/changing-economies/bhp-how-modern-world-created/", "id": "obmqVC07vRs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 9.2", "title": "Quiz: Changing Economies", "slug": "quiz-changing-economies", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/changing-economies/quiz-changing-economies/", "id": "quiz--changing-economies"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Video", "id": "x5a3e8e86"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xbd03f057"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xb5df46b9"}], "hide": false, "description": "Access a range of other materials to support learning about this unit.", "node_slug": "other-materials9", "title": "Other Materials", "slug": "other-materials9", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "other-materials9", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/other-materials9", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/other-materials9/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/other-materials9", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "Sustainable energy is one of the greatest challenges for chemists today.", "title": "Chemistry and Energy", "slug": "bhp-chemistry-energy", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/acceleration/other-materials9/bhp-chemistry-energy/", "id": "AM63tLZZzNo"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Topic", "id": "x493f9d7a"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5d0c82a0"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x6a14c856"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x7d14ba6b"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "xaf19e6bd"}, {"kind": "Topic", "id": "x5b3ab4c3"}], "hide": false, "description": "What does 13.8 billion years of history tell you about yourself? How does knowing so much about the past change the way you think about the future? These may be the most important questions Big History asks. How would you answer them? Big History is an unfinished story.", "node_slug": "future", "title": "10. The Future", "slug": "future", "contains": ["Topic", "Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Topic", "id": "future", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/future", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/future", "children": [{"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x5a544145"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xbe796367"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x4773f020"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xe9fb628b"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "xc1fffdff"}], "hide": false, "description": "Big History tells the story of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present. It would be impossible for any history course to cover everything related to its subject matter, and this challenge is particularly great in Big History because of the scales of time and size involved. Big History deals with this challenge by focusing on the eight turning points, or thresholds, over the course of the 13.8 billion-year story. At each of these thresholds, the Universe became more complex, and things appeared with significant new emergent properties. In this lesson, you\u2019ll review what you\u2019ve learned about this story, which will put you in the perfect position to think about the future of Big History in subsequent lessons in this unit. ", "node_slug": "looking-back", "title": "10.0\u2014Looking Back", "slug": "looking-back", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "looking-back", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/future/looking-back", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/looking-back/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/future/looking-back", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "David Christian gives a TED talk covering the Universe's 13.8 billion year history in 18 minutes.", "title": "The History of Everything\u2014TED", "slug": "the-history-of-everything-ted", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/looking-back/the-history-of-everything-ted/", "id": "yqc9zX04DXs"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 10.0", "title": "Quiz: Looking Back", "slug": "quiz-looking-back", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/looking-back/quiz-looking-back/", "id": "quiz--looking-back"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "xc9d174f0"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "xe0845baf"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x864df09b"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xd1bc4191"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "x0429abd3"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x958bb609"}], "hide": false, "description": "As you learned in Unit 5, the biosphere is not static. The biosphere changes as a result of astronomical, geological, and biological influences. The dinosaurs, for example, became extinct as a result of an astronomical event\u2014the effects of an asteroid impact on Earth. Every species impacts the biosphere, though the extent of that impact can vary dramatically. The impact of humans has changed over time. The impact of foragers was not dramatic, but these early humans did have the ability to destroy flora and fauna and cause fires in different parts of the Earth. Agriculture, and later the modern revolution, significantly increased the impact of humans on the biosphere. The acceleration of the last 100 years has seen an acceleration of these human impacts on the biosphere. What are the most significant of these impacts and what should humans be doing about them? ", "node_slug": "the-biosphere", "title": "10.1\u2014The Biosphere", "slug": "the-biosphere", "contains": ["Video", "Exercise"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "the-biosphere", "topic_page_url": "/partner-content/big-history-project/future/the-biosphere", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/the-biosphere/", "extended_slug": "partner-content/big-history-project/future/the-biosphere", "children": [{"kind": "Video", "description": "In which John asks whether globalization is a net positive for humanity. While the new global economy has created a lot of wealth, and lifted a lot of people out of poverty, it also has some effects that aren't so hot.\u00a0", "title": "Crash Course World History: Globalization II \u2013 Good or Bad?", "slug": "bhp-globalization-crashcourse", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/the-biosphere/bhp-globalization-crashcourse/", "id": "s_iwrt7D5OA"}, {"kind": "Video", "description": "Explore climate change on a geologic time scale, and consider recent human impacts on climate and the atmosphere.", "title": "The Atmosphere and Climate", "slug": "bhp-atmosphere-climate", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/the-biosphere/bhp-atmosphere-climate/", "id": "Jfaipkw691E"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "description": "Quiz 10.1", "title": "Quiz: Bioshpere", "slug": "quiz-the-bioshpere", "path": "khan/partner-content/big-history-project/future/the-biosphere/quiz-the-bioshpere/", "id": "quiz--the-bioshpere"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "child_data": [{"kind": "Article", "id": "x135e75df"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x80ef6c39"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xc8341a3c"}, {"kind": "Video", "id": "x79231965"}, {"kind": "Article", "id": "xa2504984"}, {"kind": "Exercise", "id": "x1f4a72bd"}], "hide": false, "description": "Historians typically focus on the past, asking questions like: What happened in the past? 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", "node_slug": "post-college-acceptance", "title": "Post college acceptance", "slug": "post-college-acceptance", "contains": ["Video"], "render_type": "Tutorial", "id": "post-college-acceptance", "topic_page_url": "/college-admissions/wrapping-up/post-college-acceptance", "path": "khan/college-admissions/wrapping-up/post-college-acceptance/", "extended_slug": "college-admissions/wrapping-up/post-college-acceptance", "children": [{"path": "khan/college-admissions/wrapping-up/post-college-acceptance/selecting-your-college/", "slug": "selecting-your-college", "id": "q71hYD9Xhek", "kind": "Video", "title": "Selecting your college"}, {"path": "khan/college-admissions/wrapping-up/post-college-acceptance/making-the-transition/", "slug": "making-the-transition", "id": "9B8voIQl8BI", "kind": "Video", "title": "Making the college transition"}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false}], "in_knowledge_map": false} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/narratives.yml b/data/narratives.yml index 77cba4adaa..00bf2ea76b 100644 --- a/data/narratives.yml +++ b/data/narratives.yml @@ -1,23 +1,58 @@ management/zone/.*: - - 'a#manage.admin-only': + - li.manage-tab.active: - step: 1 - - text: 'Welcome! This is the landing page for admins. If at any point you would like to navigate back to this page, click on this tab!' - - 'li.facility': + - text: Welcome! This is the landing page for admins. If at any point you would like to navigate back to this page, click on this tab! + - li.facility: - step: 2 - - text: 'Clicking on this tab will show you a quick overview of all facilities and devices' + - text: Clicking on this tab will show you a quick overview of all facilities and devices you have set up. - position: right - - 'a.create-facility': + - div.col-xs-12: - step: 3 - - text: 'To add new facilities, click on this link.' - - 'div.row:nth-child(3)': + - text: "An overview of all facilities will be shown here" + - a.create-facility: - step: 4 - - text: 'Information on your device status will be shown here' - - '#not-registered': + - text: To add new facilities, click on this link. + - a.facility-name: - step: 5 - - text: 'By registering your device with our central hub, you can sync your data. This allows you to manage user accounts and view usage data remotely!' - - '#not-registered': + - text: To view more detailed information such as learner groups, learners, and coaches belonging to a facility, click on the facility name. + - '#devices-table tbody tr td:nth-child(1)': - step: 6 - - text: 'If you decide to register your device to our central hub, click this button!' - - 'unattached': + - text: Information on your device status will be shown here + - unattached: - step: 7 - - text: 'Any more questions? Be sure to consult the FAQ and Documentation!' \ No newline at end of file + - text: Any more questions? Be sure to consult the FAQ and Documentation! +update/videos: + - li.video.active: + - step: 1 + - text: Selecting this "Videos" tab will lead you to the place where you can download new videos for all topics! + - '#content_tree': + - step: 2 + - text: Downloadable content will be organized in this topic tree. + - span.dynatree-node.dynatree-folder.dynatree-has-children.unstarted.dynatree-exp-c.dynatree-ico-cf: + - step: 3 + - text: Simply toggle the "+" button to view see more subtopics under a topic.... +update/languages: + - li.languages.active: + - step: 1 + - text: Selecting the "Language" tab will take you to the place where you can download or update language packs! + - '#language-packs-selection': + - step: 2 + - text: Click on this drop down menu to view the available language packs... + - '#option-bg': + - step: 3 + - text: ...select the language of your choice... + - before-showing: + - click: '#language-packs-selection' + - '#langpack-details': + - step: 4 + - text: ...and details such as the number of subtitles, translation completion, and total download size will be displayed for the chosen language pack! + - before-showing: + - click: '#option-bg' + - '#get-language-button': + - step: 5 + - text: Just click this button to start your download! + - '#installed-languages-div': + - step: 6 + - text: Any language packs already installed on your device will be shown in this section + + diff --git a/data/version.yml b/data/version.yml index 15494513be..30c7e178bc 100644 --- a/data/version.yml +++ b/data/version.yml @@ -1,6 +1,20 @@ -0.14.dev0: +0.16.0: release_date: git_commit: "" + new_features: + all: [] + students: [] + coaches: [] + admins: [] + bugs_fixed: + all: [] + students: [] + coaches: [] + admins: [] + +0.15.1: + release_date: "2015/12/01" + git_commit: "746d0d" new_features: all: [] students: [] @@ -8,11 +22,67 @@ admins: [] bugs_fixed: + all: + - Fix some i18n issues (#4673) + - Fix some content recommendation bugs (#4675) + +0.15.0: + release_date: + git_commit: "" + new_features: all: [] students: [] coaches: [] admins: [] + bugs_fixed: + all: [] + +0.14.2: + release_date: "2015/10/02" + git_commit: "dceccca" + new_features: + all: [] + students: + coaches: [] + admins: [] + bugs_fixed: + all: + Properly compare language pack versions (#4587). + students: [] + coaches: [] + admins: [] + +0.14.1: + release_date: "2015/10/02" + git_commit: "0818d65" + new_features: + all: [] + students: + coaches: [] + admins: [] + bugs_fixed: + all: + - Fix assessment items not getting translated (#4482) + - Notify users that they need to restart their server after downloading a language pack (#4491) + - Generate a new secret key when the server starts (#4494) + students: [] + coaches: [] + admins: [] + +0.14.0: + release_date: "2015/08/27" + git_commit: "c453dab" + new_features: + all: + - "Installers for OS X and Debian." + - "Bundled documentation that's accessible in the nav bar." + - "Performance improvements across the board." 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a/docs/.screenshot_dump/fdfbbe6e30092722388be3414b20a0ac.png b/docs/.screenshot_dump/fdfbbe6e30092722388be3414b20a0ac.png index e7ad5807fd..f42a29c89b 100644 Binary files a/docs/.screenshot_dump/fdfbbe6e30092722388be3414b20a0ac.png and b/docs/.screenshot_dump/fdfbbe6e30092722388be3414b20a0ac.png differ diff --git a/docs/README.md b/docs/README.md index 0563e54946..ec24082967 100644 --- a/docs/README.md +++ b/docs/README.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ ## Requirements -You need to install following dependecies in order to build the docs in headless mode: +You need to install following dependencies in order to build the docs in headless mode: - xvfb (system package) - pyvirtualdisplay (python package) You'll also need to install `sphinx`. Execute following commands as root user to install the dependencies. -For ubuntu users: +For Debian/Ubuntu users: ``` apt-get install xvfb ``` @@ -20,13 +20,14 @@ Then, install following python packages: pip install pyvirtualdisplay pip install sphinx ``` + ## Building Documentation -Change your current working directory to `sphinx-docs` directory under `ka-lite` root and execute following command: +Change your current working directory to `docs` directory under `ka-lite` root and execute following command: ``` make html ``` -If the above command executes successfully, docs should be found under `sphinx-docs/_build` directory inside `ka-lite`. +If the above command executes successfully, docs should be found under `docs/_build` directory inside `ka-lite`. ## Building translated docs 1. Make sure you have the sphinx-intl dependency (run the command `pip install -r requirements` in this directory). diff --git a/docs/SCREENSHOT_USAGE.MD b/docs/SCREENSHOT_USAGE.MD index 2f5c3d5006..2d1c2ae01a 100644 --- a/docs/SCREENSHOT_USAGE.MD +++ b/docs/SCREENSHOT_USAGE.MD @@ -5,36 +5,9 @@ Check out the ss_examples.rst file for some examples. The idea is to have a dire A screenshot directive has a number of required options * `:user-role:` which can be one of `guest`, `learner`, `coach`, or `admin`, and determines what kind of user is logged in for the screenshot. * `:url:` which is the relative URL to take the screenshot at (or start a sequence of navigation actions to get to the page to take the screenshot at). Don't use urls with UUIDs, as those are dependent on the database and we can't guarantee what will be in the database for screenshot purposes. -* `:navigation-steps:` which is a sequence of steps that needs to be taken. This option is required but it should be OK to leave it blank if no actions need to be taken. Here's the comments about specifying nav steps from the screenshot.py file: -```python - """ Here's how to specify the navigation steps: - - 1. selector action [options] ["|" selector action [options]] ... - 2. aliased_action_sequence [options] - - An explanation of navigation steps follows. Some examples can be found - in ss_examples.rst in this directory. - - Selector is a single css selector (no whitespace allowed). - "NEXT", which just sends a tab keystroke - "SAME", which just stays focused on the element from the last action - Where action could be one of "click", "send_keys", or "submit": - click has no options and just clicks the element - send_keys sends a sequence of keystrokes specified as a string by options - - submit submits a form and has no options - Multiple actions on a page can be specified by putting a | separator, - and specifying the action using the same syntax. - - aliased_action_sequence is one of a reserved keyword which aliases a common - sequence of actions as above (or performs special actions unavailable by - the regular syntax) potentially with options. Available aliases: - - LOGIN username password [submit], which just navigates to the login page - and inputs the given username and password. Submits the form is submit - is present, otherwise not. -``` -If you find yourself writing the same sequence of nav steps over and over again, possibly with minor variations, then we can write an alias for it as for LOGIN. +* `:navigation-steps:` which is a sequence of steps that needs to be taken. + See the docstring of _parse_nav_steps in screenshot.py file for specification. + If you find yourself writing the same sequence of nav steps over and over again, possibly with minor variations, then we can write an alias for it as for LOGIN. * `:focus:` which will highlight an element specified by jQuery-style selector (by giving it a nice red border) and optionally add a floating annotation box. Works like this: :focus: the_selector | A nice little message that follows. Just use arbitrary selection a la jQuery (so put a hash in front of IDs, etc). Whitespace can be included, e.g. `li a.classname`. Use the separator for annotations! diff --git a/docs/contact.rst b/docs/contact.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 9efd49a5e9..0000000000 --- a/docs/contact.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ -Contact Us -============ - -Foundation for Learning Equality -PMB 323, 9700 Gilman Dr. -La Jolla, CA 92093 - - -**Email:** -info@learningequality.org - diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/accessibility.rst b/docs/developer_docs/accessibility.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..58fb5935bf --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/developer_docs/accessibility.rst @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Contribute to make KA Lite accessible to all +============================================ + + +Why +-------------------------------------------- + +Because inclusive design benefits all users! + +* Ensuring that KA Lite is easily navigable with the keyboard will help blind users AND those who cannot use the mouse (or just prefer using the keyboard most of the time). +* Using the appropriate color contrast or making available a high contrast version of KA Lite content will benefit the users with low vision AND all those who need to use it in highly illuminated settings. +* Offering captions and transcripts for KA Lite video content will benefit auditory challenged audience AND improve its comprehension for everybody. +* Maintaining consistent structure, navigation and language will reduce cognitive load for all the audiences AND make it easier for KA Lite content to be localized. + +How +-------------------------------------------- + +For general introduction check the **Accessibility** resources, tools and tips on `KA lite GitHub Wiki pages `_: + + * `Accessibility Resources (Articles & Links) `_ + * `Accessibility Resources (Tools) `_ + * `Accessibility Tips & Tricks `_ + +To make sure you catch the most common a11y pitfalls, use `tota11y `_ , an accessibility visualization toolkit made available by Khan Academy. + +.. image:: tota11y_logo.png + :align: left + + +Using tota11y +-------------------------------------------- + +**tota11y** is integrated into KA Lite that you cloned from GitHub and will be visible in all the pages of your development server **IF** you include ``DEBUG = True`` in your local settings (edit your ``~/.kalite/settings.py`` file). + +**tota11y** presents as a small button in the bottom left corner of the document you are viewing. + +.. image:: tota11y_button.png + :align: left + + +Once you press the button, it will open a menu of seven checkup-choices each of which you can activate by using the corresponding circle checkbox on the left. In the image bellow you can see the **Headings** activated that "annotates" all the elements in the page and their issues. + +.. image:: tota11y_page.png + :align: center + + +This will allow you to keep correcting the annotated issues, and reload the page to check weather they are solved. + +What can you check with tota11y +-------------------------------------------- + +With **tota11y** you can easily visualize for: + +* Inconsistent and nonconsecutive heading levels (find out more about the `accessible headings `_) +* Insufficient contrast ratio (aim for 4.5 at least; you can use `Color Contrast Tools `_ linked in the Wiki) +* Unclear text links (consider making use of `Bootstrap screen reader classes `_ if necessary) +* Missing labels on form or button elements (good read about `Forms & Labels `_) +* Images without an ``ALT`` attribute (always include the alternative text for images, but remember to tag the `purely descriptive content `_ accordingly) +* All the ARIA landmarks included in the page (reed more about `ARIA landmark roles `_) + +.. TIP:: + **tota11y** is an open source project made available by Khan Academy, remember to report any issues you may find on their `GitHub page `_ ! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/contributing.rst b/docs/developer_docs/contributing.rst index 2d03b0e375..ccc139d52e 100644 --- a/docs/developer_docs/contributing.rst +++ b/docs/developer_docs/contributing.rst @@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ How can I contribute to... .. toctree:: Documentation + Accessibility diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/environment.rst b/docs/developer_docs/environment.rst index 0affe6d064..8f24275a7d 100644 --- a/docs/developer_docs/environment.rst +++ b/docs/developer_docs/environment.rst @@ -1,9 +1,17 @@ +.. _development-environment: + Setting up your development environment ======================================= +.. warning:: These directions may be out of date! This page needs to be consolidated with the `Getting Started page on our wiki `_. + +Recommended setup +_________________ + + KA Lite is like a normal django project, if you have done Django before, you will recognize most of these steps. -#. Check out the project from our _`github` +#. Check out the project from our `github`_ #. Create a virtual environment "kalite" that you will work in:: sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper @@ -30,3 +38,46 @@ Now, every time you work on your development environment, just remember to switc .. _github: https://github.com/learningequality/ka-lite + +Running directly from source +____________________________ + + +KA Lite can also be run as a "source distribution" for development purposes. +By this, we just mean a git checkout (from `our github `_). + +.. note:: Running directly from source will also maintain all user data in that + same directory! This is convenient for having several versions of + kalite with different data on the same computer. + +If you are able to use pip and install conventional python packages from an +online source, then the quickest option to install the latest stable release +of KA Lite is ``pip install ka-lite` or `pip install ka-lite-static``. + + +Static vs. Dynamic version +__________________________ + +Apart from Python itself, KA Lite depends on a couple of python applications, +mainly from the Django ecology. These applications can be installed in two ways: + +* **Dynamic**: That means that they are automatically installed through + *PIP* as a separate software package accessible to your whole system. This + is recommended if you run KA Lite and have internet access while installing + and updating. +* **Static**: Static means that KA Lite is installed with all the external + applications bundled in. Use this method if you need to have KA Lite + installed from offline media or if KA Lite's dependencies are in conflict + with the system that you install upon. + + +Virtualenv +__________ + +You can install KA Lite in its very own separate environment that does not +interfere with other Python software on your machine like this:: + + $> pip install virtualenv virtualenvwrapper + $> mkvirtualenv my-kalite-env + $> workon my-kalite-env + $> pip install ka-lite diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/front_end_code.rst b/docs/developer_docs/front_end_code.rst index 43884e09e5..3b0785ec4a 100644 --- a/docs/developer_docs/front_end_code.rst +++ b/docs/developer_docs/front_end_code.rst @@ -1,14 +1,61 @@ Front End Code -------------- -All of our front end code is written in Javascript, with much of it using `Backbone.js `_ (and its dependencies `jQuery `_ and `Underscore.js `_). +All of our front end code is written in Javascript, with much of it using `Backbone.js `__ (and its dependencies `jQuery `_ and `Underscore.js `_). -All new code, where possible, should be written using `Backbone.js `_ to modularize functionality, and allow code to be reused across the site. +All new code, where possible, should be written using `Backbone.js `__ to modularize functionality, and allow code to be reused across the site. Inline Javascript (i.e. Javascript directly in the Django templates inside ` + + +Here, we ``require`` the learn bundle (all bundles can be referenced by their name in this way), and are then able to access the objects defined in its ``module.exports``. + +For more information about using Browserify to handle dependencies, please refer to the `Browserify Handbook `_. + +Building Frontend Code +---------------------- + +The build script uses `node.js `_ - to run the build server for production simply run ``node compile_javascript.js``. + +Alternatively, for development, running ``bin/kalite start`` with the ``--watch`` flag will automatically run the build process in watch mode, recompiling Javascript as it changes, on the fly. + +If you prefer to run the compilation process separately, it has the following flags:: + + --watch Run in watch mode - automatically recompile Javascript when modules imported into bundles are changed (N.B. this will not detect new bundles being created.) + --debug Compile in debug mode - do not minify source code, and create source maps for easier client side debugging. + --staticfiles Saves built files directly to the static files dir, rather than into the original app directories - useful if collectstatic has already been run. + Implementing with Backbone -------------------------- diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/index.rst b/docs/developer_docs/index.rst index ba97aaaaac..8af86115cc 100644 --- a/docs/developer_docs/index.rst +++ b/docs/developer_docs/index.rst @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Useful stuff our devs think that the rest of our devs ought to know about. .. toctree:: Setting up your development environment + Testers guide Developing Front End Code Javascript Unit Tests Behavior-Driven Integration Tests diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_button.png b/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_button.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..496d9b9558 Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_button.png differ diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_logo.png b/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_logo.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f24be9a012 Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_logo.png differ diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_page.png b/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_page.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f336af84a Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/developer_docs/tota11y_page.png differ diff --git a/docs/developer_docs/utility.rst b/docs/developer_docs/utility.rst index 1d42470196..35d75db33d 100644 --- a/docs/developer_docs/utility.rst +++ b/docs/developer_docs/utility.rst @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Django Management Commands All Django management commands can be run by typing: -``bin/kalite manage `` +``kalite manage `` in the root directory of the KA Lite project. @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ generaterealdata This function is designed to produce example user data for testing various front end functionality, such as coach reports and content recommendation. It does take some shortcuts, and will not produce accurate answer data for exercises. This is a Django management command and can be run with the following command: -``bin/kalite manage generaterealdata`` \ No newline at end of file +``kalite manage generaterealdata`` diff --git a/docs/faq.rst b/docs/faq.rst index 006a9563a2..7955bd0b17 100644 --- a/docs/faq.rst +++ b/docs/faq.rst @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Frequently Asked Questions How do I install KA Lite? ------------------------- -Information on how to install KA Lite is available via our :doc:`user guides `. +Information on how to install KA Lite is available via our :doc:`user guides `. How much does KA Lite cost to install? -------------------------------------- @@ -21,15 +21,21 @@ Please follow the instructions on our `Github Wiki`_ for reporting bugs. How do I change KA Lite's content folder? ----------------------------------------- -If you want to change your installation's content folder from the default (say, to point to a shared folder across installations), here are the steps you need to do: +If you want to change your installation's content folder from the default (say, to point to a shared folder across installations), see how to configure CONTENT_ROOT in the ":ref:`configuration-settings`" section. -#. If it doesn't already exist, create a file named local_settings.py in the ka-lite/kalite folder (the one containing settings.py) -#. Add the line ``CONTENT_ROOT="[full path to your videos directory]"``, making SURE to include an OS-specific slash at the end (see examples) and encapsulate it in quotes. - **For example, on Windows:** ``CONTENT_ROOT="C:\\videos_location\\"`` +How do I change the directory where *all* of KA Lite's runtime files go, including content? +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **For example, on Linux:** ``CONTENT_ROOT="/home/me/videos_location/"`` -#. Restart your server. If you are unsure on how to do this, please see :ref:`restarting-your-server`. +You can change this directory by setting the ``KALITE_HOME`` environment variable to the path of your choice. +If the variable is left unset (default), KA Lite's runtime files will be placed in your user's home directory under the ``.kalite`` subdirectory. Typically, it is ``/home/user/.kalite/`` (on Windows, locate something like +``C:\Documents and Settings\\.kalite``). + +There are many ways to set an environment variable either temporarily or permanently. To start ``kalite`` on OSX or Linux with a different home, run:: + + KALITE_HOME=/path/to/home kalite start + +The change requires that you first stop the server, change the ``KALITE_HOME`` environment variable, and then copy the contents from the default ``.kalite`` directory to the new directory you just specified. When you start the server again, all your files should be seamlessly detected at that location. Is there somewhere I can find Spanish language content organized by topic? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -41,38 +47,65 @@ Yes! Thanks to the efforts of an awesome volunteer deploying KA Lite and other O I would like to download the videos for KA Lite via BitTorrent, is this possible? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -We have made the full set of KA videos (in the format needed by KA Lite) available via `BitTorrent Sync (btsync)`_ (note that this is different from BitTorrent; btsync allows us to add new videos or fix problems without issuing a whole new torrent file and then having seeders split between the old and new torrent files) Here are the steps to set this up: +Yes! Please see the instructions for ":ref:`bulk-video-downloads`". + +How can I install a language pack without a reliable internet connection? +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +To install, a language pack on a computer without internet access, look up the language code for the language you wish to download: + + ================ ====== + Language name Code + ================ ====== + Arabic ar + Bulgarian bg + Burmese my + Danish da + English en + French fr + German de + Hindi hi + Kannada kn + Lao lo + Polish pl + Portuguese, BR pt-BR + Spanish es + Swahili sw + Tamil ta + Xhosa xh + Zulu zul + ================ ====== + +Once you've determined the right language code, you can download the right language pack using this url:: -* Download and install BitTorrent Sync -* Run btsync. On some platforms, this will bring up a graphical interface. On Linux, you will need to load http://127.0.0.1:8888/ to get the interface. -* Click the "Enter a key or link" button, and enter :: + http://keep.learningequality.org/media/language_packs/0.15/.zip - BT7AOITNAIP3X3CSLE2EPQJFXJXMXVGQI +where is replaced by the right language code. You can now carry around that zip file to computers you want to install the language pack to. -* Then select the "content" folder inside your KA Lite installation as the "location" (unless you want the videos going somewhere else). -* Allow the videos to sync in there from your peers! It may take a while for now, as we don't yet have many seeders on it. On that note -- please help seed by keeping it running even after you've got all the videos , if you have the bandwidth to spare! This to will make it easier for others to download the content as well. -* Please note that these are resized videos. All in all, this will take around 23GB of space. +You can install the language pack with the following command (for Debian and OS X):: + kalite manage languagepackdownload --from-file= -l --commandline +Or for Windows:: -Once you have the videos, you need to tell KA Lite where to find them by following the instructions in the :doc:`user guide ` for your version. + \bin\windows\kalite.bat languagepackdownload --from-file= -l --commandline -.. _BitTorrent Sync (btsync): http://www.bittorrent.com/sync +An example invocation for Windows would be:: + + C:\Program Files\KA Lite\ka-lite\bin\windows\kalite.bat languagepackdownload --from-file="C:\Downloads\es.zip" -les --commandline + + +After starting up your server, you should now see your new language in the Manage > Language page. Do I need the internet to run KA Lite? -------------------------------------- No. The only time you need an internet connection is for the initial download of the content (either to the target device, or to a USB stick that can then be carried or mailed). After installation, you can serve the content from a local server or use it directly on the server device without an internet connection. -Is KA Lite involved in getting devices into the hands of students, families, and communities? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Currently, KA Lite does not distribute any devices. We are working with partner organizations who do directly distribute devices to local students and communities, and KA Lite is open to any organization who would like to help in this regard. If your organization wants to help KA Lite distribute devices, you can contact us at info@learningequality.org. - How do you operate in the field? -------------------------------- -The FLE team primarily works in our San Diego offices, building software and shaping our roadmap based on our interactions with our partners around the world. We work with individual humanitarians and NGOs of all sizes to help them distribute KA Lite to offline communities around the world. +The Learning Equality team primarily works in our San Diego offices, building software and shaping our roadmap based on our interactions with our partners around the world. We work with individual humanitarians and NGOs of all sizes to help them distribute KA Lite to offline communities around the world. What are the typical deployment scenarios? ------------------------------------------ @@ -108,36 +141,33 @@ KA Lite can run on almost any major operating system: Windows, Linux, and Mac/OS What is data syncing? --------------------- -KA Lite is capable to share your student progress data with a central data repository when you are online. This enables the system to have an online backup of your data, allows you to view your student progress online, and to share your data across multiple KA Lite installations. - -Does KA Lite support peer to peer synchronization? --------------------------------------------------- - -Not yet. Peer to peer sync is a priority for KA Lite in the near future, but is not available yet. +KA Lite is capable to share your student progress data with a `central data repository `_ when you are online. This enables the system to have an online backup of your data, allows you to view your student progress online, and to share your data across multiple KA Lite installations. Who maintains the KA Lite project? ---------------------------------- KA Lite is created, maintained, and operated by the `Foundation for Learning Equality, Inc`_, a California-based nonprofit organization. -.. _Foundation for Learning Equality, Inc: http://learningequality.org +.. _Foundation for Learning Equality, Inc: https://learningequality.org What is KA Lite's affiliation with Khan Academy? ------------------------------------------------ -KA Lite is an independent, open-source project maintained by a distributed team of volunteers, and is not officially affiliated with Khan Academy, although they are (unofficially) very supportive of the KA Lite project. +KA Lite is an independent, open-source project maintained by `Learning Equality`_, and is not officially affiliated with Khan Academy, although they are very supportive of the KA Lite project, and are one of our key partners. + +.. _Learning Equality: https://learningequality.org How can local curriculum be generated? -------------------------------------- -Local content creation is something that KA Lite intends to pursue in the future. This feature is not available at this time, but steps are being taken, as you can `read about here `_. If you would like to be notified when it is available, subscribe for updates on our `home page`_, or if you would like to fund this project, please `click here `_. +Local content creation is something that Learning Equality intends to build into future platforms. If you would like to be notified when it is available, subscribe for updates on our `home page`_, or if you would like to help fund this project, please `click here `_. .. _home page: http://kalite.learningequality.org/ How is it possible to compress the content into KA Lite? -------------------------------------------------------- -First, users are able to select the amount of videos and exercises they wish to download on the user-interface, allowing the users to customize the size of the files. Also, we have resized much of the content, and approximately 4,000 videos are around 25 GB if downloaded via BitTorrent and around 70 GB via the user-interface. +First, users are able to select which videos they wish to download through the user-interface, allowing the users to customize the amount of space used. What languages is KA Lite available in? --------------------------------------- @@ -174,21 +204,14 @@ How do I find out more? To stay up-to-date on all our activities, follow our `blog `_, `Twitter `_, and `Facebook `_! -What can be done with progress tracking during offline usage? -------------------------------------------------------------- - -KA Lite's built-in coach reports are meant to provide teachers and administrators access to progress tracking offline. When a student connects back up to the server that they sync with, all of their progress data will be uploaded for teachers and administrators to evaluate. - -How does FLE measure the impact of KA Lite? -------------------------------------------- - -Because KA Lite is freely available and designed to run offline, we are not in contact with many of our deployments, and collecting impact data can be challenging. +How does Learning Equality measure the impact of KA Lite? +--------------------------------------------------------- -KA Lite is capable to synchronize data with our central data repository when an online connection exists. +Because KA Lite is freely available and designed to run offline, collecting impact data can be challenging. -For the deployments in which we do have direct involvement, we receive updates from the administrator’s with quantitative data from the built-in coach reports and attain qualitative data from our on-site visits. For example, we know that 20 out of 20 students in the Idaho Department of Corrections deployment have passed their GED using KA Lite. +KA Lite is capable of synchronizing data with our central data repository when an online connection exists. -We are also developing RCTs to start in June for a deployment in India. +For the deployments in which we do have direct involvement, we receive updates from our partners with quantitative data from the built-in coach reports and attain qualitative data from our on-site visits. For example, we know that 20 out of 20 students in the Idaho Department of Corrections deployment have passed their GED using KA Lite. Backing up data: is there any easy way to do it locally? -------------------------------------------------------- @@ -199,17 +222,17 @@ changed versions, please run:: kalite manage setup -If you only want to backup the database, locate the ``.kalite/database/`` folder -and copy and restore that one. - to guarantee your database is compatible with the current version of KA Lite you have installed! Note that online data back-ups occur if you "register" your KA Lite installation with an online account on our website. +If you only want to backup the database, locate the ``.kalite/database/`` folder +and copy and restore that one. + I skipped the step for downloading the assessment items during install, how can I do it now? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Run the following command (beware it can take a while, the download size is over 500 MB): -``kalite manage unpack_assessment_zip https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.14/content/assessment.zip -f`` +``kalite manage unpack_assessment_zip https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.15/content/assessment.zip -f`` -As an alternative, you can download the zip file from https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.14/content/assessment.zip and run the command on your local copy. This is useful if you're deploying KA Lite on multiple computers. +As an alternative, you can download the zip file from https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.15/content/assessment.zip and run the command on your local copy. This is useful if you're deploying KA Lite on multiple computers. diff --git a/docs/index.rst b/docs/index.rst index a7c80f13fd..58b45a4ab5 100644 --- a/docs/index.rst +++ b/docs/index.rst @@ -6,17 +6,24 @@ KA Lite Documentation =================================== -Welcome to the KA Lite Documentation page! Here, you will find all the information needed to set up the KA Lite software. Additionally, there's information on how to manage KA Lite and how to perform role-specific tasks. If you have any questions that are not addressed by the documentation and you have access to the Internet, please be sure to check our `FAQ`_ or `Forums`_! - +Welcome to the KA Lite Documentation page! Here, you will find all the +information needed to set up the KA Lite software. Additionally, there's +information on how to manage KA Lite and how to perform role-specific +tasks. If you have any questions that are not addressed by the +documentation and you have access to the Internet, please be sure to +check our `FAQ`_ or `Forums`_! .. _FAQ: https://learningequality.org/ka-lite/faq/ .. _Forums: https://forums.learningequality.org/ .. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 3 + :maxdepth: 2 Installation Guide User Manual FAQ Contributing and Development For Devs + + +.. include:: ../README.rst diff --git a/docs/installguide/advanced.rst b/docs/installguide/advanced.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5795f8d02 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/installguide/advanced.rst @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +.. _advanced-installation: + +Advanced installation options +============================= + +.. note:: + Every time you install or update kalite, you should (re)run ``kalite manage setup`` + to setup the database and download assessment items (video descriptions, + exercises etc.). + + +.. _ppa-installation: + +Debian/Ubuntu: Subscribe to updates through a PPA +_________________________________________________ + +We maintain a `PPA on Launchpad `_ +and if you are connected to the internet, this will also give you automatic updates:: + + sudo apt-get install software-properties-common python-software-properties + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:learningequality/ka-lite + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install ka-lite + + +.. _gtk-installation: + +User interface for Debian/Ubuntu +__________________________________ + +Make sure you have the PPA added, then run:: + + sudo apt-get install ka-lite-gtk + + +.. _development-installation: + +Development +___________ +A guide recommending how to install KA Lite for development is available in +:ref:`development-environment`. + + + +.. _pip-installation: + +Generic installation (pip install) +__________________________________ + + +Installing through pip or with setup.py +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For command line users with access to pip, you can install KA Lite from an +online source like this:: + + $> pip install ka-lite + + +Static version +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you need to run KA Lite with static dependencies bundled and isolated from +the rest of your environment, you can run:: + + $> pip install ka-lite-static + + +Portable tarballs / zip files with setup.py +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Adequate to the online source, you can fetch a zip/tarball directly from +`PyPi `. +Do this for the sake of carrying KA Lite on an offline media for use on systems +that are not capable of installing the .exe/.dmg/.deb formats. + +A .tar.gz or .zip is unpacked and from command line inside the unpacked +directory, run:: + + $> sudo python setup.py install. + +Beware that the PyPi sources do not contain assessment items, you need to +`download khan_assessment.zip manually `_ (~350 MB). + + +Specific system setups +______________________ + +.. _raspberry-pi-wifi: + +Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. note:: Two Wi-Fi USB modules have been tested with KA Lite on the Raspberry Pi + + * Raspberry Pi WiPi adaptor + * Edimax EW-7811Un + +In our tests, we found that the WiPi adaptor supported a higher number tablet connections. + + +.. note:: The Raspberry Pi may crash if the USB adaptor is inserted or removed while the computer is switched on. + + * Make sure to shutdown and remove the power from the Raspberry Pi. + * Afterwards, insert the wireless USB adaptor. + * Lastly, switch the Raspberry Pi on. + +#. Install the .deb package, see :ref:`raspberry-pi-install`. +#. Get the network configuration scripts. + * ``cd /opt`` + * ``sudo git clone https://github.com/learningequality/ka-lite-pi-scripts.git`` +#. Install and configure the access point:: + + cd /opt/ka-lite-pi-scripts + sudo ./configure.sh + + .. note:: + If using the Edimax EW-7811UN, ignore the "hostapdSegmentation fault" error. + +#. Install the USB adaptor software. + * If using the WiPi, run this command:: + cd /opt/ka-lite-pi-scripts + sudo ./use_wipi.sh + + * If using the Edimax EW-7811Un, run this command: + * ``cd /opt/ka-lite-pi-scripts`` + * ``sudo ./use_edimax.sh`` +#. Complete the access point configuration + * ``sudo python ./configure_network_interfaces.py`` + * ``sudo insserv hostapd`` +#. Finally + * ``sudo reboot`` + * A wireless network named "kalite" should be available. + * Connect to this network + * If the KA Lite server is started, browse to 1.1.1.1 + + +Nginx / Apache setup +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This section is written for the Django-knowledgable crowd. + +KA Lite includes a web server implemented in pure Python for serving the +website, capable of handling hundreds of simultaneous users while using very +little memory. So you don't have to run Apache or Nginx for efficiency. + +Apache configuration, using mod_wsgi, example would work for an Ubuntu .deb +installation: :: + + + ServerName kalite.com + DocumentRoot /var/www/html/ + + Alias /static /var/www/.kalite/static + Alias /media /var/www/.kalite/media + + WSGIScriptAlias / /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/kalite/project/wsgi.py + + # Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit, + # alert, emerg. + LogLevel warn + + ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/kalite-error.log + CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/kalite-access.log combined + + + +If you are using uwsgi+Nginx, this is the critical part of your uwsgi +configuration, provided that you have installed kalite from PyPi or .deb: :: + + module = kalite.project.wsgi + + +Remember that kalite runs in user space and creates data files in that user's +home directory. A normal Debian/Ubuntu system has a www-data user for Apache +which is the default user for mod_wsgi and will create database files, static +files etc. for kalite in ``/var/www/.kalite/``. If you run it as another user, +it may be located somewhere else. + + +.. note:: Log in as the Django application server's user, e.g. www-data and + initialize the kalite static files and database before anything you can + run kalite with uwsgi / mod_wsgi ! + +Example of setting up kalite for the www-data user: :: + + $> sudo su -s /bin/bash www-data + $> kalite manage setup + $> exit diff --git a/docs/installguide/install_all.rst b/docs/installguide/install_all.rst index 65feb391dc..181306e2ab 100644 --- a/docs/installguide/install_all.rst +++ b/docs/installguide/install_all.rst @@ -1,335 +1,210 @@ -Windows Installation -==================== - -1. Download the KA Lite `Windows `_ installer. -2. After downloading the .exe file, double click it. A window will appear and guide you through the process of installing KA Lite on the server. - -Mac Installation -================ - -1. Download the KA Lite `OSX installer `_. -2. After the download is complete, double click the .dmg file and follow the window for installation. - -Linux: Debian/Ubuntu Installation -================================= - -Option 1, Ubuntu: Add a PPA -___________________________ - -We maintain a `PPA on Launchpad `_ -and if you are connected to the internet, this will also give you automatic updates:: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:learningequality/ka-lite - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install ka-lite - - -.. _linux-deb-install: -Option 2, Ubuntu / Debian, download a Debian package -____________________________________________________ - -Download the latest .deb manually from -`the Launchpad archive server `_. -Look for the latest file with a ".deb" extension, download it and open it with -Ubuntu Software Center, GDebi, Synaptic, or install it from command line -with ``dpkg -i ka-lite_0.x.x-0ubuntu1_all.deb``. - -The file may be named as if it was intended for Ubuntu but works just as well -for any other Debian-based systems like Debian, Raspberry Pi, Linux Mint etc. - -Configuration after installing / updating -_________________________________________ - -Every time you install or update kalite, you should (re)run ``kalite manage setup`` -to setup the database and download assessment items (video descriptions, -exercises etc.). - - -.. _linux-pypi-install: -Linux: Installing as a PyPI package -=================================== - -To install KA Lite from a file, go to our `PyPi page `_ and download a .tar.gz or .zip. You can then install the file from a system by unpacking it and running *python setup.py install* or *pip install ka-lite-static-X.Y.Z.tar.gz*. - -Alternatively, install with *pip* using the instructions below: - -.. note:: Type the following commands in a terminal. - -#. Install pip (Ubuntu: ``sudo apt-get install python-pip``) -#. (Recommended; essential on slower platforms like Raspberry Pi) Install M2Crypto (``sudo apt-get install python-m2crypto``). -#. Run ``sudo pip install ka-lite-static`` (bundled dependencies, see explanation below) or ``sudo pip install ka-lite`` (normal pip behaviour, see explanation below). -#. Run ``kalite manage setup``. - -The module ``ka-lite-static`` includes all its dependencies, and is meant for offline distribution. If you have the tarball, you can install KA Lite offline. -In contrast, the module ``ka-lite`` does not include its dependencies and is not meant for offline distribution. -If the dependencies are not already present on the target system, they will be downloaded and installed. - -For more tips see :ref:`advanced-installation`. - -Configuration after installing / updating -_________________________________________ - -Every time you install or update kalite, you should (re)run ``kalite manage setup`` -to setup the database and download assessment items (video descriptions, -exercises etc.). - - -Uninstalling -============ - Windows -_______ +======= -Uninstall KA Lite from the Control Panel. -In Windows XP, double-click the "Add or Remove Programs" icon, then choose KA Lite. -In later version of Windows, click the "Programs and Features" icon, then choose KA Lite. +#. Download the KA Lite `Windows `_ installer. +#. Double-click the downloaded .exe file, and the wizard window will appear to guide you through the process of installing KA Lite on your server. -Mac OSX +Upgrade _______ -.. note:: Dear maintainers, please put instructions here. - -Linux: Debian/Ubuntu Installation -_________________________________ - -For Ubuntu, use ``apt-get remove ka-lite``. - -Installed with pip -__________________ - -You can remove KA Lite (when installed from pip or source distribution) with -`pip uninstall ka-lite` or `pip uninstall ka-lite-static` (static version). +Upgrading KA Lite in Windows over an existing installation is easy -- just run the installer and follow the prompts! +You don't need to uninstall your old KA Lite installation first. +You can follow the prompts to either keep your existing data or delete old data and start over. +See the :doc:`release notes ` for critical upgrade information for specific versions. + +Mac OS X +======== + +.. warning:: The latest OS X version (EL Capitan) is not yet supported. + +Installation +____________ + +#. Download the KA Lite `OSX installer `_. +#. After the download is complete, double click the .dmg file. +#. Click the ``Agree`` button to accept the LICENSE agreement. +#. On the .dmg window, drag the ``KA-Lite Monitor`` app into the ``Applications`` folder. +#. Launch ``KA-Lite Monitor`` from your ``Applications`` folder. +#. On first load, it will check your current environment and show the Preferences dialog. +#. Input your preferred administrator username and password, then click the ``Apply`` button in ``KA-Lite Preferences`` dialog. +#. You will be prompted that initial setup will take a few minutes, click the ``OK`` button and wait for the notification that KA-Lite has been setup and can now be started. +#. Click on the KA-Lite logo icon on the menu bar and select the ``Start KA-Lite`` menu option. +#. Wait for the notification that you can now click on ``Open in Browser`` menu option. +#. Click on the KA-Lite logo icon on the menu bar and select ``Open in Browser`` menu option - this should launch KA-Lite in your preferred web browser. +#. Login using the administrator account you have specified during setup. + +Upgrade +_______ +To upgrade an existing KA Lite installation. -Removing user data -__________________ +#. Download the KA Lite `OSX installer `_. +#. After the download is complete, double click the .dmg file. +#. Click the ``Agree`` button to accept the LICENSE agreement. +#. On the .dmg window, drag the ``KA-Lite Monitor`` app into the ``Applications`` folder. +#. Give confirmation to overwrite the existing app. +#. Launch ``KA-Lite Monitor`` from your ``Applications`` folder. -Some data (like videos and language packs) are downloaded into a location that depends on the user running the KA Lite server. -Removing that directory can potentially reclaim lots of hard drive space. +.. tip:: + If the sidebar shows entries that are greyed-out, the child items of the entry may be videos that were not yet downloaded. If there are assessment items inside, then you need to extract the `assessment.zip` manually: -On Windows, the HOME and USERPROFILE registry values will be used if set, otherwise the combination ``%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%`` will be used. -You can check these values from the command prompt using the commands ``echo %HOME%``, ``echo $USERPROFILE%``, etc. -Within that directory, the data is stored in the `.kalite` subdirectory. -On most versions of Windows, this is `C:\Users\YourUsername\.kalite\`. + #. Launch ``KA-Lite Monitor`` from your ``Applications`` folder. + #. Click on the app icon at the menu bar. + #. Click on ``Preferences`` in the menu option. + #. Go to ``Advanced`` tab, click on the ``Extract Assessment`` button, then confirm the action. + #. Restart the server, login to the web app, then check the sidebar contents. -On Linux and other Unix-like systems, downloaded videos and database files are in `~/.kalite`. + This will enable the greyed-out assessment items on the sidebar. +See the :doc:`release notes ` for critical upgrade information for specific versions. -Raspberry Pi -============ +Linux +===== -For a Raspberry Pi running a Debian system, you can install the special Debian -package (``ka-lite-raspberry-pi_0.X-buildYZ.deb``). +Main method: Ubuntu/Debian .deb +_______________________________ Download the latest .deb manually from -`the Launchpad archive server `_. -Look for the latest ``ka-lite-raspberry-pi`` file with a ``.deb`` extension, download it and install it from command line with ``dpkg -i ka-lite-raspberry-pi_0.*.deb``. +`our server `_. +After that, you can install the .deb file like this:: + sudo dpkg -i FILENAME.deb +.. warning:: + Double-clicking the .deb in Ubuntu will open it in Ubuntu Software Center. + This will fail on a default installation due to + `a bug `_ + in Ubuntu. To make it work, you need to install ``libgtk2-perl``, for + instance by running ``sudo apt-get install libgtk2-perl``. After that, make + sure Software Center is closed and double-click the .deb file. -Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi -__________________ -.. note:: Two Wi-Fi USB modules have been tested with KA Lite on the Raspberry Pi - * Raspberry Pi WiPi adaptor - * Edimax EW-7811Un +``FILENAME`` should be replaced with the name of the file you downloaded. +The file may be named as if it was intended for Ubuntu but works just as well for any other Debian-based systems like +Debian, Raspberry Pi, Linux Mint etc. -In our tests, we found that the WiPi adaptor supported a higher number tablet connections. +You will be prompted to enter some configuration information. +You should read the on-screen instructions carefully, but some explanation is included here: +1. You will be asked to choose to run KA Lite on boot or not. We recommend choosing yes, as it simplifies data management. +If you choose no, you must manually start KA lite every time. Note that running KA Lite as different users creates +different sets of data files, so it's recommended that you run KA Lite as the same user every time. -.. note:: The Raspberry Pi may crash if the USB adaptor is inserted or removed while the computer is switched on. +.. image:: linux-install-startup.png + :class: screenshot - * Make sure to shutdown and remove the power from the Raspberry Pi. - * Afterwards, insert the wireless USB adaptor. - * Lastly, switch the Raspberry Pi on. +2. If you chose to start on boot in the previous step, you will be prompted to choose the owner for the KA Lite server +process. Generally the default value is ok. -#. Install the .deb package: ``dpkg -i /path/to/ka-lite-raspberry-pi.deb`` -#. Get the network configuration scripts. - * ``cd /opt`` - * ``sudo git clone https://github.com/learningequality/ka-lite-pi-scripts.git`` -#. Install and configure the access point. - * ``cd /opt/ka-lite-pi-scripts`` - * ``sudo ./configure.sh`` - .. note:: If using the Edimax EW-7811UN, ignore the "hostapdSegmentation fault" error. -#. Install the USB adaptor software. - * If using the WiPi, run this command: - * ``cd /opt/ka-lite-pi-scripts`` - * ``sudo ./use_wipi.sh`` - * If using the Edimax EW-7811Un, run this command: - * ``cd /opt/ka-lite-pi-scripts`` - * ``sudo ./use_edimax.sh`` -#. Complete the access point configuration - * ``sudo python ./configure_network_interfaces.py`` - * ``sudo insserv hostapd`` -#. Finally - * ``sudo reboot`` - * A wireless network named "kalite" should be available. - * Connect to this network - * If the KA Lite server is started, browse to 1.1.1.1 +.. image:: linux-install-owner.png + :class: screenshot -.. _advanced-installation: -Advanced topics -=============== +3. You will be asked to review your choices, and finally KA Lite will start automatically when installation is complete. -Source code / development -_________________________ -KA Lite can also be run as a "source distribution" for development purposes. -By this, we just mean a git checkout (from `our github`_). +.. tip:: + If you want to receive automatic updates from online sources, you can + also use :ref:`ppa-installation`. -.. note:: Running directly from source will also maintain all user data in that - same directory! This is convenient for having several versions of - kalite with different data on the same computer. -If you are able to use pip and install conventional python packages from an -online source, then the quickest option to install the latest stable release -of KA Lite is `pip install ka-lite` or `pip install ka-lite-static`. +.. _raspberry-pi-install: +Raspberry Pi +____________ -Static vs. Dynamic version -__________________________ - -Apart from Python itself, KA Lite depends on a couple of python applications, -mainly from the Django ecology. These applications can be installed in two ways: +For a Raspberry Pi running a Debian system, you can install the special Debian +package ``ka-lite-raspberry-pi``. -* **Dynamic**: That means that they are automatically installed through - *PIP* as a separate software package accessible to your whole system. This - is recommended if you run KA Lite and have internet access while installing - and updating. -* **Static**: Static means that KA Lite is installed with all the external - applications bundled in. Use this method if you need to have KA Lite - installed from offline media or if KA Lite's dependencies are in conflict - with the system that you install upon. +It can be installed by downloading the latest .deb on the Pi and installing it:: + # Install dependencies + sudo apt-get install python-m2crypto python-pkg-resources nginx python-psutil + # Fetch the latest .deb + sudo wget https://learningequality.org/r/deb-pi-installer-0-15 --no-check-certificate --content-disposition + # Install the .deb + sudo dpkg -i ka-lite-raspberry-pi*.deb -Virtualenv -__________ +You can also add the PPA, see :ref:`ppa-installation`, and then +run ``sudo apt-get install ka-lite-raspberry-pi``. -You can install KA Lite in its very own separate environment that does not -interfere with other Python software on your machine like this:: +After installing, you can setup a Wifi hotspot using this guide: +:ref:`raspberry-pi-wifi` - $> pip install virtualenv virtualenvwrapper - $> mkvirtualenv my-kalite-env - $> workon my-kalite-env - $> pip install ka-lite +Other options +_____________ -Installing through PIP or with setup.py -_______________________________________ +KA Lite is available for all platforms (e.g. non-Debian compatible platforms) +through PyPi. See :ref:`pip-installation`. -This documentation is preliminary and will be moved and restructured. +Upgrade +_______ -For command line users with access to PIP, you can install the following versions of KA Lite:: +To upgrade KA Lite on Linux, simply download the latest deb file and follow the instructions above for installation. +Your existing data will be preserved by default. +See the :doc:`release notes ` for critical upgrade information for specific versions. - $> pip install ka-lite +Configuration after installation or update +__________________________________________ +Every time you install or update KA Lite, you must run ``kalite manage setup`` command again to setup the database and download assessment items (video descriptions, +exercises etc.). -Static version -______________ -If you need to run KA Lite with static dependencies bundled and isolated from -the rest of your environment, you can run:: +Uninstalling +============ - $> pip install ka-lite-static +Windows +_______ +1. Uninstall KA Lite from the Control Panel. +2. In Windows XP, double-click the "Add or Remove Programs" icon, then choose KA Lite. +3. In later version of Windows, click the "Programs and Features" icon, then choose KA Lite. -Portable tarballs / zip files with setup.py -___________________________________________ +Mac OSX +_______ -You can also fetch a tarball directly from `PyPi `. -Do this for the sake of carrying KA Lite on an offline media. You can then -unpack the tarball and run ``python setup.py install``. +1. Launch ``KA-Lite Monitor`` from your ``Applications`` folder. +2. Click on the app icon at the menu bar. +3. Click on ``Preferences`` in the menu option. +4. Click the ``Reset App`` from the ``Advanced`` tab. +5. You will be prompted that "This will reset app. Are you sure?", just click on ``OK`` button. +6. Another dialog will appear asking your ``Password``, type your password then click on ``Ok`` button. +7. Quit the ``KA-Lite Monitor`` app (do not click the ``Apply`` button!). +8. Move the ``KA-Lite Monitor`` app to ``Trash``. -Developer setup -_______________ +Linux: Debian/Ubuntu +____________________ -Developers should consider installing in "editable" mode. That means, create a -git clone and from the git cloned directory, run:: +Option 1: Open up **Ubuntu Software Center** and locate the KA Lite package. +Press ``Remove``. - $> git clone git@github.com:learningequality/ka-lite.git - $> cd ka-lite - $> # You may wish to create and activate a virtual env here - $> pip install -e . +Option 2: Use ``apt-get remove ``. You have to know which +package you installed, typically this is ``ka-lite`` or ``ka-lite-bundle``. -Testing installers +Installed with pip __________________ -Here's an overview of the various ways of installing KA Lite as a reference -to testers and package maintainers: - - * Source code setuptools test: ``python setup.py install`` - * Source code setuptools test, static: ``python setup.py install --static`` - * Source code pip test: ``pip install .`` - * Source code pip test, static: N/A, the ``--static`` option can't be passed through pip. - * Dynamic tarball testing: ``python setup.py sdist --static`` + ``pip install dist/ka-lite-XXXX.tar.gz``. - * Removal: ``pip remove ka-lite``. - * Static tarball testing: ``python setup.py sdist --static`` + ``pip install dist/ka-lite-static-XXXX.tar.gz`` - * Removal: ``pip remove ka-lite-static``. - * Wheel / whl: Not supported in 0.14. - -Those testing scenarios should be sufficient, but there may be small differences -encountered that we need to look at once in a while with -``pip install -e`` (editable mode) or unzipping a source "ka-lite.XXX.zip" and -run setup.py with setuptools instead of through pip. - -Using ``pip install`` and ``--static``: Is not possible, so you cannot install -the static version in "editable" mode. This is because pip commands do not -pass our user-defined options to setup.py. - - -Nginx / Apache setup -==================== - -This section is written for the Django-knowledgable crowd. - -KA Lite includes a web server implemented in pure Python for serving the -website, capable of handling hundreds of simultaneous users while using very -little memory. So you don't have to run Apache or Nginx for efficiency. - -Apache configuration, using mod_wsgi, example would work for an Ubuntu .deb -installation: :: - - - ServerName kalite.com - DocumentRoot /var/www/html/ - - Alias /static /var/www/.kalite/static - Alias /media /var/www/.kalite/media - - WSGIScriptAlias / /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/kalite/project/wsgi.py - - # Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit, - # alert, emerg. - LogLevel warn - - ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/kalite-error.log - CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/kalite-access.log combined - - - -If you are using uwsgi+Nginx, this is the critical part of your uwsgi -configuration, provided that you have installed kalite from PyPi or .deb: :: - - module = kalite.project.wsgi - +You can remove KA Lite (when installed from pip or source distribution) with +``pip uninstall ka-lite`` or ``pip uninstall ka-lite-static`` (static version). -Remember that kalite runs in user space and creates data files in that user's -home directory. A normal Debian/Ubuntu system has a www-data user for Apache -which is the default user for mod_wsgi and will create database files, static -files etc. for kalite in ``/var/www/.kalite/``. If you run it as another user, -it may be located somewhere else. +Removing user data +__________________ -.. note:: Log in as the Django application server's user, e.g. www-data and - initialize the kalite static files and database before anything you can - run kalite with uwsgi / mod_wsgi ! +Some data (like videos and language packs) are downloaded into a location that +depends on the user running the KA Lite server. Removing that directory can +potentially reclaim lots of hard drive space. -Example of setting up kalite for the www-data user: :: +On Windows, the HOME and USERPROFILE registry values will be used if set, +otherwise the combination ``%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%`` will be used. +You can check these values from the command prompt using the commands +``echo %HOME%``, ``echo $USERPROFILE%``, etc. +Within that directory, the data is stored in the ``.kalite`` subdirectory. +On most versions of Windows, this is ``C:\Users\YourUsername\.kalite\``. - $> sudo su -s /bin/bash www-data - $> kalite manage setup - $> exit +On Linux, OSX, and other Unix-like systems, downloaded videos and database files are in ``~/.kalite``. diff --git a/docs/installguide/install_main.rst b/docs/installguide/install_main.rst index aa486824f7..eca9fe8b75 100644 --- a/docs/installguide/install_main.rst +++ b/docs/installguide/install_main.rst @@ -7,7 +7,5 @@ Hello! If you know what OS you're installing on then click ahead. Installation Guide Release Notes - -Supported Browsers ------------------- -KA Lite is currently *not* supported on Internet Explorer version 8 or lower. You must use IE9 or later. + Advanced Installation + System Requirements diff --git a/docs/installguide/linux-install-owner.png b/docs/installguide/linux-install-owner.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad7d748f6f Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/installguide/linux-install-owner.png differ diff --git a/docs/installguide/linux-install-startup.png b/docs/installguide/linux-install-startup.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f199571bf Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/installguide/linux-install-startup.png differ diff --git a/docs/installguide/release_notes.rst b/docs/installguide/release_notes.rst index afd7533f61..d66cb6c359 100644 --- a/docs/installguide/release_notes.rst +++ b/docs/installguide/release_notes.rst @@ -1,6 +1,22 @@ Release Notes ============= +0.15.0 +------ + +General +^^^^^^^ + +Python 2.6 is no longer supported. It *may* still work, but we are no longer actively supporting it. +Other known issues: + +* The latest OSX version (EL Capitan) is not yet supported. +* On OSX, you must restart the server after downloading videos in order for them to be marked as available. +* On all platforms, you must restart the server after downloading a language pack in order to use it. +* You can no longer configure your server using ``local_settings.py``. Instead, custom settings must appear in + ``settings.py`` in the user's ``.kalite`` directory. + + 0.14.0 ------ diff --git a/docs/installguide/system_requirements.rst b/docs/installguide/system_requirements.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ed3b2b6b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/installguide/system_requirements.rst @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +System requirements +=================== + +.. note:: + The latest OSX version (EL Capitan) is not yet supported. + +Supported Browsers +------------------ +KA Lite is currently *not* supported on Internet Explorer version 8 or lower. You must use IE9 or later. +You can also use KA Lite on browsers like Firefox, Chrome, and Safari! There are no known issues with current versions of these browsers. diff --git a/docs/kalite-theme/breadcrumbs.html b/docs/kalite-theme/breadcrumbs.html index 51ce6455a6..8758ce19e8 100644 --- a/docs/kalite-theme/breadcrumbs.html +++ b/docs/kalite-theme/breadcrumbs.html @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Edit on Bitbucket {% elif show_source and source_url_prefix %} View page source - {% elif show_source and has_source and sourcename %} + {% elif "" and show_source and has_source and sourcename %} View page source {% endif %} {% endif %} - {% if not display_github %} + {% if "" and not display_github %} View on Github diff --git a/docs/kalite-theme/theme.conf b/docs/kalite-theme/theme.conf index e6b0e33b4d..57e0c2beeb 100644 --- a/docs/kalite-theme/theme.conf +++ b/docs/kalite-theme/theme.conf @@ -1,5 +1,2 @@ [theme] inherit = sphinx_rtd_theme - -[options] -git_branch = 0.14.x \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/kalite.1.gz b/docs/kalite.1.gz new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..935053e677 Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/kalite.1.gz differ diff --git a/docs/screenshot.py b/docs/screenshot.py index 0845571d48..8928235b0c 100644 --- a/docs/screenshot.py +++ b/docs/screenshot.py @@ -20,14 +20,9 @@ # Formatted from subprocess.Popen # Trying to import call_command to execute a Django mgmt command gets you # into a weird import hell, probably because of import_all_child_modules... -SCREENSHOT_COMMAND = [sys.executable, KALITECTL_PATH, "manage", "screenshots"] -SCREENSHOT_COMMAND_OPTS = ["-v0", "--output-dir={0}".format(OUTPUT_PATH), "--settings=kalite.project.settings.screenshots"] +SCREENSHOT_COMMAND = [sys.executable, KALITECTL_PATH, "manage", "screenshots", "--settings=kalite.project.settings.screenshots"] +SCREENSHOT_COMMAND_OPTS = ["-v0", "--output-dir={0}".format(OUTPUT_PATH)] # These keys are css styles but they need to be camelCased -FOCUS_CSS_STYLES = { "borderStyle": "solid", - "borderColor": "red", - "borderWidth": "4px", - "borderRadius": "8px", - } def setup(app): app.add_directive('screenshot', Screenshot) @@ -153,7 +148,10 @@ def _parse_nav_steps(arg_str): An explanation of navigation steps follows. Some examples can be found in ss_examples.rst in this directory. - Selector is a single css selector (no whitespace allowed). + Selector is a single selector (no whitespace allowed). + If it starts with '#', we'll attempt to find the given id. + If it starts with '.', we'll attempt to find the given class. + If it starts with '//', we'll attempt to find by xpath. Avoid absolute xpaths. "NEXT", which just sends a tab keystroke "SAME", which just stays focused on the element from the last action Where action could be one of "click", "send_keys", or "submit": @@ -189,7 +187,7 @@ def _parse_nav_steps(arg_str): return callback(*words[1:]) commands = arg_str.split('|') - parsed_commands = reduce(lambda x,y: x+[y] if y else x, map(_parse_command, commands), []) + parsed_commands = reduce(lambda x, y: x+[y] if y else x, map(_parse_command, commands), []) runhandler = "_command_handler" return { "runhandler": runhandler, "args": {'commands': parsed_commands}} @@ -273,16 +271,16 @@ def run(self): # Handlers are invoked by the run function to parse the directives. def _login_handler(self, username, password, submit): - from_str_arg = { "users": ["guest"], # This will fail if not guest, because of a redirect - "slug": "", - "start_url": "/", - "inputs": [{"#nav_login": ""}, - {"#id_username": username}, - {"#id_password": password}, - ], - "pages": [], - "notes": "", - } + from_str_arg = {"users": ["guest"], # This will fail if not guest, because of a redirect + "slug": "", + "start_url": "/", + "inputs": [{"#nav_login": ""}, + {"#id_username": username}, + {"#id_password": password}, + ], + "pages": [], + "notes": "", + } if submit: from_str_arg["inputs"].append({".login-btn":""}) from_str_arg = self._common_arg_prep(from_str_arg) @@ -301,7 +299,7 @@ def _command_handler(self, commands): "pages": [], "notes": "", } - from_str_arg['inputs'] = reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, map(_cmd_to_inputs, commands), []) + from_str_arg['inputs'] = reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, map(_cmd_to_inputs, commands), []) from_str_arg = self._common_arg_prep(from_str_arg) self.env.screenshot_all_screenshots.append({ 'docname': self.env.docname, @@ -312,12 +310,12 @@ def _command_handler(self, commands): def _common_arg_prep(self, arg): """All commands are handled in the same way regarding these options. """ new_arg = arg - new_arg["inputs"].append({"":self.filename}) + new_arg["inputs"].append({"": self.filename}) if hasattr(self, "focus_selector"): new_arg["focus"] = {} new_arg["focus"]["selector"] = self.focus_selector - new_arg["focus"]["styles"] = FOCUS_CSS_STYLES - new_arg["notes"] = self.focus_annotation if hasattr(self, "focus_annotation") else "" + # replace whitespace with an escape character, so that it can be passed on the command line + new_arg["notes"] = re.sub(r"\s", "\s", self.focus_annotation) if hasattr(self, "focus_annotation") else "" new_arg["registered"] = self.options["registered"] return new_arg @@ -357,11 +355,11 @@ def _cmd_to_inputs(cmd): sel = "" else: sel = cmd['selector'] - if cmd['action']=='click': + if cmd['action'] == 'click': inputs.append({sel: ""}) - elif cmd['action']=='submit': + elif cmd['action'] == 'submit': inputs.append({"": ""}) - elif cmd['action']=='send_keys': - inputs.append({sel: ' '.join(map(_specialkeys,cmd['options']))}) + elif cmd['action'] == 'send_keys': + inputs.append({sel: '\s'.join(map(_specialkeys, cmd['options']))}) # Escape whitespace for command line return inputs diff --git a/docs/usermanual/userman_admin.rst b/docs/usermanual/userman_admin.rst index edd9c620aa..44626b5126 100644 --- a/docs/usermanual/userman_admin.rst +++ b/docs/usermanual/userman_admin.rst @@ -1,39 +1,39 @@ -Admininistrator User Manual -============================ +Administrator User Manual +========================= **Who is an "administrator"?** A person who : * helps to plan and oversee a project using KA Lite * installs and updates KA Lite - * can create coach logins, Learner logins, download videos and language packs + * can create Coach logins, Learner logins, download videos and language packs Administrator Glossary -------------------------------------------- -For users that choose to register online, there are some important terms to familiarize yourself with so that you understand how the flow of data works between installations and the online data hub. +---------------------- +If you choose to register online, these important terms will help you better understand the flow of data between your installations and the online data hub. **Sharing Network** - A Sharing Network is a group of devices that share user data. This data is synced to the central server when an Internet connection is available, and then synced down onto other devices in the same Sharing Network. + A Sharing Network is a group of devices that share user data. This data is synced to the central server when an Internet connection is available, and then synced down onto other devices in the same Sharing Network. **Organization** - An organization is a group of people responsible for administering a set of Sharing Networks. An organization can have multiple administrators and manage multiple sharing networks. + An organization is a group of people responsible for administering a set of Sharing Networks. An organization can have multiple administrators and manage multiple sharing networks. **Facility** - A facility is the physical space in which a device is located (e.g. a school or a computer lab in a community center). Learner, coach, and admin accounts are associated with a particular facility. + A facility is the physical space in which a device is located (e.g. a school or a computer lab in a community center). Learner, coach, and admin accounts are associated with a particular facility. **Device** - A device should be able to run a KA Lite server (most computers) and other devices to be used as clients. One common configuration is using a Raspberry Pi or other inexpensive computer as a server and relatively cheap tablets as client devices. Tablets can access the servers through an access point, such as a Wi-Fi dongle, or some other networking device such as a router. + A device should be able to run a KA Lite server (most computers) and other devices to be used as clients. One common configuration is using a Raspberry Pi or other inexpensive computer as a server and relatively cheap tablets as client devices. Tablets can access the servers through an access point, such as a Wi-Fi dongle, or some other networking device such as a router. **Web Browser** A program that retrieves and presents information resources on the World Wide Web. Popular web browsers include Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari. Running the KA Lite Server ---------------------------- -After a successful installation of KA Lite, the terminal should give you a command to copy. It will look something like the following: +-------------------------- +At the very end of the setup, you have been prompted to run kalite. Make note of the command to run the server, which was also mentioned. Usually it's just ``kalite start``. - ``/PATH/TO/KALITE/bin/kalite start`` -The first string will vary depending on which folder you installed KA Lite in. Simply copy and paste the provided string back into the command prompt, and hit enter on your keyboard. You will be asked whether or not you wish to run the KA Lite server in the background automatically every time you start up the computer. Once you answer yes or no, success! The KA Lite server is now running on your computer. +Windows or OSX behind a Firewall +________________________________ During the process, your operating system might prompt you to allow "Python.app" to accept incoming connections. The message dialogue may look like the following, depending on your operating system: @@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ During the process, your operating system might prompt you to allow "Python.app" Please allow the app to run. This will make it possible for the KA Lite application to be accessible. + Accessing KA Lite ------------------- Once the server has been started, you will be given a few IP addresses. You can use these addresses to access KA Lite by copying and pasting them into a web browser of your choice. @@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ In order to access KA Lite from another machine, please enter the IP address tha Setting up KA Lite -------------------- +------------------ Once you have successfully installed KA Lite, the installation script should give you a URL (http://127.0.0.1:8008/) to visit so that you can open KA Lite and login for the first time. Copy and paste the URL into a web browser. The KA Lite application should show up. Then, login to KA Lite using the username and password you created during the installation process. @@ -60,12 +61,12 @@ Copy and paste the URL into a web browser. The KA Lite application should show u :focus: #id_username | Enter your username and password using this form! :class: screenshot -* If you have forgotten the username/password combination, simply run ``bin/kalite manage createsuperuser`` from the kalite directory and then follow the instructions. If it is critical that you are able to login with your credentials, :doc:`../contact` and we can help you manually reset your login information. +* If you have forgotten the username/password combination, simply run ``kalite manage createsuperuser`` and then follow the instructions. Once you’ve logged in, the next step in the setup process is registering your device with the KA Lite Hub. Registering Your Device with the Hub -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +____________________________________ By registering your device with FLE, you can sync data back with our central data hub. This is useful for many reasons: @@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ You will have two options: :class: screenshot How to register your device with online access to data -######################################################## +______________________________________________________ .. NOTE:: You will need Internet access in order to perform these steps. @@ -132,11 +133,11 @@ Once you have filled out the form and submitted it, you will be sent an activati Post Registration Setup -------------------------------------------- +----------------------- Now that you have registered successfully, it's time to configure your local KA Lite installation to suit your needs. If any terms like 'facility' or 'device' become confusing, feel free to reference the `Administrator Glossary`_ for a quick reminder. Create a Facility -------------------------- +----------------- KA Lite assumes that you are going to be using the software primarily in one place. This could be a school, a home, a community center, etc. We call this place a “facility”, and use it to help differentiate users who are syncing back data with our central data hub. In order to create a facility, follow the steps below. 1. Log in to KA Lite. @@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ KA Lite assumes that you are going to be using the software primarily in one pla :user-role: admin :url: / :navigation-steps: - :focus: ul.nav li a.admin-only[href=\"/management/zone/\"] | Click here! + :focus: .manage-tab | Click here! :class: screenshot 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ KA Lite assumes that you are going to be using the software primarily in one pla 7. Once the information has been saved, you will be redirected back to the "Facilities" page, where you will see a message indicating that you have successfully saved your new facility. Delete a Facility -------------------------- +----------------- 1. Log in to KA Lite. 2. Click the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -197,11 +198,11 @@ Delete a Facility 6. If your delete is successful, you will be redirected back to the "Facilities" page, where you will see a message indicating that you have successfully deleted the facility. User Management -------------------------- +--------------- Coaches and learners are the other types of users that KA Lite supports. In order for them to be able to login, you need to create accounts for them. Adding Learners -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_______________ 1. Log in to KA Lite. 2. Click on the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ Adding Learners Permanently Deleting Learners -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_____________________________ 1. Log in to KA Lite. 2. Click on the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ Permanently Deleting Learners :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #students td input | You can check one or more of these checkboxes. + :focus: .student-checkbox | You can check one or more of these checkboxes. :class: screenshot 6. Press the "Delete Learners" button. @@ -255,13 +256,13 @@ Permanently Deleting Learners :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #students .form-inline .form-group:last-child + :focus: #delete-learners-btn :class: screenshot 7. You will be prompted with a confirmation of your deletion. Press "OK" to proceed with the deletion. Adding Coaches -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +______________ 1. Log in to KA Lite. 2. Click on the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ Adding Coaches :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #coaches .add-new-table-item a + :focus: #add-a-new-coach :class: screenshot 6. You will be redirected to a page that says "Add a new coach". Fill in all the information. The facility dropdown defaults to the facility you selected in the previous steps. @@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ Adding Coaches 8. If the user was successfully created, the page will reload with a message indicating that you have created the user. Permanently Deleting Coaches -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +____________________________ 1. Log in to KA Lite. 2. Click on the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ Permanently Deleting Coaches :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #coaches td input | Click a checkbox to select a coach. + :focus: .coach-checkbox | Click a checkbox to select a coach. :class: screenshot 6. Press the "Delete Coaches" button. @@ -308,13 +309,13 @@ Permanently Deleting Coaches :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #coaches div.row div.col-md-2 button + :focus: #delete-coaches :class: screenshot 7. You will be prompted with a confirmation of your deletion. Press "OK" to proceed with the deletion. Adding a Group -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +______________ You can create groups within a facility. Each group can represent a classroom, a study group, or any other way you would like to group Learners. To create a group, follow the instructions below: 1. Log in to KA Lite. @@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ You can create groups within a facility. Each group can represent a classroom, a :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #groups .add-new-table-item a + :focus: #add-a-new-group :class: screenshot 6. Fill out the name of the group, and provide a description. @@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ You can create groups within a facility. Each group can represent a classroom, a 8. You should be redirected back to the page for the facility. If the group was successfully created, you will see it listed under the "Learner Groups" section. Deleting a Group -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +________________ 1. Log in to KA Lite. 2. Click on the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 3. Make sure that the "Facilities" tab is selected. @@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ Deleting a Group 7. You will be prompted with a confirmation of your deletion. Press "OK" to proceed with the deletion. Moving a User to a New Group -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +____________________________ 1. Navigate to the page for the facility the user belongs to. 2. Under the "Learners" header, select the Learner you would like to move by clicking in the checkbox to the left of the Learner name. @@ -369,7 +370,7 @@ Moving a User to a New Group :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #students td input :first | Click this checkbox. + :focus: .student-checkbox | Click this checkbox. :class: screenshot 3. In the dropbox, select the group you would like to move the user to. @@ -387,19 +388,19 @@ Moving a User to a New Group :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #students .movegroup + :focus: #move-learner-group-btn :class: screenshot 5. The page will refresh, with a message at the top indicating a successful move. Removing Users from a Group -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +___________________________ If you'd like to remove a user from a group without permanently deleting the user, please follow the instructions below: #. Follow the same instructions as for "Moving a User to a New Group", but select "Ungrouped" from the dropdown menu. Group Summary Statistics -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +________________________ For each group, you should be able to view some statistics. 1. Navigate to the Learner Groups section of the facility you wish to look at. @@ -409,13 +410,13 @@ For each group, you should be able to view some statistics. :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/None/facility/None/management/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #groups td a :first | Click here to view group statistics! + :focus: a.group-name | Click here to view group statistics! :class: screenshot 3. The statistics for the group should be displayed at the top of the page. Edit User Information -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_____________________ #. Navigate to the page for the facility that the user belongs in. #. Find the user you would like to edit. #. Click the blue pencil |bluepencil| icon next to the name of the user that you would like to edit. @@ -436,9 +437,10 @@ Now that you've created a facility and user accounts, it's time to add video con Downloading Individual Videos -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_____________________________ After registering your device: + 1. Click the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. 2. Click on the "Videos" tab. @@ -449,22 +451,24 @@ After registering your device: :focus: li.video :class: screenshot -3. View subtopics by clicking on the '+' symbol to the left of a subject of your choice. You can close them by clicking on the '-' symbol. +3. View subtopics by clicking on the subject of your choice. You can close them by clicking on the subject again. 4. Mark the content you wish to download by clicking the checkbox to the left of the content name. 5. Click the green "Download" button in the top left box of the page. The button should also show you the total number of videos you have selected to download, as well as the total size of the content. 6. Once the download is completed, video content will be ready for Learners to watch! +.. _bulk-video-downloads: Downloading Videos in Bulk -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +__________________________ -If want to download all the videos, you'll need ~33 GB free space. To fetch all -the videos, `download and open the according torrent file `_. +The full set of videos, if downloaded through the KA Lite interface, take over 150GB. +If you want to download all the videos, we also have torrent files with resized videos (~33 GB for English). To fetch all +the videos, `download and open the appropriate torrent file `_. -Save the videos on the ``CONTENT_ROOT`` of your installation. By default, this +Save the videos in the ``CONTENT_ROOT`` directory of your installation. By default, this is the ``.kalite/content/`` folder in the *home directory* of the user running KA Lite. -On Windows, navigate to ``X:\Documents and Settings\\.kalite\content``. +On Windows, navigate to something like ``C:\Documents and Settings\\.kalite\content``. .. note:: If the drive where your ``.kalite/`` folder does not have enough free disk space, you can change your `Configuration Settings`_, the one named ``CONTENT_ROOT`` and @@ -474,15 +478,30 @@ On Windows, navigate to ``X:\Documents and Settings\\.kalite\content`` .. note:: The ``.kalite`` folder is hidden on some systems, so if you are in a file browser, you have to enable showing hidden files and folders. +When you have copied in the files, to register them with KA Lite, follow the following steps. + +1. Click the "Manage" tab at the top of the page. +2. Click on the "Videos" tab. + +.. screenshot:: + :user-role: admin + :url: /management/zone/ + :navigation-steps: + :focus: li.video + :class: screenshot + +3. Click the blue "Scan content folder for videos" button in the top left box of the page. +4. Once the scan is completed, video content will be ready for Learners to watch! + Adding assessment items (exercises) -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +___________________________________ If you skipped the step for adding assessment items during install, run the following command (beware it can take a while, the download size is over 500 MB): -``kalite manage unpack_assessment_zip https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.14/content/assessment.zip -f`` +``kalite manage unpack_assessment_zip https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.15/content/khan_assessment.zip -f`` -As an alternative, you can download the zip file from https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.14/content/assessment.zip and run the command on your local copy. This is useful if you're deploying KA Lite on multiple computers. +As an alternative, you can download the zip file from https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.15/content/khan_assessment.zip and run the command on your local copy. This is useful if you're deploying KA Lite on multiple computers. Language Packs @@ -493,12 +512,12 @@ KA Lite supports internationalization. You can download language packs for your .. warning:: Remember that you **MUST** restart your server after every language pack download or update. If you are unsure on how to do this, please see :ref:`restarting-your-server`. Download Language Packs -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_______________________ To download language packs: 1. From the "Manage" page, click on the "Language" tab. -.. |language-tab-highlight| screenshot:: +.. screenshot:: :user-role: admin :url: /management/zone/ :navigation-steps: @@ -530,7 +549,7 @@ To download language packs: 5. After the server restart, learners and coaches will be able to switch their language to any of the installed language packs. Their default will be the default that you set by clicking on "Set as default". Delete Language Packs -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_____________________ To delete language packs: #. Log in as the administrator. @@ -541,36 +560,34 @@ To delete language packs: :user-role: admin :url: /update/languages/ :navigation-steps: - :focus: #delete-language-button button | Use the buttons in this column to delete language packs. + :focus: .delete-language-button button | Use the buttons in this column to delete language packs. :class: screenshot :registered: true .. _restarting-your-server: Restarting Your Server ------------------------ +---------------------- If you have made some configuration changes (such as changing the filepath to your video content to your liking), or if you feel the need to reboot your KA Lite system, you may want to restart your server. Please note that this will cause KA Lite to become inaccessible to any users. However, this will not delete any user accounts or information that you have configured during set up. This process varies, depending on which OS you are running the KA Lite Server on. Restarting Your Server: Windows -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_______________________________ In the system tray, right click on the KA Lite icon. Click the "Stop Server" item in the context menu. Right click on the KA Lite icon in the system tray again, and click "Start Server". If the option is not clickable, wait a while and try again or restart your computer. Restarting Your Server: Linux -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_____________________________ #. Open up your terminal. For most Linux distributions, you can do this by going to **Menu -> Accessories -> Terminal** or **Applications menu -> System -> Terminal.** -#. Navigate to the folder that you downloaded KA Lite in. You can do this by typing ``cd ``. Change the path to the path name of the KA Lite folder on your machine. - -#. Type in ``bin/kalite restart``. This should stop the server, then attempt to restart it again. The process may take up to a few minutes. +#. Type in ``kalite restart``. This should stop the server, then attempt to restart it again. The process may take up to a few minutes. #. Once you see the script that begins with ``To access KA Lite from another connected computer, try the following address(es):`` .... you will know that your KA Lite server has been successfully restarted. Restarting Your Server: Mac -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +___________________________ #. Open up your terminal. You may do this by navigating to the magnifying glass |magglass| at the top right corner of your screen, and typing in "Terminal", then hitting "Enter" on your keyboard. .. |magglass| image:: magglass.png @@ -584,12 +601,11 @@ Restarting Your Server: Mac .. image:: terminal.png :align: center -#. Navigate to the folder that you downloaded KA Lite in. You can do this by typing ``cd ``. Change the path to the path name of the KA Lite folder on your machine. - -#. Type in ``bin/kalite restart``. This should stop the server, then attempt to restart it again. The process may take up to a few minutes. +#. Type in ``kalite restart``. This should stop the server, then attempt to restart it again. The process may take up to a few minutes. #. Once you see the script that begins with ``To access KA Lite from another connected computer, try the following address(es):`` .... you will know that your KA Lite server has been successfully restarted. +.. _configuration-settings: Configuration Settings ---------------------- @@ -599,10 +615,10 @@ Once you have deployed KA Lite to a computer, there are a number of ways you can .. warning:: Please follow these instructions carefully! Customizing the server incorrectly can break your installation. It can be very hard to find and undo the error. Running KA Lite with your own settings -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +______________________________________ -In a text editor, open up ``/home/user/.kalite/settings.py`` (on Windows, locate -``X:\Documents and Settings\\.kalite``). That file is where you should +In a text editor, open up ``/home/user/.kalite/settings.py`` (on Windows, locate something like +``C:\Documents and Settings\\.kalite``). That file is where you should put your custom settings, and KA Lite will load them automatically. You can also run the ``kalite`` with a completely different Python settings @@ -613,7 +629,7 @@ module by specifying ``kalite --settings=my_settings_module``. Changing base settings -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +______________________ By default, ``/home/user/.kalite/settings.py`` will load ``kalite.project.settings.base`` which are the basic settings. But you can also load Raspberry Pi settings by changing the file to read something like:: @@ -625,9 +641,10 @@ By default, ``/home/user/.kalite/settings.py`` will load ``kalite.project.settin Available settings ------------------ +See above for instructions on where to configure these settings. Most common settings -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +____________________ * ``DEBUG = (default = False)`` Enables debug mode. In case you run into technical issues, enable this setting before troubleshooting / reporting. @@ -641,13 +658,13 @@ Most common settings have downloaded your own assessment items** and you want to keep the read-only assessment_items database (~50 MB) together with your other media contents (for portability). Example:: - + from kalite.project.settings.base import * CONTENT_ROOT = '/example' DATABASES['assessment_items']['NAME'] = os.path.join(CONTENT_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.sqlite') * ``ASSESSMENT_ITEMS_ZIP_URL = "scheme://path/to/assessmentitems.zip"`` - ``(default=https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.14/content/assessment.zip)`` + ``(default=https://learningequality.org/downloads/ka-lite/0.15/content/khan_assessment.zip)`` This is useful if you need an auto-deployment to fetch assessment items (exercises) from a local source. You can use ``kalite manage setup --dl-assessment-items`` to automatically download assessment items. * ``TIME_ZONE = (default = "America/Los_Angeles")`` @@ -658,10 +675,16 @@ Most common settings If you set this to False, our web server will make some optimizations so as to avoid loading internationalization tools. Things might run a little faster, but you won't have support for translated content. * ``USE_L10N = (default = False)`` By default, this is set to False. If you set this to True, Django will format dates, numbers and calendars according to the current locale. For example, January 5, 2000 would be 1/5/2000 if locale = "en-us" and 5/1/2000 if locale = "en-gb" +* ``USER_FACING_PORT = 123`` + When KA Lite is running behind a proxy (for instance Nginx or Apache), you + probably want users to be accessing KA Lite from a different port than the + service itself is running from. Setting this option will change certain + system messages to use a different port. It does not affect the port that + KA Lite is using. User restrictions -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +_________________ * ``LOCKDOWN = (default = False)`` With this setting, users must be logged in order to access videos & exercises @@ -669,15 +692,8 @@ User restrictions Disables user sign ups. -..note:: KA Lite uses caching of web pages, if you change ``LOCKDOWN`` or - ``DISABLE_SELF_ADMIN``, you need to flush the cache. To do that, run - the following management command:: - - kalite manage cache clearweb - - Online Synchronization -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +______________________ * ``USER_LOG_MAX_RECORDS = (default = 0)`` When this is set to any non-zero number, we will record (and sync for online tracking) user login activity, summarized for every month (which is configurable, see below). Default is set to 0, for efficiency purposes--but if you want to record this, setting to 1 is enough! The # of records kept are not "summary" records, but raw records of every login. These "raw" data are not synced, but are kept on your local machine only--there's too many of them. Currently, we have no specific report to view these data (though we may have for v0.10.1) diff --git a/docs/usermanual/userman_coach.rst b/docs/usermanual/userman_coach.rst index 4d9d49f009..bc306e7ce3 100644 --- a/docs/usermanual/userman_coach.rst +++ b/docs/usermanual/userman_coach.rst @@ -1,39 +1,65 @@ Coach User Manual -=================== +================= + **Who is a "coach"?** A person who : * adds, manages, and tracks the progress of groups of students. * has access to student progress data in the form of coach reports * provides instructions to students +In addition, by default, coaches can: + * create coach logins, Learner logins, download videos and language packs + +(This can be disabled by the administrator with the RESTRICTED_TEACHER_PERMISSIONS setting) Coach Reports -------------------------------------------- +------------- + Coach reports are visualizations of the data generated by your learners. The goal of the coach reports is to put the data into an easy to understand format, so you can understand how learners are progressing and where they need the most help. The Report Page displays an overview of the learners and a tabular report. .. screenshot:: :user-role: coach - :url: /coachreports/teach + :url: /coachreports/coach/zone/None :navigation-steps: + :focus: #summary_mainview | After loading, you can view the report summary here. :class: screenshot Overview ^^^^^^^^ + 1. Select the "Teach" tab at the top of the page. 2. Select the appropriate facility from the drop down menu to view reports for a specific facility. 3. Select a group from the drop down menu to view the overivew for a specific group or leave the group as is. -4. The display should refresh with the data requested. +4. The display should refresh with the data requested, for student activity from the previous week onwards. +5. To view data over a longer period, select the start and end date using the time picker, and click the 'refresh' icon next to the time picker. -The overview will display the activity of the group: the total hours logged, the average progress in exercises, the total exercises attempted, and the total time spent on content. +The overview will display the activity of the group: the percentage of hours logged on content versus exercises, the average progress in exercises, and the total exercises attempted. Tabular Report ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -A tabular report is a grid that can show how students are doing in specific subjects at a high level. As a coach, you can select which group of students you'd like to check progress for, and which subset of videos or exercises you'd like to see reports on. This allows you to easily identify which areas learners are struggling in, as well as which learners are doing well. + +A tabular report is a grid that can show how students are doing in specific subjects at a high level. +As a coach, you can select which group of students you'd like to check progress for, and which subset of videos or exercises you'd like to see reports on. +This allows you to easily identify which areas learners are struggling in, as well as which learners are doing well. + +.. screenshot:: + :user-role: coach + :url: /coachreports/coach/zone/None + :navigation-steps: + :focus: #show_tabular_report | Click here to expand the tabular report. + :class: screenshot + +.. screenshot:: + :user-role: coach + :url: /coachreports/coach/zone/None + :navigation-steps: #show_tabular_report click + :focus: #detailed_report_view div + :class: screenshot Progress By Topic -################## +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1. Click on the "Show Tabular Report" button. 2. A table should be generated with the data requested. @@ -51,8 +77,35 @@ The color of the rectangles in the table indicate how that student is doing on a +----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ Detailed View -################## +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1. Click on the colored cells. 2. A panel should open up below the cell to reveal the number of questions attempted and the actions made on each exercise. 3. Click on the same cell to close the panel. + +Inline Help +----------- + +KA Lite has an inline help system on some pages. +On parts of the site where it is available, you can find a "Show me how!" button. +If you click this button, you can view a guided tour of the currently shown interface. + +Exporting User Data +------------------- + +On the facility management page, you can find the "Export Data" button. +If you click this button, you'll be taken to a page where you can export some user data in CSV format. +This is so you can perform analyses on data accumulated in KA Lite using your own methods -- in the future such tools may be included in KA Lite itself! +You can select which resource you wish to export, and narrow down the list of users to draw data from by selecting facilities and groups. +When you have made your selection, click the "Export" button to download a CSV file with the requested data. + +.. _export-content-rating: + +Content Ratings +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Select the "Ratings" option in the "Resources" dropdown. +Ratings are tied to users and content items -- each rating has a unique-together user, content type, and content id. +The content id is suppressed in the output as it is not human readable, but is replaced with the title. +The title of content items may not be unique -- for example a video and an exercise might have the same title. +In such cases, you can differentiate using the content type. diff --git a/docs/usermanual/userman_learner.rst b/docs/usermanual/userman_learner.rst index 79b9759c86..b1313854b3 100644 --- a/docs/usermanual/userman_learner.rst +++ b/docs/usermanual/userman_learner.rst @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ Learner User Manual -======================= +=================== **Who is a "learner"?** Anyone who uses KA Lite primarily for learning. Learner accounts will track individual progress through videos and exercises, and learners will only be allowed to view their own data. Accessing KA Lite ------------------- +----------------- There are two ways KA Lite can be used: #. **Set up on a network with one main server, having machines connect to this server.** If this is the setup chosen, installation is not necessary on a learner's computer, as it can be accessible through a web browser with the IP address of the server. Simply copy and paste the server's IP address into your web browser any time you'd like to access KA Lite. If you are unsure what the address is, please contact your administrator. @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ How to Log In Navigating through Content -------------------------------------------- +-------------------------- To begin engaging with the Khan Academy videos and exercises, first make sure you are logged into KA Lite. Upon log in, you should see a green menu on the left that lists the content. If you do not see this green menu, please start by clicking on the "Learn" tab on the home page. Start by selecting the subject you'd like to explore. This will expand the side menu, displaying subtopics within that subject. @@ -65,9 +65,24 @@ This card allows you to navigate to excercises you have begun; you can also to n **Explore:** This card recommends content for you based on topics you have completed and begun. This card also recommends random content from our collection of topics to encourage learning from multiple fields. +Content Rating +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +You can leave feedback on each content item. +When you are logged in, you'll find a rating box below each content item. +You can rate each content item on *Quality* and *Difficulty* on a 1 to 5 scale by clicking on the star icons. +1 represents the lowest rating, and 5 represents the highest rating. +You can alter the ratings at any time by clicking on a different star icon. + +After rating *Quality* and *Difficulty* you'll be able to leave any comments you wish. +Simply click on the text box labeled *Your Comments* and type away! +You can edit your comments freely. + +At this time, you are only able to view your own ratings. + +:ref:`Coaches can export the ratings of all users in csv format. ` How to Practice Exercises --------------------------- +------------------------- First, please log into KA Lite. Then, navigate to the topic that you'd like to practice exercises for. To answer a question, enter the answer in the box on the top right of the module, or select the bubble next to the answer choice in the exercise panel. Once you have decided on your answer, click "Check Answer". @@ -80,12 +95,12 @@ The bar on the top right will display your progress as you go through the exerci If you are stuck on a problem, you can ask for a hint by clickin on the "Show hints" button! Use your hints wisely, for there are a limited number of them for every section. Saved Progress -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If at any point during an exercise you wish to watch a video to refresh your memory, feel free to navigate to the video by expanding the green tab which will bring up the content menu. Your progress for that exercise will be saved and you will not lose your work. How to View Your Progress --------------------------- +------------------------- At any point in time, you should be able to view your progress on any topic. In order to do this, #. Log into KA Lite. diff --git a/javascript_build/deamdify.js b/javascript_build/deamdify.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c78da280b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/javascript_build/deamdify.js @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +/** + * Module dependencies. + */ +var through = require('through') + , esprima = require('esprima') + , estraverse = require('estraverse') + , path = require('path') + , escodegen = require('escodegen') + , util = require('util'); + + +/** + * Transform AMD to CommonJS. + * + * This transform translates AMD modules into CommonJS modules. AMD modules + * are defined by calling the `define` function that is available as a free + * or global variable. The transform translates that call into traditional + * CommonJS require statements. Any value returned from the factory function + * is assigned to `module.exports`. + * + * After the transform is complete, Browserify will be able to parse and + * bundle the module as if it were a Node.js module. + * + * @param {String} file + * @return {Stream} + * @api public + */ +module.exports = function (file) { + var data = ''; + + var stream = through(write, end); + var ext = path.extname(file); + return stream; + + function write(buf) { data += buf } + function end() { + var ast + , tast + , isAMD = false; + + if (ext.toLowerCase() === '.js') { + try { + ast = esprima.parse(data) + } catch (error) { + throw new Error('Error deamdifying ' + file + ': ' + error); + } + + //console.log('-- ORIGINAL AST --'); + //console.log(util.inspect(ast, false, null)); + //console.log('------------------'); + + // TODO: Ensure that define is a free variable. + // TODO: Implement support for amdWeb UMD modules. + + estraverse.replace(ast, { + enter: function(node) { + if (isDefine(node)) { + var parents = this.parents(); + + // Check that this module is an AMD module, as evidenced by invoking + // `define` at the top-level. Any CommonJS or UMD modules are pass + // through unmodified. + if (parents.length == 2 && parents[0].type == 'Program' && parents[1].type == 'ExpressionStatement') { + isAMD = true; + } + } + }, + leave: function(node) { + if (isDefine(node)) { + if (node.arguments.length == 1 && node.arguments[0].type == 'FunctionExpression') { + var factory = node.arguments[0]; + + if (factory.params.length == 0) { + tast = createProgram(factory.body.body); + this.break(); + } else if (factory.params.length > 0) { + // simplified CommonJS wrapper + tast = createProgram(factory.body.body); + this.break(); + } + } else if (node.arguments.length == 1 && node.arguments[0].type == 'ObjectExpression') { + // object literal + var obj = node.arguments[0]; + + tast = createModuleExport(obj); + this.break(); + } else if (node.arguments.length == 2 && node.arguments[0].type == 'ArrayExpression' && node.arguments[1].type == 'FunctionExpression') { + var dependencies = node.arguments[0] + , factory = node.arguments[1]; + + var ids = dependencies.elements.map(function(el) { return el.value }); + var vars = factory.params.map(function(el) { return el.name }); + var reqs = createRequires(ids, vars); + if (reqs) { + tast = createProgram([reqs].concat(factory.body.body)); + } else { + tast = createProgram(factory.body.body); + } + this.break(); + } else if (node.arguments.length == 3 && node.arguments[0].type == 'Literal' && node.arguments[1].type == 'ArrayExpression' && node.arguments[2].type == 'FunctionExpression') { + var dependencies = node.arguments[1] + , factory = node.arguments[2]; + + var ids = dependencies.elements.map(function(el) { return el.value }); + var vars = factory.params.map(function(el) { return el.name }); + var reqs = createRequires(ids, vars); + if (reqs) { + tast = createProgram([reqs].concat(factory.body.body)); + } else { + tast = createProgram(factory.body.body); + } + this.break(); + } + } else if (isReturn(node)) { + var parents = this.parents(); + + if (parents.length == 5 && isDefine(parents[2]) && isAMD) { + return createModuleExport(node.argument); + } + } + } + }); + } + + if (!isAMD) { + stream.queue(data); + stream.queue(null); + return; + } + + tast = tast || ast; + + //console.log('-- TRANSFORMED AST --'); + //console.log(util.inspect(tast, false, null)); + //console.log('---------------------'); + + var out = escodegen.generate(tast); + stream.queue(out); + stream.queue(null); + } +}; + + +function isDefine(node) { + var callee = node.callee; + return callee + && node.type == 'CallExpression' + && callee.type == 'Identifier' + && callee.name == 'define' + ; +} + +function isReturn(node) { + return node.type == 'ReturnStatement'; +} + +function createProgram(body) { + return { type: 'Program', + body: body }; +} + +function createRequires(ids, vars) { + var decls = []; + + for (var i = 0, len = ids.length; i < len; ++i) { + if (['require', 'module', 'exports'].indexOf(ids[i]) != -1) { continue; } + + decls.push({ type: 'VariableDeclarator', + id: { type: 'Identifier', name: vars[i] }, + init: + { type: 'CallExpression', + callee: { type: 'Identifier', name: 'require' }, + arguments: [ { type: 'Literal', value: ids[i] } ] } }); + } + + if (decls.length == 0) { return null; } + + return { type: 'VariableDeclaration', + declarations: decls, + kind: 'var' }; +} + +function createModuleExport(obj) { + return { type: 'ExpressionStatement', + expression: + { type: 'AssignmentExpression', + operator: '=', + left: + { type: 'MemberExpression', + computed: false, + object: { type: 'Identifier', name: 'module' }, + property: { type: 'Identifier', name: 'exports' } }, + right: obj } }; +} diff --git a/kalite/__init__.py b/kalite/__init__.py index 81dbbc775b..9c5183ebab 100644 --- a/kalite/__init__.py +++ b/kalite/__init__.py @@ -6,30 +6,5 @@ __version__ = VERSION - -# ROOT_DATA_PATH should point to the directory where the source files live, including the "docs" dir -# TODO-BLOCKER(MCGallaspy): Use setuptools in the windows installer to avoid this nonsense. -ROOT_DATA_PATH = os.environ.get( - "KALITE_ROOT_DATA_PATH", - os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'share', 'kalite') -) - - -# TODO: Burn down this function, the name is weird, it just checks if a -# database exists... not really significant enough to put it in kalite.__init__ -def is_installed(): - """Returns True if KA Lite is installed.""" - - from django.conf import settings - - if "sqlite" in settings.DATABASES["default"]["ENGINE"]: - return os.path.exists(settings.DATABASES["default"]["NAME"]) # this is the db filepath for SQLite - else: - # TODO(bcipolli): use django raw connection to test; something like: - # from django.db import connection - # try: - # connection.introspection.table_names() - # return True - # except: - # return False - return True +# ROOT_DATA_PATH is *not* where the source files live. It's a place where non-user-writable data files may be written. +ROOT_DATA_PATH = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'share', 'kalite') diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/__init__.py b/kalite/ab_testing/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 2ed237fef4..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -# DO NOT PUT ANYTHING HERE \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/data/conditions.py b/kalite/ab_testing/data/conditions.py deleted file mode 100644 index 4b8c704458..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/data/conditions.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -CONDITION_SETTINGS = { - "nalanda_control": { - "distributed.turn_off_motivational_features": True, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_videos": True, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_exercises": True, - "student_testing.turn_on_points_for_practice_exams": False, - "store.show_store_link_once_points_earned": False, - "distributed.front_page_welcome_message": "", - }, - "nalanda_input": { - "distributed.turn_off_motivational_features": False, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_videos": True, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_noncurrent_unit": True, - "student_testing.turn_on_points_for_practice_exams": False, - "store.show_store_link_once_points_earned": True, - "distributed.front_page_welcome_message": "This month you will in earn points for questions you answer correctly in each compulsory exercise. You can earn a maximum of 2000 points for the unit. You will also be able to exchange your points for rewards. Once you earn points, you can click on the link to the rewards store to see other exciting rewards! Try as hard as you can on each question to earn rewards! (How points for exercises work: You can earn points for up to eight questions on part 1 of the exercise, and you can earn points for each of the 5 questions in part 2 of the exercise.). Some examples of rewards include: Dinosaur Book (250 points), Bi-color Pencils (800 points), Chess (1550 points) and many more!", - }, - "nalanda_output": { - "distributed.turn_off_motivational_features": True, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_videos": True, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_exercises": True, - "student_testing.turn_on_points_for_practice_exams": True, - "store.show_store_link_once_points_earned": True, - "distributed.front_page_welcome_message": "This month you will in earn points for each question you answer correctly on your practice unit test as the end of the month. You can earn a maximum of 2000 points for the unit. You will also be able to exchange your points for rewards. Once you earn points, you can click on the link to the rewards store to see other exciting rewards! Try as hard as you can on the practice test at the end of the month to earn rewards! Some examples of rewards include: Dinosaur Book (250 points), Bi-color Pencils (800 points), Chess (1550 points) and many more!", - }, - "testing": { - "distributed.turn_off_motivational_features": False, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_videos": False, - "distributed.turn_off_points_for_exercises": False, - "store.show_store_link_once_points_earned": True, - "distributed.front_page_welcome_message": "This month you will earn points for the questions you answer correctly in your practice exercises and quizzes, and you will be able to exchange your points for rewards. For example Y points will earn you X stickers. Try as hard as you can on each question to earn rewards!", - }, -} diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/data/facility_grade_mappings.json b/kalite/ab_testing/data/facility_grade_mappings.json deleted file mode 100644 index 4fe7984b2c..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/data/facility_grade_mappings.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -{ - "80dec4f5": 4, - "30ce6a38": 6, - "098b9e64": 5, - "0a87a43d": 6, - "0ac82014": 4, - "0dfa0174": 5, - "0ece8d0d": 5, - "0f8c3fb5": 5, - "138f7c9e": 6, - "140d6b9c": 6, - "1ff41bca": 4, - "201474cd": 6, - "2d593e55": 6, - "2e5d2c37": 5, - "2e907643": 6, - "4765a3ca": 6, - "476a3555": 6, - "4e8a6196": 5, - "562e1dca": 5, - "5ff29c64": 5, - "700777bb": 4, - "80dec4f5": 4, - "8b265bd1": 5, - "9274d145": 5, - "92a69971": 4, - "99ca838e": 4, - "a49b4c79": 6, - "a69f9e12": 5, - "a96349e9": 6, - "af04edca": 5, - "b55b8939": 5, - "c038b8db": 5, - "c08551cf": 5, - "c1882efd": 4, - "c2b99d05": 6, - "c65a2349": 4, - "c9ed776e": 6, - "d7de949b": 5, - "d86dbcac": 4, - "dcb5382b": 4, - "e836259d": 5, - "ea4507fa": 4, - "ed3b1063": 4, - "ee75e317": 5, - "f0edd032": 5, - "f9446815": 5, - "facility1": 4, - "facility2": 5, - "facility3": 6, - "Test" : 1, - "test-facility-grade4-input": 4, - "test-facility-grade4-output": 4, - "test-facility-grade5-input": 5, - "test-facility-grade5-output": 5, - "test-facility-grade6-input": 6, - "test-facility-grade6-output": 6 -} diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/data/facility_unit_mappings.json b/kalite/ab_testing/data/facility_unit_mappings.json deleted file mode 100644 index 97bd04e396..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/data/facility_unit_mappings.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,349 +0,0 @@ -{ - "80dec4f5": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "30ce6a38": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "098b9e64": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "0a87a43d": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "0ac82014": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "0dfa0174": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "0ece8d0d": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "0f8c3fb5": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "138f7c9e": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "140d6b9c": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "1ff41bca": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "201474cd": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "2d593e55": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "2e5d2c37": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "2e907643": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "4765a3ca": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "476a3555": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "4e8a6196": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "562e1dca": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "5ff29c64": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "700777bb": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "80dec4f5": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "8b265bd1": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "9274d145": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "92a69971": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "99ca838e": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "a49b4c79": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "a69f9e12": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "a96349e9": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "af04edca": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "b55b8939": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "c038b8db": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "c08551cf": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "c1882efd": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "c2b99d05": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "c65a2349": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "c9ed776e": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "d7de949b": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "d86dbcac": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "dcb5382b": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "e836259d": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "ea4507fa": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "ed3b1063": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "ee75e317": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - "f0edd032": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - "f9446815": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - - "facility1": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_control", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - - "facility2": { - "101": "nalanda_control", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - - "facility3": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_control", - "104": "nalanda_control" - }, - - "Test": { - "101": "testing", - "102": "testing", - "103": "testing", - "104": "testing" - }, - - "test-facility-grade4-input": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - - "test-facility-grade4-output": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - - "test-facility-grade5-input": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - - "test-facility-grade5-output": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - }, - - "test-facility-grade6-input": { - "101": "nalanda_input", - "102": "nalanda_input", - "103": "nalanda_input", - "104": "nalanda_input" - }, - - "test-facility-grade6-output": { - "101": "nalanda_output", - "102": "nalanda_output", - "103": "nalanda_output", - "104": "nalanda_output" - } - -} diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/data/groups.py b/kalite/ab_testing/data/groups.py deleted file mode 100644 index 7fdae34296..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/data/groups.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -import json -import os - -with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "facility_unit_mappings.json")) as f: - CONDITION_BY_FACILITY_AND_UNIT = json.load(f) - -with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "facility_grade_mappings.json")) as f: - GRADE_BY_FACILITY = json.load(f) - -def get_condition_by_facility_and_unit(facility, unit): - return CONDITION_BY_FACILITY_AND_UNIT.get(facility.id, CONDITION_BY_FACILITY_AND_UNIT.get(facility.name, CONDITION_BY_FACILITY_AND_UNIT.get(facility.id[0:8], {}))).get(str(unit), "") - -def get_grade_by_facility(facility): - return GRADE_BY_FACILITY.get(facility.id, GRADE_BY_FACILITY.get(facility.name, GRADE_BY_FACILITY.get(facility.id[0:8], 0))) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/dynamic_assets.py b/kalite/ab_testing/dynamic_assets.py deleted file mode 100644 index 09ba94b2b3..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/dynamic_assets.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,44 +0,0 @@ -from django.conf import settings - -from .data.groups import get_condition_by_facility_and_unit, get_grade_by_facility -from .data.conditions import CONDITION_SETTINGS - -from kalite.student_testing.utils import get_current_unit_settings_value -from kalite.dynamic_assets import DynamicSettingsBase, fields - -class DynamicSettings(DynamicSettingsBase): - student_grade_level = fields.IntegerField(default=0) - unit = fields.IntegerField(default=1) - is_config_package_nalanda = fields.BooleanField(default="nalanda" in settings.CONFIG_PACKAGE) - - -# modify ds in-place. Use when you're modifying ds rather than defining new dynamic settings -def modify_dynamic_settings(ds, request=None, user=None): - - user = user or request.session.get('facility_user') - - if user and not user.is_teacher: - - # determine the facility and unit for the current user - facility = user.facility - unit = get_current_unit_settings_value(facility.id) - - # look up what condition the user is currently assigned to - condition = get_condition_by_facility_and_unit(facility, unit) - - # Set grade level on students to enable dynamic checking of student playlists within a unit. - # TODO (richard): (doge) Much hardcode. Such hack. So get rid. Wow. - ds["ab_testing"].student_grade_level = get_grade_by_facility(facility) - ds["ab_testing"].unit = unit - - # load the settings associated with the user's current condition - new_settings = CONDITION_SETTINGS.get(condition, {}) - - # merge the settings into the distributed settings (ds) object - for key, value in new_settings.items(): - namespace, setting = key.split(".") - if namespace not in ds: - raise Exception("Could not modify setting '%s': the '%s' app has not defined a dynamic_assets.py file containing DynamicSettings." % (key, namespace)) - if not hasattr(ds[namespace], setting): - raise Exception("Could not modify setting '%s': no such setting defined in the '%s' app's DynamicSettings." % (key, namespace)) - setattr(ds[namespace], setting, value) diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/management/commands/read_facility_conditions.py b/kalite/ab_testing/management/commands/read_facility_conditions.py deleted file mode 100644 index d1ac5efb1c..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/management/commands/read_facility_conditions.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,61 +0,0 @@ -import csv -import json -import os - -from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError - - -class Command(BaseCommand): - requires_model_validation = False - - def handle(self, *args, **options): - - assert len(args) == 1, "There must be exactly one argument, the csv of with the facility to condition mapping to add" - - csvfile = args[0] - if not os.path.exists(csvfile): - raise CommandError("CSV file %s should exist!" % csvfile) - - with open(csvfile) as f: - # iterfile = iter(f.readline, "") - reader = csv.DictReader(f, delimiter="\t") - - facility_unit_mappings = {} - facility_grade_mappings = {} - - for row in reader: - facility = {} - facility["101"] = row["unit_1"] - facility["102"] = row["unit_2"] - facility["103"] = row["unit_3"] - facility["104"] = row["unit_4"] - - id = row["facility_id"] - facility_unit_mappings[id] = facility - facility_grade_mappings[id] = row["grade"] - - savedir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), - "..", - "..", - "data" - ) - - facility_unit_mappings_file = os.path.join( - savedir, - "facility_unit_mappings.json" - ) - - facility_grade_mappings_file = os.path.join( - savedir, - "facility_grade_mappings.json" - ) - - with open(facility_unit_mappings_file, "w") as f: - json.dump(facility_unit_mappings, f, - sort_keys=True, - indent=4) - - with open(facility_grade_mappings_file, "w") as f: - json.dump(facility_grade_mappings, f, - sort_keys=True, - indent=4) diff --git a/kalite/ab_testing/tests.py b/kalite/ab_testing/tests.py deleted file mode 100644 index 501deb776c..0000000000 --- a/kalite/ab_testing/tests.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -""" -This file demonstrates writing tests using the unittest module. These will pass -when you run "manage.py test". - -Replace this with more appropriate tests for your application. -""" - -from django.test import TestCase - - -class SimpleTest(TestCase): - def test_basic_addition(self): - """ - Tests that 1 + 1 always equals 2. - """ - self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 2) diff --git a/kalite/basetests/tests.py b/kalite/basetests/tests.py index 1ac967def7..80edec10ca 100644 --- a/kalite/basetests/tests.py +++ b/kalite/basetests/tests.py @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class DependenciesTests(unittest2.TestCase): DJANGO_VERSION_STR = "1.5.1.final.0" DJANGO_HOST = '127.0.0.1' - DJANGO_PRODUCTION_PORT = getattr(settings, "PRODUCTION_PORT", 8008) + DJANGO_PRODUCTION_PORT = getattr(settings, "HTTP_PORT", 8008) PSUTIL_MIN_VERSION = "2.0" @@ -159,33 +159,6 @@ def test_sqlite_path_is_writable(self): self._pass(msg='%s set to "%s" when running tests...' % (msg, self.SQLITE_ON_MEMORY,)) -class DjangoTests(DependenciesTests): - - def test_django_is_installed(self): - self._log("Testing if Django is installed...") - try: - import django - self._pass() - except ImportError: - self._fail() - - def test_minimum_python_version(self): - self._log("Testing minimum Python version %s for Django version %s..." % - (self.MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION_STR, self.DJANGO_VERSION_STR,)) - if sys.version_info >= self.MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION: - self._pass() - else: - self._fail(" found version %s instead..." % (_tuple_to_str(sys.version_info),)) - - def test_django_webserver_can_serve_on_port(self): - self._log("Testing if Django can serve on %s..." % self.make_url()) - from kalite.django_cherrypy_wsgiserver.management.commands.runcherrypyserver import port_is_available - result = port_is_available(self.DJANGO_HOST, self.DJANGO_PRODUCTION_PORT) - if not result: - self._fail() - self._pass() - - class PackagesTests(DependenciesTests): """ TODO(cpauya): We can improve this with version checks like how pip does @@ -253,31 +226,6 @@ def test_apps_are_importable(self): else: self._pass("\n...Result: all apps can be imported...") - def test_required_packages_and_versions(self): - # Don't do this, we are cleaning up dependency management and will - # not need to test things this way anymore - return - try: - self._log("Testing required Python packages and their versions...") - fail_count = 0 - - for package, version in sorted(self.PACKAGES.iteritems()): - self._log("\n...importing %s..." % package) - p = __import__(package) - imported_version = self.get_version(p) - self._log("need version %s, found %s..." % (version, imported_version,)) - if self.check_versions_are_equal(version, imported_version): - self._log(" %s" % self.OK) - else: - fail_count += 1 - self._fail(raise_fail=False, end_chars="") - if fail_count > 0: - self._fail("\n...Result: %s required Python package/s failed import..." % fail_count) - else: - self._pass("\n...Result: all required Python packages can be imported...") - except ImportError as exc: - self._fail("Exception: %s" % exc) - def test_psutil(self): """ From `fle_utils.set_process_priority.py`: @@ -303,56 +251,6 @@ def test_psutil(self): self._pass() -class PathsTests(DependenciesTests): - """ - Check that we have access to all paths and files we need read or write access to. - """ - - JSON_FILES = ("channel_data.json", "contents.json", "exercises.json", - "topic_hierarchy.json", "topics.json",) - - def test_content_path(self): - content_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(PROJECT_PATH, "content")) - msg = 'Testing write access to content folder "%s"...' % content_path - self.check_path(content_path, os.W_OK, msg=msg) - - def test_data_path(self): - khan_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(PROJECT_PATH, "data", "khan")) - msg = 'Testing read-only access to data folder "%s"...' % khan_path - self.check_path(khan_path, os.R_OK, msg=msg) - - def test_json_path(self): - khan_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(PROJECT_PATH, "data", "khan")) - msg = 'Testing access to and format of json files at "%s"...' % khan_path - self._log(msg) - fail_count = 0 - for json_file in self.JSON_FILES: - json_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(khan_path, json_file)) + '' - msg = '\n...checking access to "%s"...' % json_path - if not self.check_path(json_path, os.R_OK, msg=msg, raise_fail=False, end_chars=""): - fail_count += 1 - else: - # Attempt to load .json file to validate format. - # TODO(cpauya): Check if .json file is large to prevent delays. - self._log("\n......loading json file...") - json_content = softload_json(json_path, default=None) - if json_content is None: - msg = "file has invalid json format or is empty..." - self._fail(msg, raise_fail=False, end_chars="") - fail_count += 1 - else: - self._pass(end_chars="") - if fail_count > 0: - self._fail("\n...Result: %s json file/s failed test..." % fail_count) - else: - self._pass("\n...Result: all json file/s are ok...") - - def test_scripts_path(self): - scripts_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(PROJECT_PATH, "scripts")) - msg = 'Testing execute access for the scripts folder "%s"...' % scripts_path - self.check_path(scripts_path, os.X_OK, msg=msg) - - # NOTE: Enable these if we want to run the tests in specified order. # TEST_CASES = (SqliteTests, DjangoTests, PathsTests, PackagesTests) # diff --git a/kalite/caching/__init__.py b/kalite/caching/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index bb0c8f5467..0000000000 --- a/kalite/caching/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -""" -TODO: NOTHING SHOULD BE HERE! It's prohibiting the import of other caching.xxx -modules at load time because it has so many preconditions for loading. - -For now, it means that caching.settings has been copied over to kalite.settings - - -Caching is a critical part of the KA Lite app, in order to speed up server response times. -However, if the server state changes, the cache may need to be invalidated. - -This file exposes functions for clearing, or even pre-generating the cache. -It also implements listeners on some models to determine when the -cache needs to be invalidated. - -For any app implementing cacheable data or writing to the web cache, the app should: -* Implement a CACHE_VARS variable, put cacheable variable values in there. The values will be cleared, - across all apps, by calling invalidate_inmemory_caches -* Call invalidate_web_cache (from fle_utils.internet.webcache) -""" -import os -import glob - -from django.conf import settings; logging = settings.LOG -from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse -from django.test.client import Client - -from fle_utils.internet.webcache import get_web_cache, has_cache_key, expire_page, caching_is_enabled, invalidate_web_cache -from kalite import i18n, topic_tools -from kalite.topic_tools.settings import DO_NOT_RELOAD_CONTENT_CACHE_AT_STARTUP - -def create_cache_entry(path=None, url_name=None, cache=None, force=False): - """Create a cache entry""" - - assert (path or url_name) and not (path and url_name), "Must have path or url_name parameter, but not both" - if not cache: - cache = get_web_cache() - - if not path: - path = reverse(url_name) - if force and has_cache_key(path=path, cache=cache): - expire_page(path=path) - assert not has_cache_key(path=path, cache=cache) - if not has_cache_key(path=path, cache=cache): - Client().get(path) - - if not has_cache_key(path=path, cache=cache): - logging.warn("Did not create cache entry for %s" % path) - - -def invalidate_inmemory_caches(): - """ - Any variables that are invalidated by things like content being added or deleted - should be stored in the module's CACHE_VARS variable and registered here. - - This code clears all of those variables, so they are regenerated from scratch on - the fly, using the new data. - """ - # TODO: loop through all modules and see if a module variable exists, using getattr, - # rather than hard-coding. - for module in (i18n, topic_tools): - for cache_var in getattr(module, "CACHE_VARS", []): - logging.debug("Emptying cache %s.%s" % (module.__name__, cache_var)) - setattr(module, cache_var, None) - - -def invalidate_all_caches(): - """ - Basic entry-point for clearing necessary caches. Most functions can - call in here. - """ - invalidate_inmemory_caches() - if DO_NOT_RELOAD_CONTENT_CACHE_AT_STARTUP: - - # The underlying assumption here is that if generating in memory caches is too onerous a task to conduct - # at every system start up, then it is too onerous a task to conduct during server operation. - # We defer the regeneration of these caches to next system startup, by deleting the existing disk based - # copies of these caches. - # This will prompt the caches to be recreated at next system start up, and the disk based copies to be rewritten. - - for filename in glob.glob(os.path.join(settings.CHANNEL_DATA_PATH, "*.cache")): - os.remove(filename) - else: - initialize_content_caches(force=True) - if caching_is_enabled(): - invalidate_web_cache() - logging.debug("Great success emptying all caches.") - -def initialize_content_caches(force=False): - """ - Catch all function to regenerate any content caches in memory that need annotation - with file availability - """ - for lang in i18n.get_installed_language_packs(force=True).keys(): - logging.info("Preloading exercise data for language {lang}.".format(lang=lang)) - topic_tools.get_exercise_cache(force=force, language=lang) - logging.info("Preloading content data for language {lang}.".format(lang=lang)) - topic_tools.get_content_cache(force=force, annotate=True, language=lang) - logging.info("Preloading topic tree data for language {lang}.".format(lang=lang)) - topic_tools.get_topic_tree(force=force, annotate=True, language=lang) diff --git a/kalite/caching/management/commands/__init__.py b/kalite/caching/management/commands/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29bb2..0000000000 diff --git a/kalite/caching/management/commands/cache.py b/kalite/caching/management/commands/cache.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9a37cc5b63..0000000000 --- a/kalite/caching/management/commands/cache.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -""" -""" -from django.conf import settings; logging = settings.LOG -from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError -from fle_utils.internet.webcache import invalidate_web_cache - -from .... import caching -from kalite import topic_tools - - -class Command(BaseCommand): - - def usage(self, argname): - return """cache - View / manipulate the HTML cache. Pass one arg: - - create - generate any pages that haven't been cached already - refresh - regenerate all pages - show - show a list of urls that are currently in the cache - clear - remove all items from the cache""" - - - def handle(self, *args, **options): - - if settings.CACHE_TIME == 0: - raise CommandError("caching is turned off (CACHE_TIME is zero or none)") - elif len(args)<1: - raise CommandError("No command specified.") - cmd = args[0].lower() - - if cmd in ["create", "recreate", "refresh"]: - self.create_cache(force=(cmd in ["recreate", "refresh"])) - elif cmd in ["show", "check"]: - self.show_cache() - elif cmd in ["clear", "delete"]: - self.clear_cache() - elif cmd in ["clearweb"]: - self.clear_web_cache() - else: - raise CommandError("Unknown option: %s" % cmd) - - - def create_cache(self, force=False): - for node_type in ['Topic', 'Content', 'Exercise']: - self.stdout.write("Caching %ss:\n" % node_type) - for narr in topic_tools.get_node_cache(node_type).values(): - for n in narr: - self.create_page_cache(path=n["path"], force=force) - - - def create_page_cache(self, path, force=False): - """Go through each cacheable page, and either: - (a) Cache each page that is not - or - (b) Kill and regenerate each page""" - - if force: - if caching.has_cache_key(path=path): - caching.expire_page(path=path) - self.stdout.write("[Redo]\t%s\n" % path) - else: - self.stdout.write("[Miss]\t%s\n" % path) - caching.create_cache_entry(path=path) - - else: - if not caching.has_cache_key(path=path): - caching.create_cache_entry(path=path) - self.stdout.write("[Miss]\t%s\n" % path) - - if not caching.has_cache_key(path=path): - # should never get here! - self.stdout.write("%s%s\n" % ("?"*10, path)) - - def show_cache(self, force=False): - """Go through each cacheable page, and show which are cached and which are NOT""" - - for node_type in ['Topic', 'Content', 'Exercise']: - self.stdout.write("Cached %ss:\n" % node_type) - for narr in topic_tools.get_node_cache(node_type).values(): - for n in narr: - if caching.has_cache_key(path=n["path"]): - self.stdout.write("\t%s\n" % n["path"]) - - - def clear_web_cache(self): - invalidate_web_cache() - logging.info("Cleared the web cache.") - - - def clear_cache(self): - """Go through each cacheable page, and show which are cached and which are NOT""" - - for node_type in ['Topic', 'Content', 'Exercise']: - self.stdout.write("Clearing %ss:\n" % node_type) - for narr in topic_tools.get_node_cache(node_type).values(): - for n in narr: - if caching.has_cache_key(path=n["path"]): - self.stdout.write("\t%s\n" % n["path"]) - caching.expire_page(path=n["path"]) diff --git a/kalite/caching/tests/__init__.py b/kalite/caching/tests/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index d20c8e5c1e..0000000000 --- a/kalite/caching/tests/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -from cache_tests import * diff --git a/kalite/caching/tests/cache_tests.py b/kalite/caching/tests/cache_tests.py deleted file mode 100755 index 6dcb3f018b..0000000000 --- a/kalite/caching/tests/cache_tests.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -""" -Test the topic-tree caching code (but only if caching is enabled in settings) -""" -import random -import requests -import urllib - -from django.conf import settings; logging = settings.LOG -from django.test.client import Client -from django.utils import unittest - -from .. import caching -from kalite.testing.base import KALiteTestCase -from kalite.topic_tools import get_content_cache - - -class CachingTest(KALiteTestCase): - content_cache = get_content_cache() diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/api_resources.py b/kalite/coachreports/api_resources.py index 0afb82b08c..5847c1f43c 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/api_resources.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/api_resources.py @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class CoachReportBaseResource(Resource): """ - A base resource that houses shared code between the resources we actually use + A base resource that houses shared code between the resources we actually use in the API """ @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class Meta: def get_object_list(self, request): user_id = request.GET.get('user_id') - result = PlaylistProgress.user_progress(user_id=user_id) + result = PlaylistProgress.user_progress(user_id=user_id, language=request.language) return result class PlaylistProgressDetailResource(CoachReportBaseResource): @@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class Meta: def get_object_list(self, request): user_id = request.GET.get("user_id") playlist_id = request.GET.get("playlist_id") - result = PlaylistProgressDetail.user_progress_detail(user_id=user_id, playlist_id=playlist_id) + language = request.language + result = PlaylistProgressDetail.user_progress_detail(user_id=user_id, playlist_id=playlist_id, language=language) if not result: - raise NotFound("User playlist progress details with user ID '%s' and playlist ID '%s' were not found." % (user_id, playlist_id)) + raise NotFound("User playlist progress details with user ID '%s' and playlist ID '%s' were not found." % (user_id, playlist_id)) return result - diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/api_views.py b/kalite/coachreports/api_views.py index dbcdb8f1f4..2642cb584e 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/api_views.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/api_views.py @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ from math import ceil import datetime +import json +from django.conf import settings; logging = settings.LOG from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _ from django.db.models import Q, Sum, Avg @@ -9,7 +11,29 @@ from kalite.main.models import ExerciseLog, VideoLog, ContentLog, AttemptLog, UserLogSummary from kalite.facility.models import FacilityUser from kalite.shared.decorators.auth import require_admin -from kalite.topic_tools import get_topic_leaves, get_exercise_cache, get_content_cache +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_topic_contents, get_topic_nodes, get_leafed_topics, get_content_parents + + +def unique_by_id_and_kind_sort(seq): + """ + Due to the fact that we have duplicate content items for the same content id in our topic tree, as the way that + we have implemented duplication of content across the topic tree. + :param seq: an iterator of content items. + :return: A unique, sorted list of content items. + """ + + seq.sort(key=lambda x: x.get("sort_order", 0)) + seen = {} + result = [] + for item in seq: + marker = item.get("id") + item.get("kind") + + if marker in seen: + continue + seen[marker] = 1 + result.append(item) + return result + def get_learners_from_GET(request): learner_ids = request.GET.getlist("user_id") @@ -23,8 +47,8 @@ def get_learners_from_GET(request): if learner_ids: learner_filter = Q(pk__in=learner_ids) elif group_ids: - if "Ungrouped" in group_ids: - learner_filter = Q(group__pk__in=group_ids) | Q(group__isnull=True) + if "Ungrouped" in group_ids and facility_ids: + learner_filter = (Q(group__pk__in=group_ids) | Q(group__isnull=True)) & Q(facility__pk__in=facility_ids) else: learner_filter = Q(group__pk__in=group_ids) else: @@ -51,7 +75,7 @@ def return_log_type_details(log_type, topic_ids=None): return None id_field = obj_id_field.split("__")[0] if topic_ids: - objects = [obj for topic_id in topic_ids for obj in get_topic_leaves(topic_id=topic_id, leaf_type=log_type.title())] + objects = [obj for topic_id in topic_ids for obj in get_topic_contents(topic_id=topic_id, kinds=[log_type.title()])] obj_ids = {obj_id_field: [obj.get("id") for obj in objects]} else: objects = [] @@ -68,11 +92,11 @@ def learner_logs(request): # Look back a week by default time_window = request.GET.get("time_window", 7) - start_date = request.GET.get("start_date", None) + start_date = request.GET.get("start_date") - end_date = request.GET.get("end_date", None) + end_date = request.GET.get("end_date") - topic_ids = request.GET.getlist("topic_id", []) + topic_ids = json.loads(request.GET.get("topic_ids", "[]")) learners = get_learners_from_GET(request) @@ -100,12 +124,17 @@ def learner_logs(request): topic_objects = log_objects.filter(latest_activity_timestamp__gte=start_date, latest_activity_timestamp__lte=end_date) if topic_objects.count() == 0: topic_objects = log_objects - objects = dict([(obj[id_field], get_content_cache().get(obj[id_field], get_exercise_cache().get(obj[id_field]))) for obj in topic_objects]).values() + # Can return multiple items with same id, due to topic tree redundancy, so make unique by id here. + objects = dict([(item.get("id"), item) for item in get_topic_nodes(ids=[obj[id_field] for obj in topic_objects]) or []]).values() output_objects.extend(objects) output_logs.extend(log_objects) + output_objects = unique_by_id_and_kind_sort(output_objects) + return JsonResponse({ + # All learner log objects for each content item. "logs": output_logs, + # All content items for which logs are being returned. "contents": output_objects, # Sometimes 'learners' gets collapsed to a list from the Queryset. This insures against that eventuality. "learners": [{ @@ -129,11 +158,11 @@ def aggregate_learner_logs(request): # Look back a week by default time_window = request.GET.get("time_window", 7) - start_date = request.GET.get("start_date", None) + start_date = request.GET.get("start_date") - end_date = request.GET.get("end_date", None) + end_date = request.GET.get("end_date") - topic_ids = request.GET.getlist("topic_id", []) + topic_ids = json.loads(request.GET.get("topic_ids", "[]")) log_types = request.GET.getlist("log_type", ["exercise", "video", "content"]) @@ -143,43 +172,75 @@ def aggregate_learner_logs(request): "content_time_spent": 0, "exercise_attempts": 0, "exercise_mastery": None, + "total_in_progress": 0, + "total_complete": 0, + "total_struggling": 0, + "total_not_attempted": 0, + "available_topics": [], } - + end_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(end_date,'%Y/%m/%d') if end_date else datetime.datetime.now() start_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(start_date,'%Y/%m/%d') if start_date else end_date - datetime.timedelta(time_window) + number_content = 0 + + all_object_ids = set() + for log_type in log_types: - LogModel, fields, id_field, obj_ids, objects = return_log_type_details(log_type, topic_ids) + LogModel, fields, id_field, obj_ids, objects = return_log_type_details(log_type, topic_ids) log_objects = LogModel.objects.filter( user__in=learners, latest_activity_timestamp__gte=start_date, latest_activity_timestamp__lte=end_date, **obj_ids).order_by("-latest_activity_timestamp") + number_content += len(set(log_objects.values_list(id_field, flat=True))) if log_type == "video": + output_dict["total_in_progress"] += log_objects.filter(complete=False).count() output_dict["content_time_spent"] += log_objects.aggregate(Sum("total_seconds_watched"))["total_seconds_watched__sum"] or 0 elif log_type == "content": + output_dict["total_in_progress"] += log_objects.filter(complete=False).count() output_dict["content_time_spent"] += log_objects.aggregate(Sum("time_spent"))["time_spent__sum"] or 0 elif log_type == "exercise": + output_dict["total_struggling"] = log_objects.filter(struggling=True).count() + output_dict["total_in_progress"] += log_objects.filter(complete=False, struggling=False).count() output_dict["exercise_attempts"] = AttemptLog.objects.filter(user__in=learners, timestamp__gte=start_date, - timestamp__lte=end_date).count() + timestamp__lte=end_date, **obj_ids).count() if log_objects.aggregate(Avg("streak_progress"))["streak_progress__avg"] is not None: output_dict["exercise_mastery"] = round(log_objects.aggregate(Avg("streak_progress"))["streak_progress__avg"]) output_logs.extend(log_objects) + output_dict["total_complete"] += log_objects.filter(complete=True).count() + object_buffer = LogModel.objects.filter( + user__in=learners, + latest_activity_timestamp__gte=start_date, + latest_activity_timestamp__lte=end_date).values_list(id_field, flat=True) + + if len(object_buffer) > 1: + all_object_ids.update(object_buffer) + elif len(object_buffer) == 1: + all_object_ids.add(object_buffer) + if len(all_object_ids) > 0: + output_dict["available_topics"] = map(lambda x: {"id": x.get("id"), "title": x.get("title")}, get_content_parents(ids=list(all_object_ids))) + output_dict["total_not_attempted"] = number_content*len(learners) - ( + output_dict["total_complete"] + output_dict["total_struggling"] + output_dict["total_in_progress"]) # Report total time in hours output_dict["content_time_spent"] = round(output_dict["content_time_spent"]/3600.0,1) output_logs.sort(key=lambda x: x.latest_activity_timestamp, reverse=True) + + learner_event_objects = dict([(item["id"], item) for item in get_topic_nodes( + ids=[getattr(log, "exercise_id", getattr(log, "video_id", getattr(log, "content_id", ""))) for log in output_logs[:event_limit]], language=request.language) or []]) + output_dict["learner_events"] = [{ "learner": log.user.get_name(), "complete": log.complete, "struggling": getattr(log, "struggling", None), "progress": getattr(log, "streak_progress", getattr(log, "progress", None)), - "content": get_exercise_cache().get(getattr(log, "exercise_id", ""), get_content_cache().get(getattr(log, "video_id", getattr(log, "content_id", "")), {})), + "content": learner_event_objects.get(getattr(log, "exercise_id", getattr(log, "video_id", getattr(log, "content_id", ""))), {}), } for log in output_logs[:event_limit]] output_dict["total_time_logged"] = round((UserLogSummary.objects\ .filter(user__in=learners, start_datetime__gte=start_date, start_datetime__lte=end_date)\ diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/features/environment.py b/kalite/coachreports/features/environment.py index edc97f7cd1..441307f43e 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/features/environment.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/features/environment.py @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ """ environment.py specific to the this app """ -from kalite.testing.base_environment import before_all, after_all, before_feature, after_feature +from kalite.testing.base_environment import * diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/features/steps/coachreports.py b/kalite/coachreports/features/steps/coachreports.py index 0476eb0a59..50159985bb 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/features/steps/coachreports.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/features/steps/coachreports.py @@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ from kalite.main.models import ExerciseLog, AttemptLog -from kalite.topic_tools import get_exercise_cache - from kalite.testing.mixins.facility_mixins import CreateStudentMixin, CreateGroupMixin +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_random_content +from securesync.models import Device + colour_legend = { "light blue": "#C0E7F3", "dark green": "#5AA685", @@ -26,13 +27,13 @@ @given("I am on the coach report") def step_impl(context): - url = reverse("coach_reports") + url = reverse("coach_reports", kwargs={"zone_id": getattr(Device.get_own_device().get_zone(), "id", "None")}) context.browser.get(build_url(context, url)) # TODO(benjaoming) : This takes an awful lot of time to load the first # time it's built because of /api/coachreports/summary/?facility_id # being super slow try: - find_id_with_wait(context, "summary_mainview", wait_time=30) + find_id_with_wait(context, "summary_mainview", wait_time=60) except TimeoutException: raise RuntimeError("Could not find element, this was the DOM:\n\n" + context.browser.execute_script("return document.documentElement.outerHTML")) @@ -81,12 +82,40 @@ def impl(context): @given(u"I am on the tabular report") def impl(context): + create_some_learner_data() context.execute_steps(u""" Given I am on the coach report When I click on the Show Tabular Report button Then I should see the tabular report """) +def create_some_learner_data(): + """ + Just create a lil' bit-o-data of each type, to populate the table. + """ + user = CreateStudentMixin.create_student() + attempt_states = ( # (name, streak_progress, attempt_count) + ("not started", 0, 0), + ("completed", 100, 15), + ("attempted", 50, 10), + ("struggling", 30, 25), + ) + exercises = get_random_content(kinds=["Exercise"], limit=len(attempt_states)) # Important they are *distinct* + for state in attempt_states: + exercise = exercises.pop() + log, created = ExerciseLog.objects.get_or_create(exercise_id=exercise.get("id"), user=user) + if "not started" != state[0]: + log.streak_progress, log.attempts = state[1:] + for i in range(0, log.attempts): + AttemptLog.objects.get_or_create( + exercise_id=exercise.get("id"), + user=user, + seed=i, + timestamp=datetime.datetime.now() + ) + log.latest_activity_timestamp = datetime.datetime.now() + log.save() + @given(u"there are three learners") def impl(context): for f in FacilityUser.objects.all(): @@ -129,7 +158,7 @@ def impl(context, exercise, learner, progress_text, progress_colour): @when(u"I click on the learner name") def impl(context): student_name = find_css_class_with_wait(context, "student-name") - click_and_wait_for_page_load(context, student_name.find_element_by_tag_name("a")) + click_and_wait_for_page_load(context, student_name) @then(u"I should be taken to that exercise within the Learn tab") def impl(context): @@ -164,7 +193,7 @@ def impl(context): # TODO(benjaoming): For whatever reason, we have to wait an awful lot # of time for this to show up because # /api/coachreports/summary/?facility_id=XXX is super slow - find_id_with_wait(context, "show_tabular_report", wait_time=30).click() + find_clickable_id_with_wait(context, "show_tabular_report", wait_time=30).click() @then(u"I should see the list of two groups that I teach") def impl(context): @@ -174,7 +203,7 @@ def impl(context): @then(u"there should be ten exercise columns displayed") def impl(context): find_css_class_with_wait(context, "headrow") - assert len(context.browser.find_elements_by_css_selector(".headrow.data")) == 10 + assert len(context.browser.find_elements_by_css_selector(".headrow.data")) == 10, len(context.browser.find_elements_by_css_selector(".headrow.data")) @when(u"I click on the dropdown button under the Group label") def impl(context): @@ -187,11 +216,11 @@ def impl(context): @given(u"all learners have completed ten exercises") def impl(context): - exercises = random.sample(get_exercise_cache().keys(), 10) + exercises = get_random_content(kinds=["Exercise"], limit=10) for user in FacilityUser.objects.all(): for exercise in exercises: log, created = ExerciseLog.objects.get_or_create( - exercise_id=exercise, + exercise_id=exercise.get("id"), user=user, streak_progress=100, attempts=15, @@ -219,14 +248,15 @@ def impl(context): @when(u"I click on the partial colored cell") def impl(context): - click_and_wait_for_id_to_appear(context, find_css_with_wait(context, "td.partial"), "details-panel-view") + click_and_wait_for_id_to_appear(context, find_css_with_wait(context, "td.partial"), "details-panel-view", + wait_time=30) @then(u"I should see a Hide Tabular Report button") def impl(context): # TODO(benjaoming): For whatever reason, we have to wait an awful lot # of time for this to show up because # /api/coachreports/summary/?facility_id=XXX is super slow - tab_button = find_id_with_wait(context, "show_tabular_report", wait_time=30) + tab_button = find_clickable_id_with_wait(context, "show_tabular_report", wait_time=30) assert tab_button.text == "Hide Tabular Report" @then(u"I should see the tabular report") @@ -241,4 +271,4 @@ def impl(context): @when(u"I click on the completed colored cell") def impl(context): - click_and_wait_for_id_to_appear(context, find_css_with_wait(context, "td.complete[value=subtraction_1]"), "details-panel-view") + click_and_wait_for_id_to_appear(context, find_css_with_wait(context, "td.complete"), "details-panel-view") diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/datepicker.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/datepicker.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index 9f6988b20c..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/datepicker.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ - -
- - → - - -
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/landing.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/landing.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index a876d29cc8..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/landing.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -
-
-

{{ status.facility_name }}{{#if status.group_name }}: {{ status.group_name }}{{/if}}{{#if data.learner_events }}{{/if}}

-
-
-

{{#if start_date}}{{ start_date }}{{#if end_date }} → {{ end_date }}{{/if}}{{else}}{{_ "This week" }}{{/if}}

-
-
-

{{#if data.total_time_logged }}{{ data.total_time_logged }}{{else}}{{_ "N/A" }}{{/if}}

-
-
- {{_ "Total hours logged" }} -
-
-
-
-

{{#if data.exercise_mastery }}{{data.exercise_mastery }} %{{else}}{{_ "N/A" }}{{/if}}

-
-
- {{_ "Average progress in exercises" }} -
-
-
-
-

{{#if data.exercise_attempts }}{{ data.exercise_attempts }}{{else}}{{_ "N/A" }}{{/if}}

-
-
- {{_ "Total exercise attempts" }} -
-
-
-
-

{{#if data.content_time_spent }}{{ data.content_time_spent }} {{_ "Hours" }}{{else}}{{_ "N/A" }}{{/if}}

-
-
- {{_ "Total time spent on content" }} -
-
-
-
- {{#if learners }} -
-

{{_ "Student Activity Feed" }}

-
- - {{#each learners }} - - - - - - - - {{/each }} -
{{ learner }}{{#if struggling }}{{_ "Struggling" }}{{ else }}{{#if complete }}{{_ "Complete" }}{{/if}}{{/if}}{{ exercise.title }}{{ progress }}{{#if complete }} - - {{else}} - - {{/if}}
-
-
-
- {{/if}} -
-
-
-
- - diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/playlist-progress-container.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/playlist-progress-container.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index 013a4026f5..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/playlist-progress-container.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,87 +0,0 @@ -
-
-
-

- {{title}} -

-
-
- {{!-- Videos --}} -
-
-
-
{{#if n_pl_videos}}{{n_pl_videos}}{{/if}}
-
-
-
-
- {{#if vid_pct_complete}} -
- {{vid_pct_complete}}% -
- {{/if}} - {{#if vid_pct_started}} -
- {{vid_pct_started}}% -
- {{/if}} -
-
-
- {{!-- Exercises --}} -
-
-
-
{{#if n_pl_exercises}}{{n_pl_exercises}}{{/if}}
-
-
-
-
- {{#if ex_pct_mastered}} -
- {{ex_pct_mastered}}% -
- {{/if}} - {{#if ex_pct_incomplete}} -
- {{ex_pct_incomplete}}% -
- {{/if}} - {{#if ex_pct_struggling}} -
- {{ex_pct_struggling}}% -
- {{/if}} -
-
-
- {{!-- Quiz --}} - {{#if quiz_exists}} -
-
-
- -
-
-
-
- {{#if quiz_pct_score}} -
- {{quiz_pct_score}}% -
- {{/if}} -
-
-
- {{/if}} -
-
- -
-
-
-
- -
-
-
diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/playlist-progress-details.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/playlist-progress-details.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index 4cb4ccc3ca..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/playlist-progress-details.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -{{#each data}} -
- -
{{!-- Close starting div --}} -
-
- {{attributes.title}} -
-{{/each}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/student-progress-container.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/student-progress-container.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index f6c8d84d70..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/student_progress/student-progress-container.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2 +0,0 @@ -

{{_ "Progress report" }}

-
diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/tabular_reports/tabular-view-row.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/tabular_reports/tabular-view-row.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index 214940b1aa..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/tabular_reports/tabular-view-row.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ - - -
- {{#ifcond first_name "||" last_name }}{{ first_name }}
{{last_name}}{{else}}{{username}}{{/ifcond}} -
- - diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/tabular_reports/tabular-view.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/tabular_reports/tabular-view.handlebars deleted file mode 100644 index bc1e27e96d..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/tabular_reports/tabular-view.handlebars +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -
-
- -
    -
  • {{_ "In Progress" }}
    • -
  • {{_ "Completed" }}
    • -
  • {{_ "Struggling" }}
    • -
  • {{_ "Not Attempted" }}
    • -
-
-
-
-
- {{#if learners}} -
-
- - - - - {{#each contents}} - - {{/each}} - - - - -
- {{_ "Learner"}} - - -
-
-
-
-
- {{/if}} -
-
- diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/management/commands/generaterealdata.py b/kalite/coachreports/management/commands/generaterealdata.py index 0a699298b9..922f6aafb2 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/management/commands/generaterealdata.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/management/commands/generaterealdata.py @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ from fle_utils.general import datediff from kalite.facility.models import Facility, FacilityUser, FacilityGroup from kalite.main.models import ExerciseLog, VideoLog, UserLog, AttemptLog -from kalite.topic_tools import get_topic_videos, get_topic_exercises, get_content_cache +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_topic_contents firstnames = ["Vuzy", "Liz", "Ben", "Richard", "Kwame", "Jamie", "Alison", "Nadia", "Zenab", "Guan", "Dylan", "Vicky", @@ -130,7 +130,8 @@ def generate_fake_facility_groups(names=("Class 4E", "Class 5B"), facilities=Non return (facility_groups, facilities) -def generate_fake_facility_users(nusers=20, facilities=None, facility_groups=None, password="hellothere"): +def generate_fake_facility_users(nusers=20, facilities=None, facility_groups=None, password="hellothere", + is_teacher=False): """Add the given fake facility users to each of the given fake facilities. If no facilities are given, they are created.""" @@ -153,7 +154,8 @@ def generate_fake_facility_users(nusers=20, facilities=None, facility_groups=Non try: facility_user = FacilityUser.objects.get(facility=facility, username=user_data["username"]) - facility_user.group = facility_group + facility_user.group = facility_group if not is_teacher else None + facility_user.is_teacher = is_teacher facility_user.save() logging.info("Retrieved facility user '%s/%s'" % (facility.name, user_data["username"])) except FacilityUser.DoesNotExist as e: @@ -165,7 +167,8 @@ def generate_fake_facility_users(nusers=20, facilities=None, facility_groups=Non first_name=user_data["first_name"], last_name=user_data["last_name"], notes=notes, - group=facility_group, + group=facility_group if not is_teacher else None, + is_teacher=is_teacher, ) facility_user.set_password(password) # set same password for every user try: @@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ def generate_fake_exercise_logs(facility_user=None, topics=topics, start_date=da for topic in topics: # Get all exercises related to the topic - exercises = get_topic_exercises(topic_id=topic) + exercises = get_topic_contents(topic_id=topic, kinds=["Exercise"]) # Problem: # Not realistic for students to have lots of unfinished exercises. @@ -329,13 +332,10 @@ def generate_fake_video_logs(facility_user=None, topics=topics, start_date=datet date_diff_started = datetime.timedelta(seconds=datediff(date_diff, units="seconds") * user_settings["time_in_program"]) # when this user started in the program, relative to NOW - # contains the video duration key - video_cache = get_content_cache() - for topic in topics: - videos = get_topic_videos(topic_id=topic) + videos = get_topic_contents(topic_id=topic, kinds=["Video"]) - exercises = get_topic_exercises(topic_id=topic) + exercises = get_topic_contents(topic_id=topic, kinds=["Exercise"]) exercise_ids = [ex["id"] if "id" in ex else ex['name'] for ex in exercises] exercise_logs = ExerciseLog.objects.filter(user=facility_user, id__in=exercise_ids) @@ -374,13 +374,9 @@ def generate_fake_video_logs(facility_user=None, topics=topics, start_date=datet else: # Slower students will use videos more. Effort also important. pct_completed = 100. * min(1., sqrt(random.random() * sqrt(user_settings["effort_level"] * user_settings["time_in_program"] / sqrt(user_settings["speed_of_learning"])))) - # get the video duration on the video cache + # get the video duration on the video video_id = video.get("id", "") - video_duration = 0 - if video_id and video_cache: - video_item = video_cache.get(video_id, None) - if video_item: - video_duration = video_item.get("duration", 0) + video_duration = video.get("duration", 0) # Compute quantities based on sample total_seconds_watched = int(video_duration * pct_completed / 100.) @@ -480,23 +476,56 @@ class Command(BaseCommand): option_list = BaseCommand.option_list + ( make_option('-t', '--transaction', - action='store_true', - dest='in_transaction', - default=True, - help='Create all objects in a single transaction', - metavar="TRANSACTION"), + action='store_true', + dest='in_transaction', + default=True, + help='Create all objects in a single transaction', + metavar="TRANSACTION"), + make_option('--scenario-1', + action='store_true', + dest='scenario_1', + default=False, + help="Creates:\n2 Facilities\n3 Coaches per facility\n10 distinct students per facility\nVarious " + "video and exercise logs for each student, with a specifiable time range no later than the " + "current time, and extending back 1 week") ) def handle(self, *args, **options): if settings.CENTRAL_SERVER: raise CommandError("Don't run this on the central server!! Data not linked to any zone on the central server is BAD.") + handler = self.choose_handler(*args, **options) + if options["in_transaction"]: with transaction.commit_on_success(): - self.handle_stuff(*args, **options) + handler(*args, **options) else: - self.handle_stuff(*args, **options) + handler(*args, **options) + def choose_handler(self, *args, **options): + if options.get("scenario_1"): + return self.handle_scenario_1 + else: + return self.handle_stuff + + def handle_scenario_1(self, *args, **options): + """ + Creates: + * 2 Facilities + * 3 Coaches per facility + * 10 distinct students per facility + * Various video and exercise logs for each student, with a specifiable time range no later than the current + time, and extending back 1 week + """ + facilities = generate_fake_facilities(["Facility One", "Facility Dos"]) + start_date = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=7) + for i, fac in enumerate(facilities): + groups, _ = generate_fake_facility_groups(names=["Group Alpha %s" % i], facilities=[fac]) + coaches, _, _ = generate_fake_facility_users(nusers=3, facilities=[fac], facility_groups=groups, + is_teacher=True) + learners, _, _ = generate_fake_facility_users(nusers=10, facilities=[fac], facility_groups=groups) + generate_fake_exercise_logs(facility_user=learners, start_date=start_date) + generate_fake_video_logs(facility_user=learners, start_date=start_date) def handle_stuff(self, *args, **options): # First arg is the type of data to generate diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/models.py b/kalite/coachreports/models.py index 7aa86d8897..d88cc77ae3 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/models.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/models.py @@ -1,13 +1,16 @@ """Classes used by the student progress tastypie API""" import json +from fle_utils.config.models import Settings +from django.conf import settings from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse, NoReverseMatch from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist +from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _ from kalite.facility.models import FacilityUser from kalite.main.models import ExerciseLog, VideoLog -from kalite.playlist.models import QuizLog -from kalite.topic_tools import get_id2slug_map, get_leafed_topics, get_content_cache, get_exercise_cache, get_node_cache +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_topic_node, get_content_parents, get_topic_contents, get_content_item, get_topic_nodes + class PlaylistProgressParent: """Parent class for helpful class methods""" @@ -15,10 +18,9 @@ class PlaylistProgressParent: @classmethod def get_playlist_entry_ids(cls, playlist): """Return a tuple of the playlist's video ids and exercise ids as sets""" - playlist_entries = playlist.get("children") - topic_cache = get_node_cache()["Topic"] - pl_video_ids = set([id for id in playlist_entries if topic_cache.get(id).get("kind") == "Video"]) - pl_exercise_ids = set([id for id in playlist_entries if topic_cache.get(id).get("kind") == "Exercise"]) + items = get_topic_contents(topic_id=playlist.get("id")) + pl_video_ids = set([item.get("id") for item in items if item.get("kind") == "Video"]) + pl_exercise_ids = set([item.get("id") for item in items if item.get("kind") == "Exercise"]) return (pl_video_ids, pl_exercise_ids) @classmethod @@ -36,20 +38,6 @@ def get_user_logs(cls, user, pl_video_ids=None, pl_exercise_ids=None): return (user_vid_logs, user_ex_logs) - @classmethod - def get_quiz_log(cls, user, playlist_entries, playlist_id): - exists = True if [entry for entry in playlist_entries if entry.get("entity_kind") == "Quiz"] else False - try: - quiz = QuizLog.objects.get(user=user, quiz=playlist_id) - except ObjectDoesNotExist: - quiz = None - - if quiz: - score = int(float(json.loads(quiz.response_log)[quiz.attempts-1]) / float(quiz.total_number) * 100) - else: - score = 0 - - return (exists, quiz, score) class PlaylistProgress(PlaylistProgressParent): """Users progress on playlists""" @@ -59,27 +47,24 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs): setattr(self, k, v) @classmethod - def user_progress(cls, user_id): + def user_progress(cls, user_id, language=None): """ Return a list of PlaylistProgress objects associated with the user. """ + + if not language: + language = Settings.get("default_language") or settings.LANGUAGE_CODE + user = FacilityUser.objects.get(id=user_id) - all_playlists = get_leafed_topics() # Retrieve video, exercise, and quiz logs that appear in this playlist user_vid_logs, user_ex_logs = cls.get_user_logs(user) - exercise_ids = set([ex_log["exercise_id"] for ex_log in user_ex_logs]) - video_ids = set([get_id2slug_map().get(vid_log["video_id"]) for vid_log in user_vid_logs]) - # quiz_log_ids = [ql_id["quiz"] for ql_id in QuizLog.objects.filter(user=user).values("quiz")] - # Build a list of playlists for which the user has at least one data point - user_playlists = list() - for p in all_playlists: - for e_id in p.get("children"): + exercise_ids = list(set([ex_log["exercise_id"] for ex_log in user_ex_logs])) + video_ids = list(set([vid_log["video_id"] for vid_log in user_vid_logs])) - if e_id in exercise_ids or e_id in video_ids: - user_playlists.append(p) - break + # Build a list of playlists for which the user has at least one data point + user_playlists = get_content_parents(ids=exercise_ids+video_ids) # Store stats for each playlist user_progress = list() @@ -110,9 +95,9 @@ def user_progress(cls, user_id): n_ex_started = len([ex for ex in pl_ex_logs if ex["attempts"] > 0]) n_ex_incomplete = len([ex for ex in pl_ex_logs if (ex["attempts"] > 0 and not ex["complete"])]) n_ex_struggling = len([ex for ex in pl_ex_logs if ex["struggling"]]) - ex_pct_mastered = int(float(n_ex_mastered) / n_pl_exercises * 100) - ex_pct_incomplete = int(float(n_ex_incomplete) / n_pl_exercises * 100) - ex_pct_struggling = int(float(n_ex_struggling) / n_pl_exercises * 100) + ex_pct_mastered = int(float(n_ex_mastered) / (n_pl_exercises or 1) * 100) + ex_pct_incomplete = int(float(n_ex_incomplete) / (n_pl_exercises or 1) * 100) + ex_pct_struggling = int(float(n_ex_struggling) / (n_pl_exercises or 1) * 100) if not n_ex_started: ex_status = "notstarted" elif ex_pct_struggling > 0: @@ -124,20 +109,6 @@ def user_progress(cls, user_id): else: ex_status = "complete" - # Oh Quizzes, we hardly knew ye! - # TODO (rtibbles): Sort out the status of Quizzes, and either reinstate them or remove them. - # Compute quiz stats - # quiz_exists, quiz_log, quiz_pct_score = cls.get_quiz_log(user, (p.get("entries") or p.get("children")), p.get("id")) - # if quiz_log: - # if quiz_pct_score <= 50: - # quiz_status = "struggling" - # elif quiz_pct_score <= 79: - # quiz_status = "borderline" - # else: - # quiz_status = "complete" - # else: - # quiz_status = "notstarted" - progress = { "title": p.get("title"), "id": p.get("id"), @@ -149,9 +120,6 @@ def user_progress(cls, user_id): "ex_pct_incomplete": ex_pct_incomplete, "ex_pct_struggling": ex_pct_struggling, "ex_status": ex_status, - # "quiz_status": quiz_status, - # "quiz_exists": quiz_exists, - # "quiz_pct_score": quiz_pct_score, "n_pl_videos": n_pl_videos, "n_pl_exercises": n_pl_exercises, } @@ -177,53 +145,29 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs): self.path = kwargs.get("path") @classmethod - def create_empty_entry(cls, entity_id, kind, playlist): - if kind != "Quiz": - if kind == "Video": - topic_node = get_content_cache().get(entity_id) - elif kind == "Exercise": - topic_node = get_exercise_cache().get(entity_id) - title = topic_node["title"] - path = topic_node["path"] - else: - title = playlist["title"] - path = "" - entry = { - "id": entity_id, - "kind": kind, - "status": "notstarted", - "score": 0, - "title": title, - "path": path, - } - - return entry - - @classmethod - def user_progress_detail(cls, user_id, playlist_id): + def user_progress_detail(cls, user_id, playlist_id, language=None): """ Return a list of video, exercise, and quiz log PlaylistProgressDetail objects associated with a specific user and playlist ID. """ user = FacilityUser.objects.get(id=user_id) - playlist = next((pl for pl in get_leafed_topics() if pl.get("id") == playlist_id), None) + playlist = get_topic_node(content_id=playlist_id) pl_video_ids, pl_exercise_ids = cls.get_playlist_entry_ids(playlist) # Retrieve video, exercise, and quiz logs that appear in this playlist user_vid_logs, user_ex_logs = cls.get_user_logs(user, pl_video_ids, pl_exercise_ids) - # Format & append quiz the quiz log, if it exists - # quiz_exists, quiz_log, quiz_pct_score = cls.get_quiz_log(user, (playlist.get("entries") or playlist.get("children")), playlist.get("id")) - # Finally, sort an ordered list of the playlist entries, with user progress # injected where it exists. progress_details = list() - for entity_id in playlist.get("children"): - entry = {} - leaf_node = get_content_cache().get(entity_id, get_exercise_cache().get(entity_id, {})) + for leaf_node in get_topic_nodes(parent=playlist_id): + entity_id = leaf_node.get("id") kind = leaf_node.get("kind") + status = "notstarted" + score = 0 + if kind == "Video": vid_log = next((vid_log for vid_log in user_vid_logs if vid_log["video_id"] == entity_id), None) if vid_log: @@ -231,17 +175,8 @@ def user_progress_detail(cls, user_id, playlist_id): status = "complete" elif vid_log.get("total_seconds_watched"): status = "inprogress" - else: - status = "notstarted" - - entry = { - "id": entity_id, - "kind": kind, - "status": status, - "score": int(float(vid_log.get("points")) / float(750) * 100), - "title": leaf_node["title"], - "path": leaf_node["path"], - } + + score = int(float(vid_log.get("points")) / float(750) * 100) elif kind == "Exercise": ex_log = next((ex_log for ex_log in user_ex_logs if ex_log["exercise_id"] == entity_id), None) @@ -253,48 +188,15 @@ def user_progress_detail(cls, user_id, playlist_id): elif ex_log.get("attempts"): status = "inprogress" - entry = { - "id": entity_id, - "kind": kind, - "status": status, - "score": ex_log.get("streak_progress"), - "title": leaf_node["title"], - "path": leaf_node["path"], - } - - # Oh Quizzes, we hardly knew ye! - # TODO (rtibbles): Sort out the status of Quizzes, and either reinstate them or remove them. - # Quizzes were introduced to provide a way of practicing multiple types of exercise at once - # However, there is currently no way to access them, and the manner for generating them (from the now deprecated Playlist models) is inaccessible - # elif kind == "Quiz": - # entity_id = playlist["id"] - # if quiz_log: - # if quiz_log.complete: - # if quiz_pct_score <= 59: - # status = "fail" - # elif quiz_pct_score <= 79: - # status = "borderline" - # else: - # status = "pass" - # elif quiz_log.attempts: - # status = "inprogress" - # else: - # status = "notstarted" - - # quiz_log_id = quiz_log.quiz - - # entry = { - # "id": quiz_log_id, - # "kind": "Quiz", - # "status": status, - # "score": quiz_pct_score, - # "title": playlist.get("title"), - # "path": "", - # } - - if not entry: - entry = cls.create_empty_entry(entity_id, kind, playlist) - - progress_details.append(cls(**entry)) + score = ex_log.get('streak_progress') + + progress_details.append(PlaylistProgressDetail( + id=entity_id, + title=leaf_node["title"], + kind=kind, + status=status, + score=score, + path=leaf_node["path"] + )) return progress_details diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/base.css b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/base.css deleted file mode 100644 index c6bd2b517f..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/base.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -.container-margin-bottom { - margin-bottom: 50px; -} - -.table.details-table { - width: inherit; -} - -.detail-tab.correct, -.detail-tab.correct a, -.detail-tab.correct.active a { - color: #669966 !important; -} - -.detail-tab.incorrect, -.detail-tab.incorrect a, -.detail-tab.incorrect.active a { - color: #FD795B !important; /*red*/ -} -.detail-tab.incorrect a, -.detail-tab.incorrect.active a { - font-weight: bold; -} - -.coach-reports-row { - border-bottom: 3px solid #5AA685; - padding: 20px 0; - margin-bottom: 3%; - max-width: 95%; -} - -#display-topic-report { - margin-top: 22px; -} - -#display-coach-report { - margin-top: 20px; - margin-left: 16px; -} - -#display-topic-report { - margin-top: 35px; - margin-left: 16px; -} - -@media (min-width: 768px) { - #display-coach-report { - margin-top: 35px; - margin-left: 10px; - } - - #display-topic-report { - margin-top: 35px; - margin-left: 0px; - } -} - -.subtitle { - font-size: 1.15em; - font-weight: bold; -} - -.mastered { - background-color: #669966; - } -.inprogress { - background-color: #B1DDF3; - } -.struggling { - background-color: #FD795B; - } - diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/base.less b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/base.less new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8a594590fc --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/base.less @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +@import "../../../../distributed/static/css/distributed/kalite-base.less"; + +.container-margin-bottom { + margin-bottom: 50px; +} + +.table.details-table { + width: inherit; +} + +.detail-tab.correct, +.detail-tab.correct a, +.detail-tab.correct.active a { + color: #669966 !important; +} + +.detail-tab.incorrect, +.detail-tab.incorrect a, +.detail-tab.incorrect.active a { + color: #FD795B !important; /*red*/ +} +.detail-tab.incorrect a, +.detail-tab.incorrect.active a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +.coach-reports-row { + border-bottom: 3px solid @k-accent-color; + padding: 20px 0; + margin-bottom: 3%; + max-width: 95%; +} + +#display-topic-report { + margin-top: 22px; +} + +#display-coach-report { + margin-top: 20px; + margin-left: 16px; +} + +#display-topic-report { + margin-top: 35px; + margin-left: 16px; +} + +@media (min-width: 768px) { + #display-coach-report { + margin-top: 35px; + margin-left: 10px; + } + + #display-topic-report { + margin-top: 35px; + margin-left: 0px; + } +} + +.subtitle { + font-size: 1.15em; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.mastered { + background-color: #669966; + } +.inprogress { + background-color: #B1DDF3; + } +.struggling { + background-color: #FD795B; + } + +@import "./tabular_view.less"; +@import "./events_view.less"; +@import "./landing_view.less"; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/events_view.css b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/events_view.css deleted file mode 100644 index d368e31d18..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/events_view.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -/* overriding the nav tabs of bootstrap-overrides.css for the detailed events panel */ -.tab-content > .tab-pane, -.pill-content > .pill-pane { - display: none; -} -.tab-content > .active, -.pill-content > .active { - display: block; -} -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li { - float: none; -} -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a { - min-width: 74px; - margin-right: 0; - margin-bottom: 3px; - border-right: 1px solid #ddd; -} -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs { - float: left; - margin-right: 5px; - border-right: 1px solid #ddd; -} -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a { - margin-right: -1px; - -webkit-border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; - -moz-border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; - border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; -} -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a:hover, -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a:focus { - border:1px solid #ddd; - border-color: #eeeeee #dddddd #eeeeee #eeeeee; -} -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs .active > a, -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs .active > a:hover, -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs .active > a:focus { - border-color: #ddd transparent #ddd #ddd; -} - -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a, -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li .active > a, -.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a:active { - border:1px solid #ddd; - border-radius: 5px 0 0 5px; - background: #f9f9f9; - -} - -/* Force panel to a min width and cells to a max-width to keep table inline */ -.detail-panel-contents { - min-width: 500px; -} - -table.details-table td.detail-table-cell { - overflow: auto; - max-width: 120px; -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/events_view.less b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/events_view.less new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92a8fa8106 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/events_view.less @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +/* overriding the nav tabs of bootstrap-overrides.css for the detailed events panel */ +.tab-content > .tab-pane, +.pill-content > .pill-pane { + display: none; +} +.tab-content > .active, +.pill-content > .active { + display: block; +} +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li { + float: none; +} +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a { + min-width: 74px; + margin-right: 0; + margin-bottom: 3px; + border-right: 1px solid #ddd; +} +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs { + float: left; + display: block; + min-height: 300px; + margin-right: 5px; + border-right: 1px solid #ddd; +} +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a { + margin-right: -1px; + -webkit-border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; + -moz-border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; + border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; +} +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a:hover, +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a:focus { + border:1px solid #ddd; + border-color: #eeeeee #dddddd #eeeeee #eeeeee; +} +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs .active > a, +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs .active > a:hover, +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs .active > a:focus { + border-color: #ddd transparent #ddd #ddd; +} + +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a, +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li .active > a, +.tabs-left > .nav-tabs > li > a:active { + border:1px solid #ddd; + border-radius: 5px 0 0 5px; + background: #f9f9f9; + +} + +/* Force panel to a min width and cells to a max-width to keep table inline */ +.detail-panel-contents { + min-width: 500px; +} + +table.details-table td.detail-table-cell { + overflow: auto; + max-width: 120px; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/landing_view.css b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/landing_view.css deleted file mode 100644 index 06464ec8bf..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/landing_view.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,161 +0,0 @@ -#summary_mainview { - background-color: none; - float: left; - height: 100%; - width: 100%; -} -#summary_mainview h1 { - font-weight: 100; - padding-left: 0.5em; - color: #32739E; - text-align: left; -} - -#chartblock { - padding-left: 1em; - padding-top: 1em; - padding-bottom: 1em; - padding-right: 1em; - width: auto; - height: 14em; - color: #32739E; -} - -#chartcontainer { - padding-left: 2em; - padding-right: 2em; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.circlechart { - position: relative; - text-align: center; - float: left; - width: 12em; - height: 100%; - background-color: none; - margin-right: calc((100% - 48em)/8); - margin-left: calc((100% - 48em)/8); -} - -.panel { - margin: auto; - width: auto; - border: none; - font-family: 'Open Sans'; - font-weight: 100; -} - -.panel th, .panel td { - padding-left: 2em; - padding-right: 2em; -} -.panel tbody { - border: none; -} -.panel-container { - width: 100%; - color: #32739E; - margin-left: auto; -} -ul { - list-style-type: none; - padding: 0; - margin: .5em; - float: left; -} -.questions li { - padding: 0 .5em 1em .5em; - font-weight: bold; - margin-top: 0px; -} -.panel tr:nth-child(odd) { - width: 100%; - font-size: 1.5em; - color: #32739E; - background-color: none; -} -.panel tr:nth-child(even) { - width: 100%; - font-size: 1.5em; - color: #32739E; - background-color: #D7ECF9; -} -.helpbtn { - background-color: #FD858B; - border: none; - font-size: 1em; - font-family: 'Open Sans'; - padding-left: 0.83em; - padding-right: 0.83em; - border-radius: 0.1em; - color: #32739E; -} -.praisebtn { - background-color: #85EA7B; - border: none; - font-size: 1em; - font-family: 'Open Sans'; - padding-left: 0.5em; - padding-right: 0.5em; - border-radius: 0.1em; - color: #32739E; -} -.charttext { - text-align: center; - margin: auto auto; - bottom: 0; - width: 12em; - font-weight: 300; -} - -#full_circle1, #full_circle2, #full_circle3, #full_circle4 { - background-color: rgba(204, 0, 102, 0); - border: 0.3em solid #32739E; - height: 7em; - width: 7em; - margin: auto; - margin-top: 2em; - -moz-border-radius: 4.5em; - -webkit-border-radius: 4.5em; - border-radius: 4.5em; - z-index: -3; - margin-bottom: 1em; -} - -#full_circle1 p, #full_circle2 p, #full_circle3 p, #full_circle4 p { - margin: auto; - margin-top: 1.5em; - font-size: 1.5em; - font-weight: 100; -} - -#full_circle2 .arc, #full_circle3 .arc { - stroke-weight: 0.1; - fill: #32739E; -} - -.selectedRadial { - border-radius: 3px; - background: #f4f4f4; - color: #000; - box-shadow: 0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); - -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); - border: 1px solid rgba(200,200,200,0.85); -} - -.radial { - border-radius: 3px; - background: #FFFFFF; - color: #000; - -} - -#datepicker { - top: 0px; -} - -span.setrange { - color: #fff; -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/landing_view.less b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/landing_view.less new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a43ad1e5c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/landing_view.less @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +#summary_mainview { + background-color: none; + float: left; + height: 100%; + width: 100%; +} +#summary_mainview h1 { + font-weight: 100; + padding-left: 0.5em; + color: #32739E; + text-align: text; +} + +#chartblock { + padding-left: 1em; + padding-top: 1em; + padding-bottom: 1em; + padding-right: 1em; + width: auto; + height: 14em; + color: #32739E; +} + +#chartcontainer { + padding-left: 2em; + padding-right: 2em; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + +.circlechart { + position: relative; + text-align: center; + float: left; + height: 100%; + background-color: none; + font-size: 0.9em; + margin-left: 1.6%; + margin-right: 1.6%; +} + +@media (min-width: 768px) { + .circlechart { + width: 30%; + } +} + +.panel { + margin: auto; + width: auto; + border: none; + font-family: 'Open Sans'; + font-weight: 100; +} + +.panel th, .panel td { + padding-left: 2em; + padding-right: 2em; +} +.panel tbody { + border: none; +} +.panel-container { + width: 100%; + color: #32739E; + margin-left: auto; +} +ul { + list-style-type: none; + padding: 0; + margin: .5em; + float: left; +} +.questions li { + padding: 0 .5em 1em .5em; + font-weight: bold; + margin-top: 0px; +} +.panel tr:nth-child(odd) { + width: 100%; + font-size: 1.5em; + color: #32739E; + background-color: none; +} +.panel tr:nth-child(even) { + width: 100%; + font-size: 1.5em; + color: #32739E; + background-color: #D7ECF9; +} +.helpbtn { + background-color: #FD858B; + border: none; + font-size: 1em; + font-family: 'Open Sans'; + padding-left: 0.83em; + padding-right: 0.83em; + border-radius: 0.1em; + color: #32739E; +} +.praisebtn { + background-color: #85EA7B; + border: none; + font-size: 1em; + font-family: 'Open Sans'; + padding-left: 0.5em; + padding-right: 0.5em; + border-radius: 0.1em; + color: #32739E; +} +.charttext { + text-align: center; + margin: auto auto; + bottom: 0; + width: 12em; + font-weight: 300; +} + +#full_circle1, #full_circle2, #full_circle3 { + background-color: rgba(204, 0, 102, 0); + border: 0; + height: 10em; + margin: auto; + margin-top: 2em; + -moz-border-radius: 4.5em; + -webkit-border-radius: 4.5em; + border-radius: 4.5em; + z-index: -3; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +#full_circle1 p, #full_circle2 p, #full_circle3 p{ + width: 100%; + font-size: 1.1em; + font-weight: 100; + position: absolute; + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + padding-left: 8em; + padding-right: 8em; + z-index: -5; +} + + +#full_circle2 .arc, #full_circle3 .arc { + stroke-weight: 0.1; + fill: #32739E; +} + +.selectedRadial { + border-radius: 3px; + background: #f4f4f4; + color: #000; + box-shadow: 0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); + -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); + border: 1px solid rgba(200,200,200,0.85); +} + +.radial { + border-radius: 3px; + background: #FFFFFF; + color: #000; + +} + +#datepicker { + top: 0px; +} + +span.setrange { + color: #fff; +} + +.progressbar { + text-align: center; +} + +.bartext { + text-align: center; + margin: auto auto; + bottom: 0; + width: 15em; + font-weight: 300; +} + +.barlegend { + /*display: inline-block;*/ + height: 20px; + overflow: hidden; + text-align: center; + padding-right: 10px; +} + +.barlegend div { + float: left; + width: 35px; + height: 21px; +} + +.barlegend span { + padding-left: 10px; +} + +#legendMargin { + margin-left: 15px; + float: left; +} + +.innerbar { + margin-top: 15px; + text-align: center; +} + +.button { + margin-top: 15px; + text-align: center; +} + +.tooltip { + background: #eee; + box-shadow: 0 0 5px #999999; + color: #333; + display: none; + font-size: 12px; + left: 130px; + padding: 10px; + position: absolute; + text-align: center; + top: 95px; + width: 80px; + z-index: 10; +} + +.topic-row { + height: 4em; + width: 100%; +} + +#topic-list-div { + display: inline; +} + +#topic-list-div li a { + padding-left: 30px; +} diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/tabular_view.css b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/tabular_view.css deleted file mode 100644 index f71475b309..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/tabular_view.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,184 +0,0 @@ -.student-data:hover { - cursor: pointer; -} - -#displaygrid { - overflow: auto; - border-right: 1px solid #bbb; -} - -#displaygrid > .users-table { - width: 11%; - margin-right: 1px; - float: left; - background: white; -} - -.detailspanel{ - overflow: auto; -} - -.userstatus { - overflow: auto; - width: 88%; - float: right; -} - -.users-table table { - width: 100%; -} - -.subtitle.error { - margin-left: 4px; - margin-top: 15px; -} - -.status { - height: 34px; - color: #2a6496; - font-weight: bold; - text-align: center; -} - -th.username span { - position: absolute; - background: white; - color: #fff; - line-height: normal; - width: 97px; - height: 37px; - padding-top: 0px; - border: 1px solid #ddd; -} - -table.tab_report th.username { - height: 27px; - line-height: 0; - padding: 0; - color: transparent; - border: none; - white-space: nowrap; -} - -th.headrow, th.headrow div { - width: 80px; - table-layout: fixed; - font-weight: bold; - word-wrap: break-word; - background-color: white; - overflow: hidden; - text-overflow: ellipsis; -} - -th.headrowuser { - font-weight: bold; - border-top: none; - border-right: 0px; -} - -.partial { - background-color: #C0E7F3; -} - -.partial.selected, .partial:hover{ - background-color: #749BA7; -} - -.complete { - background-color: #5AA685; -} - -.complete.selected, .complete:hover{ - background-color: #0E5A39; -} - -.struggling { - background-color: #FD795B; -} - -.struggling.selected, .struggling:hover{ - background-color: #CA4628; -} - -.not-attempted { - background-color: #eee; -} - -/* Make this specific to .status to prevent it overriding cells in the details panel table. */ -#displaygrid td.status, #displaygrid th { - min-width: 60px; - overflow: hidden; -} - -/*#legend a { - height:12px; - margin:0px; - padding:0px; -}*/ - -.student-name, .attempts, .streak_progress, .points, .total_seconds_watched { - float:left; - display:none; - overflow:hidden; - white-space:pre-line; - width:100%; - margin:0px 5px 0px 3px; - padding:0px; - text-align:right; - vertical-align:middle; -} - -.student-name { - text-align: left; - display: block; - text-overflow: ellipsis; -} - - -#legend { - padding: 6px 0 0 10px; - margin-top: 0; - margin-left: 15px; - border: 1px solid #ccc; - border-radius: 4px; - text-align: center; -} - -#legendMargin { - margin-left: 15px; -} - -.legend { - display: inline-block; - height: 20px; - overflow: hidden; - text-align: center; - padding-right: 10px; -} - -.legend div { - float: left; - width: 35px; - height: 21px; -} - -.legend span { - padding-left: 10px; -} - -.selection { - margin-right: 10px; -} - -@media only screen and (max-width: 1199px) { - #legend { float: left !important; margin-top: 15px; } -} - -@media only screen and (max-width: 400px) { - select#topic { margin-left: 0 !important; } - /* Moves "Select Topic" dropdown slightly to the right so that it lines up with "Select Topic" and "Select Report" */ -} - -.detail-panel-contents { - padding-top: 0.5em; -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/tabular_view.less b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/tabular_view.less new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..00096bde98 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/css/coachreports/tabular_view.less @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +.student-data:hover { + cursor: pointer; +} + +#displaygrid, .top-scroll { + overflow: auto; + border-right: 1px solid #bbb; +} + +#displaygrid > .users-table{ + width: 11%; + margin-right: 1px; + float: left; + background: white; +} + +.top-scroll, .scroller { + height: 20px; +} + +.top-scroll { + overflow-x: auto; + overflow-y: hidden; +} + +.detailspanel{ + overflow: auto; +} + +.userstatus { + overflow: auto; + width: 88%; + float: right; +} + +.users-table table { + width: 100%; +} + +.subtitle.error { + margin-left: 4px; + margin-top: 15px; +} + +.status { + height: 34px; + color: #2a6496; + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; +} + +th.username span { + overflow: hidden; + position: absolute; + background: white; + color: #fff; + line-height: normal; + width: 97px; + height: 37px; + padding-top: 0px; + border: 1px solid #ddd; + margin-left: -2px; +} + +table.tab_report th.username { + height: 27px; + line-height: 0; + padding: 0; + color: transparent; + border: none; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +th.headrow, th.headrow div { + width: 80px; + table-layout: fixed; + font-weight: bold; + background-color: white; + overflow: hidden; + text-overflow: ellipsis; +} + +th.headrowuser { + font-weight: bold; + border-top: none; + border-right: 0px; +} + +.partial { + background-color: #C0E7F3; + fill: #C0E7F3; +} + +.partial.selected, .partial:hover{ + background-color: #749BA7; +} + +.complete { + background-color: #5AA685; + fill: #5AA685; +} + +.complete.selected, .complete:hover{ + background-color: #0E5A39; +} + +.struggling { + background-color: #FD795B; + fill: #FD795B; +} + +.struggling.selected, .struggling:hover{ + background-color: #CA4628; +} + +.not-attempted { + background-color: #eee; + fill: #eee; +} + +/* Make this specific to .status to prevent it overriding cells in the details panel table. */ +#displaygrid td.status, #displaygrid th { + min-width: 60px; + overflow: hidden; +} + +/*#legend a { + height:12px; + margin:0px; + padding:0px; +}*/ + +.student-name, .attempts, .streak_progress, .points, .total_seconds_watched { + float:left; + display:none; + overflow:hidden; + white-space:pre-line; + width:100%; + margin:0px 5px 0px 3px; + padding:0px; + text-align:right; + vertical-align:middle; +} + +.student-name { + text-align: left; + display: block; + text-overflow: ellipsis; +} + + +#legend { + padding: 6px 0 6px 10px; + margin-top: 0; + margin-left: 15px; + border: 1px solid #ccc; + border-radius: 4px; + text-align: center; +} + +#legendMargin { + margin-left: 15px; +} + +.legend { + display: inline-block; + height: 20px; + overflow: hidden; + text-align: center; + padding-right: 10px; +} + +.legend div { + float: left; + width: 35px; + height: 21px; +} + +.legend span { + padding-left: 10px; +} + +.selection { + margin-right: 10px; +} + +@media only screen and (max-width: 1199px) { + #legend { float: left !important; margin-top: 15px; } +} + +@media only screen and (max-width: 400px) { + select#topic { margin-left: 0 !important; } + /* Moves "Select Topic" dropdown slightly to the right so that it lines up with "Select Topic" and "Select Report" */ +} + +.detail-panel-contents { + padding-top: 0.5em; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/bundle_modules/coach_report.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/bundle_modules/coach_report.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1bc79c336 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/bundle_modules/coach_report.js @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +var CoachReportRouter = require("../coach_reports/router"); +$ = require("base/jQuery"); +Backbone = require("base/backbone"); + +require("../../../css/coachreports/base.less"); + +global.$ = $; +global.Backbone = Backbone; + +$(function() { + window.coach_router = new CoachReportRouter({facility: global.FACILITY_ID}); +}); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/bundle_modules/student_progress.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/bundle_modules/student_progress.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac0a6f4212 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/bundle_modules/student_progress.js @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +var $ = require("base/jQuery"); +var StudentProgressContainerView = require("../student_progress/views").StudentProgressContainerView; + +global.$ = $; +global.StudentProgressContainerView = StudentProgressContainerView; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/datepicker.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/datepicker.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5e1d00e2c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/datepicker.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +
+ + → + + {{_ "Refresh" }} +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/facility-select.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/facility-select.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/facility-select.handlebars rename to kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/facility-select.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/group-select.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/group-select.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/group-select.handlebars rename to kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/group-select.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/landing.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/landing.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1e68c1ec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/landing.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +
+
+

{{ status.facility_name }}{{#if status.group_name }}: {{ status.group_name }}{{/if}}

+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+

{{#if start_date}}{{ start_date }}{{#if end_date }} → {{ end_date }}{{/if}}{{else}}{{_ "This week" }}{{/if}}

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+ {{_ "Hours spent on content vs total hours logged" }} +
+
+
+
+

{{#if data.exercise_mastery }}{{ data.exercise_mastery }} %{{else}}{{_ "N/A" }}{{/if}}

+
+
+ {{_ "Average progress in exercises" }} +
+
+
+
+

{{#if data.exercise_attempts }}{{ data.exercise_attempts }}{{else}}{{_ "N/A" }}{{/if}}

+
+
+ {{_ "Total exercise attempts" }} +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ {{_ "Current status of user exercises" }} +
+
+
+ +
    +
  • {{_ "Struggling" }}
    • +
  • {{_ "Completed" }}
    • +
  • {{_ "In Progress" }}
    • +
+
+
+
+ {{#if data.learner_events }}{{/if}} +
+
+
+ {{#if learners }} +
+

{{_ "Student Activity Feed" }}

+
+ + {{#each learners }} + + + + + + + + {{/each }} +
{{ learner }}{{#if struggling }}{{_ "Struggling" }}{{ else }}{{#if complete }}{{_ "Complete" }}{{/if}}{{/if}}{{ exercise.title }}{{ progress }}{{#if complete }} + + {{else}} + + {{/if}}
+
+
+
+ {{/if}} +
+
+
+
+ + diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/reports-nav.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/reports-nav.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/reports-nav.handlebars rename to kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/hbtemplates/reports-nav.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/models.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/models.js index 13c44618bc..6ee636992b 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/models.js +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/models.js @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -var StateModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); +var _ = require("underscore"); +var setGetParamDict = require("utils/get_params").setGetParamDict; - initialize: function() { - _.bindAll(this); - }, +var StateModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ set: function(key, val, options) { if (key === "facility" || key.facility) { @@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ var StateModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ group_name: undefined }); } + if (key === "facility" || key.facility || key === "group" || key.group) { + this.set({ + topic_ids: undefined + }); + } Backbone.Model.prototype.set.call(this, key, val, options); } @@ -21,11 +26,11 @@ var FacilityModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); var GroupModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); var FacilityCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - url: FACILITY_RESOURCE_URL + url: window.FACILITY_RESOURCE_URL }); var GroupCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - url: GROUP_RESOURCE_URL + url: window.GROUP_RESOURCE_URL }); var CoachReportModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ @@ -34,6 +39,7 @@ var CoachReportModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ this.group = options.group; this.start_date = options.start_date; this.end_date = options.end_date; + this.topic_ids = options.topic_ids; }, url: function() { @@ -41,7 +47,8 @@ var CoachReportModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ facility_id: this.facility, group_id: this.group, start_date: this.start_date, - end_date: this.end_date + end_date: this.end_date, + topic_ids: this.topic_ids }); } }); @@ -52,14 +59,35 @@ var CoachReportAggregateModel = Backbone.Model.extend({ this.group = options.group; this.start_date = options.start_date; this.end_date = options.end_date; + this.topic_ids = options.topic_ids; }, url: function() { + // We want our date ranges to be inclusive, so send the day + 1 + // to the server in order to do this. + + var end_date; + if (this.end_date) { + end_date = new Date(this.end_date); + end_date.setDate(end_date.getDate() + 1); + end_date = end_date.getFullYear() + "/" + (end_date.getMonth() + 1) + "/" + end_date.getDate(); + } return setGetParamDict(Urls.aggregate_learner_logs(), { facility_id: this.facility, group_id: this.group, start_date: this.start_date, - end_date: this.end_date + end_date: end_date, + topic_ids: this.topic_ids }); } -}); \ No newline at end of file +}); + +module.exports = { + StateModel: StateModel, + FacilityModel: FacilityModel, + GroupModel: GroupModel, + FacilityCollection: FacilityCollection, + GroupCollection: GroupCollection, + CoachReportModel: CoachReportModel, + CoachReportAggregateModel: CoachReportAggregateModel +}; diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/router.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/router.js index 0aac5aa695..49a521fc09 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/router.js +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/router.js @@ -1,6 +1,12 @@ -CoachReportRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({ +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); +var StateModel = require("./models").StateModel; +var CoachReportView = require("./views").CoachReportView; +var _ = require("underscore"); + + +module.exports = Backbone.Router.extend({ initialize: function(options) { - _.bindAll(this); + _.bindAll(this, "set_url"); this.state_model = new StateModel(); this.listenTo(this.state_model, "change", this.set_url); if (options.facility) { diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/views.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/views.js index 3e7ef0f45b..9e06c6ee6a 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/views.js +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/coach_reports/views.js @@ -1,403 +1,37 @@ +var BaseView = require("base/baseview"); +var _ = require("underscore"); +var $ = require("base/jQuery"); +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); + +var messages = require("utils/messages"); +var Models = require("./models"); +var TabularReportViews = require("../tabular_reports/views"); +var d3 = require("d3"); + +var date_string = require("utils/datestring").date_string; +var d3 = require("d3"); + +require("bootstrap-datepicker/dist/js/bootstrap-datepicker"); +require("bootstrap-multiselect/dist/js/bootstrap-multiselect"); + /* Hierarchy of views: CoachReportView: - FacilitySelectView - GroupSelectView - - CoachSummaryView: - - TabularReportView: - - TabularReportRowView: - - TabularReportRowCellView - - DetailPanelInlineRowView: - - DetailPanelView: - - DetailPanelBodyView + - CoachSummaryView */ -var date_string = function(date) { - if (date) { - return date.getFullYear() + "/" + (date.getMonth() + 1) + "/" + date.getDate(); - } -}; - -var DetailsPanelBodyView = BaseView.extend({ - /* - This view displays details of individual attempt logs - It has a tabbed body which will display all the questions it is passed. - The number passed to it is determined in its wrapper view above. - */ - - template: HB.template("coach_nav/detailspanelbody"), - - initialize: function (options) { - _.bindAll(this); - // Track the number of the first Question in this panel. - this.start_number = options.start_number; - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - this.$el.html(this.template({ - collection: this.collection.to_objects(), - start_number: this.start_number - })); - } -}); - -var DetailsPanelView = BaseView.extend({ - /* - This view handles the pagination for the detail view - */ - - //Number of items to show from the collection - limit: 4, - - id: "details-panel-view", - - template: HB.template("coach_nav/detailspanel"), - - events: { - "click .pagination-link": "change_page" - }, - - initialize: function (options) { - _.bindAll(this); - this.content_item = options.content_item; - this.page = 1; - if (this.content_item.get("kind") === "Exercise") { - this.instantiate_collection(); - } else { - this.render(); - } - }, - - instantiate_collection: function() { - // Instantiate a collection, with the right attributes to fetch just the AttemptLogs needed - // for the currently requested page and no more. - this.collection = new window.AttemptLogCollection([], { - user: this.model.get("user"), - limit: this.limit, - offset: (this.page - 1)*this.limit, - exercise_id: this.model.get("exercise_id"), - order_by: "timestamp" - }); - this.listenToOnce(this.collection, "sync", this.render); - this.collection.fetch(); - }, - - change_page: function(event) { - var page = this.$(event.currentTarget).attr("value"); - switch (page) { - case "next": - this.page++; - break; - case "previous": - this.page--; - break; - default: - this.page = Number(page); - break; - } - this.instantiate_collection(); - return false; - }, - - render: function() { - var item_count = 0; - if (this.collection.meta) { - item_count = this.collection.meta.total_count; - } - this.pages = []; - if (item_count/this.limit > 1) { - for (var i=1; i < item_count/this.limit + 1; i++) { - this.pages.push(i); - } - } - this.$el.html(this.template({ - model: this.model.attributes, - itemdata: this.content_item.attributes, - pages: this.pages, - page: this.page, - collection: this.collection.to_objects() - })); - this.bodyView = new DetailsPanelBodyView ({ - collection: this.collection, - // Question number of first question on this page - start_number: (this.page - 1)*this.limit + 1, - el: this.$(".body") - }); - } -}); - -var DetailPanelInlineRowView = BaseView.extend({ - /* - This is a special view that lets the detail view fit in a new row in the tabular report table - */ - - tagName: 'tr', - - className: 'details-row', - - initialize: function(options) { - this.contents_length = options.contents_length; - this.content_item = options.content_item; - this.content_item_place = options.content_item_place; - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - this.detail_view = new DetailsPanelView({ - tagName: 'td', - model: this.model, - content_item: this.content_item, - attributes: {colspan: this.contents_length - this.content_item_place} - }); - - // Add in a view that spans the columns up to the selected cell. - this.spacer_view = new BaseView({ - tagName: 'td', - attributes: {colspan: this.content_item_place + 1} - }); - - this.spacer_view.render(); - - this.$el.append(this.spacer_view.el); - this.$el.append(this.detail_view.el); - } -}); - -var TabularReportRowCellView = BaseView.extend({ - /* - This renders the data for a particular exercise/learner combination - a single cell - */ - - tagName: 'td', - - events: { - "click": "show_detail_view" - }, - - status_class: function() { - var status_class = "partial"; - if (_.isEmpty(this.model.attributes)) { - status_class = "not-attempted"; - } else if (this.model.get("complete")) { - status_class = "complete"; - } else if (this.model.get("struggling")) { - status_class = "struggling"; - } - return status_class; - }, - - className: function() { - return sprintf("status data %s", this.status_class()); - }, - - attributes: function() { - return { - value: this.model.get("exercise_id") || this.model.get("video_id") || this.model.get("content_id"), - title: this.title_attributes[this.status_class()] - }; - }, - - title_attributes: { - "not-attempted": gettext("Not Attempted"), - "partial": gettext("Attempted"), - "complete": gettext("Complete"), - "struggling": gettext("Struggling") - }, - - initialize: function() { - _.bindAll(this); - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - if (this.model.has("streak_progress")) { - if (this.model.get("streak_progress") < 100) { - this.$el.html(this.model.get("streak_progress") + "%"); - } - } else if (this.model.has("video_id") || this.model.has("content_id")) { - // Calculate progress from points if not an exercise. - if (this.model.get("points") < ds.distributed.points_per_video) { - this.$el.html(Math.round(100*this.model.get("points")/ds.distributed.points_per_video) + "%"); - } - } - }, - - show_detail_view: function() { - if (_.isEmpty(this.model.attributes)) { - return false; - } else { - this.listenToOnce(this.model, "selected", function() { - this.$el.addClass("selected"); - }); - this.listenToOnce(this.model, "deselected", function() { - this.$el.removeClass("selected"); - }); - this.trigger("detail_view", this.model); - } - } -}); - -var TabularReportRowView = BaseView.extend({ - /* - This view renders a row of the table (i.e. all the data for one user) - */ - - template: HB.template("tabular_reports/tabular-view-row"), - - tagName: 'tr', - - className: 'user-data-row', - - id: function() { - return this.model.get("pk"); - }, - - initialize: function(options) { - _.bindAll(this); - - this.contents = options.contents; - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - var self = this; - - this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.attributes)); - - var cell_views = []; - this.contents.each(function(model){ - var data = self.model.get("logs")[model.get("id")]; - var new_view = self.add_subview(TabularReportRowCellView, {model: new Backbone.Model(data)}); - cell_views.push(new_view); - self.listenTo(new_view, "detail_view", self.show_detail_view); - }); - - this.append_views(cell_views); - }, - - show_detail_view: function(model) { - if (this.detail_view) { - // TODO (rtibbles): Implement Models properly here to reflect server side id attributes - if (this.detail_view.model.cid === model.cid) { - delete this.detail_view; - this.trigger("detail_view"); - return false; - } - this.detail_view.remove(); - } - - var model_id = model.get("exercise_id") || model.get("video_id") || model.get("content_id"); - var content_item = this.contents.find(function(item) {return item.get("id") === model_id;}); - this.detail_view = new DetailPanelInlineRowView({ - model: model, - contents_length: this.contents.length, - content_item: content_item, - content_item_place: this.contents.indexOf(content_item) - }); - this.$el.after(this.detail_view.el); - - this.trigger("detail_view", this.detail_view, model); - - } - -}); - -var TabularReportView = BaseView.extend({ - /* - This is the main control view for the Tabular Coach report - */ - - template: HB.template("tabular_reports/tabular-view"), - - initialize: function(options) { - _.bindAll(this); - this.complete_callback = options.complete; - this.set_data_model(); - this.listenTo(this.model, "change", this.set_data_model); - }, - - render: function() { - var self = this; - - this.$el.html(this.template({ - contents: this.contents.toJSON(), - learners: this.contents.length - })); - - var row_views = []; - this.learners.each(function(model){ - var row_view = self.add_subview(TabularReportRowView, {model: model, contents: self.contents}); - row_views.push(row_view); - self.listenTo(row_view, "detail_view", self.set_detail_view); - }); - - this.append_views(row_views, ".student-data"); - - this.$('.headrowuser').css("min-width", this.$('.headrow.data').outerWidth()); - - if(this.complete_callback) { - this.complete_callback(); - } - - }, - - no_user_error: function() { - show_message("warning", "No learner accounts in this group have been created."); - }, - - set_data_model: function (){ - var self = this; - this.data_model = new CoachReportModel({ - facility: this.model.get("facility"), - group: this.model.get("group"), - start_date: date_string(this.model.get("start_date")), - end_date: date_string(this.model.get("end_date")) - }); - if (this.model.get("facility")) { - this.data_model.fetch().then(function() { - self.learners = new Backbone.Collection(self.data_model.get("learners")); - self.contents = new Backbone.Collection(self.data_model.get("contents")); - if (self.learners.length > 0) { - self.learners.each(function(model){ - model.set("logs", _.object( - _.map(_.filter(self.data_model.get("logs"), function(log) { - return log.user === model.get("pk"); - }), function(item) { - return [item.exercise_id || item.video_id || item.content_id, item]; - }))); - }); - self.render(); - } else { - self.no_user_error(); - } - }); - } - }, - - set_detail_view: function(detail_view, model) { - if (this.detail_view) { - this.detail_view.model.trigger("deselected"); - this.detail_view.remove(); - } - if (detail_view) { - model.trigger("selected"); - this.detail_view = detail_view; - } - } - -}); - var TimeSetView = BaseView.extend({ - template: HB.template("coach_nav/datepicker"), + template: require("./hbtemplates/datepicker.handlebars"), events: { - "click .setrange": "set_range" + "click .setrange:not([disabled])": "set_range" }, initialize: function () { var server_date_now = new Date(new Date().getTime() - window.statusModel.get("client_server_time_diff")); - var default_start_date = new Date(server_date_now.getTime()) + var default_start_date = new Date(server_date_now.getTime()); default_start_date = new Date(default_start_date.setDate(default_start_date.getDate()-ds.coachreports.default_coach_report_day_range)); this.model.set({ @@ -419,6 +53,8 @@ var TimeSetView = BaseView.extend({ format = format.toLowerCase().replace("y", "yy"); + var self = this; + this.datepicker = this.$('.date-range').each(function(){ $(this).datepicker({ format: format, @@ -426,6 +62,9 @@ var TimeSetView = BaseView.extend({ todayBtn: "linked", todayHighlight: true }); + $(this).datepicker().on('changeDate', function() { + self.$(".setrange").removeAttr("disabled"); + }); }); }, @@ -435,6 +74,7 @@ var TimeSetView = BaseView.extend({ end_date: this.$("#end").datepicker("getDate") }); this.model.trigger("set_time"); + this.$(".setrange").attr("disabled", "disabled"); return false; } }); @@ -444,23 +84,131 @@ var CoachSummaryView = BaseView.extend({ This view displays summary stats for the currently selected facility (and optionally group) */ - template: HB.template("coach_nav/landing"), + template: require("./hbtemplates/landing.handlebars"), events: { - "click #show_tabular_report": "toggle_tabular_view" + "click #show_tabular_report": "toggle_tabular_view", + "click #topic-list-submit": "set_topics" + }, + + + /* + this function populates the topic selection list + */ + appendTopicList: function() { + var parseData = this.data_model.get("available_topics"); + var targetElem = $("#topic-list").get(0); + var frag = document.createDocumentFragment(); + + var tids = $.parseJSON(this.data_model.get("topic_ids") || "[]"); + var ctr = -1; + + parseData.forEach(function(datum, index) { + var opt = document.createElement("option"); + //this part maintains any currently selected + //options as checked instead of reverting to default + if(tids.length > 0) { + ctr = tids.indexOf(datum.id); + if(ctr !== -1){ + opt.selected = "selected"; + delete tids[ctr]; + ctr = -1; + } + } + if(datum.id.includes('pre-alg')) { + opt.innerHTML = "Pre Alg: " + datum.title; + } else { + opt.innerHTML = datum.title; + } + + opt.value = datum.id; + frag.appendChild(opt); + }); + targetElem.appendChild(frag); + }, + + /* + this function produces a radial graph and inserts it into the target_elem + data_sub is a portion of the data, while the data_total param is the total + IE time spent doing backflips vs total time spent alive + */ + displayRadialGraph: function(target_elem, data_sub, data_total) { + var targetElemBox = $("#" + target_elem).get(0); + var targetElemP = $("#" + target_elem + "_p").get(0); + + if(!data_sub || !data_total) { + targetElemP.innerHTML = "N/A"; + } else { + var parseData = [ + //parsing data to 2 decimal positions + { label: gettext("Hours spent on content"), count: Math.round((data_sub * 100)/data_total) }, + { label: gettext("Other activites (exercises, etc.)"), count: Math.round(((data_total - data_sub) * 100)/data_total) } + ]; + + //adjusting the graph's size based on target_elem's sizing + var width = targetElemBox.clientWidth; + var height = targetElemBox.clientHeight; + var radius = (Math.min(width, height) / 2); + + var color = d3.scale.category20(); + + var svg = d3.select("#" + target_elem) + .append("svg") + .attr("width", width) + .attr("height", height) + .append("g") + .attr("transform", "translate(" + (width/2) + "," + (height/2) + ")"); + + var arc = d3.svg.arc() + .innerRadius(radius - radius/6) + .outerRadius(radius); + + var pie = d3.layout.pie() + .value(function(d) { return d.count; }) + .sort(null); + + var path = svg.selectAll("path") + .data(pie(parseData)) + .enter() + .append("path") + .attr("d", arc) + .attr("fill", function(d, i) { + return color(d.data.label); + }); + + //parsing to 2 decimals + var content_percentage = Math.round((data_sub * 100)/data_total); + targetElemP.innerHTML = content_percentage + "%"; + + //this will display relevant data when you hover over that data's arc on the radial graph + path.on('mouseover', function(d) { + targetElemP.innerHTML = (d.data.label + ": " + d.data.count + "%"); + }); + + //when not hovering, you'll see the content percentage + path.on('mouseout', function() { + targetElemP.innerHTML = content_percentage + "%"; + }); + } }, initialize: function() { - _.bindAll(this); + _.bindAll(this, "set_data_model", "render"); this.listenTo(this.model, "change:facility", this.set_data_model); this.listenTo(this.model, "change:group", this.set_data_model); + this.listenTo(this.model, "change:topic_ids", this.set_data_model); this.listenTo(this.model, "set_time", this.set_data_model); this.set_data_model(); }, + set_topics: function() { + var topic_ids = _.map(this.$("#topic-list option:checked"), function (node) {return node.value;}); + this.model.set("topic_ids", JSON.stringify(topic_ids)); + }, + set_data_model: function (){ if (this.data_model) { - var check_fields = ["facility", "group", "start_date", "end_date"]; + var check_fields = ["facility", "group", "start_date", "end_date", "topic_ids"]; var data_fields = _.pick(this.data_model.attributes, check_fields); var status_fields = _.pick(this.model.attributes, check_fields); if (!_.isEqual(data_fields, status_fields)) { @@ -469,20 +217,77 @@ var CoachSummaryView = BaseView.extend({ } if (!this.data_model) { - this.data_model = new CoachReportAggregateModel({ + this.data_model = new Models.CoachReportAggregateModel({ facility: this.model.get("facility"), group: this.model.get("group"), start_date: date_string(this.model.get("start_date")), - end_date: date_string(this.model.get("end_date")) + end_date: date_string(this.model.get("end_date")), + topic_ids: this.model.get("topic_ids") }); if (this.model.get("facility")) { this.listenTo(this.data_model, "sync", this.render); + this.loading("#content-container"); this.data_model.fetch(); } + } }, + set_progress_bar: function() { + + var in_progress = this.data_model.get("total_in_progress"); + var complete = this.data_model.get("total_complete"); + var struggling = this.data_model.get("total_struggling"); + var not_attempted = this.data_model.get("total_not_attempted"); + + var total = complete + in_progress + struggling; + + var h = 50; + var w = 500; + var dataset = [struggling/total, complete/total, in_progress/total]; + + + var svg = d3.select("div.progressbar").append("svg").attr("width", w).attr("height", h). + attr("class", "col-md-8 innerbar"); + + svg.selectAll("rect").data(dataset).enter().append("rect").attr("x", function(d, i){ + var out = _.reduce(dataset.slice(0, i), function(memo, num) { return memo + num; }, 0) * w; + out = isNaN(out) ? 0 : out; + return out; + }).attr("y", 0).attr("width", function(d) { + return isNaN(d * w) ? 0 : d*w; + }).attr("height", h).attr("class", "rect").attr("class", function(d, i){ + switch(i) { + case(0): + return "struggling"; + case(1): + return "complete"; + case(2): + return "partial"; + } + }); + + // Sets the text on the bar itself + svg.selectAll("text").data(dataset).enter().append("text").text(function(d, i) { + switch(i) { + case(0): + return struggling; + case(1): + return complete; + case(2): + return in_progress; + } + }).attr("fill", "black").attr("x", function(d, i){ + var out = (_.reduce(dataset.slice(0, i), function(memo, num) { return memo + num; }, 0) + d/2) * w; + out = isNaN(out) ? 0 : out; + return out; + }).attr("y", h/2).attr("font-size", "12px").style("text-anchor", "middle"); + + }, + render: function() { + + this.loaded("#content-container"); this.$el.html(this.template({ status:this.model.attributes, data: this.data_model.attributes, @@ -490,16 +295,37 @@ var CoachSummaryView = BaseView.extend({ end_date: icu.getDateFormat("SHORT").format(this.model.get("end_date")) })); - clear_messages(); + messages.clear_messages(); // If no user data at all, then show a warning to the user var ref, ref1; - if ((this.data_model != null ? this.data_model.get("learner_events") != null ? this.data_model.get("learner_events").length : void 0 : void 0) === 0) { - show_message("warning", gettext("No recent learner data for this group is available.")); + if ((this.data_model !== undefined ? this.data_model.get("learner_events") !== undefined ? this.data_model.get("learner_events").length : void 0 : void 0) === 0) { + messages.show_message("warning", gettext("No recent learner data for this group is available.")); } - delete this.tabular_report_view; + this.set_progress_bar(); + + if (this.tabular_report_view) { + this.tabular_report_view.remove(); + delete this.tabular_report_view; + } + + this.displayRadialGraph("full_circle1", this.data_model.get("content_time_spent"), this.data_model.get("total_time_logged")); + + this.appendTopicList(); + + + $('#topic-list').multiselect({ + nonSelectedText: 'Default: Overview', + buttonWidth: '75%', + numberDisplayed: 2, + maxHeight: 350, + disableIfEmpty: true, + enableCaseInsensitiveFiltering: true + }); + + $('#topic-list-div > .btn-group > button').css({'width': '100%'}); }, @@ -508,9 +334,13 @@ var CoachSummaryView = BaseView.extend({ if (!this.tabular_report_view) { this.$("#show_tabular_report").text("Loading"); this.$("#show_tabular_report").attr("disabled", "disabled"); - this.tabular_report_view = new TabularReportView({model: this.model, complete: function() { - self.$("#show_tabular_report").text(gettext("Hide Tabular Report")); - self.$("#show_tabular_report").removeAttr("disabled"); + this.tabular_report_view = new TabularReportViews.TabularReportView({model: this.model, complete: function() { + if (self.tabular_report_view) { + // Check that tabular report view still exists, as it is possible for it to have been removed + // by the time this call back gets called. + self.$("#show_tabular_report").text(gettext("Hide Tabular Report")); + self.$("#show_tabular_report").removeAttr("disabled"); + } }}); this.$("#detailed_report_view").append(this.tabular_report_view.el); } else { @@ -527,11 +357,11 @@ var FacilitySelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ This fetches data for facilities and displays them in a drop down */ - template: HB.template('coach_nav/facility-select'), + template: require("./hbtemplates/facility-select.handlebars"), initialize: function() { - _.bindAll(this); - this.facility_list = new FacilityCollection(); + _.bindAll(this, "render"); + this.facility_list = new Models.FacilityCollection(); this.listenTo(this.facility_list, 'sync', this.render); this.facility_list.fetch({ data: $.param({ @@ -572,10 +402,11 @@ var GroupSelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ This fetches group data for facilities and displays them in a drop down */ - template: HB.template('coach_nav/group-select'), + template: require("./hbtemplates/group-select.handlebars"), initialize: function() { - this.group_list = new GroupCollection(); + _.bindAll(this, "render"); + this.group_list = new Models.GroupCollection(); this.listenTo(this.group_list, 'sync', this.render); this.fetch_by_facility(); this.listenTo(this.model, "change:facility", this.fetch_by_facility); @@ -616,7 +447,7 @@ var GroupSelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ // This nonsense of 'id' not being the Backbone 'id' is because of tastypie Resource URLs being used as model ids output = (ref = this.group_list.find(function(model) { return model.get("id") === id; - })) != null ? ref.get("name") : void 0; + })) !== undefined ? ref.get("name") : void 0; if (output) { this.model.set({ @@ -657,7 +488,7 @@ var CoachReportView = BaseView.extend({ This is the wrapper view for the coach reports */ - template: HB.template('coach_nav/reports-nav'), + template: require("./hbtemplates/reports-nav.handlebars"), initialize: function(options) { @@ -675,5 +506,14 @@ var CoachReportView = BaseView.extend({ this.$('#facility-select-container').append(this.facility_select_view.el); this.$("#time-set-container").append(this.time_set_view.el); this.$("#student_report_container").append(this.coach_summary_view.el); - } + + }, + }); + +module.exports = { + CoachReportView: CoachReportView, + CoachSummaryView: CoachSummaryView, + FacilitySelectView: FacilitySelectView, + GroupSelectView: GroupSelectView +}; diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress.js deleted file mode 100644 index 1a6506096d..0000000000 --- a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -// Handles the data export functionality of the control panel - -// Models -var PlaylistProgressModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); - -var PlaylistProgressDetailModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); - -// Collections -var PlaylistProgressCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - model: PlaylistProgressModel, - url: sprintf("%(playlist_url)s?user_id=%(user_id)s", {"playlist_url": PLAYLIST_PROGRESS_URL, "user_id": STUDENT_ID}) -}); - -var PlaylistProgressDetailCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - model: PlaylistProgressDetailModel, - - initialize: function(models, options) { - this.playlist_id = options.playlist_id; - }, - - url: function() { - var base = sprintf("%(playlist_url)s?user_id=%(user_id)s&playlist_id=", {"playlist_url": PLAYLIST_PROGRESS_DETAIL_URL, "user_id": STUDENT_ID}); - return base + this.playlist_id; - } -}); - -// Views - -var PlaylistProgressDetailView = Backbone.View.extend({ - - template: HB.template('student_progress/playlist-progress-details'), - - initialize: function() { - this.listenTo(this.collection, 'sync', this.render); - }, - - render: function() { - this.$el.html(this.template({ - data: this.collection.models - })); - - return this; - } -}); - -var PlaylistProgressView = Backbone.View.extend({ - - template: HB.template('student_progress/playlist-progress-container'), - - events: { - "click .toggle-details": "toggle_details" - }, - - initialize: function() { - this.details_fetched = false; - - this.detailed_view = new PlaylistProgressDetailView({ - collection: new PlaylistProgressDetailCollection([], { - playlist_id: this.model.attributes.id - }) - }); - - this.listenTo(this.detailed_view.collection, "sync", this.render_details); - }, - - render: function() { - this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.toJSON())); - return this; - }, - - render_details: function() { - this.$(".playlist-progress-details").html(this.detailed_view.render().el).show(); - - // opt in bootstrap tooltip functionality - $('.progress-indicator-sm').popover({ - trigger: 'click hover', - animation: false - }); - }, - - toggle_details: function() { - // Fetch data if we don't have it yet - var self = this; - if (!this.details_fetched) { - this.detailed_view.collection.fetch({ - success: function() { - self.details_fetched = true; - } - }); - } - - // Show or hide details - this.$(".expand-collapse").toggleClass("glyphicon-chevron-down glyphicon-chevron-up"); - this.$(".playlist-progress-details").slideToggle(); - } -}); - -var StudentProgressContainerView = Backbone.View.extend({ - // The containing view - template: HB.template('student_progress/student-progress-container'), - - initialize: function() { - this.listenTo(this.collection, 'add', this.add_one); - - var self=this; - - this.render(); - - this.collection.fetch({ - success: function() { - if (self.collection.length == 0) { //if the student visits the my progress page before attempting any quizes/videos - if (window.statusModel.is_student()) { - show_message("info", gettext("Click on the LEARN button above to get started on your learning journey.")); - } - self.$el.html(""); //this is done to remove the 'Progress Report' header - } - } - }); - }, - - render: function() { - // Only render container once - this.$el.html(this.template()); - }, - - add_one: function(playlist) { - var view = new PlaylistProgressView({ - model: playlist - }); - this.$("#playlists-container").append(view.render().el); - } -}); - -// Start the app on page load -$(function() { - var container_view = new StudentProgressContainerView({ - el: $("#student-progress-container"), - collection: new PlaylistProgressCollection() - }); -}); diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/playlist-progress-container.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/playlist-progress-container.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..51aaa131ad --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/playlist-progress-container.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +
+
+
+

+ {{title}} +

+
{{_ "In this topic " }}
+
+
+ {{!-- Videos --}} +
+
+
+ {{_ "there are " }} +
{{n_pl_videos}}
+ {{_ " videos." }} +
+
+
+
+ {{#if n_pl_videos}} + {{#unless vid_pct_started}} + {{_ "You haven't started to watch videos! " }} + {{/unless}} + {{/if}} + {{#if vid_pct_complete}} +
+ {{_ "Of those you have completed " }} + {{vid_pct_complete}}% +
+ {{/if}} + {{#if vid_pct_started}} +
+ {{#ifcond vid_pct_started "<" 100}} + {{_ "You are still working on " }} + {{vid_pct_started}}% + {{/ifcond}} + {{#ifcond vid_pct_started "===" 100}} + {{_ "You are still working on all of them." }} + + {{/ifcond}} +
+ {{/if}} +
+
+
+ {{!-- Exercises --}} +
+
+
+ {{_ "There are " }} +
{{n_pl_exercises}}
+ {{_ " exercises." }} +
+
+
+
+ {{#if n_pl_exercises}} + {{#if ex_status.notstarted}} + {{_ "You haven't started to work on exercises! " }} + {{/if}} + {{/if}} + {{#if ex_pct_mastered}} +
+ {{_ "Of those you have mastered " }} + {{ex_pct_mastered}}% +
+ {{/if}} + {{#if ex_pct_incomplete}} +
+ {{#ifcond ex_pct_incomplete "<" 100}} + {{_ "You are still working on " }} + {{ex_pct_incomplete}}% + {{/ifcond}} + {{#ifcond ex_pct_incomplete "===" 100}} + {{_ "You are still working on all of them." }} + + {{/ifcond}} +
+ {{/if}} + {{#if ex_pct_struggling}} +
+ {{_ "And seem to be struggling with " }} + {{ex_pct_struggling}}% +
+ {{/if}} +
+
+
+ {{!-- Quiz --}} + {{#if quiz_exists}} +
+
+
+ {{_ "There are " }} + + {{_ " quizzes." }} +
+
+
+
+ {{#if quiz_pct_score}} +
+ {{!-- Radina: TODO - revise once quizzes are operational --}} + {{_ "And your score is " }} + {{quiz_pct_score}}% +
+ {{/if}} +
+
+
+ {{/if}} +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/playlist-progress-details.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/playlist-progress-details.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3d41595a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/playlist-progress-details.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +{{#each data}} + {{!-- Whole section is only for screen readers --}} +
+

{{attributes.title}}

 +
{{!-- Status info for sr-user. --}} + {{_ " Status: " }} + {{#ifcond attributes.status "===" "complete"}} + {{_ " Completed. " }} + {{/ifcond}} + + {{#ifcond attributes.status "===" "inprogress"}} + {{_ " In progress. " }} + {{/ifcond}} + + {{#ifcond attributes.status "===" "struggling"}} + {{_ " Struggling. " }} + {{/ifcond}} + + {{#ifcond attributes.status "===" "notstarted"}} + {{_ " Not started. " }} + {{/ifcond}} +
+
+ {{!-- Score info for sr-user. --}} + {{!-- Video --}} + {{#ifcond attributes.kind "===" "Video"}} + {{_ " For this video you completed " }}{{attributes.score}}%. + {{/ifcond}} + + {{!-- Exercise --}} + {{#ifcond attributes.kind "===" "Exercise"}} + {{_ " For this exercise your streak is " }}{{attributes.score}}%. + {{/ifcond}} + + {{!-- Quiz --}} + {{#ifcond attributes.kind "===" "Quiz"}} + {{_ " For this quiz your score is " }}{{attributes.score}}%. + {{/ifcond}} +
+
+{{!-- Whole section is rendered invisible to screen readers --}} + +{{/each}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/student-progress-container.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/student-progress-container.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2fea4bc586 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/hbtemplates/student-progress-container.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +

{{_ "Progress report" }}

+
diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/models.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/models.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18f09098af --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/models.js @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); +var sprintf = require("sprintf-js").sprintf; + +var PlaylistProgressModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); + +var PlaylistProgressDetailModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); + +// Collections +var PlaylistProgressCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ + model: PlaylistProgressModel, + + initialize: function(model, options) { + this.user_id = options.user_id; + }, + + url: function() { + return sprintf("%(playlist_url)s?user_id=%(user_id)s", {"playlist_url": PLAYLIST_PROGRESS_URL, "user_id": this.user_id}); + } +}); + +var PlaylistProgressDetailCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ + model: PlaylistProgressDetailModel, + + initialize: function(models, options) { + this.playlist_id = options.playlist_id; + this.user_id = options.user_id; + }, + + url: function() { + var base = sprintf("%(playlist_url)s?user_id=%(user_id)s&playlist_id=", {"playlist_url": PLAYLIST_PROGRESS_DETAIL_URL, "user_id": this.user_id}); + return base + this.playlist_id; + } +}); + +module.exports = { + PlaylistProgressModel: PlaylistProgressModel, + PlaylistProgressDetailModel: PlaylistProgressDetailModel, + PlaylistProgressCollection: PlaylistProgressCollection, + PlaylistProgressDetailCollection: PlaylistProgressDetailCollection +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/views.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/views.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..076c1f54fd --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/student_progress/views.js @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); +var Handlebars = require("base/handlebars"); +var messages = require("utils/messages"); +var Models = require("./models"); + + +var PlaylistProgressDetailView = Backbone.View.extend({ + + template: require('./hbtemplates/playlist-progress-details.handlebars'), + + initialize: function() { + this.listenTo(this.collection, 'sync', this.render); + }, + + render: function() { + this.$el.html(this.template({ + data: this.collection.models + })); + + return this; + } +}); + +var PlaylistProgressView = Backbone.View.extend({ + + template: require('./hbtemplates/playlist-progress-container.handlebars'), + + events: { + "click .toggle-details": "toggle_details" + }, + + initialize: function(options) { + this.details_fetched = false; + + this.detailed_view = new PlaylistProgressDetailView({ + collection: new Models.PlaylistProgressDetailCollection([], { + playlist_id: this.model.attributes.id, + user_id: options.user_id + }) + }); + + this.listenTo(this.detailed_view.collection, "sync", this.render_details); + }, + + render: function() { + this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.toJSON())); + return this; + }, + + render_details: function() { + this.$(".playlist-progress-details").html(this.detailed_view.render().el).show(); + + // opt in bootstrap tooltip functionality + this.$('.progress-indicator-sm').popover({ + trigger: 'click hover', + animation: false + }); + }, + + toggle_details: function() { + // Fetch data if we don't have it yet + var self = this; + if (!this.details_fetched) { + this.detailed_view.collection.fetch({ + success: function() { + self.details_fetched = true; + } + }); + } + + // Show or hide details + this.$(".expand-collapse").toggleClass("glyphicon-chevron-down glyphicon-chevron-up"); + this.$(".playlist-progress-details").slideToggle(); + } +}); + +var StudentProgressContainerView = Backbone.View.extend({ + // The containing view + template: require('./hbtemplates/student-progress-container.handlebars'), + + initialize: function(options) { + this.user_id = options.user_id; + + this.collection = new Models.PlaylistProgressCollection([], {user_id: this.user_id}); + + this.listenTo(this.collection, 'add', this.add_one); + + var self = this; + + this.render(); + + this.collection.fetch({ + success: function() { + if (self.collection.length === 0) { //if the student visits the my progress page before attempting any quizes/videos + if (window.statusModel.is_student()) { + messages.show_message("info", gettext("Click on the LEARN button above to get started on your learning journey.")); + } + self.$el.html(""); //this is done to remove the 'Progress Report' header + } + } + }); + }, + + render: function() { + // Only render container once + this.$el.html(this.template()); + }, + + add_one: function(playlist) { + var view = new PlaylistProgressView({ + model: playlist, + user_id: this.user_id + }); + this.$("#playlists-container").append(view.render().el); + } +}); + +module.exports = { + StudentProgressContainerView: StudentProgressContainerView, + PlaylistProgressView: PlaylistProgressView, + PlaylistProgressDetailView: PlaylistProgressDetailView +}; diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/detailspanel.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/detailspanel.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/detailspanel.handlebars rename to kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/detailspanel.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/detailspanelbody.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/detailspanelbody.handlebars similarity index 93% rename from kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/detailspanelbody.handlebars rename to kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/detailspanelbody.handlebars index fa922271ef..9ae76d7eaa 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/hbtemplates/coach_nav/detailspanelbody.handlebars +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/detailspanelbody.handlebars @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/tabular-view-row.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/tabular-view-row.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9a8ae1e89b --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/tabular-view-row.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + + {{#ifcond first_name "||" last_name }}{{ first_name }}
{{last_name}}{{else}}{{username}}{{/ifcond}} + + diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/tabular-view.handlebars b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/tabular-view.handlebars new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29fabf4fc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/hbtemplates/tabular-view.handlebars @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +
+
+
+ +
    +
  • {{_ "In Progress" }}
    • +
  • {{_ "Completed" }}
    • +
  • {{_ "Struggling" }}
    • +
  • {{_ "Not Attempted" }}
    • +
+
+
+
+
+ {{#if learners}} +
+
+
+ + + + + {{#each contents}} + + {{/each}} + + + + +
+ {{_ "Learner"}} + + +
+
+
+
+
+ {{/if}} +
+
+
diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/views.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/views.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3af16ca85a --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/tabular_reports/views.js @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ +var BaseView = require("base/baseview"); +var _ = require("underscore"); +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); +var Handlebars = require("base/handlebars"); +var sprintf = require("sprintf-js").sprintf; + +var ExerciseModels = require("exercises/models"); +var Models = require("../coach_reports/models"); + +var date_string = require("utils/datestring").date_string; + +/* +Hierarchy of views: +- TabularReportView: + - TabularReportRowView: + - TabularReportRowCellView + - DetailPanelInlineRowView: + - DetailPanelView: + - DetailPanelBodyView +*/ + + + +var DetailPanelBodyView = BaseView.extend({ + /* + This view displays details of individual attempt logs + It has a tabbed body which will display all the questions it is passed. + The number passed to it is determined in its wrapper view above. + */ + + template: require("./hbtemplates/detailspanelbody.handlebars"), + + initialize: function (options) { + _.bindAll(this, "render"); + // Track the number of the first Question in this panel. + this.start_number = options.start_number; + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + this.$el.html(this.template({ + collection: this.collection.to_objects(), + start_number: this.start_number + })); + } +}); + +var DetailPanelView = BaseView.extend({ + /* + This view handles the pagination for the detail view + */ + + //Number of items to show from the collection + limit: 4, + + id: "details-panel-view", + + template: require("./hbtemplates/detailspanel.handlebars"), + + events: { + "click .pagination-link": "change_page" + }, + + initialize: function (options) { + _.bindAll(this, "render"); + this.content_item = options.content_item; + this.page = 1; + if (this.content_item.get("kind") === "Exercise") { + this.instantiate_collection(); + } else { + this.render(); + } + }, + + instantiate_collection: function() { + // Instantiate a collection, with the right attributes to fetch just the AttemptLogs needed + // for the currently requested page and no more. + this.collection = new ExerciseModels.AttemptLogCollection([], { + user: this.model.get("user"), + limit: this.limit, + offset: (this.page - 1)*this.limit, + exercise_id: this.model.get("exercise_id"), + order_by: "timestamp" + }); + this.listenToOnce(this.collection, "sync", this.render); + this.collection.fetch(); + }, + + change_page: function(event) { + var page = this.$(event.currentTarget).attr("value"); + switch (page) { + case "next": + this.page++; + break; + case "previous": + this.page--; + break; + default: + this.page = Number(page); + break; + } + this.instantiate_collection(); + return false; + }, + + render: function() { + var item_count = 0; + if (this.collection && this.collection.meta) { + item_count = this.collection.meta.total_count; + } + this.pages = []; + if (item_count/this.limit > 1) { + for (var i=1; i < item_count/this.limit + 1; i++) { + this.pages.push(i); + } + } + this.$el.html(this.template({ + model: this.model.attributes, + itemdata: this.content_item.attributes, + pages: this.pages, + page: this.page, + collection: this.collection ? this.collection.to_objects() : [] + })); + if (this.collection) { + this.bodyView = new DetailPanelBodyView ({ + collection: this.collection, + // Question number of first question on this page + start_number: (this.page - 1)*this.limit + 1, + el: this.$(".body") + }); + } + } +}); + +var DetailPanelInlineRowView = BaseView.extend({ + /* + This is a special view that lets the detail view fit in a new row in the tabular report table + */ + + tagName: 'tr', + + className: 'details-row', + + initialize: function(options) { + this.contents_length = options.contents_length; + this.content_item = options.content_item; + this.content_item_place = options.content_item_place; + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + this.detail_view = new DetailPanelView({ + tagName: 'td', + model: this.model, + content_item: this.content_item, + attributes: {colspan: Math.min(this.contents_length - this.content_item_place, 6)} + }); + + // Add in a view that spans the columns up to the selected cell. + this.left_spacer_view = new BaseView({ + tagName: 'td', + attributes: {colspan: this.content_item_place + 1} + }); + + this.left_spacer_view.render(); + + this.$el.append(this.left_spacer_view.el); + this.$el.append(this.detail_view.el); + + } +}); + +var TabularReportRowCellView = BaseView.extend({ + /* + This renders the data for a particular exercise/learner combination - a single cell + */ + + tagName: 'td', + + events: { + "click": "show_detail_view" + }, + + status_class: function() { + var status_class = "partial"; + if (_.isEmpty(this.model.attributes)) { + status_class = "not-attempted"; + } else if (this.model.get("complete")) { + status_class = "complete"; + } else if (this.model.get("struggling")) { + status_class = "struggling"; + } + return status_class; + }, + + className: function() { + return sprintf("status data %s", this.status_class()); + }, + + attributes: function() { + return { + value: this.model.get("exercise_id") || this.model.get("video_id") || this.model.get("content_id"), + title: this.title_attributes[this.status_class()] + }; + }, + + title_attributes: { + "not-attempted": gettext("Not Attempted"), + "partial": gettext("Attempted"), + "complete": gettext("Complete"), + "struggling": gettext("Struggling") + }, + + initialize: function() { + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + if (this.model.has("streak_progress")) { + if (this.model.get("streak_progress") < 100) { + this.$el.html(this.model.get("streak_progress") + "%"); + } + } else if (this.model.has("video_id") || this.model.has("content_id")) { + // Calculate progress from points if not an exercise. + if (this.model.get("points") < ds.distributed.points_per_video) { + this.$el.html(Math.round(100*this.model.get("points")/ds.distributed.points_per_video) + "%"); + } + } + }, + + show_detail_view: function() { + if (_.isEmpty(this.model.attributes)) { + return false; + } else { + this.listenToOnce(this.model, "selected", function() { + this.$el.addClass("selected"); + }); + this.listenToOnce(this.model, "deselected", function() { + this.$el.removeClass("selected"); + }); + this.trigger("detail_view", this.model); + } + } +}); + +var TabularReportRowView = BaseView.extend({ + /* + This view renders a row of the table (i.e. all the data for one user) + */ + + template: require("./hbtemplates/tabular-view-row.handlebars"), + + tagName: 'tr', + + className: 'user-data-row', + + id: function() { + return this.model.get("pk"); + }, + + initialize: function(options) { + _.bindAll(this, "show_detail_view"); + + this.contents = options.contents; + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + var self = this; + + this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.attributes)); + + var cell_views = []; + this.contents.each(function(model){ + var data = self.model.get("logs")[model.get("id")]; + var new_view = self.add_subview(TabularReportRowCellView, {model: new Backbone.Model(data)}); + cell_views.push(new_view); + self.listenTo(new_view, "detail_view", self.show_detail_view); + }); + + this.append_views(cell_views); + }, + + show_detail_view: function(model) { + if (this.detail_view) { + // TODO (rtibbles): Implement Models properly here to reflect server side id attributes + if (this.detail_view.model.cid === model.cid) { + delete this.detail_view; + this.trigger("detail_view"); + return false; + } + this.detail_view.remove(); + } + + var model_id = model.get("exercise_id") || model.get("video_id") || model.get("content_id"); + var content_item = this.contents.find(function(item) {return item.get("id") === model_id;}); + this.detail_view = new DetailPanelInlineRowView({ + model: model, + contents_length: this.contents.length, + content_item: content_item, + content_item_place: this.contents.indexOf(content_item) + }); + this.$el.after(this.detail_view.el); + + this.trigger("detail_view", this.detail_view, model); + + } + +}); + +var TabularReportView = BaseView.extend({ + /* + This is the main control view for the Tabular Coach report + */ + + template: require("./hbtemplates/tabular-view.handlebars"), + + initialize: function(options) { + _.bindAll(this, "set_data_model", "scroll_bottom", "scroll_top"); + this.complete_callback = options.complete; + this.set_data_model(); + this.listenTo(this.model, "change", this.set_data_model); + }, + + render: function() { + var self = this; + + this.$el.html(this.template({ + contents: this.contents.toJSON(), + learners: this.contents.length + })); + + var row_views = []; + this.learners.each(function(model){ + var row_view = self.add_subview(TabularReportRowView, {model: model, contents: self.contents}); + row_views.push(row_view); + self.listenTo(row_view, "detail_view", self.set_detail_view); + }); + + this.append_views(row_views, ".student-data"); + + this.$('.headrowuser').css("min-width", this.$('.headrow.data').outerWidth()); + + this.$(".scroller").css("width", this.$("table").outerWidth()); + + if(this.complete_callback) { + this.complete_callback(); + } + + this.$("#displaygrid").scroll(this.scroll_bottom); + + this.$(".top-scroll").scroll(this.scroll_top); + + }, + + scroll_bottom: function() { + this.scroll(".top-scroll", "#displaygrid"); + }, + + scroll_top: function() { + this.scroll("#displaygrid", ".top-scroll"); + }, + + scroll: function(set, from) { + this.$(set).scrollLeft(this.$(from).scrollLeft()); + }, + + no_user_error: function() { + show_message("warning", "No learner accounts in this group have been created."); + }, + + set_data_model: function (){ + var self = this; + this.data_model = new Models.CoachReportModel({ + facility: this.model.get("facility"), + group: this.model.get("group"), + start_date: date_string(this.model.get("start_date")), + end_date: date_string(this.model.get("end_date")), + topic_ids: this.model.get("topic_ids") + }); + if (this.model.get("facility")) { + this.data_model.fetch().then(function() { + self.learners = new Backbone.Collection(self.data_model.get("learners")); + self.contents = new Backbone.Collection(self.data_model.get("contents")); + if (self.learners.length > 0) { + self.learners.each(function(model){ + model.set("logs", _.object( + _.map(_.filter(self.data_model.get("logs"), function(log) { + return log.user === model.get("pk"); + }), function(item) { + return [item.exercise_id || item.video_id || item.content_id, item]; + }))); + }); + self.render(); + } else { + self.no_user_error(); + } + }); + } + }, + + set_detail_view: function(detail_view, model) { + if (this.detail_view) { + this.detail_view.model.trigger("deselected"); + this.detail_view.remove(); + } + if (detail_view) { + model.trigger("selected"); + this.detail_view = detail_view; + } + } + +}); + +module.exports = { + TabularReportView: TabularReportView, + TabularReportRowView: TabularReportRowView, + TabularReportRowCellView: TabularReportRowCellView, + DetailPanelInlineRowView: DetailPanelInlineRowView, + DetailPanelView: DetailPanelView, + DetailPanelBodyView: DetailPanelBodyView +}; diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/utils/datestring.js b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/utils/datestring.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8729554b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/coachreports/static/js/coachreports/utils/datestring.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +var date_string = function(date) { + if (date) { + return date.getFullYear() + "/" + (date.getMonth() + 1) + "/" + date.getDate(); + } +}; + +module.exports = { + date_string: date_string +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/coach.html b/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/coach.html index 0a920eed67..d418d7004b 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/coach.html +++ b/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/coach.html @@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ {% block title %}{% trans "Coach Reports" %}{% endblock title %} {% block headcss %}{{ block.super }} - - - - {% endblock headcss %} @@ -20,18 +16,12 @@ var FACILITY_ID = {% if facility_id %}"{{ facility_id }}"{% else %}undefined{% endif %}; var ZONE_ID = "{{ zone_id }}"; - - - - - - - + + {% endblock headjs %} diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/student_view.html b/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/student_view.html index 781b3382aa..a34a9fcce6 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/student_view.html +++ b/kalite/coachreports/templates/coachreports/student_view.html @@ -11,13 +11,18 @@ {{ block.super }} {# Inner block needed so that control panel can import the JS necessary #} {% block student_report_js %} - + - {% endblock student_report_js %} {% endblock headjs %} @@ -30,16 +35,6 @@ {% block content %} {{ block.super }} - -
-
-

- - ← {% trans "Back to Facilities" %} - -

-
-
{% block student_report %}
diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/tests/coachreport_tests.py b/kalite/coachreports/tests/coachreport_tests.py index d7c287f1ca..9ced7ac7c2 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/tests/coachreport_tests.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/tests/coachreport_tests.py @@ -1,13 +1,16 @@ import json +import urllib +import peewee from django.conf import settings logging = settings.LOG -from kalite.testing.base import KALiteTestCase +from kalite.testing.base import KALiteTestCase, KALiteClientTestCase from kalite.testing.mixins.django_mixins import CreateAdminMixin from kalite.testing.mixins.securesync_mixins import CreateZoneMixin from kalite.testing.mixins.facility_mixins import FacilityMixins from kalite.testing.mixins.student_progress_mixins import StudentProgressMixin +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_content_parents, Item, set_database, create class ExternalAPITests(FacilityMixins, @@ -75,6 +78,8 @@ def setUp(self): self.group = self.create_group(name='group1', facility=self.facility) self.empty_group = self.create_group(name='empty_group', facility=self.facility) + self.facility_user = self.create_student() + def test_learner_log_endpoint(self): response_keys = ["logs","contents","learners","page","pages","limit"] self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') @@ -104,3 +109,157 @@ def test_aggregate_endpoint_different_logs(self): for key in response_keys: assert key in api_resp, "{key} not found in learner log API response".format(key) self.client.logout() + +class PlaylistProgressResourceTestCase(FacilityMixins, StudentProgressMixin, KALiteClientTestCase): + + @set_database + def setUp(self, db=None): + self.db = db + self.topic1 = create({ + "id": "stuff_here", + "slug": "stuff_here", + "path": "qwrqweqweqwe", + "kind": "Topic", + "title": "", + "description": "", + "available": True, + }) + self.exercise1 = create({ + "id": "stuff_here_ex", + "slug": "stuff_here_ex", + "path": "qwrqweqweqwe/qwrqweqweq", + "kind": "Exercise", + "title": "", + "description": "", + "available": True, + "parent": self.topic1, + }) + self.student = self.create_student() + self.ex_logs = self.create_exercise_log(user=self.student, exercise_id=self.exercise1.id) + + @set_database + def tearDown(self, db=None): + self.db = db + self.exercise1.delete() + self.topic1.delete() + + def test_playlist_progress(self): + base_url = self.reverse('api_dispatch_list', kwargs={'resource_name': 'playlist_progress_detail'}) + url = base_url + '?' + urllib.urlencode({'user_id': self.student.id, 'playlist_id': self.topic1.id}) + resp = self.client.get(url) + exercises = json.loads(resp.content).get("objects") + # checking if the request returned any of the exercises + self.assertTrue(len(exercises) > 0) + #checking if the returned list is accurate + self.assertEqual(exercises[0]["title"], self.exercise1.title) + + +class LearnerLogAPITests(FacilityMixins, + StudentProgressMixin, + CreateZoneMixin, + CreateAdminMixin, + KALiteTestCase): + """ + These tests test the learner log API endpoint in the coachreports app. + """ + + def setUp(self): + super(LearnerLogAPITests, self).setUp() + + self.admin_data = {"username": "admin", "password": "admin"} + self.admin = self.create_admin(**self.admin_data) + + self.zone = self.create_zone() + self.device_zone = self.create_device_zone(self.zone) + self.facility = self.create_facility() + + self.group = self.create_group(name='group1', facility=self.facility) + self.empty_group = self.create_group(name='empty_group', facility=self.facility) + + self.facility_user = self.create_student() + + self.topic1 = create({ + "id": "stuff_here", + "slug": "stuff_here", + "path": "qwrqweqweqwe", + "kind": "Topic", + "title": "", + "description": "", + "available": True, + }) + self.topic2 = create({ + "id": "stuff_there", + "slug": "stuff_there", + "path": "qwrqweqweqw", + "kind": "Topic", + "title": "", + "description": "", + "available": True, + }) + + self.exercise1 = create({ + "id": "stuff_here_ex", + "slug": "stuff_here_ex", + "path": "qwrqweqweqwe/qwrqweqweq", + "kind": "Exercise", + "title": "", + "description": "", + "available": True, + "parent": self.topic1, + }) + self.exercise2 = create({ + "id": "stuff_there_ex", + "slug": "stuff_there_ex", + "path": "qwrqweqweqw/qwrqweqw", + "kind": "Exercise", + "title": "", + "description": "", + "available": True, + "parent": self.topic2, + }) + + self.create_exercise_log(user=self.facility_user, exercise_id=self.exercise1.id) + self.create_exercise_log(user=self.facility_user, exercise_id=self.exercise2.id) + + def tearDown(self): + self.exercise1.delete() + self.exercise2.delete() + self.topic1.delete() + self.topic2.delete() + + def test_learner_log_topic_filters(self): + + self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') + api_resp_1 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id)).content) + api_resp_2 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s&topic_ids=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id, json.dumps([self.topic1.id]))).content) + assert len(api_resp_2["contents"]) < len(api_resp_1["contents"]) + + def test_learner_log_topic_filters_contents_length(self): + + self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') + api_resp_2 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s&topic_ids=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id, json.dumps([self.topic1.id]))).content) + assert len(api_resp_2["contents"]) == 1 + + def test_learner_log_topic_filters_contents_id(self): + + self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') + api_resp_2 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s&topic_ids=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id, json.dumps([self.topic1.id]))).content) + assert api_resp_2["contents"][0]["id"] == self.exercise1.id + + def test_learner_log_contents(self): + + self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') + api_resp_1 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id)).content) + assert len(api_resp_1["contents"]) == 2 + + def test_learner_log_logs(self): + + self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') + api_resp_1 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id)).content) + assert len(api_resp_1["logs"]) == 2 + + def test_learner_log_log_contents(self): + + self.client.login(username='admin', password='admin') + api_resp_2 = json.loads(self.client.get("%s?facility_id=%s&topic_ids=%s" % (self.reverse("learner_logs"), self.facility.id, json.dumps([self.topic1.id]))).content) + assert api_resp_2["logs"][0]["exercise_id"] == self.exercise1.id diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/urls.py b/kalite/coachreports/urls.py index e2a172de57..27239ec6d9 100644 --- a/kalite/coachreports/urls.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/urls.py @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ from django.conf.urls import patterns, url, include -from django.conf import settings from . import api_urls @@ -8,7 +7,6 @@ url(r'^coach/zone/(?P\w+)', 'coach_reports', {}, 'coach_reports'), url(r'^student/$', 'student_view', {}, 'student_view'), - url(r'^student/(?P[^/]+)/(?P[^/]+)/$', 'student_view', {}, 'student_view'), url(r'^api/', include(api_urls)), ) diff --git a/kalite/coachreports/views.py b/kalite/coachreports/views.py index e597f4c40f..80396a083e 100755 --- a/kalite/coachreports/views.py +++ b/kalite/coachreports/views.py @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def coach_reports(request, facility=None, zone_id=None): """Landing page needs plotting context in order to generate the navbar""" zone = get_object_or_None(Zone, pk=zone_id) - if not zone: + if not zone and settings.CENTRAL_SERVER: raise Http404("Zone not found.") if facility: @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def coach_reports(request, facility=None, zone_id=None): facility_id = None return { "facility_id": facility_id, - "zone_id": zone.id + "zone_id": zone.id if zone else None } diff --git a/kalite/contentload/api_views.py b/kalite/contentload/api_views.py index 6f3443760f..12e12b2cbe 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/api_views.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/api_views.py @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from kalite.facility.models import FacilityUser from kalite.main.models import ExerciseLog, VideoLog from kalite.shared.decorators.auth import require_login -from kalite.topic_tools import get_node_cache +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_content_items CENTRAL_SERVER_URL = "%s://%s" % (settings.SECURESYNC_PROTOCOL, settings.CENTRAL_SERVER_HOST) CENTRAL_UPDATE_ALL_PATH = "/api/contentload/update/central/" @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def update_all_distributed_callback(request): videos = json.loads(request.POST["video_logs"]) exercises = json.loads(request.POST["exercise_logs"]) user = FacilityUser.objects.get(id=request.POST["user_id"]) - node_cache = get_node_cache() + node_ids = [node.get("id") for node in get_content_items()] # Save videos n_videos_uploaded = 0 for video in videos: @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def update_all_distributed_callback(request): youtube_id = video['youtube_id'] # Only save video logs for videos that we recognize. - if video_id not in node_cache["Content"]: + if video_id not in node_ids: logging.warn("Skipping unknown video %s" % video_id) continue @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def update_all_distributed_callback(request): n_exercises_uploaded = 0 for exercise in exercises: # Only save video logs for videos that we recognize. - if exercise['exercise_id'] not in node_cache['Exercise']: + if exercise['exercise_id'] not in node_ids: logging.warn("Skipping unknown video %s" % exercise['exercise_id']) continue diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/base.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/base.py index 5b208a70e5..0140f70dfc 100755 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/base.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/base.py @@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ from django.utils.text import slugify +from kalite.contentload.utils import dedupe_paths + # For specification of channel_data dictionary, please see CHANNELDATA.md def retrieve_API_data(channel=None): @@ -20,14 +22,16 @@ def retrieve_API_data(channel=None): return topic_tree, exercises, assessment_items, content -def whitewash_node_data(node, path="", channel_data={}): +def whitewash_node_data(node, path="", channel_data=None): """ Utility function to convert nodes into the format used by KA Lite. Extracted from other functions so as to be reused by both the denormed and fully inflated exercise and video nodes. """ + if not channel_data: + channel_data = {} - kind = node.get("kind", None) + kind = node.get("kind") if not kind: return node @@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ def whitewash_node_data(node, path="", channel_data={}): node["title"] = (node["title"] or "").strip() if "description" in node: - node["description"] = node["description"].strip() + node["description"] = (node["description"] or "").strip() if kind == "Video": # TODO: map new videos into old videos; for now, this will do nothing. @@ -118,7 +122,7 @@ def recurse_nodes(node, path=""): children_to_delete = [] child_kinds = set() for i, child in enumerate(node.get("children", [])): - child_kind = child.get("kind", None) + child_kind = child.get("kind") if child_kind == "Video" or child_kind == "Exercise": children_to_delete.append(i) @@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ def recurse_nodes(node, path=""): children_to_delete = [] child_kinds = set() for i, child in enumerate(node.get("children", [])): - child_kind = child.get("kind", None) + child_kind = child.get("kind") # Blacklisted--remove if child_kind in channel_data["kind_blacklist"]: @@ -196,6 +200,8 @@ def recurse_nodes(node, path=""): return child_kinds recurse_nodes(topic_tree) + dedupe_paths(topic_tree) + def recurse_nodes_to_remove_childless_nodes(node): """ Remove dead-end topics. diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/import_channel.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/import_channel.py index e992f430a2..bd26cdebb7 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/import_channel.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/import_channel.py @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import hashlib import shutil import copy +import zipfile from django.conf import settings; logging = settings.LOG from django.utils.text import slugify @@ -44,10 +45,10 @@ } denormed_attribute_list = { - "Video": ["kind", "description", "title", "duration", "id", "y_pos", "x_pos", "path", "slug", "organization"], - "Exercise": ["kind", "description", "title", "name", "id", "y_pos", "x_pos", "path", "slug", "organization"], - "Audio": ["kind", "description", "title", "id", "y_pos", "x_pos", "path", "slug", "organization"], - "Document": ["kind", "description", "title", "id", "y_pos", "x_pos", "path", "slug", "organization"], + "Video": ["kind", "description", "title", "duration", "id", "path", "slug", "organization"], + "Exercise": ["kind", "description", "title", "name", "id", "path", "slug", "organization"], + "Audio": ["kind", "description", "title", "id", "path", "slug", "organization"], + "Document": ["kind", "description", "title", "id", "path", "slug", "organization"], } kind_blacklist = [None] @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ slug_blacklist = [] # Attributes that are OK for a while, but need to be scrubbed off by the end. -temp_ok_atts = ["x_pos", "y_pos"] +temp_ok_atts = [] channel_data = { "slug_key": slug_key, @@ -73,7 +74,11 @@ whitewash_node_data = partial(base.whitewash_node_data, channel_data=channel_data) -def build_full_cache(items, id_key="id"): +def build_full_cache(items, id_key="id", ids=None): + """ + Uses list of items retrieved from building the topic tree + to create an item cache with look up keys. + """ return dict((item["id"], item) for item in items) file_kind_dictionary = { @@ -85,6 +90,7 @@ def build_full_cache(items, id_key="id"): "Audio": ["mp3", "wma", "wav", "mid", "ogg"], "Document": ["pdf", "txt", "rtf", "html", "xml", "doc", "qxd", "docx"], "Archive": ["zip", "bzip2", "cab", "gzip", "mar", "tar"], + "Exercise": ["exercise"], } file_kind_map = {} @@ -95,8 +101,8 @@ def build_full_cache(items, id_key="id"): file_meta_data_map = { "duration": lambda x: getattr(x, "length", None), - "video_codec": lambda x: getattr(x, "video", [{}])[0].get("codec", None), - "audio_codec": lambda x: getattr(x, "audio", [{}])[0].get("codec", None), + "video_codec": lambda x: getattr(x, "video", [{}])[0].get("codec"), + "audio_codec": lambda x: getattr(x, "audio", [{}])[0].get("codec"), "title": lambda x: getattr(x, "title", None), "language": lambda x: getattr(x, "langcode", None), "keywords": lambda x: getattr(x, "keywords", None), @@ -144,7 +150,8 @@ def construct_node(location, parent_path, node_cache, channel): if os.path.isdir(location): node.update({ "kind": "Topic", - "id": slug, + # Hardcode id for root node as "root" + "id": slug if parent_path else "root", "children": sorted([construct_node(os.path.join(location, s), current_path, node_cache, channel) for s in os.listdir(location)], key=lambda x: (not x.get("topic_spotlight", False) if x else True, x.get("title", "") if x else "")), }) @@ -162,36 +169,64 @@ def construct_node(location, parent_path, node_cache, channel): else: extension = base_name.split(".")[-1] - kind = file_kind_map.get(extension, None) + kind = file_kind_map.get(extension) if not kind: return None elif kind in ["Video", "Audio", "Image"]: - from kaa import metadata as kaa_metadata - info = kaa_metadata.parse(location) - data_meta = {} - for meta_key, data_fn in file_meta_data_map.items(): - if data_fn(info): - data_meta[meta_key] = data_fn(info) - if data_meta.get("codec", None): - data_meta["{kind}_codec".format(kind=kind.lower())] = data_meta["codec"] - del data_meta["codec"] - data_meta.update(meta_data) - meta_data = data_meta + from hachoir_core.cmd_line import unicodeFilename + from hachoir_parser import createParser + from hachoir_metadata import extractMetadata + + filename = unicodeFilename(location) + parser = createParser(filename, location) + + if parser: + info = extractMetadata(parser) + data_meta = {} + for meta_key, data_fn in file_meta_data_map.items(): + if data_fn(info): + data_meta[meta_key] = data_fn(info) + if data_meta.get("codec"): + data_meta["{kind}_codec".format(kind=kind.lower())] = data_meta["codec"] + del data_meta["codec"] + data_meta.update(meta_data) + meta_data = data_meta + elif kind == "Exercise": + zf = zipfile.ZipFile(open(location, "rb"), "r") + try: + data_meta = json.loads(zf.read("exercise.json")) + except KeyError: + data_meta = {} + logging.debug("No exercise metadata available in zipfile") + meta_data.update(data_meta) + try: + assessment_items = json.loads(zf.read("assessment_items.json")) + except KeyError: + assessment_items = [] + logging.debug("No assessment items found in zipfile") + for filename in zf.namelist(): + if os.path.splitext(filename)[0] != "json": + zf.extract(filename, os.path.join(settings.ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, channel)) + id = file_md5(channel["id"], location) node.update({ "id": id, "kind": kind, - "format": extension, }) + if kind != "Exercise": + node.update({ + "format": extension, + }) + # Copy over content + shutil.copy(location, os.path.join(settings.CONTENT_ROOT, id + "." + extension)) + logging.debug("%s file %s to local content directory." % ("Copied", slug)) + node.update(meta_data) - # Copy over content - shutil.copy(location, os.path.join(settings.CONTENT_ROOT, id + "." + extension)) - logging.debug("%s file %s to local content directory." % ("Copied", slug)) # Verify some required fields: if "title" not in node: @@ -211,6 +246,7 @@ def construct_node(location, parent_path, node_cache, channel): nodecopy = copy.deepcopy(node) if kind == "Exercise": node_cache["Exercise"].append(nodecopy) + node_cache["AssessmentItem"].extend(assessment_items) else: node_cache["Content"].append(nodecopy) @@ -260,13 +296,14 @@ def retrieve_API_data(channel=None): "Exercise": [], "Content": [], "Slugs": set(), + "AssessmentItem": [], } topic_tree = construct_node(path, "", node_cache, channel) exercises = node_cache["Exercise"] - assessment_items = [] + assessment_items = node_cache["AssessmentItem"] content = node_cache["Content"] @@ -279,6 +316,9 @@ def retrieve_API_data(channel=None): rebuild_topictree = partial(base.rebuild_topictree, whitewash_node_data=whitewash_node_data, retrieve_API_data=retrieve_API_data, channel_data=channel_data) def channel_data_files(dest=None): + """ + Copies all remaining files to appropriate channel data directory + """ channel_data_filename = "channel_data.json" if dest: if not channel_data_path: diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/khan.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/khan.py deleted file mode 100755 index 7e79da05fa..0000000000 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/channels/khan.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,273 +0,0 @@ -import base -import os -import json -import requests -import threading -import time - -from collections_local_copy import OrderedDict -from fle_utils.general import ensure_dir -from functools import partial -from khan_api_python.api_models import Khan, APIError -from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool - -from django.conf import settings - -from kalite.updates.videos import REMOTE_VIDEO_SIZE_FILEPATH - -logging = settings.LOG - -slug_key = { - "Topic": "node_slug", - "Video": "readable_id", - "Exercise": "name", - "AssessmentItem": "id", -} - -title_key = { - "Topic": "title", - "Video": "title", - "Exercise": "display_name", - "AssessmentItem": "name" -} - -id_key = { - "Topic": "node_slug", - "Video": "youtube_id", - "Exercise": "name", - "AssessmentItem": "id" -} - -iconfilepath = "/images/power-mode/badges/" -iconextension = "-40x40.png" -defaulticon = "default" - -attribute_whitelists = { - "Topic": ["kind", "hide", "description", "id", "topic_page_url", "title", "extended_slug", "children", "node_slug", "in_knowledge_map", "icon_src", "child_data", "render_type", "path", "slug"], - "Video": ["kind", "description", "title", "duration", "keywords", "youtube_id", "download_urls", "readable_id", "in_knowledge_map", "path", "slug", "format"], - "Exercise": ["kind", "description", "related_video_readable_ids", "display_name", "live", "name", "seconds_per_fast_problem", "prerequisites", "all_assessment_items", "uses_assessment_items", "path", "slug"], - "AssessmentItem": ["kind", "name", "item_data", "author_names", "sha", "id"] -} - -denormed_attribute_list = { - "Video": ["kind", "description", "title", "id", "slug", "path"], - "Exercise": ["kind", "description", "title", "id", "slug", "path"] -} - -kind_blacklist = [None, "Separator", "CustomStack", "Scratchpad", "Article"] - -slug_blacklist = ["new-and-noteworthy", "talks-and-interviews", "coach-res"] # not relevant -slug_blacklist += ["cs", "towers-of-hanoi"] # not (yet) compatible -slug_blacklist += ["cc-third-grade-math", "cc-fourth-grade-math", "cc-fifth-grade-math", "cc-sixth-grade-math", "cc-seventh-grade-math", "cc-eighth-grade-math"] # common core -slug_blacklist += ["MoMA", "getty-museum", "stanford-medicine", "crash-course1", "mit-k12", "hour-of-code", "metropolitan-museum", "bitcoin", "tate", "crash-course1", "crash-course-bio-ecology", "british-museum", "aspeninstitute", "asian-art-museum", "amnh"] # partner content - -# TODO(jamalex): re-check these videos later and remove them from here if they've recovered -slug_blacklist += ["mortgage-interest-rates", "factor-polynomials-using-the-gcf", "inflation-overview", "time-value-of-money", "changing-a-mixed-number-to-an-improper-fraction", "applying-the-metric-system"] # errors on video downloads -# 'Mortgage interest rates' at http://s3.amazonaws.com/KA-youtube-converted/vy_pvstdBhg.mp4/vy_pvstdBhg.mp4... -# 'Inflation overview' at http://s3.amazonaws.com/KA-youtube-converted/-Z5kkfrEc8I.mp4/-Z5kkfrEc8I.mp4... -# 'Factor expressions using the GCF' at http://s3.amazonaws.com/KA-youtube-converted/_sIuZHYrdWM.mp4/_sIuZHYrdWM.mp4... -# 'Time value of money' at http://s3.amazonaws.com/KA-youtube-converted/733mgqrzNKs.mp4/733mgqrzNKs.mp4... -# 'Applying the metric system' at http://s3.amazonaws.com/KA-youtube-converted/CDvPPsB3nEM.mp4/CDvPPsB3nEM.mp4... -# 'Mixed numbers: changing to improper fractions' at http://s3.amazonaws.com/KA-youtube-converted/xkg7370cpjs.mp4/xkg7370cpjs.mp4... - -# Attributes that are OK for a while, but need to be scrubbed off by the end. -temp_ok_atts = ["x_pos", "y_pos", "icon_src", u'topic_page_url', u'hide', "live", "node_slug", "extended_slug"] - -channel_data = { - "slug_key": slug_key, - "title_key": title_key, - "id_key": id_key, - "iconfilepath": iconfilepath, - "iconextension": iconextension, - "defaulticon": defaulticon, - "attribute_whitelists": attribute_whitelists, - "denormed_attribute_list": denormed_attribute_list, - "kind_blacklist": kind_blacklist, - "slug_blacklist": slug_blacklist, - "temp_ok_atts": temp_ok_atts, - "require_download_link": True, -} - -whitewash_node_data = partial(base.whitewash_node_data, channel_data=channel_data) - -def denorm_data(node): - if node: - kind = node.get("kind", "") - if channel_data["denormed_attribute_list"].has_key(kind): - for key in node.keys(): - if key not in channel_data["denormed_attribute_list"][kind] or not node.get(key, "") or isinstance(node.get(key), partial): - del node[key] - - -def build_full_cache(items, id_key="id"): - """ - Uses list of items retrieved from Khan Academy API to - create an item cache with fleshed out meta-data. - """ - - output = {} - - for item in items: - for attribute in item._API_attributes: - logging.info("Fetching item information for {id}, attribute: {attribute}".format(id=item.get(id_key, "Unknown"), attribute=attribute)) - try: - dummy_variable_to_force_fetch = item.__getattr__(attribute) - if isinstance(item[attribute], list): - for subitem in item[attribute]: - if isinstance(subitem, dict): - try: - subitem = json.loads(subitem.toJSON()) - except AttributeError: - pass - if subitem.has_key("kind"): - subitem = whitewash_node_data( - {key: value for key, value in subitem.items()}) - denorm_data(subitem) - elif isinstance(item[attribute], dict): - try: - item[attribute] = json.loads(item[attribute].toJSON()) - except AttributeError: - pass - if item[attribute].has_key("kind"): - item[attribute] = whitewash_node_data( - {key: value for key, value in item.attribute.items()}) - denorm_data(item[attribute]) - except APIError as e: - del item[attribute] - try: - item = json.loads(item.toJSON()) - except AttributeError: - logging.error("Unable to serialize %r" % item) - - output[item["id"]] = whitewash_node_data(item) - - return output - -def retrieve_API_data(channel=None): - - # TODO(jamalex): See how much of what we do here can be replaced by KA's new projection-based API - # http://www.khanacademy.org/api/v2/topics/topictree?projection={"topics":[{"slug":1,"childData":[{"id":1}]}]} - - khan = Khan() - - logging.info("Fetching Khan topic tree") - - topic_tree = khan.get_topic_tree() - - logging.info("Fetching Khan exercises") - - exercises = khan.get_exercises() - - exercises_dummy = khan.get_exercises() - - logging.info("Fetching Khan videos") - - content = khan.get_videos() - - # Hack to hardcode the mp4 format flag on Videos. - for con in content: - con["format"] = "mp4" - - # Compute and save file sizes - logging.info("Checking remote content file sizes...") - try: - with open(REMOTE_VIDEO_SIZE_FILEPATH, "r") as fp: - old_sizes = json.load(fp) - except: - old_sizes = {} - blacklist = [key for key, val in old_sizes.items() if val > 0] # exclude any we already know about - sizes_by_id, sizes = query_remote_content_file_sizes(content, blacklist=blacklist) - ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(REMOTE_VIDEO_SIZE_FILEPATH)) - old_sizes.update(sizes_by_id) - sizes = OrderedDict(sorted(old_sizes.items())) - with open(REMOTE_VIDEO_SIZE_FILEPATH, "w") as fp: - json.dump(sizes, fp, indent=2) - logging.info("Finished checking remote content file sizes...") - - assessment_items = [] - - # Limit number of simultaneous requests - semaphore = threading.BoundedSemaphore(100) - - def fetch_assessment_data(exercise): - logging.info("Fetching Assessment Item Data for {exercise}".format(exercise=exercise.display_name)) - for assessment_item in exercise.all_assessment_items: - counter = 0 - wait = 5 - while wait: - try: - semaphore.acquire() - logging.info("Fetching assessment item {assessment}".format(assessment=assessment_item["id"])) - assessment_data = khan.get_assessment_item(assessment_item["id"]) - semaphore.release() - if assessment_data.get("item_data"): - wait = 0 - assessment_items.append(assessment_data) - else: - logging.info("Fetching assessment item {assessment} failed retrying in {wait}".format(assessment=assessment_item["id"], wait=wait)) - time.sleep(wait) - wait = wait*2 - counter += 1 - except (requests.ConnectionError, requests.Timeout): - semaphore.release() - time.sleep(wait) - wait = wait*2 - counter += 1 - if counter > 5: - logging.info("Fetching assessment item {assessment} failed more than 5 times, aborting".format(assessment=assessment_item["id"])) - break - - threads = [threading.Thread(target=fetch_assessment_data, args=(exercise,)) for exercise in exercises_dummy] - - for thread in threads: - thread.start() - for thread in threads: - thread.join() - - return topic_tree, exercises, assessment_items, content - -def query_remote_content_file_sizes(content_items, threads=10, blacklist=[]): - """ - Query and store the file sizes for downloadable videos, by running HEAD requests against them, - and reading the `content-length` header. Right now, this is only for the "khan" channel, and hence lives here. - TODO(jamalex): Generalize this to other channels once they're centrally hosted and downloadable. - """ - sizes_by_id = {} - - if isinstance(content_items, dict): - content_items = content_items.values() - - content_items = [content for content in content_items if content["format"] in content.get("download_urls", {}) and content["youtube_id"] not in blacklist] - - pool = ThreadPool(threads) - sizes = pool.map(get_content_length, content_items) - - for content, size in zip(content_items, sizes): - # TODO(jamalex): This should be generalized from "youtube_id" to support other content types - if size: - sizes_by_id[content["youtube_id"]] = size - - return sizes_by_id, sizes - - -def get_content_length(content): - url = content["download_urls"][content["format"]].replace("http://fastly.kastatic.org/", "http://s3.amazonaws.com/") # because fastly is SLOWLY - logging.info("Checking remote file size for content '{title}' at {url}...".format(title=content.get("title"), url=url)) - size = 0 - for i in range(5): - try: - size = int(requests.head(url, timeout=60).headers["content-length"]) - break - except requests.Timeout: - logging.warning("Timed out on try {i} while checking remote file size for '{title}'!".format(title=content.get("title"), i=i)) - except TypeError: - logging.warning("No numeric content-length returned while checking remote file size for '{title}' ({readable_id})!".format(**content)) - break - if size: - logging.info("Finished checking remote file size for content '{title}'!".format(title=content.get("title"))) - else: - logging.error("No file size retrieved (timeouts?) for content '{title}'!".format(title=content.get("title"))) - return size - - -rebuild_topictree = partial(base.rebuild_topictree, whitewash_node_data=whitewash_node_data, retrieve_API_data=retrieve_API_data, channel_data=channel_data) diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/contentload.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/contentload.py deleted file mode 100644 index b214ce48a6..0000000000 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/contentload.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,137 +0,0 @@ -""" -Utilities for downloading Khan Academy topic tree and -massaging into data and files that we use in KA Lite. -""" -import json -import os -import importlib -import hashlib - -from optparse import make_option - -from django.conf import settings; logging = settings.LOG -from django.core.management.base import NoArgsCommand -from django.utils.text import slugify - -from fle_utils.general import ensure_dir - -def save_cache_file(cache_type, cache_object=None, node_cache=None, data_path=None): - - if cache_object is not None: - dest_filepath = os.path.join(data_path, cache_type.lower() + "s.json") - logging.debug("Saving %(cache_type)s to %(dest_filepath)s" % {"cache_type": cache_type, "dest_filepath": dest_filepath}) - with open(dest_filepath, "w") as fp: - fp.write(json.dumps(cache_object)) - - -def scrub_topic_tree(node_cache, channel_data): - # Now, remove unnecessary values - for kind_nodes in node_cache.values(): - for node in kind_nodes.values(): - for att in channel_data["temp_ok_atts"]: - if att in node: - if att == "hide" and node["id"] != "root": - assert node[att] == False, "All hidden nodes (%s) better be deleted by this point!" % node["id"] - if att == "live": - assert node[att] == True, "All non-live nodes (%s) better be deleted by this point!" % node["id"] - del node[att] - - -class Command(NoArgsCommand): - help = """ - **WARNING** not intended for use outside of the FLE; use at your own risk! - Update the topic tree caches. - Options: - [no args] - download from Khan Academy and refresh all files - """ - - option_list = NoArgsCommand.option_list + ( - # Basic options - make_option('-c', '--channel', - dest='channel', - default="khan", - help='Create content files for a channel'), - make_option('-i', '--import', - action='store', - dest='import_files', - default=None, - help="Import a file structure as a topic tree and move over the appropriate content"), - make_option('-d', '--data', - action='store', - dest='channel_data', - default=None, - help="Add custom path to channel data files"), - ) - - def handle(self, *args, **options): - - channel_name = channel = options["channel"] - - if options["import_files"]: - channel = "import_channel" - - channel_tools = importlib.import_module("kalite.contentload.management.commands.channels.{channel}".format(channel=channel)) - - if options["import_files"]: - channel_tools.path = options["import_files"] - if not channel_name or channel_name=="khan": - channel_name = os.path.basename(options["import_files"]) - - if options["channel_data"]: - channel_tools.channel_data_path = options["channel_data"] - - channel_path = os.path.join(settings.CONTENT_DATA_PATH, slugify(unicode(channel_name))) - - ensure_dir(channel_path) - - channel_id = hashlib.md5(channel_name).hexdigest() - - channel_dict = { - "id": channel_id, - "name": channel_name, - "path": channel_path, - } - - topic_tree, exercises, assessment_items, content = channel_tools.rebuild_topictree(channel=channel_dict) - - exercise_cache = channel_tools.build_full_cache(exercises, id_key=channel_tools.id_key["Exercise"]) - assessment_item_cache = channel_tools.build_full_cache(assessment_items) - content_cache = channel_tools.build_full_cache(content) - - node_cache = {} - - node_cache["Exercise"] = exercise_cache - node_cache["Content"] = content_cache - node_cache["AssessmentItem"] = assessment_item_cache - - if channel_tools.channel_data["temp_ok_atts"]: - scrub_topic_tree(node_cache=node_cache, channel_data=channel_tools.channel_data) - - # The reason why we catch all errors was that this thing takes - # around 6 hours to run, and having them error out in the end - # is kind of a bummer. Since this is meant to just run - # occasionally on our side (as a hidden feature of KA Lite), - # it's safe to have this code smell for now. - try: - save_cache_file("Topic", cache_object=topic_tree, data_path=channel_path) - save_cache_file("Exercise", cache_object=exercise_cache, data_path=channel_path) - save_cache_file("AssessmentItem", cache_object=assessment_item_cache, data_path=channel_path) - save_cache_file("Content", cache_object=content_cache, data_path=channel_path) - - except Exception as e: - - import IPython; IPython.embed() - - if hasattr(channel_tools, "channel_data_files"): - channel_tools.channel_data_files(dest=channel_path) - - logging.info( - """Downloaded topic_tree data for - {exercises} exercises - {contents} content files - {assessments} assessment items - """.format( - exercises=len(node_cache["Exercise"]), - contents=len(node_cache["Content"]), - assessments=len(node_cache["AssessmentItem"]), - )) diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/generate_assessment_zips.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/generate_assessment_zips.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0e5697ed4f..0000000000 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/generate_assessment_zips.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,282 +0,0 @@ -import copy -import json -import os -import re -import requests -import tempfile -import zipfile -from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool -from threading import Lock - -from django.conf import settings as django_settings -from django.core.management import call_command -from django.core.management.base import NoArgsCommand - -import kalite.version as version - -from kalite.topic_tools import get_content_cache, get_exercise_cache -from kalite.contentload import settings - -logging = django_settings.LOG - -ZIP_FILE_PATH = os.path.join(django_settings.USER_DATA_ROOT, "assessment.zip") - -IMAGE_URL_REGEX = re.compile('https?://[\w\.\-\/]+\/(?P[\w\.\-\%]+\.(png|gif|jpg|jpeg|svg))', flags=re.IGNORECASE) - -WEB_GRAPHIE_URL_REGEX = re.compile('web\+graphie://ka\-perseus\-graphie\.s3\.amazonaws\.com\/(?P\w+)', flags=re.IGNORECASE) - -IMAGE_URLS_NOT_TO_REPLACE = set([ - "http://www.dogs.com/photo.jpg", - "https://www.kasandbox.org/programming-images/creatures/OhNoes.png", -]) - -# This is used for image URLs that don't end in an image extension, or are otherwise messed up. -# Here we can manually map such URLs to a nice, friendly filename that will get used in the assessment item data. -MANUAL_IMAGE_URL_TO_FILENAME_MAPPING = { - "http://www.marineland.com/~/media/UPG/Marineland/Products/Glass%20Aquariums/Cube%20Aquariums/12268%20MCT45B%200509jpg49110640x640.ashx?w=300&h=300&bc=white": "aquarium.jpg", - "https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbTT6DecPnyTp5t-Ar9bgQcwNxLV8F6dvSFDYHKZSs1JINCCRFJw": "ar9bgqcwnxlv8f6dvsfdyhkzss1jinccrfjw.jpg", -} - -# this ugly regex looks for links to content on the KA site, also including the markdown link text and surrounding bold markers (*), e.g. -# **[Read this essay to review](https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/anglo-saxon-england/a/the-lindisfarne-gospels)** -# TODO(jamalex): answer any questions people might have when this breaks! -CONTENT_URL_REGEX_PLAIN = "https?://www\.khanacademy\.org/[\/\w\-\%]*/./(?P[\w\-]+)" -CONTENT_URL_REGEX = re.compile("(?P)" + CONTENT_URL_REGEX_PLAIN + "(?P)", flags=re.IGNORECASE) -CONTENT_LINK_REGEX = re.compile("(?P\**\[[^\]\[]+\] ?\(?) ?" + CONTENT_URL_REGEX_PLAIN + "(?P\)? ?\**)", flags=re.IGNORECASE) - -ZIP_WRITE_MUTEX = Lock() - - -class Command(NoArgsCommand): - - def handle_noargs(self, **options): - logging.info("fetching assessment items") - - # load the assessmentitems - assessment_items = json.load(open(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH)) - - image_urls = find_all_image_urls(assessment_items) - graphie_urls = find_all_graphie_urls(assessment_items) - - logging.info("rewriting urls") - new_assessment_items = localize_all_image_urls(assessment_items) - new_assessment_items = localize_all_content_links(new_assessment_items) - new_assessment_items = localize_all_graphie_urls(new_assessment_items) - - # TODO(jamalex): We should migrate this away from direct-to-zip so that we can re-run it - # without redownloading all files. Not possible currently because ZipFile has no `delete`. - logging.info("downloading images") - with open(ZIP_FILE_PATH, "w") as f: - zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "w") # zipfile.ZipFile isn't a context manager yet for python 2.6 - write_assessment_item_db_to_zip(zf, new_assessment_items) - download_urls_to_zip(zf, image_urls) - download_urls_to_zip(zf, graphie_urls) - write_assessment_item_version_to_zip(zf) - zf.close() - - logging.info("Zip File with images placed in %s" % ZIP_FILE_PATH) - - -def write_assessment_item_version_to_zip(zf, versionnumber=version.SHORTVERSION): - zf.writestr("assessmentitems.version", versionnumber) - - -def write_assessment_item_db_to_zip(zf, assessment_items): - temp_json_file = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "assessmentitems.json") - temp_database_file = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "assessmentitems.sqlite") - with open(temp_json_file, "w") as f: - json.dump(assessment_items, f) - call_command("init_assessment_items", assessment_items_filepath=temp_json_file, database_path=temp_database_file, bulk_create=True) - with open(temp_database_file) as f: - db_data = f.read() - zf.writestr("assessmentitems.sqlite", db_data) - - -def download_urls_to_zip(zf, urls): - - urls = set(urls) - - pool = ThreadPool(10) - download_to_zip_func = lambda url: download_url_to_zip(zf, url) - pool.map(download_to_zip_func, urls) - - -def download_url_to_zip(zf, url): - # use a manual mapping if available, otherwise get the filename from the end of the url - filename = MANUAL_IMAGE_URL_TO_FILENAME_MAPPING.get(url, os.path.basename(url)) - filepath = _get_subpath_from_filename(filename) - try: - url = url.replace("https://ka-", "http://ka-") - filecontent = fetch_file_from_url_or_cache(url) - except Exception as e: - # we don't want a failed image request to download, but we - # want to inform the user of the error - logging.error("Error when downloading from URL: %s (%s)" % (url, e)) - return - - # Without a mutex, the generated zip files were corrupted when writing with concurrency > 1 - with ZIP_WRITE_MUTEX: - zf.writestr(filepath, filecontent) - - -def fetch_file_from_url_or_cache(url): - # use a manual mapping if available, otherwise get the filename from the end of the url - filename = MANUAL_IMAGE_URL_TO_FILENAME_MAPPING.get(url, os.path.basename(url)) - cached_file_path = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), filename) - - if os.path.exists(cached_file_path): # just read from the cache file - logging.info("reading cached file %s" % cached_file_path) - with open(cached_file_path) as f: - out = f.read() - else: # fetch, then write to the cache file - logging.info("downloading file %s" % url) - r = requests.get(url) - r.raise_for_status() - with open(cached_file_path, "w") as f: - f.write(r.content) - out = r.content - - return out - - -def find_all_image_urls(items): - - for url in MANUAL_IMAGE_URL_TO_FILENAME_MAPPING: - yield url - - for v in items.itervalues(): - for match in re.finditer(IMAGE_URL_REGEX, v["item_data"]): - if match.group(0) not in IMAGE_URLS_NOT_TO_REPLACE: - yield str(match.group(0)) # match.group(0) means get the entire string - - -def localize_all_image_urls(items): - # we copy so we make sure we don't modify the items passed in to this function - newitems = copy.deepcopy(items) - - for item in newitems.itervalues(): - item['item_data'] = localize_image_urls(item['item_data']) - - return newitems - - -def localize_image_urls(item_data): - for url, filename in MANUAL_IMAGE_URL_TO_FILENAME_MAPPING.items(): - item_data = item_data.replace(url, _get_path_from_filename(filename)) - item_data = re.sub(IMAGE_URL_REGEX, _old_image_url_to_content_url, item_data) - return item_data - - -def find_all_graphie_urls(items): - - for v in items.itervalues(): - for match in re.finditer(WEB_GRAPHIE_URL_REGEX, v["item_data"]): - base_filename = str(match.group(0)).replace("web+graphie:", "https:") # match.group(0) means get the entire string - yield base_filename + ".svg" - yield base_filename + "-data.json" - - -def localize_all_graphie_urls(items): - # we copy so we make sure we don't modify the items passed in to this function - newitems = copy.deepcopy(items) - - for item in newitems.itervalues(): - item['item_data'] = localize_graphie_urls(item['item_data']) - - return newitems - - -def localize_graphie_urls(item_data): - - return re.sub(WEB_GRAPHIE_URL_REGEX, _old_graphie_url_to_content_url, item_data) - - -def convert_urls(item_data): - """Convert urls in i18n strings into localhost urls. - This function is used by ka-lite-central/centralserver/i18n/management/commands/update_language_packs.py""" - item_data = localize_image_urls(item_data) - item_data = localize_content_links(item_data) - item_data = localize_graphie_urls(item_data) - return item_data - - -def _old_graphie_url_to_content_url(matchobj): - return "web+graphie:" + _get_path_from_filename(matchobj.group("filename")) - - -def _old_image_url_to_content_url(matchobj): - url = matchobj.group(0) - if url in IMAGE_URLS_NOT_TO_REPLACE: - return url - return _get_path_from_filename(matchobj.group("filename")) - - -def _get_path_from_filename(filename): - return "/content/khan/" + _get_subpath_from_filename(filename) - - -def _get_subpath_from_filename(filename): - filename = filename.replace("%20", "_") - return "%s/%s" % (filename[0:3], filename) - - -def localize_all_content_links(items): - # we copy so we make sure we don't modify the items passed in to this function - newitems = copy.deepcopy(items) - - # loop over every item, and replace links in them to point to local resources, if available - for item in newitems.itervalues(): - item['item_data'] = localize_content_links(item['item_data']) - - return newitems - - -def localize_content_links(item_data): - item_data = re.sub(CONTENT_LINK_REGEX, _old_content_links_to_local_links, item_data) - item_data = re.sub(CONTENT_URL_REGEX, _old_content_links_to_local_links, item_data) - return item_data - - -def _old_content_links_to_local_links(matchobj): - # replace links in them to point to local resources, if available, otherwise return an empty string - content = _get_content_by_readable_id(matchobj.group("slug")) - url = matchobj.group(0) - if not content or "path" not in content: - if "/a/" not in url and "/p/" not in url: - print "Content link target not found:", url - return "" - - return "%s/learn/%s%s" % (matchobj.group("prefix"), content["path"], matchobj.group("suffix")) - - -CONTENT_BY_READABLE_ID = None -def _get_content_by_readable_id(readable_id): - global CONTENT_BY_READABLE_ID - if not CONTENT_BY_READABLE_ID: - CONTENT_BY_READABLE_ID = dict([(c["readable_id"], c) for c in get_content_cache().values()]) - try: - return CONTENT_BY_READABLE_ID[readable_id] - except KeyError: - return CONTENT_BY_READABLE_ID.get(re.sub("\-+", "-", readable_id).lower(), None) - - -def _list_all_exercises_with_bad_links(): - """This is a standalone helper method used to provide KA with a list of exercises with bad URLs in them.""" - url_pattern = r"https?://www\.khanacademy\.org/[\/\w\-]*/./(?P[\w\-]+)" - assessment_items = json.load(open(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH)) - for ex in get_exercise_cache().values(): - checked_urls = [] - displayed_title = False - for aidict in ex.get("all_assessment_items", []): - ai = assessment_items[aidict["id"]] - for match in re.finditer(url_pattern, ai["item_data"], flags=re.IGNORECASE): - url = str(match.group(0)) - if url in checked_urls: - continue - checked_urls.append(url) - status_code = requests.get(url).status_code - if status_code != 200: - if not displayed_title: - print "EXERCISE: '%s'" % ex["title"], ex["path"] - displayed_title = True - print "\t", status_code, url diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/init_assessment_items.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/init_assessment_items.py deleted file mode 100644 index 4b847ec395..0000000000 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/init_assessment_items.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -import os - -from django.core.management import call_command -from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand -from django.db import connections -from fle_utils.general import softload_json -from optparse import make_option - -from django.conf import settings as django_settings -logging = django_settings.LOG - -from kalite.topic_tools.models import AssessmentItem - -from kalite.contentload import settings - - -class Command(BaseCommand): - - option_list = BaseCommand.option_list + ( - make_option("-a", "--assessment-items-filepath", - action="store", - dest="assessment_items_filepath", - default=settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH, - help="Override the JSON data source to import assessment items from"), - make_option("-d", "--database-path", - action="store", - dest="database_path", - default="", - help="Override the destination path for the assessment item DB file"), - make_option("-b", "--bulk-create", - action="store_true", - dest="bulk_create", - default=False, - help="Create the records in bulk (warning: will delete destination DB first)"), - ) - - def handle(self, assessment_items_filepath, database_path, bulk_create, *args, **kwargs): - - database_alias = "assessment_items" - - # temporarily swap out the database path for the desired target - database_path = database_path or connections.databases[database_alias]['NAME'] - temp_db_path, connections.databases[database_alias]['NAME'] = connections.databases[database_alias]['NAME'], database_path - - if bulk_create and os.path.isfile(database_path): - os.remove(database_path) - - call_command("syncdb", interactive=False, database=database_alias) - - raw_items = softload_json(assessment_items_filepath, logger=logging.debug, raises=False) - if bulk_create: - items = [AssessmentItem(id=k, item_data=v["item_data"], author_names=v["author_names"]) for k, v in raw_items.items()] - AssessmentItem.objects.bulk_create(items) - else: - for k, v in raw_items.iteritems(): - AssessmentItem.objects.using(database_alias).get_or_create(id=k, defaults={"item_data": v["item_data"], "author_names": v["author_names"]}) - - # revert the database path to the original path - connections.databases[database_alias]['NAME'] = temp_db_path \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/unpack_assessment_zip.py b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/unpack_assessment_zip.py index 4d03f0fb3b..659a9dd5b4 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/management/commands/unpack_assessment_zip.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/management/commands/unpack_assessment_zip.py @@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ import zipfile import tempfile import sys +import shutil +import threading +import time from distutils.version import StrictVersion from fle_utils.general import ensure_dir from optparse import make_option from django.conf import settings as django_settings from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError +from django.core.management import call_command logging = django_settings.LOG @@ -34,21 +38,21 @@ def handle(self, *args, **kwargs): ziplocation = args[0] if not should_upgrade_assessment_items() and not kwargs['force_download']: - logging.debug("Assessment item resources are in the right version. Skipping download;") + logging.debug("Assessment item resources are in the right version. Doing nothing.") return if is_valid_url(ziplocation): # url; download the zip - print "Downloading assessment item data from a remote server. Please be patient; this file is big, so this may take some time..." + logging.info("Downloading assessment item data from a remote server. Please be patient; this file is big, so this may take some time...") # this way we can download stuff larger than the device's RAM r = requests.get(ziplocation, prefetch=False) content_length = r.headers.get("Content-Length") - print "Downloaded size: ", str(int(content_length) // 1024 // 1024) + " MB" if content_length else "Unknown" + logging.info("Downloaded size: ", str(int(content_length) // 1024 // 1024) + " MB" if content_length else "Unknown") sys.stdout.write("Downloading file...") sys.stdout.flush() f = tempfile.TemporaryFile("r+") r.raise_for_status() for cnt, chunk in enumerate(r.iter_content(chunk_size=1024)): - if chunk: # filter out keep-alive new chunks + if chunk: # filter out keep-alive new chunks f.write(chunk) if cnt % 1000 == 0: sys.stdout.write(".") @@ -59,16 +63,30 @@ def handle(self, *args, **kwargs): else: # file; just open it normally f = open(ziplocation, "rb") - print "Unpacking..." - zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "r") - unpack_zipfile_to_khan_content(zf) + def unpack(): + zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "r") + unpack_zipfile_to_content_folder(zf) + + unpack_thread = threading.Thread(target=unpack) + unpack_thread.daemon = True + unpack_thread.start() + logging.info("Unpacking...") + while unpack_thread.is_alive(): + time.sleep(1) + sys.stdout.write(".") + sys.stdout.flush() + unpack_thread.join() + + logging.info("Scanning items and updating content db...") + call_command("annotate_content_items") + logging.info("Done, assessment items installed and everything updated. Refresh your browser!") def should_upgrade_assessment_items(): # if assessmentitems.version doesn't exist, then we assume # that they haven't got assessment items EVER - if not os.path.exists(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH) or not os.path.exists(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH): - logging.debug("%s does not exist; downloading assessment items" % settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH) + if not os.path.exists(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH): + logging.debug("%s does not exist; downloading assessment items" % settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH) return True with open(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH) as f: @@ -78,27 +96,31 @@ def should_upgrade_assessment_items(): return software_version > assessment_items_version -def unpack_zipfile_to_khan_content(zf): - folder = settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT +def unpack_zipfile_to_content_folder(zf): + try: + channel = zf.read("channel.name") + except KeyError: + channel = "" + + if channel: + + folder = os.path.join(settings.ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, channel) + + else: + folder = settings.ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT + ensure_dir(folder) zf.extractall(folder) + + ensure_dir(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT) # Ensure that special files are in their configured locations - os.rename( - os.path.join(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.version'), + shutil.move( + os.path.join(folder, 'assessmentitems.version'), settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH ) - os.rename( - os.path.join(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.sqlite'), - settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH - ) - # JSON file is apparrently not required (not in the test at least) - if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.json')): - os.rename( - os.path.join(settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.json'), - settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH - ) def is_valid_url(url): parsed_url = urlparse.urlparse(url) - return bool(parsed_url.scheme) + allowed_methods = ("http", "https") # urlparse("C:\folder") results in scheme = "c", so use a whitelist + return bool(parsed_url.scheme in allowed_methods) diff --git a/kalite/contentload/settings.py b/kalite/contentload/settings.py index cc90861ce7..14aafdd0d4 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/settings.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/settings.py @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ # Are assessment items distributed in the system-wide data directory? -if settings.ASSESSMENT_ITEMS_SYSTEM_WIDE: +if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(ROOT_DATA_PATH, 'assessment', 'khan')): ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT = os.path.join(ROOT_DATA_PATH, 'assessment') KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT = os.path.join(ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'khan') else: @@ -36,10 +36,6 @@ if not os.path.exists(KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT): os.mkdir(KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT) -# This one should always the settings because it is part of settings.DATABASES -KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH = settings.DATABASES.get('assessment_items', {}).get('NAME', '') - # Default locations of specific elements from the assessment items bundle. # Files will be forced into this location when running unpack_assessment_zip KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH = os.path.join(KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.version') -KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH = os.path.join(KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT, 'assessmentitems.json') diff --git a/kalite/contentload/tests/__init__.py b/kalite/contentload/tests/__init__.py index cecd133925..086c0920f3 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/tests/__init__.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/tests/__init__.py @@ -1,3 +1,2 @@ -from generate_assessment_zips import * from import_tests import * from unpack_assessment_zip import * \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/contentload/tests/generate_assessment_zips.py b/kalite/contentload/tests/generate_assessment_zips.py deleted file mode 100644 index e5a9051dda..0000000000 --- a/kalite/contentload/tests/generate_assessment_zips.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,214 +0,0 @@ -import json -import os -import requests -import shutil -import tempfile -import zipfile -from fle_utils.general import ensure_dir -from mock import patch, MagicMock - -from django.test import TestCase - -import kalite.version as version -from kalite.testing.base import KALiteTestCase -from kalite.contentload.management.commands import generate_assessment_zips as mod - - -TEST_FIXTURES_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), - "fixtures") -ASSESSMENT_ITEMS_SAMPLE_PATH = os.path.join(TEST_FIXTURES_DIR, - "assessment_items_sample.json") - -class TestUrlConversion(TestCase): - - def setUp(self): - with open(ASSESSMENT_ITEMS_SAMPLE_PATH) as f: - self.assessment_items = json.load(f) - - def test_image_url_converted(self): - url_string = "A string with http://example.com/cat_pics.gif" - expected_string = "A string with /content/khan/cat/cat_pics.gif" - self.assertEqual(expected_string, mod.convert_urls(url_string)) - - def test_multiple_image_urls_in_one_string_converted(self): - url_string = "A string with http://example.com/cat_pics.JPEG http://example.com/cat_pics2.gif" - expected_string = "A string with /content/khan/cat/cat_pics.JPEG /content/khan/cat/cat_pics2.gif" - self.assertEqual(expected_string, mod.convert_urls(url_string)) - - def test_content_link_converted(self): - link_string = "(and so that is the correct answer).**\\n\\n[Watch this video to review](https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/ancient-medieval/Ancient/v/standard-of-ur-c-2600-2400-b-c-e)" - expected_string = "(and so that is the correct answer).**\\n\\n[Watch this video to review](/learn/khan/test-prep/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-near-east-ap/standard-of-ur-c-2600-2400-b-c-e/)" - self.assertEqual(expected_string, mod.convert_urls(link_string)) - - def test_bad_content_link_removed(self): - link_string = "Wrong!\n\n**[Watch video to review](https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/v/the-penguin-king-has-risen)**\n\nThat's a wrap!" - expected_string = "Wrong!\n\n\n\nThat's a wrap!" - self.assertEqual(expected_string, mod.convert_urls(link_string)) - - def test_localize_all_image_urls(self): - new_items = mod.localize_all_image_urls(self.assessment_items) - old_item_data = self.assessment_items.values()[0]["item_data"] - new_item_data = new_items.values()[0]["item_data"] - self.assertNotIn("https://ka-perseus", new_item_data) - - def test_localize_all_content_links(self): - new_items = mod.localize_all_content_links(self.assessment_items) - old_item_data = self.assessment_items.values()[0]["item_data"] - new_item_data = new_items.values()[0]["item_data"] - self.assertEqual(old_item_data.replace( - "https://www.khanacademy.org/math/early-math/cc-early-math-add-sub-topic/basic-addition-subtraction/v/addition-introduction", - "/learn/khan/math/early-math/cc-early-math-add-sub-basics/cc-early-math-add-sub-intro/addition-introduction/"), new_item_data) - self.assertNotIn("khanacademy.org", new_item_data) - - def test_localize_all_graphie_urls(self): - new_items = mod.localize_all_graphie_urls(self.assessment_items) - old_item_data = self.assessment_items.values()[0]["item_data"] - new_item_data = new_items.values()[0]["item_data"] - self.assertNotIn("web+graphie://ka-perseus", new_item_data) - - -class TestUrlConversion(TestCase): - - def test_url_converted(self): - url_string = "A string with http://example.com/cat_pics.gif" - expected_string = "A string with /content/khan/cat_pics.gif" - self.assertEqual(expected_string, mod.convert_urls(url_string)) - - def test_multiple_urls_in_one_string_converted(self): - url_string = "A string with http://example.com/cat_pics.JPEG http://example.com/cat_pics2.gif" - expected_string = "A string with /content/khan/cat_pics.JPEG /content/khan/cat_pics2.gif" - self.assertEqual(expected_string, mod.convert_urls(url_string)) - - -class GenerateAssessmentItemsCommandTests(KALiteTestCase): - - def setUp(self): - self.tempdir_patch = patch.object(tempfile, "gettempdir") - self.addCleanup(self.tempdir_patch.stop) - self.gettempdir_method = self.tempdir_patch.start() - - # make sure we control the temp dir where temporary images are written - self.fake_temp_dir = self.gettempdir_method.return_value = os.path.abspath("tmp/") - ensure_dir(self.fake_temp_dir) - - def tearDown(self): - shutil.rmtree(self.fake_temp_dir) - - # TODO(jamalex): This is disabled because I couldn't get init_assessment_items (called by generate_assessment_zips) - # to write to a sqlite file instead of to the :memory: store used for testing - # @override_settings(ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH=ASSESSMENT_ITEMS_SAMPLE_PATH) - # @patch.object(requests, 'get') - # def test_command(self, get_method): - - # with open(ASSESSMENT_ITEMS_SAMPLE_PATH) as f: - # assessment_items_content = f.read() - - # image_requests = len(set(list(mod.find_all_image_urls(json.loads(assessment_items_content))) - # + list(mod.find_all_graphie_urls(json.loads(assessment_items_content))))) - - # get_method.return_value = MagicMock(content=assessment_items_content) - - # call_command("generate_assessment_zips") - - # self.assertEqual(get_method.call_count, image_requests, "requests.get not called the correct # of times!") - - # with open(mod.ZIP_FILE_PATH) as f: - # zf = zipfile.ZipFile(mod.ZIP_FILE_PATH) - # self.assertIn("assessmentitems.sqlite", zf.namelist()) # make sure assessment items is written - - # for filename in zf.namelist(): - # if filename.lower().endswith(".gif"): - # continue - # elif filename.lower().endswith(".jpg"): - # continue - # elif filename.lower().endswith(".jpeg"): - # continue - # elif filename.lower().endswith(".png"): - # continue - # elif filename.lower().endswith(".svg"): - # continue - # elif filename.lower().endswith("-data.json"): - # continue - # elif filename in ["assessmentitems.sqlite", "assessmentitems.version"]: - # continue - # else: - # self.assertTrue(False, "Invalid file %s got in the assessment zip!" % filename) - # zf.close() - - -class UtilityFunctionTests(KALiteTestCase): - - def setUp(self): - with open(os.path.join(TEST_FIXTURES_DIR, "assessment_items_sample.json")) as f: - self.assessment_sample = json.load(f) - - self.imgurl = "https://ka-perseus-graphie.s3.amazonaws.com/8ea5af1fa5a5e8b8e727c3211083111897d23f5d.png" - - @patch.object(zipfile, "ZipFile", autospec=True) - def test_write_assessment_item_version_to_zip(self, zipfile_class): - with open(mod.ZIP_FILE_PATH, "w") as f: - zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "w") - mod.write_assessment_item_version_to_zip(zf) - - zf.writestr.assert_called_once_with("assessmentitems.version", version.SHORTVERSION) - - zf.close() - - @patch.object(requests, "get") - def test_fetch_file_from_url_or_cache(self, get_method): - expected_content = get_method.return_value.content = "testtest" - - # test that a nonexistent cache file is downloaded - filename = os.path.basename(self.imgurl) - cached_file_path = os.path.join(tempfile.tempdir, filename) - if os.path.exists(cached_file_path): - os.remove(cached_file_path) # make sure it doesn't exist - - mod.fetch_file_from_url_or_cache(self.imgurl) - get_method.assert_called_once_with(self.imgurl) - self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(cached_file_path), "File wasn't cached!") - - get_method.call_count = 0 - # now test that we don't download that file again - mod.fetch_file_from_url_or_cache(self.imgurl) - self.assertEqual(get_method.call_count, 0, "requests.get called! File wasn't cached!") - - def test_gets_images_urls_inside_item_data(self): - - result = list(mod.find_all_image_urls(self.assessment_sample)) - self.assertIn( - self.imgurl, - result, - "%s not found!" % self.imgurl - ) - - def test_localize_all_image_urls_replaces_with_local_urls(self): - new_assessment_items = mod.localize_all_image_urls(self.assessment_sample) - - all_images = list(mod.find_all_image_urls(new_assessment_items)) - self.assertNotIn(self.imgurl, all_images) - - @patch.object(requests, "get") - def test_download_url_to_zip_writes_to_zipfile(self, get_method): - expected_return_value = "none" - - zipobj = MagicMock() - - get_method.return_value = MagicMock(content=expected_return_value) - - mod.download_url_to_zip(zipobj, "http://test.com/3497945345.gif") - - zipobj.writestr.assert_called_once_with("349/3497945345.gif", expected_return_value) - - @patch.object(zipfile, "ZipFile", autospec=True) - @patch.object(mod, "download_url_to_zip") - def test_download_url_downloads_all_urls(self, download_method, zipfile_class): - download_method.return_value = 1 - - urls = ["http://test1.com", "http://test2.com"] - with open(mod.ZIP_FILE_PATH, "w") as f: - zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "w") - mod.download_urls_to_zip(zf, urls) - zf.close() - - self.assertEqual(download_method.call_count, len(urls)) diff --git a/kalite/contentload/tests/import_tests.py b/kalite/contentload/tests/import_tests.py index 08b1dc0c27..c60773b56e 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/tests/import_tests.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/tests/import_tests.py @@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ def recursively_find_nodes(self, node, key, value, cache): for child in node["children"]: self.recursively_find_nodes(child, key, value, cache) - @unittest.skip("Skipping until kaa package is replaced") def test_create_topic_tree(self): slug = os.path.basename(self.tempdir) topic_tree = { diff --git a/kalite/contentload/tests/unpack_assessment_zip.py b/kalite/contentload/tests/unpack_assessment_zip.py index 6a656060ec..45ca48f3d9 100644 --- a/kalite/contentload/tests/unpack_assessment_zip.py +++ b/kalite/contentload/tests/unpack_assessment_zip.py @@ -15,14 +15,10 @@ from kalite import version TEMP_CONTENT_PATH = tempfile.mkdtemp() -TEMP_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH = os.path.join(TEMP_CONTENT_PATH, 'assessmentitems.sqlite') TEMP_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH = os.path.join(TEMP_CONTENT_PATH, 'assessmentitems.version') TEMP_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_JSON_PATH = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "fixtures", "assessmentitems.json") -DUMMY_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_SOURCE_PATH = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "fixtures", "assessmentitems.dummydb") MODIFIED_DB_SETTINGS = copy.deepcopy(settings.DATABASES) -MODIFIED_DB_SETTINGS["assessment_items"]["NAME"] = TEMP_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH - from kalite.contentload import settings as contentload_settings @@ -31,7 +27,6 @@ # overwritten after contentload_settings.ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT = TEMP_CONTENT_PATH contentload_settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT = TEMP_CONTENT_PATH -contentload_settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_PATH = os.path.join(TEMP_CONTENT_PATH, 'assessmentitems.sqlite') # Default locations of specific elements from the assessment items bundle. # Files will be forced into this location when running unpack_assessment_zip contentload_settings.KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_VERSION_PATH = os.path.join(TEMP_CONTENT_PATH, 'assessmentitems.version') @@ -47,7 +42,6 @@ def setUp(self): _, self.zipfile_path = tempfile.mkstemp() with open(self.zipfile_path, "w") as f: zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "w") - zf.write(DUMMY_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_SOURCE_PATH, "assessmentitems.sqlite") zf.writestr("assessmentitems.version", version.SHORTVERSION) zf.close() @@ -86,9 +80,6 @@ def test_command_with_url(self, get_method): get_method.assert_called_once_with(url, prefetch=False) - # TODO(aron): write test for verifying that assessment items are combined - # once the splitting code on the generate_assessment_zips side is written - # verify that the other items are written to the content directory for filename in zf.namelist(): # already verified above; no need to double-dip @@ -109,7 +100,6 @@ def setUp(self): _, self.zipfile_path = tempfile.mkstemp() with open(self.zipfile_path, "w") as f: zf = zipfile.ZipFile(f, "w") - zf.write(DUMMY_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_DATABASE_SOURCE_PATH, "assessmentitems.sqlite") zf.writestr("assessmentitems.version", version.SHORTVERSION) zf.close() @@ -122,12 +112,14 @@ def tearDown(self): os.unlink(self.zipfile_path) def test_unpack_zipfile_to_khan_content_extracts_to_content_dir(self): - zipfile_instance = MagicMock() + zipfile_instance = zipfile.ZipFile(open(self.zipfile_path, "r"), "r") + + zipfile_instance.extractall = MagicMock(side_effect=zipfile_instance.extractall) from kalite.contentload.settings import KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT extract_dir = KHAN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM_ROOT - mod.unpack_zipfile_to_khan_content(zipfile_instance) + mod.unpack_zipfile_to_content_folder(zipfile_instance) zipfile_instance.extractall.assert_called_once_with(extract_dir) diff --git a/kalite/contentload/utils.py b/kalite/contentload/utils.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..049a799e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/contentload/utils.py @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +def group_by_slug(count_dict, item): + # Build a dictionary, keyed by slug, of items that share that slug + if item.get("slug") in count_dict: + count_dict[item.get("slug")].append(item) + else: + count_dict[item.get("slug")] = [item] + return count_dict + + +def dedupe_paths(topic_tree): + + def recurse_nodes(node): + + children = node.get("children", []) + + if children: + counts = reduce(group_by_slug, children, {}) + for items in counts.values(): + # Slug has more than one item! + if len(items) > 1: + i = 1 + # Rename the items + for item in items: + if item.get("kind") != "Video": + # Don't change video slugs, as that will break internal links from KA. + item["slug"] = item["slug"] + "_{i}".format(i=i) + item["path"] = node.get("path") + item["slug"] + "/" + i += 1 + for child in children: + recurse_nodes(child) + + recurse_nodes(topic_tree) diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/api_resources.py b/kalite/control_panel/api_resources.py index 684511ad76..f9dbf46767 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/api_resources.py +++ b/kalite/control_panel/api_resources.py @@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ from kalite.facility.utils import get_accessible_objects_from_logged_in_user from kalite.facility.models import Facility, FacilityGroup, FacilityUser -from kalite.main.models import AttemptLog, ExerciseLog +from kalite.main.models import AttemptLog, ExerciseLog, ContentRating from kalite.shared.api_auth.auth import ObjectAdminAuthorization -from kalite.store.models import StoreTransactionLog, StoreItem from kalite.student_testing.models import TestLog +from kalite.topic_tools.content_models import get_content_item from .api_serializers import CSVSerializer @@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ def create_response(self, request, data, response_class=HttpResponse, **response response["Content-Disposition"] = "filename=%s__%s__exported_at-%s.csv" % (request.path.strip("/").split("/")[-1], "__".join(params), datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")) return response + class FacilityUserResource(ParentFacilityUserResource): _facility_users = None @@ -336,42 +337,53 @@ def alter_list_data_to_serialize(self, request, to_be_serialized): return to_be_serialized -class StoreTransactionLogResource(ParentFacilityUserResource): +class ContentRatingExportResource(ParentFacilityUserResource): _facility_users = None user = fields.ForeignKey(FacilityUserResource, 'user', full=True) class Meta: - queryset = StoreTransactionLog.objects.all() - resource_name = 'store_transaction_log_csv' + queryset = ContentRating.objects.all() + resource_name = 'content_rating_csv' authorization = ObjectAdminAuthorization() - excludes = ['signed_version', 'counter', 'signature', 'deleted', 'reversible'] + excludes = ['signed_version', 'counter', 'signature', 'id', 'deleted'] serializer = CSVSerializer() - limit = 0 - max_limit = 0 + include_resource_uri = False def obj_get_list(self, bundle, **kwargs): self._facility_users = self._get_facility_users(bundle) - store_logs = StoreTransactionLog.objects.filter(user__id__in=self._facility_users.keys()).exclude(context_type="unit_points_reset") - return super(StoreTransactionLogResource, self).authorized_read_list(store_logs, bundle) + content_ratings = ContentRating.objects.filter(user__id__in=self._facility_users.keys()) + return super(ContentRatingExportResource, self).authorized_read_list(content_ratings, bundle) + def alter_list_data_to_serialize(self, request, to_be_serialized): - """Add username, user ID, facility name, and facility ID to responses""" - store_items = StoreItem.all() - for bundle in to_be_serialized["objects"]: + """ + Defines a hook to process list view data before being serialized. + We pluck out the "user" and replace with the fields we're interested in (username, facility name, is_teacher), + and pluck out the content_id and replace with the content_title (if found). + This is to make the csv output more human friendly. + :param request: HTTP request object + :param to_be_serialized: the unprocessed list of objects that will be serialized + :return: the _processed_ list of objects to serialize + """ + + filtered_bundles = [bundle for bundle in to_be_serialized["objects"] if + (bundle.data["difficulty"], bundle.data["quality"]) != (0, 0)] + serializable_objects = [] + for bundle in filtered_bundles: user_id = bundle.data["user"].data["id"] user = self._facility_users.get(user_id) - bundle.data["user_id"] = user_id - bundle.data["person_name"] = user.get_name() bundle.data["username"] = user.username bundle.data["facility_name"] = user.facility.name - bundle.data["facility_id"] = user.facility.id bundle.data["is_teacher"] = user.is_teacher - item_id = bundle.data["item"].strip("/").split("/")[-1] - bundle.data["item"] = item_id - item = store_items.get(item_id) - bundle.data["item_name"] = item.title if item else None bundle.data.pop("user") + content_id = bundle.data.pop("content_id", None) + content = get_content_item(language=request.language, content_id=content_id) + bundle.data["content_title"] = content.get("title", "Missing title") if content else "Unknown content" + + serializable_objects.append(bundle) + + to_be_serialized["objects"] = serializable_objects return to_be_serialized diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/api_urls.py b/kalite/control_panel/api_urls.py index 63f318a738..31f0ee21ae 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/api_urls.py +++ b/kalite/control_panel/api_urls.py @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ from django.conf.urls import include, patterns, url -from .api_resources import FacilityResource, FacilityGroupResource, FacilityUserResource, TestLogResource, AttemptLogResource, ExerciseLogResource, DeviceLogResource, StoreTransactionLogResource +from .api_resources import FacilityResource, FacilityGroupResource, FacilityUserResource, TestLogResource, \ + AttemptLogResource, ExerciseLogResource, DeviceLogResource, ContentRatingExportResource urlpatterns = patterns(__package__ + '.api_views', @@ -11,5 +12,5 @@ url(r'^', include(AttemptLogResource().urls)), url(r'^', include(ExerciseLogResource().urls)), url(r'^', include(DeviceLogResource().urls)), - url(r'^', include(StoreTransactionLogResource().urls)), -) \ No newline at end of file + url(r'^', include(ContentRatingExportResource().urls)), +) diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/features/environment.py b/kalite/control_panel/features/environment.py index 8d29e56a1d..5e6145578e 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/features/environment.py +++ b/kalite/control_panel/features/environment.py @@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ It sets up a test server and test database by using the LiveServerTestCase machinery. """ -from kalite.testing.base_environment import before_all, after_all, before_feature, after_feature +from kalite.testing.base_environment import * diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/css/control_panel/base.css b/kalite/control_panel/static/css/control_panel/base.css index 98217c1c63..4f0ca19a08 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/static/css/control_panel/base.css +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/css/control_panel/base.css @@ -34,4 +34,7 @@ h2 { } .add-new-table-item { margin-left: 8px; -} \ No newline at end of file +} +.notice { + color:#dd8844; +} diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/data_export.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/data_export.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26c303ecbb --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/data_export.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +var $ = require("base/jQuery"); +var DataExportView = require("data_export/views").DataExportView; +var DataExportStateModel = require("data_export/models").DataExportStateModel; + +module.exports = { + $: $, + DataExportView: DataExportView, + DataExportStateModel: DataExportStateModel +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/facility_management.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/facility_management.js similarity index 92% rename from kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/facility_management.js rename to kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/facility_management.js index 415495add3..6607241018 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/facility_management.js +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/facility_management.js @@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ +var $ = require("base/jQuery"); +var _ = require("underscore"); +var get_params = require("utils/get_params"); +var api = require("utils/api"); +require("jquery-sparkline"); + function getSelectedItems(select) { // Retrieve a list of selected users. // var items = $(select).find("tr.selected").map(function () { @@ -40,7 +46,7 @@ $(function() { $("#group").change(function(){ // Change the URL to the selected group. GetParams["group_id"] = $("#group option:selected").val(); - window.location.href = setGetParamDict(window.location.href, GetParams); + window.location.href = get_params.setGetParamDict(window.location.href, GetParams); }); $(".all").click(function(event){ @@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ $(function() { } else if(!confirm(gettext("You are about to move selected users to another group."))) { return; } else { - doRequest(window.Urls.move_to_group(), {users: users, group: group}) + api.doRequest(window.Urls.move_to_group(), {users: users, group: group}) .success(function() { location.reload(); }); @@ -108,7 +114,7 @@ $(function() { } else if (!confirm(gettext("You are about to delete selected users, they will be permanently deleted."))) { return; } else { - doRequest(window.Urls.delete_users(), {users: users}) + api.doRequest(window.Urls.delete_users(), {users: users}) .success(function() { location.reload(); }); @@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ $(function() { } else if (!confirm(gettext("You are about to permanently delete the selected group(s). Note that any learners currently in this group will now be characterized as 'Ungrouped' but their profiles will not be deleted."))) { return; } else { - doRequest(window.Urls.group_delete(), {groups: groups}) + api.doRequest(window.Urls.group_delete(), {groups: groups}) .success(function() { location.reload(); }); @@ -189,4 +195,10 @@ $(function() { event.preventDefault(); return false; }); + + $('.sparklines').sparkline('html', { enableTagOptions: true, disableInteraction: true }); }); + +module.exports = { + $: $ +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/zone_management.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/zone_management.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..925c8e427d --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/bundle_modules/zone_management.js @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +var $ = require("base/jQuery"); +var force_sync = require("utils/force_sync"); +var api = require("utils/api"); +var messages = require("utils/messages"); +var sprintf = require("sprintf-js").sprintf; + +$(function () { + $("#force-sync").click(function(ev){ + ev.preventDefault(); + force_sync(window.ZONE_ID, window.DEVICE_ID); + }); + + $(".facility-delete-link").click(function(event) { + var facilityName = $.trim($(this).parent().prevAll().find('a.facility-name').text()); + var confirmDelete = prompt(sprintf(gettext("Are you sure you want to delete '%s'? You will lose all associated learner, group, and coach accounts. If you are sure, type the name of the facility into the box below and press OK."), facilityName)); + + if (confirmDelete === null) { + return false; // cancel + } + else if (confirmDelete === facilityName) { + var delete_facility_url = event.target.getAttribute("value"); + var data = {facility_id: null}; + // MUST: provide the data argument to make this a POST request + api.doRequest(delete_facility_url, data) + .success(function() { + window.location.reload(); + }); + } else { + messages.show_message("warning", gettext("The facility has not been deleted. Did you spell the facility name correctly?")); + } + }); +}); diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/clock_set.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/clock_set.js deleted file mode 100644 index beb4386ddc..0000000000 --- a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/clock_set.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -$(function() { - $('#time_select').timepicker({ - disableFocus: true, - showMeridian: false, - minuteStep: 1 - }); - $('#date_select').datepicker({ - dateFormat: "dd-mm-yy", - altField: "#standard-date", - altFormat: "yy-mm-dd" - }); - - $("#date_select").datepicker('setDate', new Date()); - - $('#set_time').click( - function () { - var data = { - date_time: $('#standard-date').val() + " " + $('#time_select').val() - }; - doRequest(TIME_SET_URL, data); - }); -}); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export.js deleted file mode 100644 index dba11d025e..0000000000 --- a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,360 +0,0 @@ -// Handles the data export functionality of the control panel -// TODO-blocker(dylanjbarth) 0.13: limit requests and handle pagination - -// Models -var ZoneModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); - -var FacilityModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); - -var GroupModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); - -var DataExportStateModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); - -// Collections -var ZoneCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - model: ZoneModel, - url: ALL_ZONES_URL -}); - -var FacilityCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - model: FacilityModel, - url: ALL_FACILITIES_URL -}); - -var GroupCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ - model: GroupModel, - url: ALL_GROUPS_URL -}); - - -// Views -var DataExportView = Backbone.View.extend({ - // the containing view - template: HB.template('data_export/data-export-container'), - - initialize: function() { - - this.zone_select_view = new ZoneSelectView({ - org_id: this.options.org_id, - model: this.model - }); - - this.facility_select_view = new FacilitySelectView({ - model: this.model - }); - - this.group_select_view = new GroupSelectView({ - model: this.model - }); - - this.render(); - }, - - events: { - "click #export-button": "export_data", - "change #resource-id": "resource_changed" - }, - - render: function() { - // render container - this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.attributes)); - - // append zone, facility & group select views. - this.$('#student-select-container').append(this.zone_select_view.$el); - this.$('#student-select-container').append(this.facility_select_view.$el); - this.$('#student-select-container').append(this.group_select_view.$el); - }, - - resource_changed: function() { - this.model.set({ - resource_id: this.$('#resource-id').val() - }); - }, - - resource_endpoint: function() { - // Return the API url endpoint for the current resource id - var resource_id = this.model.get("resource_id"); - switch (resource_id) { - case "facility_user": - return FACILITY_USER_CSV_URL; - case "test_log": - return TEST_LOG_CSV_URL; - case "attempt_log": - return ATTEMPT_LOG_CSV_URL; - case "exercise_log": - return EXERCISE_LOG_CSV_URL; - case "device_log": - return DEVICE_LOG_CSV_URL; - case "store_log": - return STORE_LOG_CSV_URL; - } - }, - - export_data: function(ev) { - ev.preventDefault(); - - // Update export link based on currently selected paramters - var zone_id = this.model.get("zone_id"); - var facility_id = this.model.get("facility_id"); - var group_id = this.model.get("group_id"); - var resource_endpoint = this.resource_endpoint(); - - // If no zone_id, all is selected, so compile a comma seperated string - // of zone ids to pass to endpoint - var zone_ids = ""; - if (zone_id===undefined || zone_id==="") { - zone_ids = _.map(this.zone_select_view.zone_list.models, function(zone) { return zone.get("id"); }).join(); - } - - var export_params = "?" + $.param({ - group_id: group_id, - facility_id: facility_id, - zone_id: zone_id, - zone_ids: zone_ids, - format:"csv", - limit:0 - }); - - var export_data_url = this.resource_endpoint() + export_params; - window.location = export_data_url; - } -}); - - -window.ZoneSelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ - - template: HB.template('data_export/zone-select'), - - initialize: function() { - // Create collections - this.zone_list = new ZoneCollection(); - - // on central, this is a dynamic view - // on distributed, this is a placeholder view, - if (this.model.get("is_central")) { - // Re-render self when fetch returns or model state changes - this.listenTo(this.zone_list, 'sync', this.render); - - // Fetch collection by org_id - this.zone_list.fetch({ - data: $.param({ - "org_id": this.options.org_id, - "limit": 0 - }) - }); - } - - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - var rendered_html = this.template({ - zones: this.zone_list.toJSON(), - selection: this.model.get("zone_id") - }); - - if (this.model.get("is_central")) { - this.$el.html(rendered_html); - } else { - this.$el.html(rendered_html).hide(); - } - }, - - events: { - "change": "zone_changed" - }, - - zone_changed: function(ev) { - // Update state model - var zone_id = this.$("select").val(); - this.model.set({ - facility_id: undefined, - group_id: undefined, - zone_id: zone_id - }); - } -}); - -window.FacilitySelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ - - template: HB.template('data_export/facility-select'), - - initialize: function() { - // Create collections - this.facility_list = new FacilityCollection(); - - // Re-render self when the fetch returns or state model changes - this.listenTo(this.facility_list, 'sync', this.render); - this.listenTo(this.facility_list, 'reset', this.render); - this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:resource_id', this.render); - - // on central, facilities depend on the zone selected - // on distributed, zone is fixed - if (this.model.get("is_central")) { - // Listen for any changes on the zone model, when it happens, re-fetch self - this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:zone_id', this.fetch_by_zone); - } - - // Fetch collection, by fixed zone - this.fetch_by_zone(); - - // Render - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - var template_context; - - if (this.model.get("facility_id") !== "") { - template_context = { - facilities: this.facility_list.toJSON(), - selection: this.model.get("facility_id"), - is_disabled: true - }; - } else { - template_context = { - facilities: this.facility_list.toJSON(), - selection: this.model.get("facility_id"), - // Facility select is enabled only if zone_id has been set - is_disabled: this.is_disabled() - }; - } - - this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); - - return this; - }, - - is_disabled: function() { - // Helper function to quickly check whether the facility select input - // should be enabled or disabled based on conditions that matter to it. - if (this.model.get("resource_id") === "device_log") { - return true; - } - return ((this.model.get("zone_id") === undefined || this.model.get("zone_id") === "") && this.model.get("is_central")); - }, - - render_waiting: function() { - var template_context = { - is_disabled: true, - loading: true - }; - - this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); - }, - - events: { - "change": "facility_changed" - }, - - facility_changed: function(ev) { - // Update state model - var facility_id = this.$("select").val(); - - this.model.set({ - group_id: undefined, - facility_id: facility_id - }); - }, - - fetch_by_zone: function() { - // First disable the select - if (this.model.get("is_central")) { - var zone_id = this.model.get("zone_id"); - - // only fetch if a zone ID has been set - if (zone_id) { - this.render_waiting(); - this.facility_list.fetch({ - data: $.param({ - "zone_id": zone_id, - "limit": 0 - }) - }); - } else { - this.facility_list.reset(); - } - } else { - this.render_waiting(); - this.facility_list.fetch(); - } - } -}); - -window.GroupSelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ - - template: HB.template('data_export/group-select'), - - initialize: function() { - // Create collections - this.group_list = new GroupCollection(); - - this.fetch_by_facility(); - // Re-render self when the fetch returns or state model changes - this.listenTo(this.group_list, 'sync', this.render); - this.listenTo(this.group_list, 'reset', this.render); - this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:resource_id', this.render); - - // on central, groups depend on facilities which depend on the zone selected - // on distributed, zone is fixed, so groups just depend on facilities - // Regardless, wait for any changes on the facility model, and then re-fetch self - this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:facility_id', this.fetch_by_facility); - - // Render - this.render(); - }, - - render: function() { - var template_context = { - groups: this.group_list.toJSON(), - selection: this.model.get("group_id"), - // Group select is enabled only if facility_id has been set - is_disabled: this.is_disabled() - }; - - this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); - - return this; - }, - - is_disabled: function() { - if (this.model.get("resource_id") === "device_log"){ - return true; - } - return !this.model.get("facility_id"); - }, - - render_waiting: function() { - var template_context = { - is_disabled: true, - loading: true - }; - - this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); - }, - - events: { - "change": "group_changed" - }, - - group_changed: function(ev) { - var group_id = this.$("select").val(); - this.model.set({ group_id: group_id }); - }, - - fetch_by_facility: function() { - var facility_id = this.model.get("facility_id"); - // only fetch if facility ID has been set - if (facility_id) { - this.render_waiting(); - this.group_list.fetch({ - data: $.param({ - "facility_id": facility_id, - "limit": 0 - }) - }); - } else { - this.group_list.reset(); - } - } -}); diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/data-export-container.handlebars b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/data-export-container.handlebars similarity index 94% rename from kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/data-export-container.handlebars rename to kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/data-export-container.handlebars index 0b5669436b..9e7684b745 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/data-export-container.handlebars +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/data-export-container.handlebars @@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ + {{#if is_nalanda}} - {{/if}} {{#if is_central}} diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/facility-select.handlebars b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/facility-select.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/facility-select.handlebars rename to kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/facility-select.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/group-select.handlebars b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/group-select.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/group-select.handlebars rename to kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/group-select.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/zone-select.handlebars b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/zone-select.handlebars similarity index 100% rename from kalite/control_panel/hbtemplates/data_export/zone-select.handlebars rename to kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/hbtemplates/zone-select.handlebars diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/models.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/models.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..67e2f8b4a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/models.js @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Handles the data export functionality of the control panel +// TODO-blocker(dylanjbarth) 0.13: limit requests and handle pagination +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); + + +// Models +var ZoneModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); + +var FacilityModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); + +var GroupModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); + +var DataExportStateModel = Backbone.Model.extend(); + +// Collections +var ZoneCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ + model: ZoneModel, + url: ALL_ZONES_URL +}); + +var FacilityCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ + model: FacilityModel, + url: ALL_FACILITIES_URL +}); + +var GroupCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ + model: GroupModel, + url: ALL_GROUPS_URL +}); + +module.exports = { + ZoneModel: ZoneModel, + FacilityModel: FacilityModel, + GroupModel: GroupModel, + DataExportStateModel: DataExportStateModel, + ZoneCollection: ZoneCollection, + FacilityCollection: FacilityCollection, + GroupCollection: GroupCollection, +}; diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/views.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/views.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..102ba66e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/data_export/views.js @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +var Handlebars = require("base/handlebars"); +var Backbone = require("base/backbone"); +var $ = require("base/jQuery"); + +var Models = require("./models"); + +// Views +var DataExportView = Backbone.View.extend({ + // the containing view + template: require('./hbtemplates/data-export-container.handlebars'), + + initialize: function(options) { + + this.options = options || {}; + + this.zone_select_view = new ZoneSelectView({ + org_id: options.org_id, + model: this.model + }); + + this.facility_select_view = new FacilitySelectView({ + model: this.model + }); + + this.group_select_view = new GroupSelectView({ + model: this.model + }); + + this.render(); + }, + + events: { + "click #export-button": "export_data", + "change #resource-id": "resource_changed" + }, + + render: function() { + // render container + this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.attributes)); + + // append zone, facility & group select views. + this.$('#student-select-container').append(this.zone_select_view.$el); + this.$('#student-select-container').append(this.facility_select_view.$el); + this.$('#student-select-container').append(this.group_select_view.$el); + }, + + resource_changed: function() { + this.model.set({ + resource_id: this.$('#resource-id').val() + }); + }, + + resource_endpoint: function() { + // Return the API url endpoint for the current resource id + var resource_id = this.model.get("resource_id"); + switch (resource_id) { + case "facility_user": + return FACILITY_USER_CSV_URL; + case "test_log": + return TEST_LOG_CSV_URL; + case "attempt_log": + return ATTEMPT_LOG_CSV_URL; + case "exercise_log": + return EXERCISE_LOG_CSV_URL; + case "device_log": + return DEVICE_LOG_CSV_URL; + case "content_rating": + return CONTENT_RATING_CSV_URL; + } + }, + + export_data: function(ev) { + ev.preventDefault(); + + // Update export link based on currently selected paramters + var zone_id = this.model.get("zone_id"); + var facility_id = this.model.get("facility_id"); + var group_id = this.model.get("group_id"); + var resource_endpoint = this.resource_endpoint(); + + // If no zone_id, all is selected, so compile a comma seperated string + // of zone ids to pass to endpoint + var zone_ids = ""; + if (zone_id===undefined || zone_id==="") { + zone_ids = _.map(this.zone_select_view.zone_list.models, function(zone) { return zone.get("id"); }).join(); + } + + var export_params = "?" + $.param({ + group_id: group_id, + facility_id: facility_id, + zone_id: zone_id, + zone_ids: zone_ids, + format:"csv", + limit:0 + }); + + var export_data_url = this.resource_endpoint() + export_params; + window.location = export_data_url; + } +}); + + +var ZoneSelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ + + template: require('./hbtemplates/zone-select.handlebars'), + + initialize: function() { + // Create collections + this.zone_list = new Models.ZoneCollection(); + + // on central, this is a dynamic view + // on distributed, this is a placeholder view, + if (this.model.get("is_central")) { + // Re-render self when fetch returns or model state changes + this.listenTo(this.zone_list, 'sync', this.render); + + // Fetch collection by org_id + this.zone_list.fetch({ + data: $.param({ + "org_id": this.options.org_id, + "limit": 0 + }) + }); + } + + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + var rendered_html = this.template({ + zones: this.zone_list.toJSON(), + selection: this.model.get("zone_id") + }); + + if (this.model.get("is_central")) { + this.$el.html(rendered_html); + } else { + this.$el.html(rendered_html).hide(); + } + }, + + events: { + "change": "zone_changed" + }, + + zone_changed: function(ev) { + // Update state model + var zone_id = this.$("select").val(); + this.model.set({ + facility_id: undefined, + group_id: undefined, + zone_id: zone_id + }); + } +}); + +var FacilitySelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ + + template: require('./hbtemplates/facility-select.handlebars'), + + initialize: function() { + // Create collections + this.facility_list = new Models.FacilityCollection(); + + // Re-render self when the fetch returns or state model changes + this.listenTo(this.facility_list, 'sync', this.render); + this.listenTo(this.facility_list, 'reset', this.render); + this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:resource_id', this.render); + + // on central, facilities depend on the zone selected + // on distributed, zone is fixed + if (this.model.get("is_central")) { + // Listen for any changes on the zone model, when it happens, re-fetch self + this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:zone_id', this.fetch_by_zone); + } + + // Fetch collection, by fixed zone + this.fetch_by_zone(); + + // Render + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + var template_context; + + if (this.model.get("facility_id") !== "") { + template_context = { + facilities: this.facility_list.toJSON(), + selection: this.model.get("facility_id"), + is_disabled: true + }; + } else { + template_context = { + facilities: this.facility_list.toJSON(), + selection: this.model.get("facility_id"), + // Facility select is enabled only if zone_id has been set + is_disabled: this.is_disabled() + }; + } + + this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); + + return this; + }, + + is_disabled: function() { + // Helper function to quickly check whether the facility select input + // should be enabled or disabled based on conditions that matter to it. + if (this.model.get("resource_id") === "device_log") { + return true; + } + return ((this.model.get("zone_id") === undefined || this.model.get("zone_id") === "") && this.model.get("is_central")); + }, + + render_waiting: function() { + var template_context = { + is_disabled: true, + loading: true + }; + + this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); + }, + + events: { + "change": "facility_changed" + }, + + facility_changed: function(ev) { + // Update state model + var facility_id = this.$("select").val(); + + this.model.set({ + group_id: undefined, + facility_id: facility_id + }); + }, + + fetch_by_zone: function() { + // First disable the select + if (this.model.get("is_central")) { + var zone_id = this.model.get("zone_id"); + + // only fetch if a zone ID has been set + if (zone_id) { + this.render_waiting(); + this.facility_list.fetch({ + data: $.param({ + "zone_id": zone_id, + "limit": 0 + }) + }); + } else { + this.facility_list.reset(); + } + } else { + this.render_waiting(); + this.facility_list.fetch(); + } + } +}); + +var GroupSelectView = Backbone.View.extend({ + + template: require('./hbtemplates/group-select.handlebars'), + + initialize: function() { + // Create collections + this.group_list = new Models.GroupCollection(); + + this.fetch_by_facility(); + // Re-render self when the fetch returns or state model changes + this.listenTo(this.group_list, 'sync', this.render); + this.listenTo(this.group_list, 'reset', this.render); + this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:resource_id', this.render); + + // on central, groups depend on facilities which depend on the zone selected + // on distributed, zone is fixed, so groups just depend on facilities + // Regardless, wait for any changes on the facility model, and then re-fetch self + this.listenTo(this.model, 'change:facility_id', this.fetch_by_facility); + + // Render + this.render(); + }, + + render: function() { + var template_context = { + groups: this.group_list.toJSON(), + selection: this.model.get("group_id"), + // Group select is enabled only if facility_id has been set + is_disabled: this.is_disabled() + }; + + this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); + + return this; + }, + + is_disabled: function() { + if (this.model.get("resource_id") === "device_log"){ + return true; + } + return !this.model.get("facility_id"); + }, + + render_waiting: function() { + var template_context = { + is_disabled: true, + loading: true + }; + + this.$el.html(this.template(template_context)); + }, + + events: { + "change": "group_changed" + }, + + group_changed: function(ev) { + var group_id = this.$("select").val(); + this.model.set({ group_id: group_id }); + }, + + fetch_by_facility: function() { + var facility_id = this.model.get("facility_id"); + // only fetch if facility ID has been set + if (facility_id) { + this.render_waiting(); + this.group_list.fetch({ + data: $.param({ + "facility_id": facility_id, + "limit": 0 + }) + }); + } else { + this.group_list.reset(); + } + } +}); + +module.exports = { + DataExportView: DataExportView, + ZoneSelectView: ZoneSelectView, + FacilitySelectView: FacilitySelectView, + GroupSelectView: GroupSelectView +}; diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/utils/force_sync.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/utils/force_sync.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f735369481 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/utils/force_sync.js @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +var api = require("utils/api"); +var sprintf = require("sprintf-js").sprintf; +var messages = require("utils/messages"); + +module.exports = function force_sync(zone_id, device_id) { + // Simple function that calls the API endpoint to force a data sync, + // then shows a message for success/failure + api.doRequest(window.Urls.api_force_sync()) + .success(function() { + var msg = gettext("Successfully launched data syncing job.") + " "; + msg += sprintf(gettext("After syncing completes, visit the device management page to view results."), { + devman_url: Urls.device_management(zone_id, device_id) + }); + messages.show_message("success", msg); + }); +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/zone_management.js b/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/zone_management.js deleted file mode 100644 index cf5de7aa7b..0000000000 --- a/kalite/control_panel/static/js/control_panel/zone_management.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -$(function () { - $("#force-sync").click(function(ev){ - ev.preventDefault(); - force_sync(window.ZONE_ID, window.DEVICE_ID); - }); - - $(".facility-delete-link").click(function(event) { - var facilityName = $.trim($(this).parent().prevAll().find('a.facility-name').text()); - var confirmDelete = prompt(sprintf(gettext("Are you sure you want to delete '%s'? You will lose all associated learner, group, and coach accounts. If you are sure, type the name of the facility into the box below and press OK."), facilityName)); - - if (confirmDelete === null) { - return false; // cancel - } - else if (confirmDelete === facilityName) { - var delete_facility_url = event.target.getAttribute("value"); - var data = {facility_id: null}; - // MUST: provide the data argument to make this a POST request - doRequest(delete_facility_url, data) - .success(function() { - window.location.reload(); - }); - } else { - show_message("warning", gettext("The facility has not been deleted. Did you spell the facility name correctly?")); - } - }); -}); diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/account_management.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/account_management.html index de53f0ff5c..9c8dbe66e2 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/account_management.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/account_management.html @@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ {% if not is_central %} {% if not restricted %}
  • - {% trans "Edit account preferences" %} + {% trans "Edit account preferences" %}
    • {% endif %}
  • - {% trans "Download data from Khan Academy" %} + {% trans "Download data from Khan Academy" %}
    • diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base.html index b013b808d5..88339cfa8d 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base.html @@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ {% if facility or device %} {% elif own_device_is_trusted %} - + + {% trans 'Edit' %} {% endif %} @@ -74,8 +75,9 @@ {% else %} {{ facility.name }} - - + + {% trans 'Edit' %} + {% endif %} {% endif %} diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base_printable.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base_printable.html index f59d2e17ad..da7fcf7af1 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base_printable.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/base_printable.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ {% block buttons %}{{ block.super }} {% endblock buttons %} {% block manage_nav %}{{ block.super }}{% endblock manage_nav %} diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/data_export.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/data_export.html index 4dbf356fe9..545647723b 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/data_export.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/data_export.html @@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ {% block title %}{{ zone.name }} - {% trans "Data Export" %} {{ block.super }}{% endblock title %} {% block headjs %}{{ block.super }} - - + + - {% endblock headjs %} {% block buttons %}{{ block.super }} diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_coaches_table.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_coaches_table.html index c17fb7e1ec..b76a4164ae 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_coaches_table.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_coaches_table.html @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@

    {% trans "Coaches" %} - + +

    @@ -47,14 +48,15 @@

    {% trans "Coaches" %} {% for coach in coach_pages %} - + {{ coach|format_name:"last_first" }} - + + {% blocktrans with coachname=coach|format_name:"last_first" %}Edit user info for coach {{ coachname }}{% endblocktrans %} {{ coach.total_logins }} @@ -75,8 +77,8 @@

    {% trans "Coaches" %} {% endif %}
    -

    - {% trans 'Add a new coach.' %} +

    + {% trans 'Add a new coach.' %}

    diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_device_table.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_device_table.html index 9bc4a424dc..1de3120e9c 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_device_table.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_device_table.html @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@

    {% trans "Devices" %} +

    @@ -18,7 +19,7 @@

    {% else %}
    - +
    @@ -68,19 +69,10 @@

    {% trans "Sync Now!" %} {% if not device.is_registered %} - + {% trans "Register device" %} {% endif %} - {% if clock_set %} - / - - {% trans "set clock" %} - - - {% endif %} {% endif %}

    diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_facility_table.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_facility_table.html index 6021b25b2d..787cd510aa 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_facility_table.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_facility_table.html @@ -7,7 +7,14 @@

    {% trans "Facilities" %} + + {% if missing_meta %} + + + + {% endif %}

    {% if not facilities %}

    @@ -27,11 +34,12 @@

    {% for id,facility in facilities.items %} - + @@ -69,7 +78,7 @@

    - + {% trans 'Add a new facility' %}...

    diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_groups_table.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_groups_table.html index 4f28424799..fee656d486 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_groups_table.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_groups_table.html @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@

    {% trans "Learner Groups" %} +

    {% if not groups %} @@ -51,7 +52,7 @@

    {% for student in student_pages %} - + @@ -113,7 +115,7 @@

    - {% trans 'Add a new learner.' %} + {% trans 'Add a new learner.' %}

    diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/clock_set.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/clock_set.html deleted file mode 100644 index fe4fd597ef..0000000000 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/clock_set.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -{% load i18n %} -{% load staticfiles %} - -{% block headcss %} - - -{% endblock headcss %} - -{% block headjs %} - - - -{% endblock headjs %} - -{% block content %} -

    {% trans "Device name" %}
    - - {{ facility.name }} - + {{ facility.name }} + {% if facility.meta_data_in_need %} + + {% endif %} {{ facility.num_users }} @@ -52,7 +60,8 @@

    		{% if request.is_django_user %} - + + {% trans 'Delete facility' %} {% endif %} {% if group.id %}{% endif %} {# Translators: this is a verb; by clicking this link, the user will be able to coach students. #} - {% else %} @@ -63,7 +64,8 @@

    		{% if group.id %} - + + {% trans 'Edit group' %} {% else %} N/A @@ -101,8 +103,8 @@

    - - {% trans 'Add a new group.' %} + + {% trans 'Add a new group.' %}

    diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_students_table.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_students_table.html index f7227ce98e..53095f6441 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_students_table.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/partials/_students_table.html @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@

    {% trans "Learners" %} +

    @@ -21,7 +22,7 @@

    {% if groups %}
    - +

    {{ student|format_name:"last_first" }} - + + {% blocktrans with studentname=student|format_name:"last_first" %}Edit learner {{ studentname }}{% endblocktrans %}
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    -

    {% trans "Raspberry Pi Clock Reset" %}

    -
    		{% blocktrans with time_format="HH:MM" %}Input current time ({{ time_format }} - 24 Hour){% endblocktrans %}
    		{% blocktrans with date_format="DD-MM-YYYY" %}Input current date ({{ date_format }}){% endblocktrans %}
    - -
    -{% endblock content %} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/sync_now.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/sync_now.html index 581149f6ee..2ab54de9f4 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/sync_now.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/snippets/sync_now.html @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
    - {% trans "Sync Now!" %} + {% trans "Sync Now!" %}
    diff --git a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/zone_management.html b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/zone_management.html index 20206118d9..eb97a06b33 100644 --- a/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/zone_management.html +++ b/kalite/control_panel/templates/control_panel/zone_management.html @@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ {% endblock i18n_do_not_translate %} {% block headcss %}{{ block.super }} - {% if clock_set %} - {% include_block "control_panel/snippets/clock_set.html" "headcss" %} - {% endif %} + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    + randRange(1, 99) + integerToDigits(NUMERATOR) + _.map(DIGITS, function(d, i) { return d * pow(10, DIGITS.length - 1 - i); }) + randRange(1, 2) + pow(10, PLACES) + (function() { + var digits = []; + var colors = ["blue", "pink"]; + var n = 0; + + for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + if (VALUES[n] && VALUES[n] >= pow(10, PLACES - i)) { + digits.push("\\" + colors[n] + "{" + DIGITS[n++] + "}"); + } else { + digits.push(0); + } + } + return digits; + })() + roundTo(3, NUMERATOR / DENOMINATOR) +
    +

    Express \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR} as a decimal.

    +

    SOLUTION

    +
    +
    +

    + \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR} = + \blue{\dfrac{VALUES[0]}{DENOMINATOR}} + + \pink{\dfrac{VALUES[1]}{DENOMINATOR}} +

    + +

    + \phantom{\dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR}} = + \blue{\dfrac{DIGITS[0]}{DENOMINATOR / 10}} + + \pink{\dfrac{DIGITS[1]}{DENOMINATOR}} +

    + +

    + \phantom{\dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR}} = + \blue{DIGITS[0] \text{ plural_form(decimalPlaceNames[PLACES - 1], DIGITS[0])}} + + \pink{DIGITS[1] \text{ plural_form(decimalPlaceNames[PLACES], DIGITS[1])}} +

    +
    +
    +

    + \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR} = + \blue{DIGITS[0] \text{ plural_form(decimalPlaceNames[PLACES], DIGITS[0])}} +

    +
    + +
    +

    We can use a place value chart to help us write a decimal.

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Ones.TenthsHundredths
    DECIMAL_DIGITS[0].DECIMAL_DIGITS[1]DECIMAL_DIGITS[2]
    +
    + +

    \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR} = SOLUTION

    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_mixed_numbers_and_improper_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_mixed_numbers_and_improper_fractions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_mixed_numbers_and_improper_fractions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_mixed_numbers_and_improper_fractions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_percents_to_decimals.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_percents_to_decimals.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_percents_to_decimals.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_percents_to_decimals.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/converting_repeating_decimals_to_fractions_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/counting_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_bar_charts_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_bar_charts_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_bar_charts_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_bar_charts_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_box_and_whisker_plots.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_box_and_whisker_plots.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aa79773713 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/creating_box_and_whisker_plots.html @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ + + + + + Creating box and whisker plots + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    + randRange(8, 15) + randRange( 5, 10 ) + randRange( 2, 20 ) + $.map( _.range(COUNT), function() { + return round( randGaussian() * sqrt( TGT_VARIANCE ) + TGT_MEAN ); + }) + sortNumbers(DATA) + SORTED_DATA[0] + SORTED_DATA[COUNT - 1] + + COUNT % 2 === 0 ? + 0.5 * (SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 2 - 1] + SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 2]) : + SORTED_DATA[(COUNT - 1) / 2] + + + COUNT % 4 === 0 ? + 0.5 * (SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 4 - 1] + SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 4]) : + COUNT % 4 === 1 ? + 0.5 * (SORTED_DATA[(COUNT - 1) / 4 - 1] + SORTED_DATA[(COUNT - 1) / 4]) : + COUNT % 4 === 2 ? + SORTED_DATA[(COUNT - 2) / 4] : + SORTED_DATA[(COUNT - 3) / 4] + + + COUNT % 4 === 0 ? + 0.5 * (SORTED_DATA[COUNT - COUNT / 4 - 1] + SORTED_DATA[COUNT - COUNT / 4]) : + COUNT % 4 === 1 ? + 0.5 * (SORTED_DATA[COUNT - (COUNT - 1) / 4 - 1] + SORTED_DATA[COUNT - (COUNT - 1) / 4]) : + COUNT % 4 === 2 ? + SORTED_DATA[COUNT - 1 - (COUNT - 2) / 4] : + SORTED_DATA[COUNT - 1 - (COUNT - 3) / 4] + + createSorter() +
    + +

    Represent the following data using a box-and-whiskers plot. Exclude the median when computing the quartiles:

    + +
    +
      +
    • + NUM +
      • +
    +

    + If it helps, you may drag the numbers to put them in a different order. The order isn't checked with your answer. + SORTER.init( "sortable" ) +

    + + +
    + init({ range: [[ -0.5, 15.5 ], [ -6, 1.5 ]], scale: [ 30, 30 ] }); + + addMouseLayer(); + line( [ 0, -2 ], [ 15, -2 ] ); + for ( tick = 0; tick <= 15; tick += 1 ) { + line( [ tick, -1.75 ], [ tick, -2.25 ] ); + label( [ tick, -2.25 ], tick, "below" ); + } + + graph.q0 = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 3.5, 0 ], snapX: 0.5, constraints: { constrainY: true }, normalStyle: { fill: KhanUtil.BLUE, stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE } }); + graph.moveQ0 = function(x) { + graph.q0.setCoord([x, graph.q0.coord[1]]); + graph.q0.updateLineEnds(); + if (x >= graph.q1Line.coordA[0]) { + graph.moveQ1(x + 0.5); + } + }; + + graph.q1top = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 5.5, 1 ], visible: false }); + graph.q1mid = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 5.5, 0 ], visible: false }); + graph.q1bot = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 5.5, -1 ], visible: false }); + graph.moveQ1 = function(x) { + graph.q1top.setCoord([x, graph.q1top.coord[1]]); + graph.q1mid.setCoord([x, graph.q1mid.coord[1]]); + graph.q1bot.setCoord([x, graph.q1bot.coord[1]]); + graph.q1top.updateLineEnds(); + graph.q1mid.updateLineEnds(); + graph.q1bot.updateLineEnds(); + if (x <= graph.q0.coord[0]) { + graph.moveQ0(x - 0.5); + } else if (x >= graph.medianLine.coordA[0]) { + graph.moveM(x + 0.5); + } + }; + + graph.mtop = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 7.5, 1 ], visible: false }); + graph.mbot = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 7.5, -1 ], visible: false }); + graph.moveM = function(x) { + graph.mtop.setCoord([x, graph.mtop.coord[1]]); + graph.mbot.setCoord([x, graph.mbot.coord[1]]); + graph.mtop.updateLineEnds(); + graph.mbot.updateLineEnds(); + if (x <= graph.q1Line.coordA[0]) { + graph.moveQ1(x - 0.5); + } else if (x >= graph.q3Line.coordA[0]) { + graph.moveQ3(x + 0.5); + } + }; + + graph.q3top = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 9.5, 1 ], visible: false }); + graph.q3mid = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 9.5, 0 ], visible: false }); + graph.q3bot = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 9.5, -1 ], visible: false }); + graph.moveQ3 = function(x) { + graph.q3top.setCoord([x, graph.q3top.coord[1]]); + graph.q3mid.setCoord([x, graph.q3mid.coord[1]]); + graph.q3bot.setCoord([x, graph.q3bot.coord[1]]); + graph.q3top.updateLineEnds(); + graph.q3mid.updateLineEnds(); + graph.q3bot.updateLineEnds(); + if (x <= graph.medianLine.coordA[0]) { + graph.moveM(x - 0.5); + } else if (x >= graph.q4.coord[0]) { + graph.moveQ4(x + 0.5); + } + }; + + graph.q4 = addMovablePoint({ coord: [ 11.5, 0 ], snapX: 0.5, constraints: { constrainY: true }, normalStyle: { fill: KhanUtil.BLUE, stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE } }); + graph.moveQ4 = function(x) { + graph.q4.setCoord([x, graph.q4.coord[1]]); + graph.q4.updateLineEnds(); + if (x <= graph.q3Line.coordA[0]) { + graph.moveQ3(x - 0.5); + } + }; + + graph.leftLine = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.q0, pointZ: graph.q1mid, fixed: true }); + graph.topLine = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.q1top, pointZ: graph.q3top, fixed: true }); + graph.botLine = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.q1bot, pointZ: graph.q3bot, fixed: true }); + graph.rightLine = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.q3mid, pointZ: graph.q4, fixed: true }); + + graph.q1Line = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.q1bot, pointZ: graph.q1top, snapX: 0.5, constraints: { constrainY: true }, }); + graph.medianLine = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.mbot, pointZ: graph.mtop, snapX: 0.5, constraints: { constrainY: true }, }); + graph.q3Line = addMovableLineSegment({ pointA: graph.q3bot, pointZ: graph.q3top, snapX: 0.5, constraints: { constrainY: true }, }); + + graph.q0.onMove = function(x, y) { + if (x < 0 || x > 13) { + return false; + } + graph.moveQ0(x); + }; + + graph.q4.onMove = function(x, y) { + if (x < 2 || x > 15) { + return false; + } + graph.moveQ4(x); + }; + + graph.q1Line.onMove = function( dX, dY ) { + var newX = this.coordA[0]; + var oldX = newX - dX; + if (newX < 0.5 || newX > 13.5) { + graph.moveQ1(oldX); + return; + } + graph.moveQ1(newX); + }; + + graph.medianLine.onMove = function( dX, dY ) { + var newX = this.coordA[0]; + var oldX = newX - dX; + if (newX < 1 || newX > 14) { + graph.moveM(oldX); + return; + } + graph.moveM(newX); + }; + + graph.q3Line.onMove = function( dX, dY ) { + var newX = this.coordA[0]; + var oldX = newX - dX; + if (newX < 1.5 || newX > 14.5) { + graph.moveQ3(oldX); + return; + } + graph.moveQ3(newX); + }; + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    [ + graph.q0.coord[0], + graph.q1Line.coordA[0], + graph.medianLine.coordA[0], + graph.q3Line.coordA[0], + graph.q4.coord[0] + ]
    +
    + if ( _.isEqual( guess, [ 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 9.5, 11.5 ] ) ) { + return ""; + } + return _.isEqual( guess, [abs(MIN), Q1, MEDIAN, Q3, MAX] ); +
    +
    + graph.moveQ0(guess[0]); + graph.moveQ1(guess[1]); + graph.moveM(guess[2]); + graph.moveQ3(guess[3]); + graph.moveQ4(guess[4]); +
    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    Begin by putting the data in order:

    +

    \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.join( ", " )}

    +
    + +
    +

    The sample minimum is the smallest number.

    +

    \qquad \large{\pink{MIN}, SORTED_DATA.slice( 1 ).join( ", " )}

    +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, fill: PINK }, function() { + circle( [ MIN, -4.5 ], 0.13 ); + }); +
    +
    + +
    +

    The sample maximum is the largest number.

    +

    \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice( 0, -1 ).join( ", " ), \pink{MAX}}

    +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, fill: PINK }, function() { + circle( [ MAX, -4.5 ], 0.13 ); + }); +
    +
    + +
    +

    The median is middle number.

    +
    +

    + \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice( 0, (COUNT - 1) / 2 ).join( ", " ), + \pink{MEDIAN}, + SORTED_DATA.slice( (COUNT + 1) / 2 ).join( ", " )} +

    +
    +
    +

    + \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice( 0, COUNT / 2 - 1 ).join( ", " ), + \purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 2 - 1]} + \pink{\ |\ } + \purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 2]}, + SORTED_DATA.slice( COUNT / 2 + 1 ).join( ", " )} +

    +

    Since there are two middle numbers, the median is the mean of the middle two numbers.

    +

    + \qquad \dfrac{\purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 2 - 1]} + \purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT / 2]}}{2} = + \pink{MEDIAN} +

    +
    +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, strokeWidth: 2 }, function() { + line( [ MEDIAN, -5.5 ], [ MEDIAN, -3.5 ] ); + }); +
    +
    + +
    +

    The first quartile is the median of the data points to the left of the median.

    +
    +

    + \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice(0, floor(COUNT / 4)).join(", "), + \pink{Q1}, + SORTED_DATA.slice(floor(COUNT / 4) + 1, floor(COUNT / 2)).join(", ")} +

    +
    +
    +

    + \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice(0, floor(COUNT / 4) - 1).join(", "), + \purple{SORTED_DATA[floor(COUNT / 4) - 1]}, + \purple{SORTED_DATA[floor(COUNT / 4)]}, + SORTED_DATA.slice(floor(COUNT / 4) + 1, floor(COUNT / 2)).join(", ")} +

    +

    + \qquad Q_1 = \dfrac{\purple{SORTED_DATA[floor(COUNT / 4) - 1]} + + \purple{SORTED_DATA[floor(COUNT / 4)]}}{2} = \pink{Q1} +

    +
    +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, strokeWidth: 2 }, function() { + line( [ Q1, -5.5 ], [ Q1, -3.5 ] ); + }); +
    +
    + +
    +

    The third quartile is the median of the data points to the right of the median.

    +
    +

    + \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice(ceil(COUNT / 2), COUNT - 1 - floor(COUNT / 4)).join(", "), + \pink{SORTED_DATA[COUNT - 1 - floor(COUNT / 4)]}, + SORTED_DATA.slice(COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4)).join(", ")} +

    +
    +
    +

    + \qquad \large{SORTED_DATA.slice(ceil(COUNT / 2), COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4) - 1).join( ", " ), + \purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4) - 1]}, + \purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4)]}, + SORTED_DATA.slice( COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4) + 1 ).join( ", " )} +

    +

    + \qquad Q_3 = \dfrac{\purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4) - 1]} + + \purple{SORTED_DATA[COUNT - floor(COUNT / 4)]}}{2} = \pink{Q3} + .

    +
    +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, strokeWidth: 2 }, function() { + line( [ Q3, -5.5 ], [ Q3, -3.5 ] ); + }); +
    +
    + +
    +

    Your box-and-whisker plot should look like the example below the number line.

    +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, strokeWidth: 2 }, function() { + line( [ MIN, -4.5 ], [ Q1, -4.5 ] ); + line( [ Q1, -5.5 ], [ Q3, -5.5 ] ); + line( [ Q1, -3.5 ], [ Q3, -3.5 ] ); + line( [ Q3, -4.5 ], [ MAX, -4.5 ] ); + }); +
    +
    + +
    + +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/cube_roots_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/decasteljau.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decasteljau.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/decasteljau.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decasteljau.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_1.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a8e4b98fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_1.html @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ + + + + + Decimals on the number line 1 + + + +
    +
    + 0 + 1 + + 0.1 + randRange(1, 9) + TENTHS * MARK_INCREMENT + localeToFixed(SOLUTION, 1) +
    + +
    +
    +
    +

    Move the orange dot to \pink{SOLN_TXT} on the number line.

    + +
    + init({ + range: [[LOWER_BOUND - 0.1, UPPER_BOUND + 0.4], [-1, 1]], + scale: [350, 40] + }); + + style({arrows: ">"}); + line( [ 0, 0 ], [ UPPER_BOUND + 0.06, 0 ] ); + + style({arrows: "->"}); + line( [ 0, 0 ], [ LOWER_BOUND - 0.06, 0 ] ); + + style({arrows: ""}); + for ( var x = LOWER_BOUND; x <= UPPER_BOUND; x += MARK_INCREMENT ) { + line( [ x, -0.2 ], [ x, 0.2 ] ); + } + + style({ stroke: BLUE, strokeWidth: 3.5 }); + line( [ LOWER_BOUND, -0.2], [LOWER_BOUND, 0.2]); + label( [ LOWER_BOUND, -0.53 ], LOWER_BOUND, "center", { color: BLUE }); + line( [ UPPER_BOUND, -0.2], [UPPER_BOUND, 0.2]); + label( [ UPPER_BOUND, -0.53 ], UPPER_BOUND, "center", { color: BLUE }); + + addMouseLayer(); + graph.movablePoint = addMovablePoint({ constraints: { constrainY: true }, snapX: 0.025 }); + graph.movablePoint.onMove = function( x, y ) { + return [ min( max( LOWER_BOUND, x ), UPPER_BOUND ), y ]; + }; +
    +
    + +
    + +
    graph.movablePoint.coord[0]
    +
    + if ( guess === 0 ) { + return ""; + } + return abs( SOLUTION - guess ) < 0.001; +
    +
    + graph.movablePoint.setCoord( [ guess, 0 ] ); +
    +
    + +
    +

    + The number line is divided into 10 equal pieces between + LOWER_BOUND and UPPER_BOUND. +

    + +
    +
    + var MI = MARK_INCREMENT; + for (var x = LOWER_BOUND + MI; x < UPPER_BOUND - MI/2; x += MI) { + label([LOWER_BOUND + x, -0.53], localeToFixed(x, 1) , "center"); + } +
    +

    Each piece represents a length of commafy(MARK_INCREMENT).

    +
    + +

    + Starting at LOWER_BOUND, we move a length of + \blue{commafy(MARK_INCREMENT) \text{ cardinalThrough20(TENTHS) time}} + to get to \pink{SOLN_TXT}. +

    +

    + Starting at LOWER_BOUND, we move a length of + \blue{commafy(MARK_INCREMENT) \text{ cardinalThrough20(TENTHS) times}} + to get to \pink{SOLN_TXT}. +

    + +
    +
    + style({ stroke: BLUE, fill: BLUE, strokeWidth: 3.5, arrows: "->" }); + line([0, 0], [SOLUTION, 0]); + graph.movablePoint.visibleShape.toFront(); + + label([TENTHS / 10, -0.53], SOLN_TXT, "center", { color: PINK }); + graph.movablePoint.moveTo(SOLUTION, 0); +
    +

    The highlighted number shows where \pink{SOLN_TXT} is on the number line.

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f2a18cd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ + + + + + Decimals on the number line 2 + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    + 1 + SECTION_LENGTH * 10 + randRange(0, 100 - SECTION_LENGTH) / 10 + localeToFixed(LOWER_BOUND + SECTION_LENGTH / 10, 1) + 0.01 + MARK_INCREMENT * 10 + randRange(1, NUM_TICKS - 1) + HUNDREDTHS / 10 + localeToFixed(LOWER_BOUND + HUNDREDTHS * MARK_INCREMENT, 2) +
    + +
    +

    Move the orange dot to \pink{SOLN_TXT} on the number line.

    + +
    + init({ + range: [[-0.2, SECTION_LENGTH + 0.2], [-1, 1]], + scale: [360 / SECTION_LENGTH, 40] + }); + + style({arrows: ">"}); + line([0, 0], [SECTION_LENGTH * 1.06, 0] ); + + style({arrows: "->"}); + line([0, 0], [-0.06 * SECTION_LENGTH, 0]); + + style({arrows: ""}); + for (var x = 0; x <= NUM_TICKS; x++) { + if (x % 10 === 0) { + line([x / 10, -0.2], [x / 10, 0.2], { stroke: BLUE, strokeWidth: 3.5 }); + label([x / 10, -0.53], localeToFixed(LOWER_BOUND + x / 100, 1) , "center", { color: BLUE }); + } else { + line([x / 10, -0.12], [x / 10, 0.12]); + } + } + + addMouseLayer(); + graph.movablePoint = addMovablePoint({ constraints: { constrainY: true }, snapX: 0.05 }); + graph.movablePoint.onMove = function(x, y) { + return [min(max(0, x), SECTION_LENGTH), y]; + }; +
    +
    + +
    + +
    graph.movablePoint.coord[0]
    +
    + if (guess === 0) { + return ""; + } + return abs(SOLUTION - guess) < 0.001; +
    +
    + graph.movablePoint.setCoord([guess, 0]); +
    +
    + +
    +

    + The length between \blue{LOWER_BOUND} and \blue{UPPER_BOUND} + on the number line is \blue{LARGE_INCREMENT}, + or \blue{1 \text{ decimalPlaceNames[1]}}. +

    + +

    + This \blue{LARGE_INCREMENT} is divided into 10 equal pieces. + Each piece has a length of \green{MARK_INCREMENT}, + or \green{1 \text{ decimalPlaceNames[2]}}. +

    + +
    +
    + line([0, 0], [SOLUTION, 0], { stroke: GREEN, strokeWidth: 3.5, arrows: "->" }); +
    +

    + From \blue{LOWER_BOUND}, we need to move + \green{HUNDREDTHS \text{ plural_form(decimalPlaceNames[2], HUNDREDTHS)}} + to the right to get to \pink{SOLN_TXT}. +

    +
    +
    +
    + graph.movablePoint.visibleShape.toFront(); + label([HUNDREDTHS/10, -0.53], SOLN_TXT, "center", { color: PINK }); + graph.movablePoint.moveTo(SOLUTION, 0); +
    +

    The highlighted number shows where \pink{SOLN_TXT} is on the number line.

    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    + randRange(2, 3) + floor(SOLUTION) + localeToFixed(LOWER_BOUND + TENTHS * LARGE_INCREMENT, 1) +
    + +
    +

    + The length between the blue labeled tick marks is \blue{LARGE_INCREMENT}, + or \blue{1 \text{ decimalPlaceNames[1]}}. +

    + +

    + Each \blue{LARGE_INCREMENT} is divided into 10 equal pieces + that have a length of \green{MARK_INCREMENT}, + or \green{1 \text{ decimalPlaceNames[2]}}. +

    + +
    +

    First, we want to move to the correct number of tenths.

    +

    We move to \blue{TENTHS_SOLN} on the number line.

    +
    + style({ stroke: BLUE, fill: BLUE, strokeWidth: 3.5, arrows: "->" }); + line([0, 0], [floor(SOLUTION), 0]); +
    +
    + +
    +

    Now, we want to move to the correct number of hundredths.

    +

    + From \blue{TENTHS_SOLN}, we need to move + \green{HUNDREDTHS % 10 \text{ plural_form(decimalPlaceNames[2], HUNDREDTHS % 10)}} + to the right to get to \pink{SOLN_TXT}. +

    +
    + style({ stroke: GREEN, strokeWidth: 3.5, arrows: "->" }); + line([floor(SOLUTION), 0], [SOLUTION, 0]); +
    +
    + +
    +
    + graph.movablePoint.visibleShape.toFront(); + label([HUNDREDTHS/10, -0.53], SOLN_TXT, "center", { color: PINK }); + graph.movablePoint.moveTo(SOLUTION, 0); +
    +

    The highlighted number shows where \pink{SOLN_TXT} is on the number line.

    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    + 10 * randRange(1, SECTION_LENGTH) +
    + +
    +

    + The length between the blue labeled tick marks is \blue{LARGE_INCREMENT}, + or \blue{1 \text{ decimalPlaceNames[1]}}. +

    + +

    + Each \blue{LARGE_INCREMENT} is divided into 10 equal pieces + that have a length of \green{MARK_INCREMENT}, + or \green{1 \text{ decimalPlaceNames[2]}}. +

    + +
    +

    We can rewrite the labels as \green{\text{plural_form(decimalPlaceNames[2], 2)}}.

    +
    + for (var x = 0; x <= SECTION_LENGTH; x++) { + label([x, 0.53], localeToFixed(LOWER_BOUND + x / 10, 2) , "center", { color: GREEN }); + } +
    +
    + +
    +
    + graph.movablePoint.visibleShape.toFront(); + label([HUNDREDTHS / 10, 0.53], SOLN_TXT, "center", { color: PINK }); + graph.movablePoint.moveTo(SOLUTION, 0); +
    +

    The highlighted number shows where \pink{SOLN_TXT} is on the number line.

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/decimals_on_the_number_line_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/defined_and_undefined_matrix_operations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/defined_and_undefined_matrix_operations.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/defined_and_undefined_matrix_operations.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/defined_and_undefined_matrix_operations.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/degrees_to_radians.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/degrees_to_radians.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/degrees_to_radians.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/degrees_to_radians.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dependent_probability.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dependent_probability.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dependent_probability.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dependent_probability.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/derivative_intuition.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/derivative_intuition.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/derivative_intuition.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/derivative_intuition.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dice_probability.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dice_probability.html similarity index 99% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dice_probability.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dice_probability.html index 26f1534813..a7ca30434e 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dice_probability.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dice_probability.html @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ };

    -
    SOLUTION_N / SOLUTION_D
    +
    SOLUTION_N / SOLUTION_D
    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/direct_and_inverse_variation.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/direct_and_inverse_variation.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/direct_and_inverse_variation.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/direct_and_inverse_variation.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/discount_tax_and_tip_word_problems.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/discount_tax_and_tip_word_problems.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/discount_tax_and_tip_word_problems.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/discount_tax_and_tip_word_problems.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_between_point_and_line.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_between_point_and_line.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_between_point_and_line.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_between_point_and_line.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_formula.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_formula.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_formula.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/distance_formula.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_complex_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_complex_numbers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_complex_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_complex_numbers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_4.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_4.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_4.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_decimals_4.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions.html similarity index 94% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions.html index b9408db699..468f1df71b 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions.html @@ -54,6 +54,8 @@

    In total we have INTEGER \times DENOMINATOR pieces.

    INTEGER \times DENOMINATOR = INTEGER * DENOMINATOR

    + +

    INTEGER \div \dfrac{1}{DENOMINATOR} = INTEGER * DENOMINATOR

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_0.5.html similarity index 95% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_0.5.html index a43f87d11e..97b17c2d2c 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_0.5.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_0.5.html @@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ } + +

    \dfrac{1}{DENOMINATOR} \div INTEGER = \dfrac{1}{DENOMINATOR * INTEGER}

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_1.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_1.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_1.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_1.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..936afc3f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ + + + + + Dividing positive and negative fractions + + + +
    +
    +
    + randRangeNonZero(-9, 9) + randRange(2, 9) +
    + +
    + randRangeNonZero(-9, 9) + randRange(2, 9) +
    + + N2 > 0 ? N1 * D2 : -N1 * D2 + D1 * abs(N2) + getGCD(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR) +
    + +
    +
    +
    Reduce to lowest terms:
    +

    + fraction(N1, D1) \div fraction(N2, D2, false, false, false, N2 < 0) = {?} +

    +
    NUMERATOR / DENOMINATOR
    +
    +
    + +
    +

    Dividing by a fraction is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal of the fraction.

    +

    The reciprocal of fraction(N2, D2) is fraction(D2, N2).

    + +
    +

    Therefore:

    +

    \qquad + fraction(N1, D1) \div fraction(N2, D2, false, false, false, N2 < 0) = + fraction(N1, D1) \times fraction(D2, N2, false, false, false, N2 < 0) +

    +
    + +

    + \qquad\phantom{fraction(N1, D1) \div fraction(N2, D2, false, false, false, N2 < 0)} = + \dfrac{N1 \times negParens(N2 < 0 ? -D2 : D2)}{D1 \times abs(N2)} +

    + +

    + \qquad\phantom{fraction(N1, D1) \div fraction(N2, D2, false, false, false, N2 < 0)} = + fraction(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR) +

    + +
    +

    Simplify:

    +

    \qquadfractionReduce(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR)

    +
    +
    +
    + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_word_problems_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_word_problems_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_word_problems_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_fractions_word_problems_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_polynomials_by_binomials_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_rational_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_rational_numbers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_rational_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/dividing_rational_numbers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_intuition.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_intuition.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_intuition.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_intuition.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_tests.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_tests.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_tests.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/divisibility_tests.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/division_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/division_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/division_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/division_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/division_1.html diff --git 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index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/domain_of_a_function.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/domain_of_a_function.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ellipse_intuition.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ellipse_intuition.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8138d8a140 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ellipse_intuition.html @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ + + + + + Ellipse intuition + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    + randFromArray([[3, 4, 5], [6, 8, 10], [9, 12, 15], [5, 12, 13]]) + randFromArray([[A, B], [B, A]]) + 18 - X_AXIS + 18 - Y_AXIS + randRange(-MAX_X, MAX_X) + randRange(-MAX_Y, MAX_Y) + X_AXIS > Y_AXIS ? [H + C, K] : [H, K + C] + X_AXIS > Y_AXIS ? [H - C, K] : [H, K - C] + X_AXIS > Y_AXIS ? [[H, K - 1], [H, K + 1]] : [[H - 1, K], [H + 1, K]] +
    + +

    + Find the foci of the ellipse below by moving the orange points to their correct positions. +

    +

    + +
    +
    +
    Focus 1: ( + FOCUS_START[0][0],\space + FOCUS_START[0][1]) +
    +
    Focus 2: ( + FOCUS_START[1][0],\space + FOCUS_START[1][1]) +
    +
    + +
    +
    Point to the ellipse to see the distance from that point to each focus.
    + +
    +
    + +
    + graph.f1 = F1; + graph.f2 = F2; + + DUMMY_GRAPH = graph; + + initAutoscaledGraph([[-20, 20], [-20, 20]], {}); + addMouseLayer(); + + graph.ellipse = interactiveEllipse({ + center: [H, K], + xRadius: X_AXIS, + yRadius: Y_AXIS + }); + + graph.focus1 = addMovablePoint({ + coordX: FOCUS_START[0][0], + coordY: FOCUS_START[0][1], + snapX: 1, + snapY: 1 + }); + graph.focus1.onMove = function(coordX, coordY) { + var x = $("#problemarea span.focus1-x-label") + $("#problemarea span.focus1-x-label").html("<code>" + coordX + "</code>").tex(); + $("#problemarea span.focus1-y-label").html("<code>" + coordY + "</code>").tex(); + }; + + graph.focus2 = addMovablePoint({ + coordX: FOCUS_START[1][0], + coordY: FOCUS_START[1][1], + snapX: 1, + snapY: 1 + }); + graph.focus2.onMove = function(coordX, coordY) { + $("#problemarea span.focus2-x-label").html("<code>" + coordX + "</code>").tex(); + $("#problemarea span.focus2-y-label").html("<code>" + coordY + "</code>").tex(); + }; + + doEllipseInteraction(graph.ellipse, graph.focus1, graph.focus2); + + var writeDistances = function(coordX, coordY) { + var focusDistance1 = KhanUtil.getDistance([coordX, coordY], graph.focus1.coord); + var focusDistance2 = KhanUtil.getDistance([coordX, coordY], graph.focus2.coord); + var distanceSum = focusDistance1 + focusDistance2; + $("#problemarea span.focus-distance1").html("<code>" + round(10 * focusDistance1) / 10 + "</code>").tex(); + $("#problemarea span.focus-distance2").html("<code>" + round(10 * focusDistance2) / 10 + "</code>").tex(); + $("#problemarea span.distance-difference").html("<code>" + round(10 * distanceSum) / 10 + "</code>").tex(); + }; + + graph.ellipse.writeDistances = writeDistances; +
    + +
    +
    +
    [DUMMY_GRAPH.focus1.coord, DUMMY_GRAPH.focus2.coord]
    +
    + if (_.isEqual(guess, FOCUS_START)) { + return "You need to move the foci to the correct positions."; + } + + return (guess[0][0] === F1[0] && guess[0][1] === F1[1] && + guess[1][0] === F2[0] && guess[1][1] === F2[1]) || + (guess[0][0] === F2[0] && guess[0][1] === F2[1] && + guess[1][0] === F1[0] && guess[1][1] === F1[1]); +
    +
    + graph.focus1.setCoord(guess[0]); + graph.focus2.setCoord(guess[1]); +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    Both foci must lie along the major axis of the ellipse.

    +
    + if (X_AXIS > Y_AXIS) { + path([[H - X_AXIS, K], [H + X_AXIS, K]], { stroke: BLUE, strokeDasharray: "- " }); + } else { + path([[H, K - Y_AXIS], [H, K + Y_AXIS]], { stroke: BLUE, strokeDasharray: "- " }); + } +
    +
    + +
    +

    The foci must be equally distant from the center of the ellipse.

    +
    + circle([H, K], 0.25, { stroke: BLUE, fill: BLUE }); +
    +
    + +

    + We can adjust the positions of the foci along the major axis + until we've found the unique state where the sum of the distances is constant. +

    + +
    +

    + One focus is (F1[0], F1[1]) + and the other is (F2[0], F2[1]). +

    +
    + graph.focus1.moveTo(graph.f1[0], graph.f1[1]); + graph.focus2.moveTo(graph.f2[0], graph.f2[1]); +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/empirical_rule.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/empirical_rule.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/empirical_rule.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/empirical_rule.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/equation_of_a_circle_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/equation_of_a_circle_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/equation_of_a_circle_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/equation_of_a_circle_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/equation_of_a_circle_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/equation_of_a_circle_2.html similarity index 100% rename from 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kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/equivalent_fractions_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/equivalent_fractions_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/estimation_with_decimals.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/estimation_with_decimals.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/estimation_with_decimals.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/estimation_with_decimals.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/evaluating_expressions_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/even_and_odd_functions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/even_and_odd_functions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/even_and_odd_functions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/even_and_odd_functions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expected_value.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expected_value.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expected_value.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expected_value.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_angle_pairs_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_angle_pairs_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_angle_pairs_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_angle_pairs_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_mean_and_median.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_mean_and_median.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_mean_and_median.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_mean_and_median.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_standard_deviation_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_standard_deviation_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_standard_deviation_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exploring_standard_deviation_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponent_rules.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponent_rules.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponent_rules.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponent_rules.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.5.html similarity index 82% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.5.html index 77d5c9bbe5..e89484c72d 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.5.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.5.html @@ -13,15 +13,14 @@ {0: 5, 1: 5, 2: 5, 3: 4, 4: 3, 5: 3, 6: 2, 7: 2, 8: 2, 9: 2, 10: 2}[abs(BASE)] randRange(2, EXP_RANGE) expandExponent(BASE, EXPONENT) - "\\dfrac{1}{" + (-BASE) + "^" + EXPONENT + "}"
    - BASE ? BASE + " \\cdot " + EXPONENT : 1 - BASE < -1 ? FAKE_FRACTION : BASE + "+" + EXPONENT + BASE ? negParens(BASE) + " \\cdot " + EXPONENT : 1 + BASE + "+" + EXPONENT BASE ? _(EXPONENT).times(function() { return BASE; }).join("+") : EXPONENT _(abs(BASE)).times(function() { return EXPONENT; }).join(" \\cdot ")
    @@ -52,10 +51,12 @@
    negParens(BASE) + "^{" + EXPONENT + "}" - pow(EXPONENT, BASE) === pow(BASE, EXPONENT) ? BASE * EXPONENT : EXPONENT + "^{" + BASE + "}" - BASE < -1 ? FAKE_FRACTION : EXPONENT + "^{" + EXPONENT + "}" - abs(BASE) !== 1 ? negParens(BASE) + "^{" + BASE + "}" : BASE + " + " + BASE - "-(" + (-BASE) + ")^{" + EXPONENT + "}" + negParens(BASE) + "^{" + (EXPONENT + abs(BASE)) + "}" + EXPONENT + "^{" + EXPONENT + "}" + abs(BASE) !== 1 ? negParens(BASE) + "^{" + abs(BASE) + "}" : negParens(BASE) + " + " + negParens(BASE) + pow(EXPONENT, BASE) === pow(BASE, EXPONENT) ? BASE * EXPONENT : EXPONENT + "^{" + BASE + "}" + "-(" + (-BASE) + ")^{" + EXPONENT + "}" + negParens(BASE) + "^{" + (EXPONENT * abs(BASE)) + "}"

    \Large{EXPANSION[0] = {?}}

    @@ -64,6 +65,9 @@
  • FAKE_SOLUTION1
  • FAKE_SOLUTION2
  • FAKE_SOLUTION3
    • +
  • FAKE_SOLUTION4
    • +
  • FAKE_SOLUTION5
    • +
  • FAKE_SOLUTION6
    • diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_4.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_4.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_4.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/exponents_4.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expressing_ratios_as_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expressing_ratios_as_fractions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expressing_ratios_as_fractions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expressing_ratios_as_fractions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/expressions_with_unknown_variables_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/extraneous_solutions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/extraneous_solutions.html similarity index 99% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/extraneous_solutions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/extraneous_solutions.html index 0f0a96af33..a9c029bb7f 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/extraneous_solutions.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/extraneous_solutions.html @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ ])
    -

    What is the extraneous solution to these equations?

    +

    What is the extraneous solution to this equation?

    \dfrac{TERM1}{x - NUMERATOR} = \dfrac{TERM2}{x - NUMERATOR} diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_difference_of_squares_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_linear_binomials.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_linear_binomials.html similarity index 98% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_linear_binomials.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_linear_binomials.html index f6638b5707..06a87da675 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_linear_binomials.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_linear_binomials.html @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@

    - To factor a polynomial, you should first find + To factor a binomial, you should first find the greatest common factor of all the terms.

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_by_grouping_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/factoring_polynomials_with_two_variables.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/finding_percents.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/finding_percents.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/finding_percents.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/finding_percents.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fraction_word_problems_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fraction_word_problems_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fraction_word_problems_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fraction_word_problems_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_as_division_by_a_multiple_of_10.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_as_division_by_a_multiple_of_10.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_as_division_by_a_multiple_of_10.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_as_division_by_a_multiple_of_10.html diff --git 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rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_on_the_number_line_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_on_the_number_line_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_on_the_number_line_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_on_the_number_line_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_on_the_number_line_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/fractions_on_the_number_line_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/functions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/functions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/functions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/functions_2.html diff --git 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b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_inequalities.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_inequalities.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_inequalities.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_inequalities_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_inequalities_2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..79c7ac648d --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_inequalities_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,347 @@ + + + + + Graphing and solving linear inequalities + + + +

    +
    +
    +
    + reduce(randRangeNonZero(-5, 5), randRange(1, 5)) + randRangeNonZero( max( -10, -10 - SLOPE_FRAC[0] ), min( 10, 10 - SLOPE_FRAC[0] ) ) + SLOPE_FRAC[0] / SLOPE_FRAC[1] + fractionVariable(SLOPE_FRAC[0], SLOPE_FRAC[1], "x") + randRangeNonZero( -3, 3 ) + SLOPE_FRAC[0] * -MULT + SLOPE_FRAC[1] * MULT + SLOPE_FRAC[1] * YINT * MULT + randFromArray([ true, false ]) + randFromArray([ "<", ">", "≤", "≥" ]) + B < 0 ? { "<": ">", ">": "<", "≤": "≥", "≥": "≤" }[ COMP ] : COMP + COMP === "<" || COMP === "≤" + COMP === "≥" || COMP === "≤" + (function() { + // Create a point on the line + var minN = floor(9 / abs(SLOPE_FRAC[1])); + var n = randRange(-minN, minN); + return [n * SLOPE_FRAC[1], YINT+ n * SLOPE_FRAC[0]]; + })() + + randFromArray([ + [randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-3, -2, -1, 0]), randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-1, -2])], + [randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-3, -2, -1, 0]), randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-1, -2])], + EDGE_POINT + ]) + POINT[1] === SLOPE * POINT[0] + YINT + (function() { + if (POINT_ON_LINE) { + return INCLUSIVE; + } + return (POINT[1] < SLOPE * POINT[0] + YINT) ? LESS_THAN : !LESS_THAN; + })() + +
    + +

    + Graph the following inequality: +

    + +
    +

    + expr([ "+", [ "*", A, "x" ], [ "*", B, "y" ] ]) STD_FORM_COMP C +

    +

    + y COMP PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT +

    + +
    + +
      +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    +
    +
    + graphInit({ + range: 11, + scale: 20, + axisArrows: "<->", + tickStep: 1, + labelStep: 1, + gridOpacity: 0.05, + axisOpacity: 0.2, + tickOpacity: 0.4, + labelOpacity: 0.5 + }); + + addMouseLayer(); + graph.pointA = addMovablePoint({ + coord: [ -5, 5 ], + snapX: 0.5, + snapY: 0.5, + normalStyle: { + stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE, + fill: KhanUtil.BLUE + } + }); + graph.pointB = addMovablePoint({ + coord: [ 5, 5 ], + snapX: 0.5, + snapY: 0.5, + normalStyle: { + stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE, + fill: KhanUtil.BLUE + } + }); + graph.line1 = bogusShape; + graph.shading = bogusShape; + + graph.update = function() { + graph.line1.remove(); + graph.shading.remove(); + if ( abs( graph.pointB.coord[0] - graph.pointA.coord[0] ) > 0.001 ) { + var slope = ( graph.pointB.coord[1] - graph.pointA.coord[1] ) / ( graph.pointB.coord[0] - graph.pointA.coord[0] ); + var yint = slope * ( 0 - graph.pointA.coord[0] ) + graph.pointA.coord[1]; + var shadeEdge = ( ( graph.pointA.coord[0] < graph.pointB.coord[0] ) ? graph.shadetop : !graph.shadetop ) ? 11 : -11; + style({ stroke: BLUE, strokeWidth: 2, strokeDasharray: graph.dasharray }, function() { + graph.line1 = line( [ -11, -11 * slope + yint ], [ 11, 11 * slope + yint ] ).toBack(); + }); + style({ fill: BLUE, stroke: null, opacity: KhanUtil.FILL_OPACITY }, function() { + graph.shading = path([ [ 11, shadeEdge ], [ 11, 11 * slope + yint ], [ -11, -11 * slope + yint ], [ -11, shadeEdge ] ]); + }); + + } else { + // vertical line + var x = graph.pointA.coord[0]; + var shadeEdge = ( ( graph.pointB.coord[1] < graph.pointA.coord[1] ) ? graph.shadetop : !graph.shadetop ) ? 11 : -11; + style({ stroke: BLUE, strokeWidth: 2, strokeDasharray: graph.dasharray }, function() { + graph.line1 = line( [ x, -11 ], [ x, 11 ] ).toBack(); + }); + style({ fill: BLUE, stroke: null, opacity: KhanUtil.FILL_OPACITY }, function() { + graph.shading = path([ [ x, -11 ], [ x, 11 ], [ shadeEdge, 11 ], [ shadeEdge, -11 ] ]); + }); + } + graph.pointA.toFront(); + graph.pointB.toFront(); + }; + + // A and B can't be in the same place + graph.pointA.onMove = function( x, y ) { + if ( x != graph.pointB.coord[0] || y != graph.pointB.coord[1] ) { + graph.pointA.setCoord([ x, y ]); + graph.update(); + return true; + } else { + return false; + } + } + graph.pointB.onMove = function( x, y ) { + if ( x != graph.pointA.coord[0] || y != graph.pointA.coord[1] ) { + graph.pointB.setCoord([ x, y, ]); + graph.update(); + return true; + } else { + return false; + } + } + + graph.dasharray = ""; + graph.shadetop = true; + graph.update(); + graph.pointA.toFront(); + graph.pointB.toFront(); +
    + +

    + Is (POINT[0], POINT[1]) a solution of the inequality? +

    + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
      +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    +
    + +
    +
    [ + graph.pointA.coord, graph.pointB.coord, + graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? graph.shadetop : !graph.shadetop, + graph.dasharray === "- " ? false : true, + $("input[name='isSolution']:checked").attr("id")] +
    +
    + if (_.isEqual(guess, [[-5, 5], [5, 5], false, true])) { + return ""; + } + + var slope = ( guess[1][1] - guess[0][1] ) / ( guess[1][0] - guess[0][0] ); + var yint = slope * ( 0 - guess[0][0] ) + guess[0][1]; + return abs( SLOPE - slope ) < 0.001 + && abs( YINT - yint ) < 0.001 + && guess[2] === LESS_THAN + && guess[3] === INCLUSIVE + && POINT_SOLUTION === (guess[4] === 'yes'); +
    +
    + graph.pointA.setCoord( guess[0] ); + graph.pointB.setCoord( guess[1] ); + graph.shadetop = graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? guess[2] : !guess[2]; + if ( guess[3] ) { + graph.dasharray = ""; + $( "input[name=dashradio][value=solid]" ).attr( "checked", true ); + } else { + graph.dasharray = "- "; + $( "input[name=dashradio][value=dashed]" ).attr( "checked", true ); + } + graph.update(); +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    + Let's first convert the inequality into slope-intercept form, + which allows us to determine the y-intercept and the slope of the line in order to graph it. +

    +

    + \qquad\begin{eqnarray} + expr(["+", ["*", A, "x"], ["*", B, "y"]]) &STD_FORM_COMP& C \\ + coefficient(B)y &STD_FORM_COMP& expr([ "+", [ "*", -A, "x" ], C ]) \\ + y &COMP& PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT + \end{eqnarray} +

    +
    + +
    +

    + Since the inequality is in slope-intercept form, we can use the + y-intercept and the slope of the line in order to graph it. +

    +

    The inequality sign then tells us which side of the line is to be shaded and whether the line is solid or dashed.

    +

    Finally, we can see whether or not our given point lies in the shaded area to check if it's a solution of the inequality.

    +
    + +
    +

    + Based on the inequality, we can see that the y-intercept + of the boundary line is the point (0, YINT). + We can also see that the slope of the line is fractionReduce(SLOPE_FRAC[0], SLOPE_FRAC[1]). +

    +

    + This means that for every \blue{SLOPE_FRAC[1]} plural_form(genericUnit[1], SLOPE_FRAC[1]) + we increase along the x-axis, we move \pink{abs(SLOPE_FRAC[0])} + plural_form(genericUnit[1], SLOPE_FRAC[0]) down the y-axis to find another point on the boundary line: +

    + This means that for every \blue{SLOPE_FRAC[1]} plural_form(genericUnit[1], SLOPE_FRAC[1]) + we increase along the x-axis, we move \pink{abs(SLOPE_FRAC[0])} + plural_form(genericUnit[1], SLOPE_FRAC[0]) up the y-axis to find another point on the boundary line: +

    +

    + (0 + \blue{SLOPE_FRAC[1]}, YINT + \pink{SLOPE_FRAC[0]}) = + (SLOPE_FRAC[1], YINT + SLOPE_FRAC[0]) +

    +

    We can now connect these points to graph the line.

    +
    + graph.pointA.setCoord([0, YINT]); + graph.pointB.setCoord([SLOPE_FRAC[1], YINT + SLOPE_FRAC[0]]); + graph.update(); +
    +
    + +
    +

    The inequality is y COMP PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT.

    +
    +
    + This means that for each point (x, y) in the solution set, + the y-value is less than or equal PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT. + Therefore, the solution set lies below the line and the line should be solid. +
    + This means that for each point (x, y) in the solution set, + the y-value is strictly less than PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT. + Therefore, the solution set lies below the line and the line should be dashed. +
    +
    +
    +
    + This means that for each point (x, y) in the solution set, + the y-value is greater than or equal PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT. + Therefore, the solution set lies above the line and the line should be solid. +
    + This means that for each point (x, y) in the solution set, + the y-value is strictly greater than PRETTY_SLOPE + YINT. + Therefore, the solution set lies above the line and the line should be dashed. +
    +
    +
    + graph.shadetop = graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? LESS_THAN : !LESS_THAN; + if (INCLUSIVE) { + graph.dasharray = ''; + $('input[name=dashradio][value=solid]').attr('checked', true); + } else { + graph.dasharray = '- '; + $('input[name=dashradio][value=dashed]').attr('checked', true); + } + graph.update(); +
    +
    + +
    +

    + We can see that (POINT[0], POINT[1]) lies within the shaded area, + which means that it is a solution of the inequality. +

    +

    + We can see that (POINT[0], POINT[1]) lies outline of the shaded area, + which means that it is not a solution of the inequality. +

    + +
    + style({ stroke: PINK, fill: PINK }, function() { + circle( [ POINT[0], POINT[1] ], 0.2 ).toBack(); + }); +
    +
    +
    + +
    + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_linear_equations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_linear_equations.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_linear_equations.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_linear_equations.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_parabolas_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_points_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_equations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_equations.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_equations.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_equations.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities_2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ae09a20db5 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphing_systems_of_inequalities_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,609 @@ + + + + + Graphing and solving systems of inequalities + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + randRangeNonZero(-5, 5) + randRange(-5, 5) +
    + randRangeExclude(-5, 5, [0, Y]) + randRangeExclude(-5, 5, [0, Y]) +
    + (Y - YINT_1) / X + (Y - YINT_2) / X + toFraction(SLOPE_1, 0.001) + toFraction(SLOPE_2, 0.001) +
    + fractionVariable(SLOPE_FRAC_1[0], SLOPE_FRAC_1[1], "x") + fractionVariable(SLOPE_FRAC_2[0], SLOPE_FRAC_2[1], "x") + randRangeNonZero(-3, 3) + randRangeNonZero(-3, 3) + SLOPE_FRAC_1[0] * -MULT_1 + SLOPE_FRAC_2[0] * -MULT_2 + SLOPE_FRAC_1[1] * MULT_1 + SLOPE_FRAC_2[1] * MULT_2 + SLOPE_FRAC_1[1] * YINT_1 * MULT_1 + SLOPE_FRAC_2[1] * YINT_2 * MULT_2 + randFromArray([true, false]) + randFromArray([true, false]) + randFromArray(["<", ">", "≤", "≥"]) + randFromArray(["<", ">", "≤", "≥"]) + B_1 < 0 ? { "<": ">", ">": "<", "≤": "≥", "≥": "≤" }[COMP_1] : COMP_1 + B_2 < 0 ? { "<": ">", ">": "<", "≤": "≥", "≥": "≤" }[COMP_2] : COMP_2 + COMP_1 === "<" || COMP_1 === "≤" + COMP_2 === "<" || COMP_2 === "≤" + COMP_1 === "≥" || COMP_1 === "≤" + COMP_2 === "≥" || COMP_2 === "≤" + (function() { + // Create a point on one of the lines + var minN = -floor((9 + X) / abs(SLOPE_FRAC_1[1])); + var maxN = floor((9 - X) / abs(SLOPE_FRAC_1[1])); + var n = randRange(minN, maxN); + if (rand(2) < 1) { + return [X + n * SLOPE_FRAC_1[1], Y + n * SLOPE_FRAC_1[0]]; + } else { + return [X + n * SLOPE_FRAC_2[1], Y + n * SLOPE_FRAC_2[0]]; + } + })() + + randFromArray([ + [randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-1, -2]), randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-1, -2])], + [randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-1, -2]), randRangeExclude(-9, 9, [-1, -2])], + EDGE_POINT + ]) + + (function() { + var p = POINT; + var p1 = SLOPE_1 * POINT[0] + YINT_1; + var p2 = SLOPE_2 * POINT[0] + YINT_2; + + return ((COMP_1 === "<" && p < p1) || (COMP_1 === "≤" && p <= p1) || + (COMP_1 === ">" && p > p1) || (COMP_1 === "≥" && p >= p1)) && + ((COMP_2 === "<" && p < p2) || (COMP_2 === "≤" && p <= p2) || + (COMP_2 === ">" && p > p2) || (COMP_2 === "≥" && p >= p2)); + })() +
    + +

    + Graph the following system of inequalities: +

    + +
    +

    + \blue{expr([ "+", [ "*", A_1, "x" ], [ "*", B_1, "y" ] ]) STD_FORM_COMP_1 C_1} +

    + \blue{y COMP_1 PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1} +

    +

    + \green{expr([ "+", [ "*", A_2, "x" ], [ "*", B_2, "y" ] ]) STD_FORM_COMP_2 C_2} +

    +

    + \green{y COMP_2 PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2} +

    + + +
    + Inequality 1: + +
      +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    +
    + Inequality 2: + +
      +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    +
    + +
    + graphInit({ + range: 11, + scale: 20, + axisArrows: "<->", + tickStep: 1, + labelStep: 1, + gridOpacity: 0.05, + axisOpacity: 0.2, + tickOpacity: 0.4, + labelOpacity: 0.5 + }); + + label( [ 0, -11 ], "y", "below" ); + label( [ 11, 0 ], "x", "right" ); + + addMouseLayer(); + graph.pointA = addMovablePoint({ + coord: [ -5, 5 ], + snapX: 0.5, + snapY: 0.5, + normalStyle: { + stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE, + fill: KhanUtil.BLUE + } + }); + graph.pointB = addMovablePoint({ + coord: [ 5, 5 ], + snapX: 0.5, + snapY: 0.5, + normalStyle: { + stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE, + fill: KhanUtil.BLUE + } + }); + graph.pointC = addMovablePoint({ + coord: [ -5, -5 ], + snapX: 0.5, + snapY: 0.5, + normalStyle: { + stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE, + fill: KhanUtil.BLUE + } + }); + graph.pointD = addMovablePoint({ + coord: [ 5, -5 ], + snapX: 0.5, + snapY: 0.5, + normalStyle: { + stroke: KhanUtil.BLUE, + fill: KhanUtil.BLUE + } + }); + graph.set = raphael.set(); + + graph.update = function() { + graph.set.remove(); + if ( abs( graph.pointB.coord[0] - graph.pointA.coord[0] ) > 0.001 ) { + var slope = ( graph.pointB.coord[1] - graph.pointA.coord[1] ) / ( graph.pointB.coord[0] - graph.pointA.coord[0] ); + var yint = slope * ( 0 - graph.pointA.coord[0] ) + graph.pointA.coord[1]; + var shadeEdge = ( ( graph.pointA.coord[0] < graph.pointB.coord[0] ) ? graph.shadetop1 : !graph.shadetop1 ) ? 11 : -11; + style({ stroke: BLUE, strokeWidth: 2, strokeDasharray: graph.dasharray1 }, function() { + graph.set.push( line( [ -11, -11 * slope + yint ], [ 11, 11 * slope + yint ] ) ); + }); + style({ fill: BLUE, stroke: null, opacity: KhanUtil.FILL_OPACITY }, function() { + graph.set.push( path([ [ 11, shadeEdge ], [ 11, 11 * slope + yint ], [ -11, -11 * slope + yint ], [ -11, shadeEdge ] ]) ); + }); + + } else { + // vertical line + var x = graph.pointA.coord[0]; + var shadeEdge = ( ( graph.pointB.coord[1] < graph.pointA.coord[1] ) ? graph.shadetop1 : !graph.shadetop1 ) ? 11 : -11; + style({ stroke: BLUE, strokeWidth: 2, strokeDasharray: graph.dasharray1 }, function() { + graph.set.push( line( [ x, -11 ], [ x, 11 ] ) ); + }); + style({ fill: BLUE, stroke: null, opacity: KhanUtil.FILL_OPACITY }, function() { + graph.set.push( path([ [ x, -11 ], [ x, 11 ], [ shadeEdge, 11 ], [ shadeEdge, -11 ] ]) ); + }); + } + + + if ( abs( graph.pointD.coord[0] - graph.pointC.coord[0] ) > 0.001 ) { + var slope = ( graph.pointD.coord[1] - graph.pointC.coord[1] ) / ( graph.pointD.coord[0] - graph.pointC.coord[0] ); + var yint = slope * ( 0 - graph.pointC.coord[0] ) + graph.pointC.coord[1]; + var shadeEdge = ( ( graph.pointC.coord[0] < graph.pointD.coord[0] ) ? graph.shadetop2 : !graph.shadetop2 ) ? 11 : -11; + style({ stroke: GREEN, strokeWidth: 2, strokeDasharray: graph.dasharray2 }, function() { + graph.set.push( line( [ -11, -11 * slope + yint ], [ 11, 11 * slope + yint ] ) ); + }); + style({ fill: GREEN, stroke: null, opacity: KhanUtil.FILL_OPACITY }, function() { + graph.set.push( path([ [ 11, shadeEdge ], [ 11, 11 * slope + yint ], [ -11, -11 * slope + yint ], [ -11, shadeEdge ] ]) ); + }); + + } else { + // vertical line + var x = graph.pointC.coord[0]; + var shadeEdge = ( ( graph.pointD.coord[1] < graph.pointC.coord[1] ) ? graph.shadetop2 : !graph.shadetop2 ) ? 11 : -11; + style({ stroke: GREEN, strokeWidth: 2, strokeDasharray: graph.dasharray2 }, function() { + graph.set.push( line( [ x, -11 ], [ x, 11 ] ) ); + }); + style({ fill: GREEN, stroke: null, opacity: KhanUtil.FILL_OPACITY }, function() { + graph.set.push( path([ [ x, -11 ], [ x, 11 ], [ shadeEdge, 11 ], [ shadeEdge, -11 ] ]) ); + }); + } + + graph.set.toBack(); + }; + + graph.showCorrect = function() { + graph.pointA.setCoord([ 0, YINT_1 ]); + graph.pointB.setCoord([ SLOPE_FRAC_1[1], YINT_1 + SLOPE_FRAC_1[0] ]); + graph.pointC.setCoord([ 0, YINT_2 ]); + graph.pointD.setCoord([ SLOPE_FRAC_2[1], YINT_2 + SLOPE_FRAC_2[0] ]); + graph.shadetop1 = graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? LESS_THAN_1 : !LESS_THAN_1; + graph.shadetop2 = graph.pointC.coord[0] > graph.pointD.coord[0] ? LESS_THAN_2 : !LESS_THAN_2; + if ( INCLUSIVE_1 ) { + graph.dasharray1 = ''; + $( 'input[name=dashradio1][value=solid]' ).attr( 'checked', true ); + } else { + graph.dasharray1 = '- '; + $( 'input[name=dashradio1][value=dashed]' ).attr( 'checked', true ); + } + if ( INCLUSIVE_2 ) { + graph.dasharray2 = ''; + $( 'input[name=dashradio2][value=solid]' ).attr( 'checked', true ); + } else { + graph.dasharray2 = '- '; + $( 'input[name=dashradio2][value=dashed]' ).attr( 'checked', true ); + } + graph.update(); + }; + + // A and B can't be in the same place + graph.pointA.onMove = function( x, y ) { + if ( x != graph.pointB.coord[0] || y != graph.pointB.coord[1] ) { + graph.pointA.setCoord([ x, y ]); + graph.update(); + return true; + } else { + return false; + } + } + graph.pointB.onMove = function( x, y ) { + if ( x != graph.pointA.coord[0] || y != graph.pointA.coord[1] ) { + graph.pointB.setCoord([ x, y, ]); + graph.update(); + return true; + } else { + return false; + } + } + + // C and D can't be in the same place + graph.pointC.onMove = function( x, y ) { + if ( x != graph.pointD.coord[0] || y != graph.pointD.coord[1] ) { + graph.pointC.setCoord([ x, y ]); + graph.update(); + return true; + } else { + return false; + } + } + graph.pointD.onMove = function( x, y ) { + if ( x != graph.pointC.coord[0] || y != graph.pointC.coord[1] ) { + graph.pointD.setCoord([ x, y, ]); + graph.update(); + return true; + } else { + return false; + } + } + graph.dasharray1 = ""; + graph.dasharray2 = ""; + graph.shadetop1 = true; + graph.shadetop2 = false; + graph.update(); + graph.pointA.toFront(); + graph.pointB.toFront(); + graph.pointC.toFront(); + graph.pointD.toFront(); +
    + +

    + Is (POINT[0], POINT[1]) a solution of the inequality? +

    + +
    +
    + +
    +
    +
      +
    • + +
      • +
    • + +
      • +
    +
    + +
    +
    +
    [ + graph.pointA.coord, graph.pointB.coord, + graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? graph.shadetop1 : !graph.shadetop1, + graph.dasharray1 === "- " ? false : true, + graph.pointC.coord, graph.pointD.coord, + graph.pointC.coord[0] > graph.pointD.coord[0] ? graph.shadetop2 : !graph.shadetop2, + graph.dasharray2 === "- " ? false : true, + $("input[name='isSolution']:checked").attr("id")] +
    +
    + if (_.isEqual(guess, [[-5,5],[5,5],false,true,[-5,-5],[5,-5],true,true])) { + return ""; + } + + var slope1 = ( guess[1][1] - guess[0][1] ) / ( guess[1][0] - guess[0][0] ); + var yint1 = slope1 * ( 0 - guess[0][0] ) + guess[0][1]; + var slope2 = ( guess[5][1] - guess[4][1] ) / ( guess[5][0] - guess[4][0] ); + var yint2 = slope2 * ( 0 - guess[4][0] ) + guess[4][1]; + return POINT_SOLUTION === (guess[8] === 'yes') && + (abs(SLOPE_1 - slope1) < 0.001 + && abs(YINT_1 - yint1) < 0.001 + && guess[2] === LESS_THAN_1 + && guess[3] === INCLUSIVE_1 + && abs(SLOPE_2 - slope2) < 0.001 + && abs(YINT_2 - yint2) < 0.001 + && guess[6] === LESS_THAN_2 + && guess[7] === INCLUSIVE_2) + || (abs(SLOPE_2 - slope1) < 0.001 + && abs(YINT_2 - yint1) < 0.001 + && guess[2] === LESS_THAN_2 + && guess[3] === INCLUSIVE_2 + && abs(SLOPE_1 - slope2) < 0.001 + && abs(YINT_1 - yint2) < 0.001 + && guess[6] === LESS_THAN_1 + && guess[7] === INCLUSIVE_1) +
    +
    + graph.pointA.setCoord( guess[0] ); + graph.pointB.setCoord( guess[1] ); + graph.pointC.setCoord( guess[4] ); + graph.pointD.setCoord( guess[5] ); + graph.shadetop1 = graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? guess[2] : !guess[2]; + graph.shadetop2 = graph.pointC.coord[0] > graph.pointD.coord[0] ? guess[6] : !guess[6]; + if ( guess[3] ) { + graph.dasharray1 = ""; + $( "input[name=dashradio1][value=solid]" ).attr( "checked", true ); + } else { + graph.dasharray1 = "- "; + $( "input[name=dashradio1][value=dashed]" ).attr( "checked", true ); + } + if ( guess[7] ) { + graph.dasharray2 = ""; + $( "input[name=dashradio2][value=solid]" ).attr( "checked", true ); + } else { + graph.dasharray2 = "- "; + $( "input[name=dashradio2][value=dashed]" ).attr( "checked", true ); + } + graph.update(); +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    + Let's first graph the boundary lines. + If an inequality is in slope-intercept form, we can use it to + determine the slope and the y-intercept of the line. + If an inequality isn't in slope-intercept form, let's convert it to this form. +

    +

    + The inequality signs in each inequality then tell us which side of + the lines are to be shaded and whether the lines are solid or dashed. +

    +

    + Finally, we can see whether or not our given point lies in the shaded area + representing both inequalities to check if it's a solution of the system. +

    +
    + +
    +
    +

    + The first inequality, + \blue{expr(["+", ["*", A_1, "x"], ["*", B_1, "y"]])STD_FORM_COMP_1C_1}, + isn't in slope-intercept form. Let's convert it: +

    +

    + \qquad\begin{eqnarray} + expr(["+", ["*", A_1, "x"], ["*", B_1, "y"]]) &STD_FORM_COMP_1& C_1 \\ + coefficient(B_1)y &STD_FORM_COMP_1& expr([ "+", [ "*", -A_1, "x" ], C_1 ]) \\ + y &COMP_1& PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1 + \end{eqnarray} +

    +

    + Now we see the slope of the line is + \pink{fractionReduce(SLOPE_FRAC_1[0], SLOPE_FRAC_1[1])} + and its y-intercept is \purple{(0, YINT_1)}. +

    +
    +

    + The first inequality, \blue{y COMP_1 PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1}, + is in slope-intercept form: the slope of the line is + fractionReduce(SLOPE_FRAC_1[0], SLOPE_FRAC_1[1]) + and its y-intercept is (0, YINT_1). +

    + +

    + According to the slope, we know the line also passes through + (0 \pink{+ SLOPE_FRAC_1[1]}, YINT_1 \purple{+ SLOPE_FRAC_1[0]}) + = (SLOPE_FRAC_1[1], YINT_1 + SLOPE_FRAC_1[0]) + . +

    + +
    + graph.pointA.setCoord([0, YINT_1]); + graph.pointB.setCoord([SLOPE_FRAC_1[1], YINT_1 + SLOPE_FRAC_1[0]]); + graph.update(); +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    + The second inequality, + \green{expr(["+", ["*", A_2, "x"], ["*", B_2, "y"]])STD_FORM_COMP_2C_2}, + isn't in slope-intercept form. Let's convert it: +

    +

    + \qquad\begin{eqnarray} + expr(["+", ["*", A_2, "x"], ["*", B_2, "y"]]) &STD_FORM_COMP_2& C_2 \\ + coefficient(B_2)y &STD_FORM_COMP_2& expr([ "+", [ "*", -A_2, "x" ], C_2 ]) \\ + y &COMP_2& PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2 + \end{eqnarray} +

    +

    + Now we see the slope of the line is + \pink{fractionReduce(SLOPE_FRAC_2[0], SLOPE_FRAC_2[1])} + and its y-intercept is \purple{(0, YINT_2)}. +

    +
    +

    + The second inequality, \green{y COMP_2 PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2}, + is in slope-intercept form: the slope of the line is + fractionReduce(SLOPE_FRAC_2[0], SLOPE_FRAC_2[1]) + and its y-intercept is (0, YINT_2). +

    + +

    + According to the slope, we know the line also passes through + (0 \pink{+ SLOPE_FRAC_2[1]}, YINT_2 \purple{+ SLOPE_FRAC_2[0]}) + = (SLOPE_FRAC_2[1], YINT_2 + SLOPE_FRAC_2[0]) + . +

    + +
    + graph.pointC.setCoord([0, YINT_2]); + graph.pointD.setCoord([SLOPE_FRAC_2[1], YINT_2 + SLOPE_FRAC_2[0]]); + graph.update(); +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    + According to the sign of the first inequality, + \blue{y COMP_1 PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1}, + its solution set lies below the boundary line and the line should be solid. +

    + According to the sign of the first inequality, + \blue{y COMP_1 PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1}, + its solution set lies below the boundary line and the line should be dashed. +

    +
    +

    + According to the sign of the first inequality, + \blue{y COMP_1 PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1}, + its solution set lies above the boundary line and the line should be solid. +

    + According to the sign of the first inequality, + \blue{y COMP_1 PRETTY_SLOPE_1 + YINT_1}, + its solution set lies above the boundary line and the line should be dashed. +

    +
    + +
    +

    + According to the sign of the second inequality, + \green{y COMP_2 PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2}, + its solution set lies below the boundary line and the line should be solid. +

    + According to the sign of the second inequality, + \green{y COMP_2 PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2}, + its solution set lies below the boundary line and the line should be dashed. +

    +
    +

    + According to the sign of the second inequality, + \green{y COMP_2 PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2}, + its solution set lies above the boundary line and the line should be solid. +

    + According to the sign of the second inequality, + \green{y COMP_2 PRETTY_SLOPE_2 + YINT_2}, + its solution set lies above the boundary line and the line should be dashed. +

    +
    + +
    + graph.shadetop1 = graph.pointA.coord[0] > graph.pointB.coord[0] ? LESS_THAN_1 : !LESS_THAN_1; + graph.shadetop2 = graph.pointC.coord[0] > graph.pointD.coord[0] ? LESS_THAN_2 : !LESS_THAN_2; + + if (INCLUSIVE_1) { + graph.dasharray1 = ''; + $('input[name=dashradio1][value=solid]').attr('checked', true); + } else { + graph.dasharray1 = '- '; + $('input[name=dashradio1][value=dashed]').attr('checked', true); + } + + if (INCLUSIVE_2) { + graph.dasharray2 = ''; + $('input[name=dashradio2][value=solid]').attr('checked', true); + } else { + graph.dasharray2 = '- '; + $('input[name=dashradio2][value=dashed]').attr('checked', true); + } + + graph.update(); +
    +
    + +
    +
    + style({ stroke: RED, fill: RED }, function() { + circle(POINT, 0.2); + label(POINT, "\\red{(" + POINT[0] + ", " + POINT[1] + ")}", "right"); + }); +
    +

    + We can see that the point + \red{(POINT[0], POINT[1])} + lies in the shaded area representing both inequalities, + which means that it is a solution of the system represented by the graph. +

    + We can see that the point + \red{(POINT[0], POINT[1])} + does not lie in the shaded area representing both inequalities, + which means that it is not a solution of the system represented by the graph. +

    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_inequalities.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_inequalities.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_inequalities.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_inequalities.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_sine_and_cosine.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_sine_and_cosine.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_sine_and_cosine.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/graphs_of_sine_and_cosine.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/greatest_common_divisor.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/greatest_common_divisor.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/greatest_common_divisor.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/greatest_common_divisor.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/herons_formula.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/herons_formula.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/herons_formula.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/herons_formula.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/hyperbola_intuition.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/hyperbola_intuition.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/hyperbola_intuition.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/hyperbola_intuition.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ideal_stoichiometry.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ideal_stoichiometry.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ideal_stoichiometry.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ideal_stoichiometry.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/identifying_points_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/imaginary_unit_powers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/imaginary_unit_powers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/imaginary_unit_powers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/imaginary_unit_powers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/independent_probability.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/independent_probability.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/independent_probability.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/independent_probability.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inequalities_on_a_number_line.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inequalities_on_a_number_line.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inequalities_on_a_number_line.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inequalities_on_a_number_line.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribed_angles_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribed_angles_1.html similarity index 98% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribed_angles_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribed_angles_1.html index 5fcd8409d5..c147e779ec 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribed_angles_1.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribed_angles_1.html @@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ CENTRAL_LABEL ANGLE_D_LABEL
    +

    + A circle is centered on point B. Points A, C + and D lie on its circumference. +

    If GIVEN_LABEL angle measures GIVEN^\circ, what does ASKED_LABEL angle measure? @@ -285,18 +289,6 @@ graph.circle.drawPoint(SUBTENDED_POINT + 180, "E");

    -
    -

    The angles in a triangle sum to 180^\circ.

    -

    ANGLE_B_LABEL + ANGLE_C_LABEL + SUBANGLE_2 = 180^\circ

    -
    - style({ stroke: GREEN }, function() { - graph.circle.drawCentralArc(START + CENTRAL, SUBTENDED_POINT); - }) - style({ stroke: PINK }, function() { - graph.circle.drawInscribedArc( START + CENTRAL, SUBTENDED_POINT, START + CENTRAL + 180 ); - }); -
    -

    The pink sides of triangle CBD are radii, so they must be equal. @@ -313,6 +305,18 @@ });

    +
    +

    The angles in a triangle sum to 180^\circ.

    +

    ANGLE_B_LABEL + ANGLE_C_LABEL + SUBANGLE_3 = 180^\circ

    +
    + style({ stroke: GREEN }, function() { + graph.circle.drawCentralArc(START + CENTRAL, SUBTENDED_POINT); + }) + style({ stroke: PINK }, function() { + graph.circle.drawInscribedArc( START + CENTRAL, SUBTENDED_POINT, START + CENTRAL + 180 ); + }); +
    +

    \begin{eqnarray} ANGLE_B_LABEL + 2 \cdot SUBANGLE_3 &=& 180^\circ \\ @@ -426,7 +430,7 @@

    -

    Using the same argument we can find that, \blue{\angle{CBE}} = 2 \cdot \orange{\angle{CBD}}.

    +

    Using the same argument we can find that, \blue{\angle{CBE}} = 2 \cdot \orange{\angle{CDB}}.

    graph.triangle.remove(); var arc = innerArc((START + CENTRAL) % 360, (SUBTENDED_POINT + 180) % 360); diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribing_and_circumscribing_circles_on_a_triangle.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribing_and_circumscribing_circles_on_a_triangle.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribing_and_circumscribing_circles_on_a_triangle.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inscribing_and_circumscribing_circles_on_a_triangle.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/integer_sums.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/integer_sums.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/integer_sums.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/integer_sums.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/interpreting_linear_equations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/interpreting_linear_equations.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/interpreting_linear_equations.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/interpreting_linear_equations.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inverse_trig_functions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inverse_trig_functions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inverse_trig_functions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inverse_trig_functions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inverses_of_functions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inverses_of_functions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/inverses_of_functions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/inverses_of_functions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-exercise.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-exercise.html similarity index 97% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-exercise.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-exercise.html index 31b2e2ca94..7e586bdb2f 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-exercise.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-exercise.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
    - +
    Answer
    @@ -40,9 +40,9 @@
    -
    +
    Smiley Face
    -

    +
    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-site.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-site.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-site.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/khan-site.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_cosines.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_cosines.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_cosines.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_cosines.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_sines.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_sines.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_sines.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/law_of_sines.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/least_common_multiple.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/least_common_multiple.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/least_common_multiple.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/least_common_multiple.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/limiting_reagent_stoichiometry.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/limiting_reagent_stoichiometry.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/limiting_reagent_stoichiometry.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/limiting_reagent_stoichiometry.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/line_graph_intuition.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/line_graph_intuition.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/line_graph_intuition.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/line_graph_intuition.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/line_relationships.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/line_relationships.html similarity index 99% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/line_relationships.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/line_relationships.html index f11a00a731..411a3da8ca 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/line_relationships.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/line_relationships.html @@ -205,7 +205,6 @@

    expr(["*", B2, "y"]) + " = " + expr(["+", ["*", (-1 * A2), "x"], C2])

    "y = " + fractionReduce( -A2, B2 ) + "x + " + fractionReduce( C2, B2 )

    -

    So the two equations describe equal lines.

    @@ -239,6 +238,9 @@ expr(["+", ["*", A2, "x"], ["*", B2, "y"]]) + " = " + C2
    Equal lines
    +
    +

    So the two equations describe equal lines.

    +
    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equation_word_problems.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equation_word_problems.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equation_word_problems.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equation_word_problems.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equations_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equations_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equations_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equations_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equations_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/linear_equations_2.html similarity index 100% rename from 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a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/midpoint_of_a_segment.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/midpoint_of_a_segment.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/midpoint_of_a_segment.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/midpoint_of_a_segment.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_1.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_1.5.html similarity index 100% rename from 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b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_4.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_4.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_4.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplication_4.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_matrix.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_matrix.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_matrix.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_matrix.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_vector.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_vector.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_vector.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_a_matrix_by_a_vector.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_complex_number_polar_forms.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_complex_number_polar_forms.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_complex_number_polar_forms.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_complex_number_polar_forms.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers.html similarity index 85% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers.html index 30d63bcef8..beda6ec785 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_negative_numbers.html @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ - + Multiplying and dividing negative numbers @@ -15,26 +15,26 @@
    -

    A \times B = ?

    +

    A \times negParens(B) = ?

    C

    A negative times a negative is a positive.

    A negative times a positive is a negative.

    A positive times a negative is a negative.

    0 times any number is 0.

    -

    A \times B = C

    +

    A \times negParens(B) = C

    -

    C \div B = ?

    +

    C \div negParens(B) = ?

    A

    A negative divided by a negative is a positive.

    A negative divided by a positive is a negative.

    A positive divided by a negative is a negative.

    0 divided by any number is 0.

    -

    C \div B = A

    +

    C \div negParens(B) = A

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_4.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_4.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_4.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_4.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_rational_expressions_5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_scientific_notation.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_scientific_notation.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_scientific_notation.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_and_dividing_scientific_notation.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_complex_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_complex_numbers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_complex_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_complex_numbers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_decimals_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_expressions_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions.html similarity index 78% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions.html index 17229b4165..359ee86648 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions.html @@ -20,13 +20,16 @@
    -

    fraction(A, B) \times fraction(C, D)

    +

    + fraction(A, B) \times + fraction(C, D, false, false, false, C < 0) +

    (A * C) / (B * D)
    -

    = \dfrac{A \times C}{B \times D}

    +

    = \dfrac{A \times negParens(C)}{B \times D}

    = \dfrac{A * C}{B * D}

    = fractionReduce(A * C, B * D)

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_by_integers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_by_integers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_by_integers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_fractions_by_integers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_mixed_numbers_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_mixed_numbers_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_mixed_numbers_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_mixed_numbers_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials_0.5.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_polynomials_0.5.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_radicals.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_radicals.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_radicals.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_radicals.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_rational_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_rational_numbers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_rational_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multiplying_rational_numbers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multistep_equations_with_distribution.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multistep_equations_with_distribution.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/multistep_equations_with_distribution.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/multistep_equations_with_distribution.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/new_definitions_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_3.html similarity index 97% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_3.html index 7172547bd4..a66323c8b3 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_3.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/number_line_3.html @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ - + @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
    -

    Where is the blue dot on the number line?

    +

    The blue dot is at what value on the number line?

    init({ @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
    -

    Where is the blue dot on the number line?

    +

    The blue dot is at what value on the number line?

    init({ diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equation_intuition.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equation_intuition.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equation_intuition.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equation_intuition.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equations.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c1d44b1dff --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_equations.html @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ + + + + + One step equations + + + +
    +
    + randVar() + randRange(1, 29) + randRange(A + 1, 30) +
    +

    Solve for X:

    +
    +

    X= B - A

    +
    + +
    +
    +

    A + X = B

    +
    +
    +

    Subtract A from both sides:

    +

    \qquad + \begin{eqnarray} + A + X &=& B \\ \\ + A + X \red{- A} &=& B \red{- A} + \end{eqnarray} +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    X + A = B

    +
    +
    +

    Subtract A from both sides:

    +

    \qquad + \begin{eqnarray} + X + A &=& B \\ \\ + X + A \red{- A} &=& B \red{- A} + \end{eqnarray} +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    B = A + X

    +
    +
    +

    Subtract A from both sides:

    +

    \qquad + \begin{eqnarray} + B &=& A + X \\ \\ + B \red{- A} &=& A + X \red{- A} + \end{eqnarray} +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    B = X + A

    +
    +
    +

    Subtract A from both sides:

    +

    \qquad + \begin{eqnarray} + B &=& X + A \\ \\ + B \red{- A} &=& X + A \red{- A} + \end{eqnarray} +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    Simplify.

    +

    \qquad X = B - A

    +
    +
    + +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_inequalities.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_inequalities.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_inequalities.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/one_step_inequalities.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations.html similarity index 85% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations.html index f4c6429a39..3b7e986476 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations.html @@ -20,8 +20,8 @@

    Evaluate the following expression.

    - A + (B \times C) - A + B \times C + A + (B \times negParens(C)) + A + B \times negParens(C)

    A + B * C

    @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@

    - A \times (B + C) + A \times (B + negParens(C))

    A * (B + C)

    @@ -76,30 +76,30 @@

    - (A + (B - C \times D)) \times E + (A + (B - C \times negParens(D))) \times negParens(E)

    (A + (B - (C * D))) * E

    -

    = (A + (B - C * D)) \times E

    -

    = (A + (B - (C * D))) \times E

    -

    = (A + B - (C * D)) \times E

    -

    = (A + (B - (C * D))) \times E

    -

    = A + (B - (C * D)) \times E

    +

    = (A + (B - C * D)) \times negParens(E)

    +

    = (A + (B - (C * D))) \times negParens(E)

    +

    = (A + B - (C * D)) \times negParens(E)

    +

    = (A + (B - (C * D))) \times negParens(E)

    +

    = A + (B - (C * D)) \times negParens(E)

    = (A + (B - (C * D))) * E

    - A + (B + C \times D) \times E

    + A + (B + C \times negParens(D)) \times negParens(E)

    A + ((B + (C * D)) * E)

    -

    = A + (B + C * D) \times E

    -

    = A + (B + C * D) \times E

    +

    = A + (B + C * D) \times negParens(E)

    +

    = A + (B + C * D) \times negParens(E)

    = A + (B + C * D) * E

    = A + (B + C * D) * E

    @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@

    - A + B \times C + \dfrac{(D * E)}{E} + A + B \times negParens(C) + \dfrac{(D * E)}{E}

    @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@

    -

    = A + B \times C + D

    +

    = A + B \times negParens(C) + D

    = A + B * C + D

    = A + B * C + D

    = A + B * C + D

    @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@

    - A \times B + C \times \dfrac{(D * E)}{E} + A \times negParens(B) + C \times \dfrac{(D * E)}{E}

    @@ -132,8 +132,8 @@

    -

    = A \times B + C \times D

    -

    = A * B + C \times D

    +

    = A \times negParens(B) + C \times negParens(D)

    +

    = A * B + C \times negParens(D)

    = A * B + C * D

    = A * B + C * D

    @@ -142,17 +142,17 @@

    - (A + B \times D) - C \times E + (A + B \times negParens(D)) - C \times negParens(E) - A + B \times D - C \times E + A + B \times negParens(D) - C \times negParens(E)

    A + B * D - C * E

    -

    = (A + B * D) - C \times E

    -

    = A + B * D - C \times E

    +

    = (A + B * D) - C \times negParens(E)

    +

    = A + B * D - C \times negParens(E)

    = A + B * D - C * E

    = A + B * D - C * E

    = A + B * D - C * E

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations_2.html similarity index 86% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations_2.html index cffbfc30a9..76abddb992 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations_2.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/order_of_operations_2.html @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
    -

    A + \dfrac{B * C}{C}

    +

    A + B * C \div C

    A + B

    @@ -81,26 +81,6 @@
    -
    -

    \dfrac{A * (B + C) }{B + C}

    -

    A

    - -
    -

    = \dfrac{ A * (B + C) }{B + C}

    -

    = A

    -
    -
    - -
    -

    \dfrac{A * B + A * C}{B + C}

    -

    A

    - -
    -

    = \dfrac{ A * (B + C) }{B + C}

    -

    = A

    -
    -
    -
    randRange(1, 10) diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_decimals.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_decimals.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_decimals.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_decimals.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_fractions.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b28fd969a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_fractions.html @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + + + Ordering fractions + + + + + +
    +
    + KhanUtil.shuffle([ "blue", "green", "red", "purple", "pink" ]) + (function() { + var array = []; + var ds = []; + + var used = {}; + + var arrLength = randRange(4, 5); + while ( array.length < arrLength ) { + var d = randFromArray(denominators); + var n = randRange(1, d - 1); + var ns = localeToFixed(n / d, 3); + + if (!used[ns]) { + var gcd = getGCD(n, d); + array.push([ n / d, + (n / gcd), + (d / gcd), + fractionReduce(n, d), + COLORS[array.length] + ]); + + ds.push( d/gcd ); + used[ ns ] = true; + } + } + return array; + })() + + $.map(NUMS, function(el) { + return el[2]; + }) + + getLCM.apply(KhanUtil, DENOMS) + $.map(NUMS, function(el) { + return el[1] * LCD / el[2]; + }) + + $.map(NUMS, function(el) { + return el[3]; + }).join(",") + + $.map(NUMS, function(el) { + return "\\" + el[4] + "{" + el[3] + "}"; + }).join(",") + + $.extend(true, [], NUMS).sort(function(a, b) { + return a[0] - b[0]; + }) + + $.map(NUMS_SORT, function(el) { + return el[3]; + }).join(",") + + $.map(NUMS_SORT, function(el) { + return "\\" + el[4] + "{" + (el[1] * LCD / el[2]) + "}"; + }).join("<") + + $.map(NUMS_SORT, function(el) { + return "\\" + el[4] + "{\\dfrac{" + (el[1] * LCD / el[2]) + "}{" + LCD + "}}"; + }).join(",\\ ") + + + $.map(NUMS, function(el) { + return "\\" + el[4] + "{\\dfrac{" + (el[1] * LCD / el[2]) + "}{" + LCD + "}}"; + }) + + $.map(NUMS_SORT, function(el) { + return "\\" + el[4] + "{" + el[3] + "}"; + }).join(",\\ ") + + createSorter() +
    + +
    +
    +
    +

    Order the following fractions from least to greatest:

    +
      +
    • + NUM[3] + NUM[3] +
      • +
    +

    SORTER.init( "sortable" )

    + +
    + +
    +
    SORTER.getContent()
    +
    + if (SORTER.hasAttempted) { + return guess.join(",") === FRACTION_SORT_TEX; + } else { + return ""; + } +
    +
    + SORTER.setContent( guess ); +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    Let's change the fractions to have a common denominator of LCD:

    +

    \qquad + \NUM[4]{NUM[3]} \times + \dfrac{LCD / NUM[2]}{LCD / NUM[2]} = + \NUM[4]{\dfrac{NUMS_LCD[I]}{LCD}} +

    +
    +
    +

    Now that our fractions have the same denominator, we can order their numerators from least to greatest:

    +

    \qquad NUMS_SORT_COLOR

    +
    +
    +

    The fractions listed in order from least to greatest are as follows:

    +

    \qquad FRACTION_LCD_SORT_COLOR.

    +
    +
    +

    Finally, let's convert the fractions back to their original form:

    +

    \qquad NUMS_SORT_TEX_COLOR.

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_negative_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_negative_numbers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_negative_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ordering_negative_numbers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parabola_intuition_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/parallel_lines_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/partial_fraction_expansion_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/partial_fraction_expansion_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/partial_fraction_expansion_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/partial_fraction_expansion_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_1.html similarity index 98% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_1.html index 46e7aa5c8d..d94434cead 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_1.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_1.html @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
    - init({ range: [[-2, S + 1], [-1, S + 1]], scale: 30 }); + init({ range: [[-2, S + 1], [-1, S + 2]], scale: 30 }); path([[0, 0], [0, S], [S, S], [S, 0], true], {stroke: BLUE, fill: "#eee"}); label([S / 2, S], S + "\\text{ " + UNIT + "}", "above"); label([0, S / 2], S + "\\text{ " + UNIT + "}", "left"); @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
    - init({ range: [[-2, L + 1], [-1, W + 1]], scale: 30 }); + init({ range: [[-2, L + 1], [-1, W + 2]], scale: 30 }); path([[0, 0], [0, W], [L, W], [L, 0], true], {stroke: BLUE, fill: "#eee"}); label([L / 2, W], L + "\\text{ " + UNIT + "}", "above"); label([0, W / 2], W + "\\text{ " + UNIT + "}", "left"); @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
    - init({ range: [[min(X, 0) - 2, max(X, A) + 2], [-1, Y + 1]], scale: 30 }); + init({ range: [[min(X, 0) - 2, max(X, A) + 2], [-1, Y + 2]], scale: 30 }); path([[0, 0], [A, 0], [X, Y], true], {stroke: BLUE, fill: "#eee"}); label([A / 2, 0], A + "\\text{ " + UNIT + "}", "below"); label([X / 2 - 0.5, Y / 2], B + "\\text{ " + UNIT + "}", "left"); @@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
    - init({ range: [[-RADIUS - 1, RADIUS + 1], [-RADIUS - 1, RADIUS + 1]], scale: 30 }); + init({ range: [[-RADIUS - 1, RADIUS + 1], [-RADIUS - 1, RADIUS + 2]], scale: 30 }); graph.path = []; _(SIDES).times(function(n) { diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_of_squares_and_rectangles.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_of_squares_and_rectangles.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_of_squares_and_rectangles.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/perimeter_of_squares_and_rectangles.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_and_combinations_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_and_combinations_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_and_combinations_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/permutations_and_combinations_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/place_value.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/place_value.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/place_value.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/place_value.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/plotting_the_line_of_best_fit.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/plotting_the_line_of_best_fit.html similarity index 97% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/plotting_the_line_of_best_fit.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/plotting_the_line_of_best_fit.html index bf96fb24e5..342cc7e362 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/plotting_the_line_of_best_fit.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/plotting_the_line_of_best_fit.html @@ -183,7 +183,12 @@ }
    -

    Fit a line to the data, or mark that no line fits the data well.

    +
    +

    In the graph below, can a line fit the data well?

    +

    +

    If yes, fit a line to the data.

    +
    +
    graphInit({ @@ -298,17 +303,18 @@
    • +
    [ KhanUtil.graphs.main.graph.pointA.coord, KhanUtil.graphs.main.graph.pointB.coord, @@ -477,13 +483,13 @@
    • @@ -558,13 +564,13 @@
    • @@ -637,13 +643,13 @@
    • diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/plugging_in_values.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/plugging_in_values.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/plugging_in_values.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/plugging_in_values.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/point_slope_form.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/point_slope_form.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/point_slope_form.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/point_slope_form.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/points_lines_and_planes.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/points_lines_and_planes.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/points_lines_and_planes.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/points_lines_and_planes.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_negative_parts_of_functions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_negative_parts_of_functions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_negative_parts_of_functions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_negative_parts_of_functions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_zero_exponents.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_zero_exponents.html similarity index 97% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_zero_exponents.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_zero_exponents.html index 1bde95273f..35aa21f19b 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_zero_exponents.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/positive_and_zero_exponents.html @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@

    \Large{BASE^{EXPONENT} = {?}}

    -
    SOLUTION
    +
    SOLUTION

    = v

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/powers_of_complex_numbers_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/powers_of_complex_numbers_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/powers_of_complex_numbers_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/powers_of_complex_numbers_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_factorization.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_factorization.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_factorization.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_factorization.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_numbers.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_numbers.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_numbers.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/prime_numbers.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_with_perm_comb.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_with_perm_comb.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_with_perm_comb.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/probability_with_perm_comb.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/properties_of_addition_and_subtraction_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/proportions_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_identities.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_identities.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_identities.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_identities.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/pythagorean_theorem_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/quadratic_equation.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/quadratic_equation.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/quadratic_equation.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/quadratic_equation.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/quadrilateral_angles.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/quadrilateral_angles.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/quadrilateral_angles.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/quadrilateral_angles.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/radical_equations.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/radical_equations.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/radical_equations.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/radical_equations.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/radius_diameter_and_circumference.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/radius_diameter_and_circumference.html similarity index 78% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/radius_diameter_and_circumference.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/radius_diameter_and_circumference.html index 8c56e86afa..60b23adb02 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/radius_diameter_and_circumference.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/radius_diameter_and_circumference.html @@ -69,12 +69,12 @@
    initCircle( R ); - drawRadius( R );
    +

    d = 2\color{R_COLOR}{r}

    +

    \phantom{d} = 2 \cdot \color{R_COLOR}{R}

    -

    We know d = 2r, so d = 2 \cdot \color{R_COLOR}{R} = \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R}.

    - +

    \phantom{d} = \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R}

    drawDiameter( R );
    @@ -96,12 +96,13 @@
    initCircle( R ); - drawDiameter( R );
    +

    \color{D_COLOR}{d} = 2r

    +

    r = \dfrac{\color{D_COLOR}{d}}{2}

    +

    \phantom{r} = \dfrac{\color{D_COLOR}{2 * R}}{2}

    -

    We know d = 2r, so r = d / 2 and r = \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R} / 2 = \color{R_COLOR}{R}.

    - +

    \phantom{r} = \color{R_COLOR}{R}

    drawRadius( R );
    @@ -123,12 +124,12 @@
    initCircle( R ); - drawRadius( R );
    +

    c = 2\pi \color{R_COLOR}{r}

    +

    \phantom{c} = 2 \pi \cdot \color{R_COLOR}{R}

    -

    We know c = 2\pi r, so c = 2 \pi \cdot \color{R_COLOR}{R} = \color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi}.

    - +

    \phantom{c} = \color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi}

    drawCircumference( R );
    @@ -150,12 +151,13 @@
    initCircle( R ); - drawCircumference( R );
    +

    \color{C_COLOR}{c} = 2\pi r

    +

    r = \dfrac{\color{C_COLOR}{c}}{2\pi}

    +

    \phantom{r} = \dfrac{\color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi}}{2\pi}

    -

    We know c = 2\pi r, so r = c / 2\pi = \color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi} / 2 \pi = \color{R_COLOR}{R}.

    - +

    \phantom{r} = \color{R_COLOR}{R}

    drawRadius( R );
    @@ -177,12 +179,12 @@
    initCircle( R ); - drawDiameter( R );
    +

    c = \pi \color{D_COLOR}{d}

    +

    \phantom{c} = \pi \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R}

    -

    We know c = \pi d, so c = \pi \cdot \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R} = \color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi}.

    - +

    \phantom{c} = \color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi}

    drawCircumference( R );
    @@ -204,12 +206,13 @@
    initCircle( R ); - drawCircumference( R );
    +

    \color{C_COLOR}{c} = \pi d

    +

    d = \dfrac{\color{C_COLOR}{c}}{\pi}

    +

    \phantom{d} = \dfrac{\color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi}}{\pi}

    -

    We know c = \pi d, so d = c / \pi = \color{C_COLOR}{2 * R\pi} / \pi = \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R}.

    - +

    \phantom{d} = \color{D_COLOR}{2 * R}

    drawDiameter( R );
    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/range_of_a_function.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/range_of_a_function.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/range_of_a_function.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/range_of_a_function.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/rate_problems_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/rate_problems_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/rate_problems_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/rate_problems_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/ratio_word_problems.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/ratio_word_problems.html similarity index 100% rename from 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a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_bar_charts_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_bar_charts_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_bar_charts_3.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_bar_charts_3.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_pictographs_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_pictographs_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_pictographs_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_pictographs_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_pictographs_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_pictographs_2.html similarity index 100% rename from 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a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_tables_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_tables_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_tables_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reading_tables_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reciprocal_trig_funcs.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reciprocal_trig_funcs.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/reciprocal_trig_funcs.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/reciprocal_trig_funcs.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_concavity.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_concavity.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_concavity.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_concavity.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_conic_sections.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_conic_sections.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_conic_sections.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_conic_sections.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions.html similarity index 83% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions.html index 754132ffad..1d86084e2e 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions.html @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@

    What is the numerator of the fraction \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR}?

    NUMERATOR

    -

    Fractions help represent parts of a whole.

    +

    Fractions represent parts of a whole.

    The fraction \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR} @@ -44,17 +44,16 @@ + "=\\dfrac{\\blue{\\text{" + $._("numerator") + "}}}{\\text{" + $._("denominator") + "}}", "right");

    -

    - The numerator is the number of slices we take, and it is written above the fraction line. - The denominator is the number of slices per pie, and it is written below the line.

    -

    So the numerator is NUMERATOR.

    +

    The numerator is the number of slices we take, and it is written above the fraction line.

    +

    So the numerator is NUMERATOR.

    What is the denominator of the fraction \dfrac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR}?

    DENOMINATOR

    -

    So the denominator is DENOMINATOR.

    +

    The denominator is the number of slices per pie, and it is written below the line.

    +

    So the denominator is DENOMINATOR.

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions_0.5.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..337930204e --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_fractions_0.5.html @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ + + + + + Recognizing fractions 0.5 + + + + +
    +
    + randFromArray([2, 3, 4, 6, 8]) + randRange(1, DEN_1 * 2) + ceil(NUM_1 / DEN_1) + NUM_1 - (WHOLES - 1) * DEN_1 + "\\blue{\\dfrac{1}{" + DEN_1 + "}}" +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    This circle represents one whole.

    +
    + init({ + range: [[0, 6], [-2.1, 2.1]], + scale: 25 + }); + piechart([0, DEN_1], [BLUE, GRAY20], 2, false, 3, 0); +
    +
    +

    + What fraction is shaded blue below? + +

    +

    + +
    + init({ + range: [[0, 6 * WHOLES], [-2.1, 2.1]], + scale: 25 + }); + + for (var i = 0; i < WHOLES; i++) { + if (i === 0) { + piechart([FINAL, DEN_1 - FINAL], [BLUE, GRAY20], 2, false, (i + 1) * 3, 0); + } else { + piechart([DEN_1, 0], [BLUE, GRAY20], 2, false, i * 6 + 3, 0); + } + } +
    +
    +

    NUM_1 / DEN_1

    +
    +

    Each blue slice is FRACTION of the whole.

    +

    Only one slice is shaded blue.

    +
    +

    + \pink{NUM_1} slices are shaded blue, so we add + FRACTION a total of \pink{NUM_1} times. +

    +

    _.times(NUM_1, function() { return FRACTION; }).join(" + ") = ?

    +
    +

    The fraction shaded blue is \dfrac{NUM_1}{DEN_1}.

    +
    +
    + +
    +
    +
    +

    This rectangle represents one whole.

    +
    + init({ + range: [[0, 1], [0, 1]], + scale: [250, 25] + }); + rectchart([0, DEN_1], [BLUE, GRAY20], 0); +
    +
    +

    + What fraction is shaded blue below? + +

    + +

    + init({ + range: [[0, 1], [0, 2 * WHOLES - 1]], + scale: [250, 25] + }); + + for (var i = 0; i < WHOLES; i++) { + if (i === 0) { + rectchart([FINAL, DEN_1 - FINAL], [BLUE, GRAY20], i * 2); + } else { + rectchart([DEN_1, 0], [BLUE, GRAY20], i * 2); + } + } +
    +
    +

    NUM_1 / DEN_1

    + +
    +

    Each blue piece is FRACTION of the whole.

    +

    Only one piece is shaded blue.

    +
    +

    + \pink{NUM_1} piece are shaded blue, so we add + FRACTION a total of \pink{NUM_1} times. +

    +

    _.times(NUM_1, function() { return FRACTION; }).join(" + ") = ?

    +
    +

    The fraction shaded blue is \dfrac{NUM_1}{DEN_1}.

    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_intervals_of_functions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_intervals_of_functions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_intervals_of_functions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_intervals_of_functions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_slope.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_slope.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_slope.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/recognizing_slope.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/rotation_of_polygons.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/rotation_of_polygons.html similarity 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diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time.html similarity index 95% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time.html index bc4ab8ac4b..cc1b43a93e 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time.html @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
    -

    The time is:
    HOUR : NICE_MINUTE AM_PM

    +

    The time is HOUR : NICE_MINUTE AM_PM

    diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time_0.5.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time_0.5.html similarity index 95% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time_0.5.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time_0.5.html index bbbd921efc..085f091565 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time_0.5.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/telling_time_0.5.html @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
    -

    The time is:
    HOUR : NICE_MINUTE AM_PM

    +

    The time is: HOUR : NICE_MINUTE AM_PM

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b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/vertical_angles_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/views_of_a_function.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/views_of_a_function.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e52074b28 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/views_of_a_function.html @@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ + + + + + Views of a function + + + + + +
    +
    + randRangeNonZero(-3, 3) + randRangeNonZero(-3, 3) + randRangeNonZero(-3, 3) + randFromArray(["f", "g", "h"]) + randFromArray([["t", "u"], ["v", "w"], ["x", "y"]]) + rand(5) + [ + generatePiecemealFunction(), + function(x) { return B * x + C; }, + function(x) { return B / 2 * x * x + A * x + C; }, + function(x) { return B * sin(C * x / Math.PI) + A; }, + function(x) { return B * pow(Math.E, C * x / 3) + A; } + ][N] + (function() { + var xs = chooseXValues(FUNC, 1); + if (xs.length >= 3) { + return sortNumbers(shuffle(xs, 3)); + } else { + xs = chooseXValues(FUNC, 2); + return sortNumbers(shuffle(xs, 3)); + } + })() + _.map(X_EXAMPLES, FUNC) + _.map(Y_EXAMPLES, function(y) { return round(2 * y) / 2; }) +
    + +
    +
    +
    + 0.5 +
    +

    + Choose any three points on the following graph of Y = F(X), + and fill the table so each column represents a point. +

    + +

    + If necessary, round your answers to the nearest CORRECTOFFSET. +

    + +
    +

    + +
    + graphInit({ + range: 10, + scale: 20, + tickStep: 1, + labelStep: 1, + unityLabels: false, + labelFormat: function(s) { + return "\\small{" + s + "}"; + }, + axisArrows: "<->", + axisLabels: [X, Y] + }); + + plot(FUNC, [-10, 10], { stroke: BLUE }); +
    +
    + +
    +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    X
    F(X)
    +
    +
    + (function(){ + var guess = []; + var rows = $(".ttable tr"); + + for (var i = 1; i < 4; i++) { + var x = $(rows[0].children[i]).find("input").val(); + var y = $(rows[1].children[i]).find("input").val(); + guess.push([x, y]); + } + + return guess; + })() +
    +
    + var attempted = 0; + var correct = 0; + var xs = []; + + var i = 0; + var validatePoint = Khan.answerTypes.predicate.createValidatorFunctional(function(x, maxError) { + var validateY = Khan.answerTypes.predicate.createValidatorFunctional(function(y, maxError) { + if (abs(FUNC(x) - y) < maxError) { + correct += 1; + xs.push(x); + return true; + } + }, {forms: 'decimal', inexact: true, maxError: maxError}); + var result = validateY(guess[i][1]); + return result.correct; + }, {forms: 'decimal', inexact: true, maxError: CORRECTOFFSET}); + + for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) { + if ($.trim(guess[i][0]) !== "" && + $.trim(guess[i][1]) !== "") { + attempted += 1; + validatePoint(guess[i][0]); + } + } + + if (attempted === 0) { + return ""; + } + + if (attempted < 3) { + return $._("You must enter three points"); + } + + xs = KhanUtil.sortNumbers(xs); + var different = 1; + for (var i = 0; i < correct - 1; ++i) { + if (xs[i + 1] - xs[i] >= 0.5) { + different += 1; + } + } + return different === attempted; +
    +
    + +
    +
    +

    + We can start by choosing three input values. + For example, let's use the input values X_EXAMPLES[0], + X_EXAMPLES[1], and X_EXAMPLES[2].

    +

    +

    + Now we can find the corresponding output values to the input values we chose, + using the graph: The coordinates of every point on the graph of Y = f(X) + can be written as (X, Y), where the X-coordinate represents + the input value and the Y-coordinate represents the corresponding output value. +

    +
    + +
    +

    + As we can see on the graph, the point with an + \blue{x}-coordinate of \blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]} has a + \pink{y}-coordinate of \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]}. + In other words, F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]}) = \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]}. +

    +
    + line([X_EXAMPLES[0], -11], [X_EXAMPLES[0], 11], { strokeWidth: 1, stroke: PINK }); + circle([X_EXAMPLES[0], Y_EXAMPLES[0]], 0.2, { stroke: PINK, fill: PINK }); +
    +

    + To record this in our table, we put + \blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]} in the x-row and + \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]} in the F(X)-row + below it. +

    +
    + +
    +

    We can do the same for the other two input values we chose.

    +

    \quad + \begin{align} + F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[1]}) &= \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[1]} \\ + F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[2]}) &= \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[2]} + \end{align} +

    +
    + line([X_EXAMPLES[1], -11], [X_EXAMPLES[1], 11], { strokeWidth: 1, stroke: PINK }); + circle([X_EXAMPLES[1], Y_EXAMPLES[1]], 0.2, { stroke: PINK, fill: PINK }); + line([X_EXAMPLES[2], -11], [X_EXAMPLES[2], 11], { strokeWidth: 1, stroke: PINK }); + circle([X_EXAMPLES[2], Y_EXAMPLES[2]], 0.2, { stroke: PINK, fill: PINK }); +
    +
    + +
    +

    This is a possible complete table:

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    XX_EXAMPLES[0]X_EXAMPLES[1]X_EXAMPLES[2]
    F(X)Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]Y_EXAMPLES_R[1]Y_EXAMPLES_R[2]
    +

    Note: There can be other correct tables that contain different points.

    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    + rand(3) + [ + function(x) { return B * x + C; }, + function(x) { return A * x + A * B + C; }, + function(x) { return abs(B) * x * x + C; } + ][N] + [ + coefficient(B) + X + " + " + C, + coefficient(A) + "(" + X + B + ") + " + C, + coefficient(abs(B)) + X + "^2 + " + C + ][N] + (function() { + var xs = chooseXValues(FUNC, 1); + if (xs.length >= 3) { + return sortNumbers(shuffle(xs, 3)); + } else { + xs = chooseXValues(FUNC, 2); + return sortNumbers(shuffle(xs, 3)); + } + })() + [ + coefficient(B) + "\\blue{" + X_EXAMPLES[0] + "} + " + C, + coefficient(A) + "(\\blue{" + X_EXAMPLES[0] + "}" + B + ") + " + C, + coefficient(abs(B)) + "\\blue{" + X_EXAMPLES[0] + "}^2 + " + C + ][N] + _.map(X_EXAMPLES, FUNC) + _.map(Y_EXAMPLES, function(y) { return "" + round(10 * y) / 10; }) + 0.1 +
    +

    + Pick any three pairs of corresponding input and output values + of the following function, and fill the table accordingly. +

    +

    F(X) = FUNCSHOW

    +

    +
    +
    +

    + We can start by choosing three input values. + For example, let's use the input values X_EXAMPLES[0], + X_EXAMPLES[1], and X_EXAMPLES[2]. +

    +

    + Now we can find the corresponding output values to the input values we chose, using the function's formula: + For any input value a, we can find its corresponding output value by substituting X = a + into the formula for F(X). +

    +
    + +
    +

    Now find the output value that corresponds to \blue{x}=\blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]}.

    +

    \quad F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]}) = HINT +

    \quad F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]}) = \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]} +

    + To record this in the table, we put \blue{X_EXAMPLES[0]} in the X-row + and \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]} in the F(X)-row located directly below it. +

    +

    We can do the same for the other two input values we chose.

    +
    + +
    +

    We can do the same for the other two input values we chose.

    +

    + \quad \begin{align} + F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[1]}) &= \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[1]} \\ + F(\blue{X_EXAMPLES[2]}) &= \pink{Y_EXAMPLES_R[2]} + \end{align} +

    +
    + +
    +

    This is a possible complete table:

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    XX_EXAMPLES[0]X_EXAMPLES[1]X_EXAMPLES[2]
    F(X)Y_EXAMPLES_R[0]Y_EXAMPLES_R[1]Y_EXAMPLES_R[2]
    +

    Note: There can be other correct tables that contain different points.

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/vigenere_cipher_encryption.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/vigenere_cipher_encryption.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/vigenere_cipher_encryption.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/vigenere_cipher_encryption.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/visualizing_derivatives.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/visualizing_derivatives.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/visualizing_derivatives.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/visualizing_derivatives.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_fractions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_fractions.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_fractions.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_fractions.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/volume_with_unit_cubes_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/weighted_average_of_three_points.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/weighted_average_of_three_points.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/weighted_average_of_three_points.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/weighted_average_of_three_points.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_1.html similarity index 88% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_1.html index 116fe774ef..3ae143e8ba 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_1.html +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_1.html @@ -69,17 +69,6 @@

    -
    -
    - randRange(2, 4) - 0 -
    -

    The product of cardinalThrough20(M) and a number x.

    -
    -

    "Product" means that we multiply M and x.

    -

    If we multiply M and x, we have expr(["*", M, "x"]).

    -
    -
    randRange(1, 4) diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_expressions_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_proportions.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_proportions.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e33f1f9235 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/writing_proportions.html @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ + + + + + Writing proportions + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    + randRange( 2, 10 ) + randRangeExclude( 2, 15, [ N1 ] ) + localeToFixed( N1 * randRange( 80, 199 ) / 100, 2) + "\\dfrac{" + N1 + "}{\\$" + C + "} = \\dfrac{" + N2 + "}{x}" +
    +

    + N1 plural_form(deskItem(0), N1) cost \$C. +

    +

    + Which equation would help determine the cost of N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2)? +

    +

    SOLUTION

    +
      +
    • \dfrac{N2}{\$C} = \dfrac{x}{N1}
      • +
    • \dfrac{N2}{N1} = \dfrac{\$C}{x}
      • +
    • \dfrac{N1}{N2} = \dfrac{x}{\$C}
      • +
    • \dfrac{x}{N2} = \dfrac{N1}{\$C}
      • +
    • \dfrac{N2}{x} = \dfrac{\$C}{N1}
      • +
    + +
    +

    + We can write the fact that N1 + plural_form(deskItem(0), N1) cost \$C as a proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{N1}{\$C}

    +

    + Let x represent the unknown cost of N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2). + Since N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2) cost x, + we have the following proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{N2}{x}

    + +

    + The cost changes along with the number of plural_form(deskItem(0)) purchased, + and so the two proportions are equivalent. +

    + +

    \qquad SOLUTION

    +
    +
    + +
    +
    + "\\dfrac{" + N2 + "}{x} = \\dfrac{" + N1 + "}{\\$" + C + "}" +
    +
    +

    + Let x represent the unknown cost of N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2). + Since N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2) cost x, + we have the following proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{N2}{x}

    +

    + We can write the fact that N1 plural_form(deskItem(0), N1) + cost \$C as a proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{N1}{\$C}

    +

    + The cost changes along with the number of plural_form(deskItem(0)) purchased, + and so the two proportions are equivalent. +

    +

    \qquad SOLUTION

    +
    +
    + +
    +
    + "\\dfrac{" + N1 + "}{" + N2 + "} = \\dfrac{\\$" + C + "}{x}" +
    +
    +

    + We know the cost of N1 plural_form(deskItem(0), N1). + We want to know the cost of N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2). + We can write the numbers of plural_form(deskItem(0)) as a proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{N1}{N2}

    +

    + We know N1 plural_form(deskItem(0), N1) costs \$C. + We can let x represent the unknown cost of N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2). + The proportion of these costs can be expressed as: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{\$C}{x}

    +

    + The cost changes along with the number of plural_form(deskItem(0)) purchased, + and so the two proportions are equivalent. +

    +

    \qquad SOLUTION

    +
    +
    + +
    +
    + "\\dfrac{x}{" + N2 + "} = \\dfrac{\\$" + C + "}{" + N1 + "}" +
    +
    +

    + If we let x represent the cost of N2 plural_form(deskItem(0), N2), + we have the following proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{x}{N2}

    +

    + We have to pay \$C for N1 plural_form(deskItem(0), N1), + and that can be written as a proportion: +

    +

    \qquad \dfrac{\$C}{N1}

    +

    Since the price per deskItem(0) stays the same, these two proportions are equivalent.

    +

    \qquad SOLUTION

    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_1.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_1.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_1.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_1.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_2.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_2.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_2.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_2.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_3.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_3.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/exercises/z_scores_3.html rename to 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a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/images/next-step.png b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/images/next-step.png similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/images/next-step.png rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/images/next-step.png diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/images/previous-step.png b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/images/previous-step.png similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/images/previous-step.png rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/images/previous-step.png diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/interface.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/interface.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6ff4ec785b --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/interface.js @@ -0,0 +1,1104 @@ +/** + * Interface glue to handle events from 'Exercises' and talk to 'Khan' or some + * Perseus object, whichever is appropriate for the current exercise. + * + * In general, khan-exercises and perseus will want to trigger events on + * Exercises but only listen to their own events. + */ +(function() { + +var ServerActionQueue = { + LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY: "exercises-server-action-queue", + ACTION_TIMEOUT_MS: 100, + + queue: [], + timeoutSet: false, + timeoutMultiplier: 1, + + /** + * Reads queued from local storage. If the queue is empty do nothing, + * otherwise call the timeout function to consume the actions. + * + * WARNING: If this function is called twice and we are in the middle + * of a request the second time (i.e. the request has been sent but + * the response has not been received yet) there is the possibility + * that we will have the same request sent twice because the pending + * request is still in the queue. + */ + initialize: function() { + this.queue = LocalStore.get(this.LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY); + if (this.queue === null) { + this.queue = []; + } + if (this.queue.length > 0) { + this.onTimeout(); + } + }, + + /** + * Attempts to send requests, if all the requests are sent then don't + * reset the timeout. Otherwise reset the timeout. + */ + onTimeout: function() { + this.timeoutSet = false; + this.consumeQueue(); + }, + + /** + * Removes the next action in the queue and returns it. + * + * @returns {object} The next action from the queue. + */ + dequeue: function() { + output = this.queue.shift(); + LocalStore.set(this.LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, this.queue); + return output; + }, + + /** + * Arm the timeout and increment the timeoutMultiplier + */ + armTimeout: function() { + if (!this.timeoutSet) { + this.timeoutSet = true; + setTimeout(_.bind(this.onTimeout, this), + this.ACTION_TIMEOUT_MS * this.timeoutMultiplier); + } + + // Increment timeoutMultiplier but max at 20 + this.timeoutMultiplier = Math.min(20, this.timeoutMultiplier+1); + }, + + /** + * If we are connected to the server this will recursively consume the queue of + * pending server actions. Otherwise, this will reset the timeout to be called + * again later. + */ + consumeQueue: function() { + if (this.queue.length === 0) { + return; + } + + action = ServerActionEnum[this.peek().action]; + actionArgs = this.peek().actionArgs; + retriesLeft = this.peek().retriesLeft; + action.apply(null, actionArgs).done(function() { + // We succeeded so remove this from the queue and reset timeoutMultiplier + ServerActionQueue.timeoutMultiplier = 1; + ServerActionQueue.dequeue(); + ServerActionQueue.consumeQueue(); + }).fail(function(xhr) { + // When we aren't connected to the sesrver we don't get a proper response + // so responseText is undefined + if (xhr.status === 0) { + // We didn't receive a response from the server, reset timeout. + ServerActionQueue.armTimeout(); + } else { + // We received an error from the server, retry or remove from the queue + if (retriesLeft > 0) { + ServerActionQueue.peek().retriesLeft -= 1; + LocalStore.set(ServerActionQueue.LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, + ServerActionQueue.queue); + ServerActionQueue.armTimeout(); + } else { + ServerActionQueue.dequeue(); + ServerActionQueue.consumeQueue(); + } + } + }); + }, + + /** + * Returns next item from queue without removing it. + */ + peek: function() { + return this.queue[0]; + }, + + /** + * Add a new action to the queue of actions to be called. + * @param {string} action - The string mapping to the callback function in + * ServerActionEnum. The callback MUST return a promise + * object so we can know if a request fails or succeeds + * @param {list} actionArgs - The list of arguments to be passed to the + * callback for the action. All of these arguments must be + * JSON serializable. + * @param {int} retries - Number of retries allowed for server errors + */ + enqueue: function(action, actionArgs, retries) { + this.queue.push({action: action, actionArgs: actionArgs, + retriesLeft: retries}); + LocalStore.set(this.LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, this.queue); + this.armTimeout(); + }, +}; + +ServerActionEnum = { + "makeAttempt": saveAttemptToServer, + "hintRequest": request, +}; + +function saveAttemptToServer(url, attemptData) { + // Save the problem results to the server + promise = request(url, attemptData).fail(function(xhr) { + // Alert any listeners of the error before reload + $(Exercises).trigger("attemptError"); + + if (inUnload) { + // This path gets called when there is a broken pipe during + // page unload- browser navigating away during ajax request + // See http://stackoverflow.com/a/1370383. + return; + } + + // Error during submit. Disable the page and ask users to + // reload in an attempt to get updated data. + + // Hide the page so users don't continue, then warn the user about the + // problem and encourage reloading the page + $("#problem-and-answer").css("visibility", "hidden"); + + if (xhr.statusText === "timeout") { + // TODO(david): Instead of throwing up this error message, try + // retrying the request or something. See more details in + // comment in request(). + $(Exercises).trigger("warning", + $._("Uh oh, it looks like a network request timed out! " + + "You'll need to " + + "refresh to continue. " + + "If you think this is a mistake, " + + "tell us.", + {refresh: _.escape(window.location.href)} + ) + ); + } else { + $(Exercises).trigger("warning", + $._("This page is out of date. You need to " + + "refresh, but don't " + + "worry, you haven't lost progress. If you think " + + "this is a mistake, " + + "tell us.", + {refresh: _.escape(window.location.href)} + ) + ); + } + + // Also log this failure to a bunch of places so we can see + // how frequently this occurs, and if it's similar to the frequency + // that we used to get for the endless spinner at end of task card + // logs. + var logMessage = "[" + (+new Date()) + "] request to " + + url + " failed (" + xhr.status + ", " + xhr.statusText + ") " + + "with " + (Exercises.pendingAPIRequests - 1) + + " other pending API requests: " + attemptOrHintQueueUrls + + " (in khan-exercises/interface.js:handleAttempt)"; + + // Log to app engine logs... hopefully. + $.post("/sendtolog", {message: logMessage, with_user: 1}); + + // Also log to Sentry via Raven, just for some redundancy in case + // the above request doesn't make it to our server somehow. + if (window.Raven) { + window.Raven.captureMessage( + logMessage, {tags: {ipaddebugging: true}}); + } + }); + return promise; +} + + +// If any of these properties have already been defined, then leave them -- +// this happens in local mode +_.defaults(Exercises, { + khanExercisesUrlBase: "/khan-exercises/", + + getCurrentFramework: function(userExerciseOverride) { + return (userExerciseOverride || userExercise).exerciseModel.fileName ? + "khan-exercises" : "perseus"; + }, + + requestTimeoutMillis: 30000 +}); + +_.extend(Exercises, { + guessLog: undefined, + userActivityLog: undefined +}); + +// The iOS app doesn't use cookies, so we need to send this as an oauth request +// (while letting the webapp send its AJAX request as before). +$.kaOauthAjax = function (options) { + if ($.oauth) { + return $.oauth(options); + } else { + return $.ajax(options); + } +}; + +var PerseusBridge = Exercises.PerseusBridge, + + EMPTY_MESSAGE = $._("There are still more parts of this question to answer."), + + // Store these here so that they're hard to change after the fact via + // bookmarklet, etc. + localMode = Exercises.localMode, + previewingItem, + + originalCheckAnswerText, + + userExercise, + problemNum, + + canAttempt, + hintsAreFree, + attempts, + numHints, + hintsUsed, + lastAttemptOrHint, + lastAttemptContent, + currentExercise; + +$(Exercises) + .bind("problemTemplateRendered", problemTemplateRendered) + .bind("newProblem", newProblem) + .bind("hintShown", onHintShown) + .bind("readyForNextProblem", readyForNextProblem) + .bind("warning", warning) + .bind("upcomingExercise", upcomingExercise) + .bind("gotoNextProblem", gotoNextProblem) + .bind("updateUserExercise", updateUserExercise) + .bind("subhintExpand", subhintExpand) + .bind("clearExistingProblem", clearExistingProblem) + .bind("showOptOut", showOptOut); + + +function problemTemplateRendered() { + previewingItem = Exercises.previewingItem; + // Setup appropriate img URLs + $("#issue-throbber").attr("src", + Exercises.khanExercisesUrlBase + "css/images/throbber.gif"); + + $("#positive-reinforcement").hide(); + if (localMode) { + // The /khan-exercises/images/ folder isn't available in GAE prod so + // don't change the src there, even though it would kind of work. + $("#positive-reinforcement > img").attr("src", + Exercises.khanExercisesUrlBase + "images/face-smiley.png"); + } + + // 'Check Answer' or 'Submit Answer' + originalCheckAnswerText = $("#check-answer-button").val(); + + // Solution submission + $("#check-answer-button").click(handleCheckAnswer); + $("#answerform").submit(handleCheckAnswer); + $("#skip-question-button").click(handleSkippedQuestion); + $("#opt-out-button").click(handleOptOut); + + // Hint button + $("#hint").click(onHintButtonClicked); + + // Worked example button + $("#worked-example-button").click(onShowExampleClicked); + + // Next question button + $("#next-question-button").click(function() { + $(Exercises).trigger("gotoNextProblem"); + + // Disable next question button until next time + // TODO(alpert): Why? Is blurring not enough? + $(this) + .attr("disabled", true) + .addClass("buttonDisabled"); + }); + + // If happy face is clicked, pass click on through. + $("#positive-reinforcement").click(function() { + $("#next-question-button").click(); + }); + + // Let users close the warning bar when appropriate + $("#warning-bar-close a").click(function(e) { + e.preventDefault(); + $("#warning-bar").fadeOut("slow"); + }); + + // Scratchpad toggle + $("#scratchpad-show").click(function(e) { + e.preventDefault(); + Khan.scratchpad.toggle(); + + if (!localMode && userExercise.user) { + LocalStore.set("scratchpad:" + userExercise.user, + Khan.scratchpad.isVisible()); + } + }); + + // These shouldn't interfere... + $(PerseusBridge).trigger("problemTemplateRendered", [Khan.mathJaxLoaded]); + $(Khan).trigger("problemTemplateRendered"); +} + +function newProblem(e, data) { + Exercises.guessLog = []; + Exercises.userActivityLog = []; + + canAttempt = true; + hintsAreFree = false; + attempts = data.userExercise ? data.userExercise.lastAttemptNumber : 0; + numHints = data.numHints; + hintsUsed = data.userExercise ? data.userExercise.lastCountHints : 0; + lastAttemptOrHint = new Date().getTime(); + lastAttemptContent = null; + + if (!localMode && KA.GANDALF_EXERCISES_SERVER_QUEUE) { + storedExercise = LocalStore.get("currentExercise"); + if (storedExercise != null && + storedExercise.exercise === data.userExercise.exercise && + storedExercise.problemNum === problemNum) { + + currentExercise = storedExercise; + + while (hintsUsed < storedExercise.hintsUsed) { + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + if (framework === "perseus") { + $(PerseusBridge).trigger("showHint"); + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + $(Khan).trigger("showHint"); + } + } + } + + // Store currentExercise w/ hints used in local storage (above we + // should check if the exercise is already stored and update hintsUsed + // as appropriate) + currentExercise = {exercise: data.userExercise.exercise, + hintsUsed: hintsUsed, + problemNum: problemNum}; + LocalStore.set("currentExercise", currentExercise); + } + + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + $("#problem-and-answer") + .removeClass("framework-khan-exercises") + .removeClass("framework-perseus") + .addClass("framework-" + framework); + + // Enable/disable the get hint button + $(".hint-box").toggle(numHints !== 0); + updateHintButtonText(); + $("#hint").attr("disabled", hintsUsed >= numHints); + enableCheckAnswer(); + + if (typeof KA !== "undefined" && KA.language === "en-PT" && + previewingItem) { + // On translate.ka.org when previewing the exercise, we want to open up + // all the hints to make it easy to translate immediately. + while (hintsUsed < numHints) { + onHintButtonClicked(); + } + } + + // Render related videos, unless we're on the final stage of mastery. + if (Exercises.RelatedVideos && data.userExercise) { + var userExercise = data.userExercise; + var nearMastery = userExercise.exerciseProgress.level === "mastery2" || + userExercise.exerciseProgress.level === "mastery3"; + var task = Exercises.learningTask; + var hideRelatedVideos = task && task.isMasteryTask() && nearMastery; + var relatedVideos = data.userExercise.exerciseModel.relatedVideos; + + // We have per-problem-type related videos for Perseus + if (framework === "perseus") { + var problemTypeName = PerseusBridge.getSeedInfo().problem_type; + + // Filter out related videos that correspond to other problem types + var problemTypes = data.userExercise.exerciseModel.problemTypes; + var otherProblemTypes = _.filter(problemTypes, function(type) { + return type.name !== problemTypeName; + }); + relatedVideos = _.filter(relatedVideos, function(video) { + return _.all(otherProblemTypes, function(problemType) { + // Note: we have to cast IDs to strings for backwards + // compatability as older videos have pure integer IDs. + var stringIDs = _.map(problemType.relatedVideos, + function(id) { + return "" + id; + }); + return !_.contains(stringIDs, "" + video.id); + }); + }); + } + + if (hideRelatedVideos) { + Exercises.RelatedVideos.render([]); + } else { + Exercises.RelatedVideos.render(relatedVideos); + } + } +} + +function handleCheckAnswer() { + return handleAttempt({skipped: false}); +} + +function handleSkippedQuestion() { + return handleAttempt({skipped: true}); +} + +function handleOptOut() { + Exercises.AssessmentQueue.end(); + return handleAttempt({skipped: true, optOut: true}); +} + +function handleAttempt(data) { + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + var skipped = data.skipped; + var optOut = data.optOut; + var score; + var itemId; + + // Score the attempt + if (framework === "perseus") { + score = PerseusBridge.scoreInput(); + itemId = PerseusBridge.getSeedInfo().seed; + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + score = Khan.scoreInput(); + itemId = Khan.getSeedInfo().seed; + } + + if (!canAttempt) { + // Just don't allow further submissions once a correct answer or skip + // has been called or sometimes the server gets confused. + return false; + } + + var isAnswerEmpty = score.empty && !skipped; + var attemptMessage = null; + + // When the user answers incorrectly, we might show a message in response. + // It might encourage the user to think about their answer's format (eg. + // simplify the fraction) or it might explain to the user why the answer + // was wrong (these are referred to as clues in code, though in + // conversation we call them rationales). We show nothing at all if that + // content doesn't exist. + if (score.message != null) { + attemptMessage = score.message; + } else if (isAnswerEmpty) { + attemptMessage = EMPTY_MESSAGE; + } + + // We need to alert the user when the given answer is incorrect + if (!attemptMessage && !(score.correct || skipped)) { + attemptMessage = $._("Incorrect answer, please try again."); + } + + var $attemptMessage = $("#check-answer-results > p"); + + if (attemptMessage) { + // NOTE(jeresig): If the message is identical to the message that + // was there before then the ARIA alert is not triggered. We add in + // an extra space to force the alert to trigger. + var isIdentical = attemptMessage === $attemptMessage.text(); + + $attemptMessage + .html(attemptMessage + (isIdentical ? " " : "")).show().tex(); + + $(Exercises).trigger("attemptMessageShown", attemptMessage); + } else { + $attemptMessage.hide(); + } + + // Stop if the user didn't try to skip the question and also didn't yet + // enter a response + if (isAnswerEmpty) { + return false; + } + + if (score.correct || skipped) { + // Once we receive a correct answer or a skip, that's it; further + // attempts are disallowed. + canAttempt = false; + } + + var curTime = new Date().getTime(); + var millisTaken = curTime - lastAttemptOrHint; + var timeTaken = Math.round(millisTaken / 1000); + var stringifiedGuess = JSON.stringify(score.guess); + + lastAttemptOrHint = curTime; + + // If user hasn't changed their answer and is resubmitting w/in one second + // of last attempt, don't allow this attempt. They're probably just + // smashing Enter. + if (!skipped && + stringifiedGuess === lastAttemptContent && millisTaken < 1000) { + return false; + } + lastAttemptContent = stringifiedGuess; + + Exercises.guessLog.push(score.guess); + Exercises.userActivityLog.push([ + score.correct ? "correct-activity" : "incorrect-activity", + stringifiedGuess, timeTaken]); + + if (score.correct || skipped) { + $(Exercises).trigger("problemDone", { + card: Exercises.currentCard, + attempts: attempts + }); + } + + $(Exercises).trigger("checkAnswer", { + correct: score.correct, + item: itemId, + card: Exercises.currentCard, + optOut: optOut, + // Determine if this attempt qualifies as fast completion + fast: !localMode && userExercise.secondsPerFastProblem >= timeTaken, + // Used by mobile for skipping problems in a mastery task + skipped: skipped + }); + + // Update interface corresponding to correctness + if (skipped || Exercises.assessmentMode) { + disableCheckAnswer(); + } else if (score.correct) { + // Correct answer, so show the next question button. + $("#check-answer-button").hide(); + var nextButtonText; + if (Exercises.learningTask && Exercises.learningTask.isComplete()) { + nextButtonText = $._("Awesome! Show points..."); + } else { + nextButtonText = $._("Correct! Next question..."); + } + + $("#next-question-button") + .prop("disabled", false) + .removeClass("buttonDisabled") + .val(nextButtonText) + .show() + .focus(); + $("#positive-reinforcement").show(); + $("#skip-question-button").prop("disabled", true); + $("#opt-out-button").prop("disabled", true); + } else { + // Wrong answer. Enable all the input elements + + // NOTE(jeresig): The wrong answer wiggling has been disabled as + // it causes a re-focus on the answer button to occur, making it + // impossible to hear what the effect of the press was in a + // screen reader. + //$("#check-answer-button") + //.parent() // .check-answer-wrapper makes shake behave + //.effect("shake", {times: 3, distance: 5}, 480); + + if (framework === "perseus") { + // TODO(alpert)? + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + // NOTE(jeresig): Auto-focusing back on to the input when an + // incorrect answer is given has been disabled. It didn't + // happen when using the mouse and if you used the keyboard + // it made the screen reader really confused. + //$(Khan).trigger("refocusSolutionInput"); + } + } + + if (!hintsAreFree) { + hintsAreFree = true; + $(".hint-box") + .css("position", "relative") + .animate({top: -10}, 250) + .find(".info-box-header") + .slideUp(250) + .end() + .find("#hint") + .removeClass("orange") + .addClass("green"); + updateHintButtonText(); + } + + if (localMode || Exercises.currentCard.get("preview")) { + // Skip the server; just pretend we have success + return false; + } + + if (previewingItem) { + $("#next-question-button").prop("disabled", true); + + // Skip the server; just pretend we have success + return false; + } + + // If we're in a practice task but not at the end of it (so the + // user will be doing another question next), let's make the + // request on the multithreaded module: we don't care that much + // how long the request takes (it happens while the user is trying + // the next question) and it's cheaper. + var useMultithreadedModule = ( + !score.correct || + (Exercises.learningTask && !Exercises.learningTask.isComplete())); + + var url = fullUrl( + "problems/" + problemNum + "/attempt", useMultithreadedModule); + + // This needs to be after all updates to Exercises.currentCard (such as the + // "problemDone" event) or it will send incorrect data to the server + var attemptData = buildAttemptData( + score.correct, ++attempts, stringifiedGuess, timeTaken, skipped, + optOut); + + if (!localMode && KA.GANDALF_EXERCISES_SERVER_QUEUE) { + ServerActionQueue.enqueue("makeAttempt", [url, attemptData], 3); + } else { + saveAttemptToServer(url, attemptData); + } + + if (skipped && !Exercises.assessmentMode) { + // Skipping should pull up the next card immediately - but, if we're in + // assessment mode, we don't know what the next card will be yet, so + // wait for the special assessment mode triggers to fire instead. + $(Exercises).trigger("gotoNextProblem"); + } + + if (Exercises.assessmentMode) { + // Tell the assessment queue that the current question has been + // answered so that it can serve up the next question when its ready + // Set a small timeout to give the browser a chance to show the + // disabled check-answer button. Otherwise in chrome it doesn't show + // Please wait... + setTimeout(function() { + Exercises.AssessmentQueue.answered(score.correct); + },10); + } + return false; +} + +/** + * Handle the even when a user wants to see a worked example. + * Currently only works on some Perseus problems. + */ +function onShowExampleClicked() { + $(PerseusBridge).trigger("showWorkedExample"); +} + +/** + * Handle the event when a user clicks to use a hint. + * + * This deals with the internal work to do things like sending the event up + * to the server, as well as triggering the external event "hintUsed" so that + * other parts of the UI may update first. It's separated into two events so + * that the XHR can be sent after the other items have a chance to respond. + */ +function onHintButtonClicked() { + var curTime = new Date().getTime(); + var timeTaken = Math.round((curTime - lastAttemptOrHint) / 1000); + lastAttemptOrHint = curTime; + var logEntry = ["hint-activity", "0", timeTaken]; + Exercises.userActivityLog.push(logEntry); + + if (!previewingItem && !localMode && !userExercise.readOnly && + !Exercises.currentCard.get("preview") && canAttempt) { + + // buildAttemptData reads the number of hints we have taken + // from hintsUsed. However, we haven't updated that yet since + // we haven't gotten a response back, from, you guessed it, + // this request itself. So we increment hintsUsed while + // forming this request so that it gets the number of hints + // that will have been used when this request returns + // successfully. + hintsUsed++; + // Always put hints on the (cheaper) multithreaded module, + // since we don't care what the API call returns so we don't + // care how slow it is. + var url = fullUrl("problems/" + problemNum + "/hint", true); + var attemptData = buildAttemptData(false, attempts, "hint", + timeTaken, false, false); + if (!localMode && KA.GANDALF_EXERCISES_SERVER_QUEUE) { + ServerActionQueue.enqueue("hintRequest", [url, attemptData], 3); + } else { + request(url, attemptData); + } + hintsUsed--; + } + + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + if (framework === "perseus") { + $(PerseusBridge).trigger("showHint"); + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + $(Khan).trigger("showHint"); + } + + if (!localMode && KA.GANDALF_EXERCISES_SERVER_QUEUE) { + // onHintShown updated the hintsUsed so we should save that to + // localStorage. + currentExercise.hintsUsed = hintsUsed; + LocalStore.set("currentExercise", currentExercise); + } +} + +function onHintShown(e, data) { + // Grow the scratchpad to cover the new hint + Khan.scratchpad.resize(); + + hintsUsed++; + updateHintButtonText(); + + $(Exercises).trigger("hintUsed", data); + // If there aren't any more hints, disable the get hint button + if (hintsUsed === numHints) { + $("#hint").attr("disabled", true); + } + + // When a hint is shown, clear the "last attempt content" that is used to + // detect duplicate, repeated attempts. Once the user clicks on a hint, we + // consider their next attempt to be unique and legitimate even if it's the + // same answer they attempted previously. + lastAttemptContent = null; +} + +function updateHintButtonText() { + var $hintButton = $("#hint"); + var hintsLeft = numHints - hintsUsed; + + if (hintsAreFree) { + $hintButton.val(hintsUsed ? + $._("Show next hint (%(hintsLeft)s left)", {hintsLeft: hintsLeft}) : + $._("Show hints (%(hintsLeft)s available)", {hintsLeft: hintsLeft})); + } else { + $hintButton.val(hintsUsed ? + $.ngettext("I'd like another hint (1 hint left)", + "I'd like another hint (%(num)s hints left)", + hintsLeft) : + $._("I'd like a hint")); + } +} + +// Build the data to pass to the server +function buildAttemptData(correct, attemptNum, attemptContent, timeTaken, + skipped, optOut) { + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + var data; + + if (framework === "perseus") { + data = PerseusBridge.getSeedInfo(); + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + data = Khan.getSeedInfo(); + } + + _.extend(data, { + // Ask for camel casing in returned response + casing: "camel", + + // Whether we're moving to the next problem (i.e., correctness) + complete: (correct || skipped) ? 1 : 0, + + count_hints: hintsUsed, + time_taken: timeTaken, + + // How many times the problem was attempted + attempt_number: attemptNum, + + // The answer the user gave + attempt_content: attemptContent, + + // If working in the context of a LearningTask (on the new learning + // dashboard), supply the task ID. + // TODOX(laura): The web view in the iOS app doesn't have a learningTask + // object on Exercises. To simplify this line, add getTaskId to + // Exercises on the webapp as well. + task_id: (Exercises.getTaskId && Exercises.getTaskId()) || + (Exercises.learningTask && Exercises.learningTask.get("id")), + + task_generation_time: (Exercises.learningTask && + Exercises.learningTask.get("generationTime")), + + user_mission_id: Exercises.userMissionId, + + // The current topic, if any + topic_slug: Exercises.topicSlug, + + // The user assessment key if in assessmentMode + user_assessment_key: Exercises.userAssessmentKey, + + // Whether the user is skipping the question + skipped: skipped ? 1 : 0, + + // Whether the user is opting out of the task + opt_out: optOut ? 1 : 0, + + // The client-reported datetime in local time (not UTC!). + // Used by streaks. + client_dt: moment().format() + }); + + return data; +} + + +var inUnload = false; + +$(window).on("beforeunload", function() { + inUnload = true; +}); + +// If there are any requests left in the queue when the window unloads then we +// will have permanently lost their answers and will need to clear the session +// cache, to make sure we don't override what is passed down from the servers +$(window).unload(function() { + if (attemptOrHintQueue.queue().length) { + $(Exercises).trigger("attemptError"); + } +}); + +function fullUrl(method, useMultithreadedModule) { + // The multithreaded module is slower but cheaper. We use it for + // all hints, and problem-attempts that we know are not the last + // attempt in a task. (This is because it usually takes people at + // least a few seconds to read a hint or attempt the next problem, + // which is plenty of time even when on the slower module.) + var apiBaseUrl; + if (Exercises.assessmentMode && useMultithreadedModule) { + apiBaseUrl = "/api/internal/_mt/user/assessment/exercises"; + } else if (Exercises.assessmentMode) { + apiBaseUrl = "/api/internal/user/assessment/exercises"; + } else if (useMultithreadedModule) { + apiBaseUrl = "/api/internal/_mt/user/exercises"; + } else { + apiBaseUrl = "/api/internal/user/exercises"; + } + + return apiBaseUrl + "/" + userExercise.exerciseModel.name + "/" + method; +} + +var attemptOrHintQueue = jQuery({}); +// Used for error reporting: what urls are in the queue when an error happens? +var attemptOrHintQueueUrls = []; + +function request(url, data) { + var params = { + // Do a request to the server API + url: url, + type: "POST", + data: data, + dataType: "json", + + // If we don't receive a response within this many milliseconds, we + // throw up an error (the red bar) and prevent the user from + // continuing. Why do we timeout requests? Dropped requests seem to be + // a real thing and causes problems. First, a dropped request is bad by + // itself, but also prevents any future requests from being sent + // because we queue up requests on the client. Also, before we render + // the end-of-task card, we wait for all requests to return, and if + // there's a dropped request, we throw up a spinner that spins forever. + // This is a real problem that we were first made aware of from iPad + // Safari users in classrooms. We also added logging after 60 seconds + // of waiting for all requests to return at the pre-end-of-task card + // spinner, and it occurs frequently (several times every minute). + // Though it would be good to retry requests, that's going to be + // slightly tricker to do to ensure the server can be idempotent or be + // able to handle multiple requests. So for now, we are just showing + // the red error bar, which, although jarring, is hopefully less bad + // than being stuck with an endless spinner before the end of task + // card and then losing all progress since the first dropped request. + timeout: Exercises.requestTimeoutMillis + }; + + var deferred = $.Deferred(); + + attemptOrHintQueue.queue(function(next) { + var requestEndedParameters; + + attemptOrHintQueueUrls.push(params.url); + $.kaOauthAjax(params).then(function(data, textStatus, jqXHR) { + // This line calls any callbacks registered with the promise + deferred.resolve(data, textStatus, jqXHR); + + // Tell any listeners that we now have new userExercise data + $(Exercises).trigger("updateUserExercise", { + userExercise: data, + source: "serverResponse" + }); + }, function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) { + // Execute passed error function first in case it wants + // to log the request queue or something like that. + deferred.reject(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown); + + // Clear the queue so we don't spit out a bunch of queued up + // requests after the error. + // TODO(csilvers): do we need to call apiRequestEnded for + // all these as well? Exercises.pendingAPIRequests is now off. + attemptOrHintQueue.clearQueue(); + attemptOrHintQueueUrls = []; + + requestEndedParameters = { + "error": { + textStatus: textStatus, + errorThrown: errorThrown + } + }; + }).always(function() { + var attemptedUrl = attemptOrHintQueueUrls.pop(); + // Sanity check. attemptedUrl will be undefined on send-error. + if (attemptedUrl && attemptedUrl !== params.url) { + KhanUtil.debugLog("We just sent " + params.url + " but " + + attemptedUrl + " was at queue-front!"); + } + $(Exercises).trigger("apiRequestEnded", requestEndedParameters); + next(); + }); + }); + + // Trigger an apiRequestStarted event here, and not in the queued function + // because listeners should know an API request is waiting as soon as it + // gets queued up. + $(Exercises).trigger("apiRequestStarted"); + + return deferred.promise(); +} + +function readyForNextProblem(e, data) { + userExercise = data.userExercise; + problemNum = userExercise.totalDone + 1; + + $(Exercises).trigger("updateUserExercise", {userExercise: userExercise}); + + // (framework depends on userExercise set above) + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + if (framework === "perseus") { + $(PerseusBridge).trigger("readyForNextProblem", data); + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + $(Khan).trigger("readyForNextProblem", data); + } +} + +function warning(e, message, showClose) { + $(function() { + var warningBar = $("#warning-bar"); + $("#warning-bar-content").html(message); + if (showClose) { + warningBar.addClass("warning") + .children("#warning-bar-close").show(); + } else { + warningBar.addClass("error") + .children("#warning-bar-close").hide(); + } + warningBar.fadeIn("fast"); + }); +} + +function upcomingExercise(e, data) { + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(data.userExercise); + if (framework === "perseus") { + $(PerseusBridge).trigger("upcomingExercise", data); + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + $(Khan).trigger("upcomingExercise", data); + } +} + + +function gotoNextProblem() { + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + if (framework === "perseus") { + // TODO(alpert) + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + $(Khan).trigger("gotoNextProblem"); + } +} + +function updateUserExercise(e, data) { + var framework = Exercises.getCurrentFramework(); + if (framework === "perseus") { + // TODO(alpert) + } else if (framework === "khan-exercises") { + $(Khan).trigger("updateUserExercise", data); + } +} + +function showOptOut() { + $("#opt-out-button").show(); +} + +function enableCheckAnswer() { + $("#check-answer-button") + .prop("disabled", false) + .removeClass("buttonDisabled") + .val(originalCheckAnswerText); + + $("#skip-question-button") + .prop("disabled", false) + .removeClass("buttonDisabled"); + + $("#opt-out-button") + .prop("disabled", false) + .removeClass("buttonDisabled"); +} + +function disableCheckAnswer() { + $("#check-answer-button") + .prop("disabled", true) + .addClass("buttonDisabled") + .val($._("Please wait...")); + + $("#skip-question-button") + .prop("disabled", true) + .addClass("buttonDisabled"); + + $("#opt-out-button") + .prop("disabled", true) + .addClass("buttonDisabled"); +} + +function subhintExpand(e, subhintName) { + // write to KALOG capturing the subhint-expand + // click + if (!localMode) { + $.post("/api/internal/misc/subhint_expand", { + subhintName: subhintName + }); + } +} + +function clearExistingProblem() { + $("#happy").hide(); + + // Toggle the navigation buttons + $("#check-answer-button").show(); + $("#next-question-button").blur().hide(); + $("#positive-reinforcement").hide(); + + // #solutionarea might have been moved by makeProblem(), so put it back + // to the default location (which is also where Perseus expects it to be) + $(".solutionarea-placeholder").after($("#solutionarea")); + + // Wipe out any previous problem + PerseusBridge.cleanupProblem() || Khan.cleanupProblem(); + $("#workarea, #hintsarea, #solutionarea").empty(); + + // Take off the event handlers for disabling check answer; we'll rebind + // if we actually want them + $("#solutionarea").off(".emptyAnswer"); + + // Restore the hint button's original appearance + $("#hint") + .removeClass("green") + .addClass("orange") + .val($._("I'd like a hint")) + .data("buttonText", false) + .appendTo("#get-hint-button-container"); + $(".hint-box") + .css("top", 0) + .find(".info-box-header") + .show(); + + Khan.scratchpad.clear(); +} + +if (!localMode && KA.GANDALF_EXERCISES_SERVER_QUEUE) { + // When this file is sourced, initialize the queue with what is stoed in localstorage + ServerActionQueue.initialize(); +} + +})(); diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/khan-exercise.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/khan-exercise.js similarity index 96% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/khan-exercise.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/khan-exercise.js index 96b74cbc19..f8daf2bc17 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/khan-exercise.js +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/khan-exercise.js @@ -59,6 +59,14 @@ */ define(function(require) { +try { + var asyncloader = require("scriptjs"); +} +catch (err) { + var asyncloader = require; + debugLog("No scriptjs module" + err); +} + var crc32 = require("./utils/crc32.js"); // Numbers which are coprime to the number of bins, used for jumping through @@ -619,13 +627,40 @@ var Khan = $.extend(true, { $("#issue-title, #issue-body").val(""); }); + // When the Show Answer button of the issue form is clicked, + // we need to show all of the hints. $("#issue-show-answer").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); - while (hints.length > 0) { - $("#hint").click(); - } - $(this).addClass("disabled"); + + // If there is a hint available, we'll show it by clicking + // on the hint button. If there are no hints available, + // that means that we're done showing hints so we disable + // the Show Answer button. + var showHintIfAvailable = function showHintIfAvailable() { + // This button runs with both khan-exercise code and + // Perseus code. The only common place to look to see + // if there are more hints remaining is the state of the + // hint button. + if ($("#hint").attr("disabled")) { + $(Exercises).off("hintShown", showHintIfAvailable); + + // "this" is bound to the Show Answer button itself + $(this).addClass("disabled"); + } else { + $("#hint").click(); + } + }.bind(this); + + // The hintShown event is the key to looping through the + // hints. It is our signal that the asynchronously managed + // display of a hint has completed so that we can try to + // then show the next hint. + $(Exercises).on("hintShown", showHintIfAvailable); + + // Kick off the cycle by showing the first hint. + showHintIfAvailable(); }); + $(Exercises).bind("newProblem", function() { $("#issue-show-answer").removeClass("disabled"); }); @@ -769,7 +804,10 @@ var Khan = $.extend(true, { $("#issue-throbber").hide(); }; - $.post("/api/internal/bigbingo/mark_conversions", { + // /_mt/ puts this on a multithreaded module, which is + // slower but cheaper. We don't care how long this takes, + // so it's a good choice for us! + $.post("/api/internal/_mt/bigbingo/mark_conversions", { conversion_ids: "exercise_submit_issue" }); @@ -1015,7 +1053,7 @@ function makeProblem(exerciseId, typeOverride, seedOverride) { var weight = $(this).data("weight") || 1; _.times(weight, function(){ typeIndex.push(index); }); }); - var typeNum = typeIndex[Math.floor(Math.random() * typeIndex.length)]; + var typeNum = typeIndex[Math.floor(KhanUtil.random() * typeIndex.length)]; problem = problems.eq(typeNum); currentProblemType = $(problem).attr("id") || "" + typeNum; } @@ -1027,7 +1065,7 @@ function makeProblem(exerciseId, typeOverride, seedOverride) { // This should _never_ happen, and hopefully these autoSubmitIssues will help debug. if (!problem.length && problems.length) { Khan.autoSubmitIssue("type was for the incorrect problem; failed gracefully"); - problem = problems.eq(Math.floor(Math.random() * problems.length)); + problem = problems.eq(Math.floor(KhanUtil.random() * problems.length)); } // Find which exercise this problem is from @@ -1376,12 +1414,18 @@ function showHint() { var problem = $(hint).parent(); // Append first so MathJax can sense the surrounding CSS context properly - $(hint).appendTo("#hintsarea").runModules(problem); + // Also add in some properties so that the hint is focusable + $(hint).attr({ + tabIndex: "-1" + }).appendTo("#hintsarea").runModules(problem); if (hints.length === 0) { $(hint).addClass("last-hint"); } + // Focus the hint, forcing it to be read by a screen reader + $(hint).focus(); + // TODO(james): figure out a way to trigger hintUsed to ensure that the // cards are updated properly, but make sure the ajax calls to // submit the hints are not resubmited for the case where we are @@ -1808,8 +1852,7 @@ function prepareSite() { // i18nize the decimal point button $(".calculator-decimal").html(separator); } - - require(["./genfiles/calculator.js"], initializeCalculator); + asyncloader([Khan.urlBase + "genfiles/calculator.js"], initializeCalculator); Khan.initReportIssueLink("#extras .report-issue-link"); $("#answer_area").delegate("input.button, select", "keydown", function(e) { @@ -1981,7 +2024,7 @@ function loadExercise(exerciseId, fileName) { // into a jQuery object. IE8 will attempt to fetch these external // scripts otherwise. // See https://github.com/Khan/khan-exercises/issues/10957 - data = data.replace(//, ""); + data = data.replace(/]+src=[^<]*<\/script>/, ""); var newContents = $(data).filter(".exercise"); @@ -2063,7 +2106,7 @@ function loadModule(moduleName) { debugLog("loadModule mod " + moduleName); // Load the module - require(["./utils/" + moduleName + ".js"], function() { + asyncloader([Khan.urlBase + "utils/" + moduleName + ".js"], function() { selfPromise.resolve(); }); @@ -2122,7 +2165,7 @@ function loadMathJax() { if (window.MathJax) { waitForMathJaxReady(); } else { - loadScript(Khan.urlBase + "third_party/MathJax/2.1/MathJax.js?config=KAthJax-8f02f65cba7722b3e529bd9dfa6ac25d", waitForMathJaxReady); + loadScript(Khan.urlBase + "third_party/MathJax/2.1/MathJax.js?config=KAthJax-eaf1d9cafdc2fc68897cf72d30d67d5a", waitForMathJaxReady); } function waitForMathJaxReady() { diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/lint_blacklist.txt b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/lint_blacklist.txt similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/lint_blacklist.txt rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/lint_blacklist.txt diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/README b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/README similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/README rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/README diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/i18n.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/i18n.js similarity index 99% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/i18n.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/i18n.js index 3c73160e90..0b7d861bbd 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/i18n.js +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/i18n.js @@ -104,7 +104,9 @@ str = str.messages[0]; } - return interpolateStringToArray(gettext(str), options).join(""); + str = gettext(str); + + return interpolateStringToArray(str, options).join(""); }; /** diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jed.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jed.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jed.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jed.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-migrate-1.1.1.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-migrate-1.1.1.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-migrate-1.1.1.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-migrate-1.1.1.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-ui.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-ui.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-ui.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery-ui.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.qtip.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.qtip.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/jquery.qtip.js rename 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b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/katex/katex.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..de3b7a93a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/katex/katex.css @@ -0,0 +1,914 @@ +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_AMS'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Caligraphic'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: bold; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Caligraphic'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Fraktur'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: bold; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Fraktur'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Main'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Bold.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Bold.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Bold.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: bold; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Main'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Italic.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Italic.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Italic.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Main'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Main-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Math'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Math'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Italic.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Italic.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Italic.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Math'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Math-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_SansSerif'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: bold; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_SansSerif'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_SansSerif'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Script'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Script-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Script-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Script-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Script-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Script-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Size1'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Size2'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Size3'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Size4'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; +} +@font-face { + font-family: 'KaTeX_Typewriter'; + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.eot'); + src: url('fonts/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.eot#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('fonts/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.ttf') format('ttf'); + font-weight: normal; 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.fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size10 { + font-size: 2.075em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size1, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size1 { + font-size: 0.34722222em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size2, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size2 { + font-size: 0.48611111em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size3, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size3 { + font-size: 0.55555556em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size4, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size4 { + font-size: 0.625em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size5, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size5 { + font-size: 0.69444444em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size6, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size6 { + font-size: 0.83333333em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size7, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size7 { + font-size: 1em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size8, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size8 { + font-size: 1.20138889em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size9, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size9 { + font-size: 1.4375em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size7.size10, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size10 { + font-size: 1.72916667em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size1, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size1 { + font-size: 0.28901734em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size2, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size2 { + font-size: 0.40462428em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size3, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size3 { + font-size: 0.46242775em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size4, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size4 { + font-size: 0.52023121em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size5, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size5 { + font-size: 0.57803468em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size6, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size6 { + font-size: 0.69364162em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size7, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size7 { + font-size: 0.83236994em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size8, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size8 { + font-size: 1em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size9, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size9 { + font-size: 1.19653179em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size8.size10, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size10 { + font-size: 1.43930636em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size1, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size1 { + font-size: 0.24154589em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size2, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size2 { + font-size: 0.33816425em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size3, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size3 { + font-size: 0.38647343em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size4, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size4 { + font-size: 0.43478261em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size5, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size5 { + font-size: 0.48309179em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size6, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size6 { + font-size: 0.57971014em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size7, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size7 { + font-size: 0.69565217em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size8, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size8 { + font-size: 0.83574879em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size9, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size9 { + font-size: 1em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size9.size10, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size10 { + font-size: 1.20289855em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size1, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size1 { + font-size: 0.20080321em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size2, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size2 { + font-size: 0.2811245em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size3, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size3 { + font-size: 0.32128514em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size4, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size4 { + font-size: 0.36144578em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size5, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size5 { + font-size: 0.40160643em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size6, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size6 { + font-size: 0.48192771em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size7, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size7 { + font-size: 0.57831325em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size8, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size8 { + font-size: 0.69477912em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size9, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size9 { + font-size: 0.8313253em; +} +.katex .sizing.reset-size10.size10, +.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size10 { + font-size: 1em; +} +.katex .delimsizing.size1 { + font-family: KaTeX_Size1; +} +.katex .delimsizing.size2 { + font-family: KaTeX_Size2; +} +.katex .delimsizing.size3 { + font-family: KaTeX_Size3; +} +.katex .delimsizing.size4 { + font-family: KaTeX_Size4; +} +.katex .delimsizing.mult .delim-size1 > span { + font-family: KaTeX_Size1; +} +.katex .delimsizing.mult .delim-size4 > span { + font-family: KaTeX_Size4; +} +.katex .nulldelimiter { + display: inline-block; + width: 0.12em; +} +.katex .op-symbol { + position: relative; +} +.katex .op-symbol.small-op { + font-family: KaTeX_Size1; +} +.katex .op-symbol.large-op { + font-family: KaTeX_Size2; +} +.katex .op-limits > .vlist > span { + text-align: center; +} +.katex .accent > .vlist > span { + text-align: center; +} +.katex .accent .accent-body > span { + width: 0; +} +.katex .accent .accent-body.accent-vec > span { + position: relative; + left: 0.326em; +} diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/katex/katex.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/katex/katex.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..97a44ba9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/katex/katex.js @@ -0,0 +1,7361 @@ +(function(e){if("function"==typeof bootstrap)bootstrap("katex",e);else if("object"==typeof exports)module.exports=e();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define(e);else if("undefined"!=typeof ses){if(!ses.ok())return;ses.makeKatex=e}else"undefined"!=typeof window?window.katex=e():global.katex=e()})(function(){var define,ses,bootstrap,module,exports; +return (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);throw new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'")}var f=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(f.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},f,f.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o:]/, // rels + /^[,;]/, // punctuation + /^['\^_{}]/, // misc + /^[(\[]/, // opens + /^[)\]?!]/, // closes + /^~/ // spacing +]; + +// These are "normal" tokens like above, but should instead be parsed in text +// mode. +var textNormals = [ + /^[a-zA-Z0-9`!@*()-=+\[\]'";:?\/.,]/, // ords + /^[{}]/, // grouping + /^~/ // spacing +]; + +// Regexes for matching whitespace +var whitespaceRegex = /^\s*/; +var whitespaceConcatRegex = /^( +|\\ +)/; + +// This regex matches any other TeX function, which is a backslash followed by a +// word or a single symbol +var anyFunc = /^\\(?:[a-zA-Z]+|.)/; + +/** + * This function lexes a single normal token. It takes a position, a list of + * "normal" tokens to try, and whether it should completely ignore whitespace or + * not. + */ +Lexer.prototype._innerLex = function(pos, normals, ignoreWhitespace) { + var input = this._input.slice(pos); + var whitespace; + + if (ignoreWhitespace) { + // Get rid of whitespace. + whitespace = input.match(whitespaceRegex)[0]; + pos += whitespace.length; + input = input.slice(whitespace.length); + } else { + // Do the funky concatenation of whitespace that happens in text mode. + whitespace = input.match(whitespaceConcatRegex); + if (whitespace !== null) { + return new Token(" ", null, pos + whitespace[0].length); + } + } + + // If there's no more input to parse, return an EOF token + if (input.length === 0) { + return new Token("EOF", null, pos); + } + + var match; + if ((match = input.match(anyFunc))) { + // If we match a function token, return it + return new Token(match[0], null, pos + match[0].length); + } else { + // Otherwise, we look through the normal token regexes and see if it's + // one of them. + for (var i = 0; i < normals.length; i++) { + var normal = normals[i]; + + if ((match = input.match(normal))) { + // If it is, return it + return new Token( + match[0], null, pos + match[0].length); + } + } + } + + throw new ParseError("Unexpected character: '" + input[0] + + "'", this, pos); +}; + +// A regex to match a CSS color (like #ffffff or BlueViolet) +var cssColor = /^(#[a-z0-9]+|[a-z]+)/i; + +/** + * This function lexes a CSS color. + */ +Lexer.prototype._innerLexColor = function(pos) { + var input = this._input.slice(pos); + + // Ignore whitespace + var whitespace = input.match(whitespaceRegex)[0]; + pos += whitespace.length; + input = input.slice(whitespace.length); + + var match; + if ((match = input.match(cssColor))) { + // If we look like a color, return a color + return new Token(match[0], null, pos + match[0].length); + } else { + throw new ParseError("Invalid color", this, pos); + } +}; + +// A regex to match a dimension. Dimensions look like +// "1.2em" or ".4pt" or "1 ex" +var sizeRegex = /^(-?)\s*(\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\.\d+)\s*([a-z]{2})/; + +/** + * This function lexes a dimension. + */ +Lexer.prototype._innerLexSize = function(pos) { + var input = this._input.slice(pos); + + // Ignore whitespace + var whitespace = input.match(whitespaceRegex)[0]; + pos += whitespace.length; + input = input.slice(whitespace.length); + + var match; + if ((match = input.match(sizeRegex))) { + var unit = match[3]; + // We only currently handle "em" and "ex" units + if (unit !== "em" && unit !== "ex") { + throw new ParseError("Invalid unit: '" + unit + "'", this, pos); + } + return new Token(match[0], { + number: +(match[1] + match[2]), + unit: unit + }, pos + match[0].length); + } + + throw new ParseError("Invalid size", this, pos); +}; + +/** + * This function lexes a string of whitespace. + */ +Lexer.prototype._innerLexWhitespace = function(pos) { + var input = this._input.slice(pos); + + var whitespace = input.match(whitespaceRegex)[0]; + pos += whitespace.length; + + return new Token(whitespace, null, pos); +}; + +/** + * This function lexes a single token starting at `pos` and of the given mode. + * Based on the mode, we defer to one of the `_innerLex` functions. + */ +Lexer.prototype.lex = function(pos, mode) { + if (mode === "math") { + return this._innerLex(pos, mathNormals, true); + } else if (mode === "text") { + return this._innerLex(pos, textNormals, false); + } else if (mode === "color") { + return this._innerLexColor(pos); + } else if (mode === "size") { + return this._innerLexSize(pos); + } else if (mode === "whitespace") { + return this._innerLexWhitespace(pos); + } +}; + +module.exports = Lexer; + +},{"./ParseError":4}],3:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file contains information about the options that the Parser carries + * around with it while parsing. Data is held in an `Options` object, and when + * recursing, a new `Options` object can be created with the `.with*` and + * `.reset` functions. + */ + +/** + * This is the main options class. It contains the style, size, and color of the + * current parse level. It also contains the style and size of the parent parse + * level, so size changes can be handled efficiently. + * + * Each of the `.with*` and `.reset` functions passes its current style and size + * as the parentStyle and parentSize of the new options class, so parent + * handling is taken care of automatically. + */ +function Options(style, size, color, parentStyle, parentSize) { + this.style = style; + this.color = color; + this.size = size; + + if (parentStyle === undefined) { + parentStyle = style; + } + this.parentStyle = parentStyle; + + if (parentSize === undefined) { + parentSize = size; + } + this.parentSize = parentSize; +} + +/** + * Create a new options object with the given style. + */ +Options.prototype.withStyle = function(style) { + return new Options(style, this.size, this.color, this.style, this.size); +}; + +/** + * Create a new options object with the given size. + */ +Options.prototype.withSize = function(size) { + return new Options(this.style, size, this.color, this.style, this.size); +}; + +/** + * Create a new options object with the given color. + */ +Options.prototype.withColor = function(color) { + return new Options(this.style, this.size, color, this.style, this.size); +}; + +/** + * Create a new options object with the same style, size, and color. This is + * used so that parent style and size changes are handled correctly. + */ +Options.prototype.reset = function() { + return new Options( + this.style, this.size, this.color, this.style, this.size); +}; + +/** + * A map of color names to CSS colors. + * TODO(emily): Remove this when we have real macros + */ +var colorMap = { + "katex-blue": "#6495ed", + "katex-orange": "#ffa500", + "katex-pink": "#ff00af", + "katex-red": "#df0030", + "katex-green": "#28ae7b", + "katex-gray": "gray", + "katex-purple": "#9d38bd" +}; + +/** + * Gets the CSS color of the current options object, accounting for the + * `colorMap`. + */ +Options.prototype.getColor = function() { + return colorMap[this.color] || this.color; +}; + +module.exports = Options; + +},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This is the ParseError class, which is the main error thrown by KaTeX + * functions when something has gone wrong. This is used to distinguish internal + * errors from errors in the expression that the user provided. + */ +function ParseError(message, lexer, position) { + var error = "KaTeX parse error: " + message; + + if (lexer !== undefined && position !== undefined) { + // If we have the input and a position, make the error a bit fancier + + // Prepend some information + error += " at position " + position + ": "; + + // Get the input + var input = lexer._input; + // Insert a combining underscore at the correct position + input = input.slice(0, position) + "\u0332" + + input.slice(position); + + // Extract some context from the input and add it to the error + var begin = Math.max(0, position - 15); + var end = position + 15; + error += input.slice(begin, end); + } + + // Some hackery to make ParseError a prototype of Error + // See http://stackoverflow.com/a/8460753 + var self = new Error(error); + self.name = "ParseError"; + self.__proto__ = ParseError.prototype; + + self.position = position; + return self; +} + +// More hackery +ParseError.prototype.__proto__ = Error.prototype; + +module.exports = ParseError; + +},{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){ +var functions = require("./functions"); +var Lexer = require("./Lexer"); +var symbols = require("./symbols"); +var utils = require("./utils"); + +var ParseError = require("./ParseError"); + +/** + * This file contains the parser used to parse out a TeX expression from the + * input. Since TeX isn't context-free, standard parsers don't work particularly + * well. + * + * The strategy of this parser is as such: + * + * The main functions (the `.parse...` ones) take a position in the current + * parse string to parse tokens from. The lexer (found in Lexer.js, stored at + * this.lexer) also supports pulling out tokens at arbitrary places. When + * individual tokens are needed at a position, the lexer is called to pull out a + * token, which is then used. + * + * The main functions also take a mode that the parser is currently in + * (currently "math" or "text"), which denotes whether the current environment + * is a math-y one or a text-y one (e.g. inside \text). Currently, this serves + * to limit the functions which can be used in text mode. + * + * The main functions then return an object which contains the useful data that + * was parsed at its given point, and a new position at the end of the parsed + * data. The main functions can call each other and continue the parsing by + * using the returned position as a new starting point. + * + * There are also extra `.handle...` functions, which pull out some reused + * functionality into self-contained functions. + * + * The earlier functions return `ParseResult`s, which contain a ParseNode and a + * new position. + * + * The later functions (which are called deeper in the parse) sometimes return + * ParseFuncOrArgument, which contain a ParseResult as well as some data about + * whether the parsed object is a function which is missing some arguments, or a + * standalone object which can be used as an argument to another function. + */ + +/** + * Main Parser class + */ +function Parser(input, settings) { + // Make a new lexer + this.lexer = new Lexer(input); + // Store the settings for use in parsing + this.settings = settings; +} + +/** + * The resulting parse tree nodes of the parse tree. + */ +function ParseNode(type, value, mode) { + this.type = type; + this.value = value; + this.mode = mode; +} + +/** + * A result and final position returned by the `.parse...` functions. + */ +function ParseResult(result, newPosition) { + this.result = result; + this.position = newPosition; +} + +/** + * An initial function (without its arguments), or an argument to a function. + * The `result` argument should be a ParseResult. + */ +function ParseFuncOrArgument(result, isFunction) { + this.result = result; + // Is this a function (i.e. is it something defined in functions.js)? + this.isFunction = isFunction; +} + +/** + * Checks a result to make sure it has the right type, and throws an + * appropriate error otherwise. + */ +Parser.prototype.expect = function(result, text) { + if (result.text !== text) { + throw new ParseError( + "Expected '" + text + "', got '" + result.text + "'", + this.lexer, result.position + ); + } +}; + +/** + * Main parsing function, which parses an entire input. + * + * @return {?Array.} + */ +Parser.prototype.parse = function(input) { + // Try to parse the input + var parse = this.parseInput(0, "math"); + return parse.result; +}; + +/** + * Parses an entire input tree. + */ +Parser.prototype.parseInput = function(pos, mode) { + // Parse an expression + var expression = this.parseExpression(pos, mode, false, null); + // If we succeeded, make sure there's an EOF at the end + var EOF = this.lexer.lex(expression.position, mode); + this.expect(EOF, "EOF"); + return expression; +}; + +/** + * Parses an "expression", which is a list of atoms. + * + * @param {boolean} breakOnInfix Should the parsing stop when we hit infix + * nodes? This happens when functions have higher precendence + * than infix nodes in implicit parses. + * + * @param {?string} breakOnToken The token that the expression should end with, + * or `null` if something else should end the expression. + * + * @return {ParseResult} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseExpression = function(pos, mode, breakOnInfix, breakOnToken) { + var body = []; + // Keep adding atoms to the body until we can't parse any more atoms (either + // we reached the end, a }, or a \right) + while (true) { + var lex = this.lexer.lex(pos, mode); + if (breakOnToken != null && lex.text === breakOnToken) { + break; + } + var atom = this.parseAtom(pos, mode); + if (!atom) { + break; + } + if (breakOnInfix && atom.result.type === "infix") { + break; + } + body.push(atom.result); + pos = atom.position; + } + return new ParseResult(this.handleInfixNodes(body, mode), pos); +}; + +/** + * Rewrites infix operators such as \over with corresponding commands such + * as \frac. + * + * There can only be one infix operator per group. If there's more than one + * then the expression is ambiguous. This can be resolved by adding {}. + * + * @returns {Array} + */ +Parser.prototype.handleInfixNodes = function (body, mode) { + var overIndex = -1; + var func; + var funcName; + + for (var i = 0; i < body.length; i++) { + var node = body[i]; + if (node.type === "infix") { + if (overIndex !== -1) { + throw new ParseError("only one infix operator per group", + this.lexer, -1); + } + overIndex = i; + funcName = node.value.replaceWith; + func = functions.funcs[funcName]; + } + } + + if (overIndex !== -1) { + var numerNode, denomNode; + + var numerBody = body.slice(0, overIndex); + var denomBody = body.slice(overIndex + 1); + + if (numerBody.length === 1 && numerBody[0].type === "ordgroup") { + numerNode = numerBody[0]; + } else { + numerNode = new ParseNode("ordgroup", numerBody, mode); + } + + if (denomBody.length === 1 && denomBody[0].type === "ordgroup") { + denomNode = denomBody[0]; + } else { + denomNode = new ParseNode("ordgroup", denomBody, mode); + } + + var value = func.handler(funcName, numerNode, denomNode); + return [new ParseNode(value.type, value, mode)]; + } else { + return body; + } +}; + +// The greediness of a superscript or subscript +var SUPSUB_GREEDINESS = 1; + +/** + * Handle a subscript or superscript with nice errors. + */ +Parser.prototype.handleSupSubscript = function(pos, mode, symbol, name) { + var group = this.parseGroup(pos, mode); + + if (!group) { + throw new ParseError( + "Expected group after '" + symbol + "'", this.lexer, pos); + } else if (group.isFunction) { + // ^ and _ have a greediness, so handle interactions with functions' + // greediness + var funcGreediness = functions.funcs[group.result.result].greediness; + if (funcGreediness > SUPSUB_GREEDINESS) { + return this.parseFunction(pos, mode); + } else { + throw new ParseError( + "Got function '" + group.result.result + "' with no arguments " + + "as " + name, + this.lexer, pos); + } + } else { + return group.result; + } +}; + +/** + * Parses a group with optional super/subscripts. + * + * @return {?ParseResult} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseAtom = function(pos, mode) { + // The body of an atom is an implicit group, so that things like + // \left(x\right)^2 work correctly. + var base = this.parseImplicitGroup(pos, mode); + + // In text mode, we don't have superscripts or subscripts + if (mode === "text") { + return base; + } + + // Handle an empty base + var currPos; + if (!base) { + currPos = pos; + base = undefined; + } else { + currPos = base.position; + } + + var superscript; + var subscript; + var result; + while (true) { + // Lex the first token + var lex = this.lexer.lex(currPos, mode); + + if (lex.text === "^") { + // We got a superscript start + if (superscript) { + throw new ParseError( + "Double superscript", this.lexer, currPos); + } + result = this.handleSupSubscript( + lex.position, mode, lex.text, "superscript"); + currPos = result.position; + superscript = result.result; + } else if (lex.text === "_") { + // We got a subscript start + if (subscript) { + throw new ParseError( + "Double subscript", this.lexer, currPos); + } + result = this.handleSupSubscript( + lex.position, mode, lex.text, "subscript"); + currPos = result.position; + subscript = result.result; + } else if (lex.text === "'") { + // We got a prime + var prime = new ParseNode("textord", "\\prime", mode); + + // Many primes can be grouped together, so we handle this here + var primes = [prime]; + currPos = lex.position; + // Keep lexing tokens until we get something that's not a prime + while ((lex = this.lexer.lex(currPos, mode)).text === "'") { + // For each one, add another prime to the list + primes.push(prime); + currPos = lex.position; + } + // Put them into an ordgroup as the superscript + superscript = new ParseNode("ordgroup", primes, mode); + } else { + // If it wasn't ^, _, or ', stop parsing super/subscripts + break; + } + } + + if (superscript || subscript) { + // If we got either a superscript or subscript, create a supsub + return new ParseResult( + new ParseNode("supsub", { + base: base && base.result, + sup: superscript, + sub: subscript + }, mode), + currPos); + } else { + // Otherwise return the original body + return base; + } +}; + +// A list of the size-changing functions, for use in parseImplicitGroup +var sizeFuncs = [ + "\\tiny", "\\scriptsize", "\\footnotesize", "\\small", "\\normalsize", + "\\large", "\\Large", "\\LARGE", "\\huge", "\\Huge" +]; + +// A list of the style-changing functions, for use in parseImplicitGroup +var styleFuncs = [ + "\\displaystyle", "\\textstyle", "\\scriptstyle", "\\scriptscriptstyle" +]; + +/** + * Parses an implicit group, which is a group that starts at the end of a + * specified, and ends right before a higher explicit group ends, or at EOL. It + * is used for functions that appear to affect the current style, like \Large or + * \textrm, where instead of keeping a style we just pretend that there is an + * implicit grouping after it until the end of the group. E.g. + * small text {\Large large text} small text again + * It is also used for \left and \right to get the correct grouping. + * + * @return {?ParseResult} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseImplicitGroup = function(pos, mode) { + var start = this.parseSymbol(pos, mode); + + if (!start || !start.result) { + // If we didn't get anything we handle, fall back to parseFunction + return this.parseFunction(pos, mode); + } + + var func = start.result.result; + var body; + + if (func === "\\left") { + // If we see a left: + // Parse the entire left function (including the delimiter) + var left = this.parseFunction(pos, mode); + // Parse out the implicit body + body = this.parseExpression(left.position, mode, false, "}"); + // Check the next token + var rightLex = this.parseSymbol(body.position, mode); + + if (rightLex && rightLex.result.result === "\\right") { + // If it's a \right, parse the entire right function (including the delimiter) + var right = this.parseFunction(body.position, mode); + + return new ParseResult( + new ParseNode("leftright", { + body: body.result, + left: left.result.value.value, + right: right.result.value.value + }, mode), + right.position); + } else { + throw new ParseError("Missing \\right", this.lexer, body.position); + } + } else if (func === "\\right") { + // If we see a right, explicitly fail the parsing here so the \left + // handling ends the group + return null; + } else if (utils.contains(sizeFuncs, func)) { + // If we see a sizing function, parse out the implict body + body = this.parseExpression(start.result.position, mode, false, "}"); + return new ParseResult( + new ParseNode("sizing", { + // Figure out what size to use based on the list of functions above + size: "size" + (utils.indexOf(sizeFuncs, func) + 1), + value: body.result + }, mode), + body.position); + } else if (utils.contains(styleFuncs, func)) { + // If we see a styling function, parse out the implict body + body = this.parseExpression(start.result.position, mode, true, "}"); + return new ParseResult( + new ParseNode("styling", { + // Figure out what style to use by pulling out the style from + // the function name + style: func.slice(1, func.length - 5), + value: body.result + }, mode), + body.position); + } else { + // Defer to parseFunction if it's not a function we handle + return this.parseFunction(pos, mode); + } +}; + +/** + * Parses an entire function, including its base and all of its arguments + * + * @return {?ParseResult} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseFunction = function(pos, mode) { + var baseGroup = this.parseGroup(pos, mode); + + if (baseGroup) { + if (baseGroup.isFunction) { + var func = baseGroup.result.result; + var funcData = functions.funcs[func]; + if (mode === "text" && !funcData.allowedInText) { + throw new ParseError( + "Can't use function '" + func + "' in text mode", + this.lexer, baseGroup.position); + } + + var newPos = baseGroup.result.position; + var result; + + var totalArgs = funcData.numArgs + funcData.numOptionalArgs; + + if (totalArgs > 0) { + var baseGreediness = funcData.greediness; + var args = [func]; + var positions = [newPos]; + + for (var i = 0; i < totalArgs; i++) { + var argType = funcData.argTypes && funcData.argTypes[i]; + var arg; + if (i < funcData.numOptionalArgs) { + if (argType) { + arg = this.parseSpecialGroup(newPos, argType, mode, true); + } else { + arg = this.parseOptionalGroup(newPos, mode); + } + if (!arg) { + args.push(null); + positions.push(newPos); + continue; + } + } else { + if (argType) { + arg = this.parseSpecialGroup(newPos, argType, mode); + } else { + arg = this.parseGroup(newPos, mode); + } + if (!arg) { + throw new ParseError( + "Expected group after '" + baseGroup.result.result + + "'", + this.lexer, newPos); + } + } + var argNode; + if (arg.isFunction) { + var argGreediness = + functions.funcs[arg.result.result].greediness; + if (argGreediness > baseGreediness) { + argNode = this.parseFunction(newPos, mode); + } else { + throw new ParseError( + "Got function '" + arg.result.result + "' as " + + "argument to function '" + + baseGroup.result.result + "'", + this.lexer, arg.result.position - 1); + } + } else { + argNode = arg.result; + } + args.push(argNode.result); + positions.push(argNode.position); + newPos = argNode.position; + } + + args.push(positions); + + result = functions.funcs[func].handler.apply(this, args); + } else { + result = functions.funcs[func].handler.apply(this, [func]); + } + + return new ParseResult( + new ParseNode(result.type, result, mode), + newPos); + } else { + return baseGroup.result; + } + } else { + return null; + } +}; + +/** + * Parses a group when the mode is changing. Takes a position, a new mode, and + * an outer mode that is used to parse the outside. + * + * @return {?ParseFuncOrArgument} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseSpecialGroup = function(pos, mode, outerMode, optional) { + // Handle `original` argTypes + if (mode === "original") { + mode = outerMode; + } + + if (mode === "color" || mode === "size") { + // color and size modes are special because they should have braces and + // should only lex a single symbol inside + var openBrace = this.lexer.lex(pos, outerMode); + if (optional && openBrace.text !== "[") { + // optional arguments should return null if they don't exist + return null; + } + this.expect(openBrace, optional ? "[" : "{"); + var inner = this.lexer.lex(openBrace.position, mode); + var data; + if (mode === "color") { + data = inner.text; + } else { + data = inner.data; + } + var closeBrace = this.lexer.lex(inner.position, outerMode); + this.expect(closeBrace, optional ? "]" : "}"); + return new ParseFuncOrArgument( + new ParseResult( + new ParseNode(mode, data, outerMode), + closeBrace.position), + false); + } else if (mode === "text") { + // text mode is special because it should ignore the whitespace before + // it + var whitespace = this.lexer.lex(pos, "whitespace"); + pos = whitespace.position; + } + + if (optional) { + return this.parseOptionalGroup(pos, mode); + } else { + return this.parseGroup(pos, mode); + } +}; + +/** + * Parses a group, which is either a single nucleus (like "x") or an expression + * in braces (like "{x+y}") + * + * @return {?ParseFuncOrArgument} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseGroup = function(pos, mode) { + var start = this.lexer.lex(pos, mode); + // Try to parse an open brace + if (start.text === "{") { + // If we get a brace, parse an expression + var expression = this.parseExpression(start.position, mode, false, "}"); + // Make sure we get a close brace + var closeBrace = this.lexer.lex(expression.position, mode); + this.expect(closeBrace, "}"); + return new ParseFuncOrArgument( + new ParseResult( + new ParseNode("ordgroup", expression.result, mode), + closeBrace.position), + false); + } else { + // Otherwise, just return a nucleus + return this.parseSymbol(pos, mode); + } +}; + +/** + * Parses a group, which is an expression in brackets (like "[x+y]") + * + * @return {?ParseFuncOrArgument} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseOptionalGroup = function(pos, mode) { + var start = this.lexer.lex(pos, mode); + // Try to parse an open bracket + if (start.text === "[") { + // If we get a brace, parse an expression + var expression = this.parseExpression(start.position, mode, false, "]"); + // Make sure we get a close bracket + var closeBracket = this.lexer.lex(expression.position, mode); + this.expect(closeBracket, "]"); + return new ParseFuncOrArgument( + new ParseResult( + new ParseNode("ordgroup", expression.result, mode), + closeBracket.position), + false); + } else { + // Otherwise, return null, + return null; + } +}; + +/** + * Parse a single symbol out of the string. Here, we handle both the functions + * we have defined, as well as the single character symbols + * + * @return {?ParseFuncOrArgument} + */ +Parser.prototype.parseSymbol = function(pos, mode) { + var nucleus = this.lexer.lex(pos, mode); + + if (functions.funcs[nucleus.text]) { + // If there exists a function with this name, we return the function and + // say that it is a function. + return new ParseFuncOrArgument( + new ParseResult(nucleus.text, nucleus.position), + true); + } else if (symbols[mode][nucleus.text]) { + // Otherwise if this is a no-argument function, find the type it + // corresponds to in the symbols map + return new ParseFuncOrArgument( + new ParseResult( + new ParseNode(symbols[mode][nucleus.text].group, + nucleus.text, mode), + nucleus.position), + false); + } else { + return null; + } +}; + +module.exports = Parser; + +},{"./Lexer":2,"./ParseError":4,"./functions":15,"./symbols":18,"./utils":19}],6:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This is a module for storing settings passed into KaTeX. It correctly handles + * default settings. + */ + +/** + * Helper function for getting a default value if the value is undefined + */ +function get(option, defaultValue) { + return option === undefined ? defaultValue : option; +} + +/** + * The main Settings object + * + * The current options stored are: + * - displayMode: Whether the expression should be typeset by default in + * textstyle or displaystyle (default false) + */ +function Settings(options) { + // allow null options + options = options || {}; + this.displayMode = get(options.displayMode, false); +} + +module.exports = Settings; + +},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file contains information and classes for the various kinds of styles + * used in TeX. It provides a generic `Style` class, which holds information + * about a specific style. It then provides instances of all the different kinds + * of styles possible, and provides functions to move between them and get + * information about them. + */ + +/** + * The main style class. Contains a unique id for the style, a size (which is + * the same for cramped and uncramped version of a style), a cramped flag, and a + * size multiplier, which gives the size difference between a style and + * textstyle. + */ +function Style(id, size, multiplier, cramped) { + this.id = id; + this.size = size; + this.cramped = cramped; + this.sizeMultiplier = multiplier; +} + +/** + * Get the style of a superscript given a base in the current style. + */ +Style.prototype.sup = function() { + return styles[sup[this.id]]; +}; + +/** + * Get the style of a subscript given a base in the current style. + */ +Style.prototype.sub = function() { + return styles[sub[this.id]]; +}; + +/** + * Get the style of a fraction numerator given the fraction in the current + * style. + */ +Style.prototype.fracNum = function() { + return styles[fracNum[this.id]]; +}; + +/** + * Get the style of a fraction denominator given the fraction in the current + * style. + */ +Style.prototype.fracDen = function() { + return styles[fracDen[this.id]]; +}; + +/** + * Get the cramped version of a style (in particular, cramping a cramped style + * doesn't change the style). + */ +Style.prototype.cramp = function() { + return styles[cramp[this.id]]; +}; + +/** + * HTML class name, like "displaystyle cramped" + */ +Style.prototype.cls = function() { + return sizeNames[this.size] + (this.cramped ? " cramped" : " uncramped"); +}; + +/** + * HTML Reset class name, like "reset-textstyle" + */ +Style.prototype.reset = function() { + return resetNames[this.size]; +}; + +// IDs of the different styles +var D = 0; +var Dc = 1; +var T = 2; +var Tc = 3; +var S = 4; +var Sc = 5; +var SS = 6; +var SSc = 7; + +// String names for the different sizes +var sizeNames = [ + "displaystyle textstyle", + "textstyle", + "scriptstyle", + "scriptscriptstyle" +]; + +// Reset names for the different sizes +var resetNames = [ + "reset-textstyle", + "reset-textstyle", + "reset-scriptstyle", + "reset-scriptscriptstyle" +]; + +// Instances of the different styles +var styles = [ + new Style(D, 0, 1.0, false), + new Style(Dc, 0, 1.0, true), + new Style(T, 1, 1.0, false), + new Style(Tc, 1, 1.0, true), + new Style(S, 2, 0.7, false), + new Style(Sc, 2, 0.7, true), + new Style(SS, 3, 0.5, false), + new Style(SSc, 3, 0.5, true) +]; + +// Lookup tables for switching from one style to another +var sup = [S, Sc, S, Sc, SS, SSc, SS, SSc]; +var sub = [Sc, Sc, Sc, Sc, SSc, SSc, SSc, SSc]; +var fracNum = [T, Tc, S, Sc, SS, SSc, SS, SSc]; +var fracDen = [Tc, Tc, Sc, Sc, SSc, SSc, SSc, SSc]; +var cramp = [Dc, Dc, Tc, Tc, Sc, Sc, SSc, SSc]; + +// We only export some of the styles. Also, we don't export the `Style` class so +// no more styles can be generated. +module.exports = { + DISPLAY: styles[D], + TEXT: styles[T], + SCRIPT: styles[S], + SCRIPTSCRIPT: styles[SS] +}; + +},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This module contains general functions that can be used for building + * different kinds of domTree nodes in a consistent manner. + */ + +var domTree = require("./domTree"); +var fontMetrics = require("./fontMetrics"); +var symbols = require("./symbols"); + +/** + * Makes a symbolNode after translation via the list of symbols in symbols.js. + * Correctly pulls out metrics for the character, and optionally takes a list of + * classes to be attached to the node. + */ +var makeSymbol = function(value, style, mode, color, classes) { + // Replace the value with its replaced value from symbol.js + if (symbols[mode][value] && symbols[mode][value].replace) { + value = symbols[mode][value].replace; + } + + var metrics = fontMetrics.getCharacterMetrics(value, style); + + var symbolNode; + if (metrics) { + symbolNode = new domTree.symbolNode( + value, metrics.height, metrics.depth, metrics.italic, metrics.skew, + classes); + } else { + // TODO(emily): Figure out a good way to only print this in development + typeof console !== "undefined" && console.warn( + "No character metrics for '" + value + "' in style '" + + style + "'"); + symbolNode = new domTree.symbolNode(value, 0, 0, 0, 0, classes); + } + + if (color) { + symbolNode.style.color = color; + } + + return symbolNode; +}; + +/** + * Makes a symbol in the italic math font. + */ +var mathit = function(value, mode, color, classes) { + return makeSymbol( + value, "Math-Italic", mode, color, classes.concat(["mathit"])); +}; + +/** + * Makes a symbol in the upright roman font. + */ +var mathrm = function(value, mode, color, classes) { + // Decide what font to render the symbol in by its entry in the symbols + // table. + if (symbols[mode][value].font === "main") { + return makeSymbol(value, "Main-Regular", mode, color, classes); + } else { + return makeSymbol( + value, "AMS-Regular", mode, color, classes.concat(["amsrm"])); + } +}; + +/** + * Calculate the height, depth, and maxFontSize of an element based on its + * children. + */ +var sizeElementFromChildren = function(elem) { + var height = 0; + var depth = 0; + var maxFontSize = 0; + + if (elem.children) { + for (var i = 0; i < elem.children.length; i++) { + if (elem.children[i].height > height) { + height = elem.children[i].height; + } + if (elem.children[i].depth > depth) { + depth = elem.children[i].depth; + } + if (elem.children[i].maxFontSize > maxFontSize) { + maxFontSize = elem.children[i].maxFontSize; + } + } + } + + elem.height = height; + elem.depth = depth; + elem.maxFontSize = maxFontSize; +}; + +/** + * Makes a span with the given list of classes, list of children, and color. + */ +var makeSpan = function(classes, children, color) { + var span = new domTree.span(classes, children); + + sizeElementFromChildren(span); + + if (color) { + span.style.color = color; + } + + return span; +}; + +/** + * Makes a document fragment with the given list of children. + */ +var makeFragment = function(children) { + var fragment = new domTree.documentFragment(children); + + sizeElementFromChildren(fragment); + + return fragment; +}; + +/** + * Makes an element placed in each of the vlist elements to ensure that each + * element has the same max font size. To do this, we create a zero-width space + * with the correct font size. + */ +var makeFontSizer = function(options, fontSize) { + var fontSizeInner = makeSpan([], [new domTree.symbolNode("\u200b")]); + fontSizeInner.style.fontSize = (fontSize / options.style.sizeMultiplier) + "em"; + + var fontSizer = makeSpan( + ["fontsize-ensurer", "reset-" + options.size, "size5"], + [fontSizeInner]); + + return fontSizer; +}; + +/** + * Makes a vertical list by stacking elements and kerns on top of each other. + * Allows for many different ways of specifying the positioning method. + * + * Arguments: + * - children: A list of child or kern nodes to be stacked on top of each other + * (i.e. the first element will be at the bottom, and the last at + * the top). Element nodes are specified as + * {type: "elem", elem: node} + * while kern nodes are specified as + * {type: "kern", size: size} + * - positionType: The method by which the vlist should be positioned. Valid + * values are: + * - "individualShift": The children list only contains elem + * nodes, and each node contains an extra + * "shift" value of how much it should be + * shifted (note that shifting is always + * moving downwards). positionData is + * ignored. + * - "top": The positionData specifies the topmost point of + * the vlist (note this is expected to be a height, + * so positive values move up) + * - "bottom": The positionData specifies the bottommost point + * of the vlist (note this is expected to be a + * depth, so positive values move down + * - "shift": The vlist will be positioned such that its + * baseline is positionData away from the baseline + * of the first child. Positive values move + * downwards. + * - "firstBaseline": The vlist will be positioned such that + * its baseline is aligned with the + * baseline of the first child. + * positionData is ignored. (this is + * equivalent to "shift" with + * positionData=0) + * - positionData: Data used in different ways depending on positionType + * - options: An Options object + * + */ +var makeVList = function(children, positionType, positionData, options) { + var depth; + var currPos; + var i; + if (positionType === "individualShift") { + var oldChildren = children; + children = [oldChildren[0]]; + + // Add in kerns to the list of children to get each element to be + // shifted to the correct specified shift + depth = -oldChildren[0].shift - oldChildren[0].elem.depth; + currPos = depth; + for (i = 1; i < oldChildren.length; i++) { + var diff = -oldChildren[i].shift - currPos - + oldChildren[i].elem.depth; + var size = diff - + (oldChildren[i - 1].elem.height + + oldChildren[i - 1].elem.depth); + + currPos = currPos + diff; + + children.push({type: "kern", size: size}); + children.push(oldChildren[i]); + } + } else if (positionType === "top") { + // We always start at the bottom, so calculate the bottom by adding up + // all the sizes + var bottom = positionData; + for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) { + if (children[i].type === "kern") { + bottom -= children[i].size; + } else { + bottom -= children[i].elem.height + children[i].elem.depth; + } + } + depth = bottom; + } else if (positionType === "bottom") { + depth = -positionData; + } else if (positionType === "shift") { + depth = -children[0].elem.depth - positionData; + } else if (positionType === "firstBaseline") { + depth = -children[0].elem.depth; + } else { + depth = 0; + } + + // Make the fontSizer + var maxFontSize = 0; + for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) { + if (children[i].type === "elem") { + maxFontSize = Math.max(maxFontSize, children[i].elem.maxFontSize); + } + } + var fontSizer = makeFontSizer(options, maxFontSize); + + // Create a new list of actual children at the correct offsets + var realChildren = []; + currPos = depth; + for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) { + if (children[i].type === "kern") { + currPos += children[i].size; + } else { + var child = children[i].elem; + + var shift = -child.depth - currPos; + currPos += child.height + child.depth; + + var childWrap = makeSpan([], [fontSizer, child]); + childWrap.height -= shift; + childWrap.depth += shift; + childWrap.style.top = shift + "em"; + + realChildren.push(childWrap); + } + } + + // Add in an element at the end with no offset to fix the calculation of + // baselines in some browsers (namely IE, sometimes safari) + var baselineFix = makeSpan( + ["baseline-fix"], [fontSizer, new domTree.symbolNode("\u200b")]); + realChildren.push(baselineFix); + + var vlist = makeSpan(["vlist"], realChildren); + // Fix the final height and depth, in case there were kerns at the ends + // since the makeSpan calculation won't take that in to account. + vlist.height = Math.max(currPos, vlist.height); + vlist.depth = Math.max(-depth, vlist.depth); + return vlist; +}; + +// A table of size -> font size for the different sizing functions +var sizingMultiplier = { + size1: 0.5, + size2: 0.7, + size3: 0.8, + size4: 0.9, + size5: 1.0, + size6: 1.2, + size7: 1.44, + size8: 1.73, + size9: 2.07, + size10: 2.49 +}; + +// A map of spacing functions to their attributes, like size and corresponding +// CSS class +var spacingFunctions = { + "\\qquad": { + size: "2em", + className: "qquad" + }, + "\\quad": { + size: "1em", + className: "quad" + }, + "\\enspace": { + size: "0.5em", + className: "enspace" + }, + "\\;": { + size: "0.277778em", + className: "thickspace" + }, + "\\:": { + size: "0.22222em", + className: "mediumspace" + }, + "\\,": { + size: "0.16667em", + className: "thinspace" + }, + "\\!": { + size: "-0.16667em", + className: "negativethinspace" + } +}; + +module.exports = { + makeSymbol: makeSymbol, + mathit: mathit, + mathrm: mathrm, + makeSpan: makeSpan, + makeFragment: makeFragment, + makeVList: makeVList, + sizingMultiplier: sizingMultiplier, + spacingFunctions: spacingFunctions +}; + +},{"./domTree":13,"./fontMetrics":14,"./symbols":18}],9:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file does the main work of building a domTree structure from a parse + * tree. The entry point is the `buildHTML` function, which takes a parse tree. + * Then, the buildExpression, buildGroup, and various groupTypes functions are + * called, to produce a final HTML tree. + */ + +var Options = require("./Options"); +var ParseError = require("./ParseError"); +var Style = require("./Style"); + +var buildCommon = require("./buildCommon"); +var delimiter = require("./delimiter"); +var domTree = require("./domTree"); +var fontMetrics = require("./fontMetrics"); +var utils = require("./utils"); + +var makeSpan = buildCommon.makeSpan; + +/** + * Take a list of nodes, build them in order, and return a list of the built + * nodes. This function handles the `prev` node correctly, and passes the + * previous element from the list as the prev of the next element. + */ +var buildExpression = function(expression, options, prev) { + var groups = []; + for (var i = 0; i < expression.length; i++) { + var group = expression[i]; + groups.push(buildGroup(group, options, prev)); + prev = group; + } + return groups; +}; + +// List of types used by getTypeOfGroup +var groupToType = { + mathord: "mord", + textord: "mord", + bin: "mbin", + rel: "mrel", + text: "mord", + open: "mopen", + close: "mclose", + inner: "minner", + genfrac: "minner", + spacing: "mord", + punct: "mpunct", + ordgroup: "mord", + op: "mop", + katex: "mord", + overline: "mord", + rule: "mord", + leftright: "minner", + sqrt: "mord", + accent: "mord" +}; + +/** + * Gets the final math type of an expression, given its group type. This type is + * used to determine spacing between elements, and affects bin elements by + * causing them to change depending on what types are around them. This type + * must be attached to the outermost node of an element as a CSS class so that + * spacing with its surrounding elements works correctly. + * + * Some elements can be mapped one-to-one from group type to math type, and + * those are listed in the `groupToType` table. + * + * Others (usually elements that wrap around other elements) often have + * recursive definitions, and thus call `getTypeOfGroup` on their inner + * elements. + */ +var getTypeOfGroup = function(group) { + if (group == null) { + // Like when typesetting $^3$ + return groupToType.mathord; + } else if (group.type === "supsub") { + return getTypeOfGroup(group.value.base); + } else if (group.type === "llap" || group.type === "rlap") { + return getTypeOfGroup(group.value); + } else if (group.type === "color") { + return getTypeOfGroup(group.value.value); + } else if (group.type === "sizing") { + return getTypeOfGroup(group.value.value); + } else if (group.type === "styling") { + return getTypeOfGroup(group.value.value); + } else if (group.type === "delimsizing") { + return groupToType[group.value.delimType]; + } else { + return groupToType[group.type]; + } +}; + +/** + * Sometimes, groups perform special rules when they have superscripts or + * subscripts attached to them. This function lets the `supsub` group know that + * its inner element should handle the superscripts and subscripts instead of + * handling them itself. + */ +var shouldHandleSupSub = function(group, options) { + if (!group) { + return false; + } else if (group.type === "op") { + // Operators handle supsubs differently when they have limits + // (e.g. `\displaystyle\sum_2^3`) + return group.value.limits && options.style.size === Style.DISPLAY.size; + } else if (group.type === "accent") { + return isCharacterBox(group.value.base); + } else { + return null; + } +}; + +/** + * Sometimes we want to pull out the innermost element of a group. In most + * cases, this will just be the group itself, but when ordgroups and colors have + * a single element, we want to pull that out. + */ +var getBaseElem = function(group) { + if (!group) { + return false; + } else if (group.type === "ordgroup") { + if (group.value.length === 1) { + return getBaseElem(group.value[0]); + } else { + return group; + } + } else if (group.type === "color") { + if (group.value.value.length === 1) { + return getBaseElem(group.value.value[0]); + } else { + return group; + } + } else { + return group; + } +}; + +/** + * TeXbook algorithms often reference "character boxes", which are simply groups + * with a single character in them. To decide if something is a character box, + * we find its innermost group, and see if it is a single character. + */ +var isCharacterBox = function(group) { + var baseElem = getBaseElem(group); + + // These are all they types of groups which hold single characters + return baseElem.type === "mathord" || + baseElem.type === "textord" || + baseElem.type === "bin" || + baseElem.type === "rel" || + baseElem.type === "inner" || + baseElem.type === "open" || + baseElem.type === "close" || + baseElem.type === "punct"; +}; + +/** + * This is a map of group types to the function used to handle that type. + * Simpler types come at the beginning, while complicated types come afterwards. + */ +var groupTypes = { + mathord: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathit( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["mord"]); + }, + + textord: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["mord"]); + }, + + bin: function(group, options, prev) { + var className = "mbin"; + // Pull out the most recent element. Do some special handling to find + // things at the end of a \color group. Note that we don't use the same + // logic for ordgroups (which count as ords). + var prevAtom = prev; + while (prevAtom && prevAtom.type == "color") { + var atoms = prevAtom.value.value; + prevAtom = atoms[atoms.length - 1]; + } + // See TeXbook pg. 442-446, Rules 5 and 6, and the text before Rule 19. + // Here, we determine whether the bin should turn into an ord. We + // currently only apply Rule 5. + if (!prev || utils.contains(["mbin", "mopen", "mrel", "mop", "mpunct"], + getTypeOfGroup(prevAtom))) { + group.type = "textord"; + className = "mord"; + } + + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), [className]); + }, + + rel: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["mrel"]); + }, + + open: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["mopen"]); + }, + + close: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["mclose"]); + }, + + inner: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["minner"]); + }, + + punct: function(group, options, prev) { + return buildCommon.mathrm( + group.value, group.mode, options.getColor(), ["mpunct"]); + }, + + ordgroup: function(group, options, prev) { + return makeSpan( + ["mord", options.style.cls()], + buildExpression(group.value, options.reset()) + ); + }, + + text: function(group, options, prev) { + return makeSpan(["text", "mord", options.style.cls()], + buildExpression(group.value.body, options.reset())); + }, + + color: function(group, options, prev) { + var elements = buildExpression( + group.value.value, + options.withColor(group.value.color), + prev + ); + + // \color isn't supposed to affect the type of the elements it contains. + // To accomplish this, we wrap the results in a fragment, so the inner + // elements will be able to directly interact with their neighbors. For + // example, `\color{red}{2 +} 3` has the same spacing as `2 + 3` + return new buildCommon.makeFragment(elements); + }, + + supsub: function(group, options, prev) { + // Superscript and subscripts are handled in the TeXbook on page + // 445-446, rules 18(a-f). + + // Here is where we defer to the inner group if it should handle + // superscripts and subscripts itself. + if (shouldHandleSupSub(group.value.base, options)) { + return groupTypes[group.value.base.type](group, options, prev); + } + + var base = buildGroup(group.value.base, options.reset()); + var supmid, submid, sup, sub; + + if (group.value.sup) { + sup = buildGroup(group.value.sup, + options.withStyle(options.style.sup())); + supmid = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), options.style.sup().cls()], [sup]); + } + + if (group.value.sub) { + sub = buildGroup(group.value.sub, + options.withStyle(options.style.sub())); + submid = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), options.style.sub().cls()], [sub]); + } + + // Rule 18a + var supShift, subShift; + if (isCharacterBox(group.value.base)) { + supShift = 0; + subShift = 0; + } else { + supShift = base.height - fontMetrics.metrics.supDrop; + subShift = base.depth + fontMetrics.metrics.subDrop; + } + + // Rule 18c + var minSupShift; + if (options.style === Style.DISPLAY) { + minSupShift = fontMetrics.metrics.sup1; + } else if (options.style.cramped) { + minSupShift = fontMetrics.metrics.sup3; + } else { + minSupShift = fontMetrics.metrics.sup2; + } + + // scriptspace is a font-size-independent size, so scale it + // appropriately + var multiplier = Style.TEXT.sizeMultiplier * + options.style.sizeMultiplier; + var scriptspace = + (0.5 / fontMetrics.metrics.ptPerEm) / multiplier + "em"; + + var supsub; + if (!group.value.sup) { + // Rule 18b + subShift = Math.max( + subShift, fontMetrics.metrics.sub1, + sub.height - 0.8 * fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight); + + supsub = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: submid} + ], "shift", subShift, options); + + supsub.children[0].style.marginRight = scriptspace; + + // Subscripts shouldn't be shifted by the base's italic correction. + // Account for that by shifting the subscript back the appropriate + // amount. Note we only do this when the base is a single symbol. + if (base instanceof domTree.symbolNode) { + supsub.children[0].style.marginLeft = -base.italic + "em"; + } + } else if (!group.value.sub) { + // Rule 18c, d + supShift = Math.max(supShift, minSupShift, + sup.depth + 0.25 * fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight); + + supsub = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: supmid} + ], "shift", -supShift, options); + + supsub.children[0].style.marginRight = scriptspace; + } else { + supShift = Math.max( + supShift, minSupShift, + sup.depth + 0.25 * fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight); + subShift = Math.max(subShift, fontMetrics.metrics.sub2); + + var ruleWidth = fontMetrics.metrics.defaultRuleThickness; + + // Rule 18e + if ((supShift - sup.depth) - (sub.height - subShift) < + 4 * ruleWidth) { + subShift = 4 * ruleWidth - (supShift - sup.depth) + sub.height; + var psi = 0.8 * fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight - + (supShift - sup.depth); + if (psi > 0) { + supShift += psi; + subShift -= psi; + } + } + + supsub = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: submid, shift: subShift}, + {type: "elem", elem: supmid, shift: -supShift} + ], "individualShift", null, options); + + // See comment above about subscripts not being shifted + if (base instanceof domTree.symbolNode) { + supsub.children[0].style.marginLeft = -base.italic + "em"; + } + + supsub.children[0].style.marginRight = scriptspace; + supsub.children[1].style.marginRight = scriptspace; + } + + return makeSpan([getTypeOfGroup(group.value.base)], + [base, supsub]); + }, + + genfrac: function(group, options, prev) { + // Fractions are handled in the TeXbook on pages 444-445, rules 15(a-e). + // Figure out what style this fraction should be in based on the + // function used + var fstyle = options.style; + if (group.value.size === "display") { + fstyle = Style.DISPLAY; + } else if (group.value.size === "text") { + fstyle = Style.TEXT; + } + + var nstyle = fstyle.fracNum(); + var dstyle = fstyle.fracDen(); + + var numer = buildGroup(group.value.numer, options.withStyle(nstyle)); + var numerreset = makeSpan([fstyle.reset(), nstyle.cls()], [numer]); + + var denom = buildGroup(group.value.denom, options.withStyle(dstyle)); + var denomreset = makeSpan([fstyle.reset(), dstyle.cls()], [denom]); + + var ruleWidth; + if (group.value.hasBarLine) { + ruleWidth = fontMetrics.metrics.defaultRuleThickness / + options.style.sizeMultiplier; + } else { + ruleWidth = 0; + } + + // Rule 15b + var numShift; + var clearance; + var denomShift; + if (fstyle.size === Style.DISPLAY.size) { + numShift = fontMetrics.metrics.num1; + if (ruleWidth > 0) { + clearance = 3 * ruleWidth; + } else { + clearance = 7 * fontMetrics.metrics.defaultRuleThickness; + } + denomShift = fontMetrics.metrics.denom1; + } else { + if (ruleWidth > 0) { + numShift = fontMetrics.metrics.num2; + clearance = ruleWidth; + } else { + numShift = fontMetrics.metrics.num3; + clearance = 3 * fontMetrics.metrics.defaultRuleThickness; + } + denomShift = fontMetrics.metrics.denom2; + } + + var frac; + if (ruleWidth === 0) { + // Rule 15c + var candiateClearance = + (numShift - numer.depth) - (denom.height - denomShift); + if (candiateClearance < clearance) { + numShift += 0.5 * (clearance - candiateClearance); + denomShift += 0.5 * (clearance - candiateClearance); + } + + frac = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: denomreset, shift: denomShift}, + {type: "elem", elem: numerreset, shift: -numShift} + ], "individualShift", null, options); + } else { + // Rule 15d + var axisHeight = fontMetrics.metrics.axisHeight; + + if ((numShift - numer.depth) - (axisHeight + 0.5 * ruleWidth) + < clearance) { + numShift += + clearance - ((numShift - numer.depth) - + (axisHeight + 0.5 * ruleWidth)); + } + + if ((axisHeight - 0.5 * ruleWidth) - (denom.height - denomShift) + < clearance) { + denomShift += + clearance - ((axisHeight - 0.5 * ruleWidth) - + (denom.height - denomShift)); + } + + var mid = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), Style.TEXT.cls(), "frac-line"]); + // Manually set the height of the line because its height is + // created in CSS + mid.height = ruleWidth; + + var midShift = -(axisHeight - 0.5 * ruleWidth); + + frac = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: denomreset, shift: denomShift}, + {type: "elem", elem: mid, shift: midShift}, + {type: "elem", elem: numerreset, shift: -numShift} + ], "individualShift", null, options); + } + + // Since we manually change the style sometimes (with \dfrac or \tfrac), + // account for the possible size change here. + frac.height *= fstyle.sizeMultiplier / options.style.sizeMultiplier; + frac.depth *= fstyle.sizeMultiplier / options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + // Rule 15e + var innerChildren = [makeSpan(["mfrac"], [frac])]; + + var delimSize; + if (fstyle.size === Style.DISPLAY.size) { + delimSize = fontMetrics.metrics.delim1; + } else { + delimSize = fontMetrics.metrics.getDelim2(fstyle); + } + + if (group.value.leftDelim != null) { + innerChildren.unshift( + delimiter.customSizedDelim( + group.value.leftDelim, delimSize, true, + options.withStyle(fstyle), group.mode) + ); + } + if (group.value.rightDelim != null) { + innerChildren.push( + delimiter.customSizedDelim( + group.value.rightDelim, delimSize, true, + options.withStyle(fstyle), group.mode) + ); + } + + return makeSpan( + ["minner", options.style.reset(), fstyle.cls()], + innerChildren, + options.getColor()); + }, + + spacing: function(group, options, prev) { + if (group.value === "\\ " || group.value === "\\space" || + group.value === " " || group.value === "~") { + // Spaces are generated by adding an actual space. Each of these + // things has an entry in the symbols table, so these will be turned + // into appropriate outputs. + return makeSpan( + ["mord", "mspace"], + [buildCommon.mathrm(group.value, group.mode)] + ); + } else { + // Other kinds of spaces are of arbitrary width. We use CSS to + // generate these. + return makeSpan( + ["mord", "mspace", + buildCommon.spacingFunctions[group.value].className]); + } + }, + + llap: function(group, options, prev) { + var inner = makeSpan( + ["inner"], [buildGroup(group.value.body, options.reset())]); + var fix = makeSpan(["fix"], []); + return makeSpan( + ["llap", options.style.cls()], [inner, fix]); + }, + + rlap: function(group, options, prev) { + var inner = makeSpan( + ["inner"], [buildGroup(group.value.body, options.reset())]); + var fix = makeSpan(["fix"], []); + return makeSpan( + ["rlap", options.style.cls()], [inner, fix]); + }, + + op: function(group, options, prev) { + // Operators are handled in the TeXbook pg. 443-444, rule 13(a). + var supGroup; + var subGroup; + var hasLimits = false; + if (group.type === "supsub" ) { + // If we have limits, supsub will pass us its group to handle. Pull + // out the superscript and subscript and set the group to the op in + // its base. + supGroup = group.value.sup; + subGroup = group.value.sub; + group = group.value.base; + hasLimits = true; + } + + // Most operators have a large successor symbol, but these don't. + var noSuccessor = [ + "\\smallint" + ]; + + var large = false; + if (options.style.size === Style.DISPLAY.size && + group.value.symbol && + !utils.contains(noSuccessor, group.value.body)) { + + // Most symbol operators get larger in displaystyle (rule 13) + large = true; + } + + var base; + var baseShift = 0; + var slant = 0; + if (group.value.symbol) { + // If this is a symbol, create the symbol. + var style = large ? "Size2-Regular" : "Size1-Regular"; + base = buildCommon.makeSymbol( + group.value.body, style, "math", options.getColor(), + ["op-symbol", large ? "large-op" : "small-op", "mop"]); + + // Shift the symbol so its center lies on the axis (rule 13). It + // appears that our fonts have the centers of the symbols already + // almost on the axis, so these numbers are very small. Note we + // don't actually apply this here, but instead it is used either in + // the vlist creation or separately when there are no limits. + baseShift = (base.height - base.depth) / 2 - + fontMetrics.metrics.axisHeight * + options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + // The slant of the symbol is just its italic correction. + slant = base.italic; + } else { + // Otherwise, this is a text operator. Build the text from the + // operator's name. + // TODO(emily): Add a space in the middle of some of these + // operators, like \limsup + var output = []; + for (var i = 1; i < group.value.body.length; i++) { + output.push(buildCommon.mathrm(group.value.body[i], group.mode)); + } + base = makeSpan(["mop"], output, options.getColor()); + } + + if (hasLimits) { + // IE 8 clips \int if it is in a display: inline-block. We wrap it + // in a new span so it is an inline, and works. + base = makeSpan([], [base]); + + var supmid, supKern, submid, subKern; + // We manually have to handle the superscripts and subscripts. This, + // aside from the kern calculations, is copied from supsub. + if (supGroup) { + var sup = buildGroup( + supGroup, options.withStyle(options.style.sup())); + supmid = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), options.style.sup().cls()], [sup]); + + supKern = Math.max( + fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing1, + fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing3 - sup.depth); + } + + if (subGroup) { + var sub = buildGroup( + subGroup, options.withStyle(options.style.sub())); + submid = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), options.style.sub().cls()], + [sub]); + + subKern = Math.max( + fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing2, + fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing4 - sub.height); + } + + // Build the final group as a vlist of the possible subscript, base, + // and possible superscript. + var finalGroup, top, bottom; + if (!supGroup) { + top = base.height - baseShift; + + finalGroup = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "kern", size: fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing5}, + {type: "elem", elem: submid}, + {type: "kern", size: subKern}, + {type: "elem", elem: base} + ], "top", top, options); + + // Here, we shift the limits by the slant of the symbol. Note + // that we are supposed to shift the limits by 1/2 of the slant, + // but since we are centering the limits adding a full slant of + // margin will shift by 1/2 that. + finalGroup.children[0].style.marginLeft = -slant + "em"; + } else if (!subGroup) { + bottom = base.depth + baseShift; + + finalGroup = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: base}, + {type: "kern", size: supKern}, + {type: "elem", elem: supmid}, + {type: "kern", size: fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing5} + ], "bottom", bottom, options); + + // See comment above about slants + finalGroup.children[1].style.marginLeft = slant + "em"; + } else if (!supGroup && !subGroup) { + // This case probably shouldn't occur (this would mean the + // supsub was sending us a group with no superscript or + // subscript) but be safe. + return base; + } else { + bottom = fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing5 + + submid.height + submid.depth + + subKern + + base.depth + baseShift; + + finalGroup = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "kern", size: fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing5}, + {type: "elem", elem: submid}, + {type: "kern", size: subKern}, + {type: "elem", elem: base}, + {type: "kern", size: supKern}, + {type: "elem", elem: supmid}, + {type: "kern", size: fontMetrics.metrics.bigOpSpacing5} + ], "bottom", bottom, options); + + // See comment above about slants + finalGroup.children[0].style.marginLeft = -slant + "em"; + finalGroup.children[2].style.marginLeft = slant + "em"; + } + + return makeSpan(["mop", "op-limits"], [finalGroup]); + } else { + if (group.value.symbol) { + base.style.top = baseShift + "em"; + } + + return base; + } + }, + + katex: function(group, options, prev) { + // The KaTeX logo. The offsets for the K and a were chosen to look + // good, but the offsets for the T, E, and X were taken from the + // definition of \TeX in TeX (see TeXbook pg. 356) + var k = makeSpan( + ["k"], [buildCommon.mathrm("K", group.mode)]); + var a = makeSpan( + ["a"], [buildCommon.mathrm("A", group.mode)]); + + a.height = (a.height + 0.2) * 0.75; + a.depth = (a.height - 0.2) * 0.75; + + var t = makeSpan( + ["t"], [buildCommon.mathrm("T", group.mode)]); + var e = makeSpan( + ["e"], [buildCommon.mathrm("E", group.mode)]); + + e.height = (e.height - 0.2155); + e.depth = (e.depth + 0.2155); + + var x = makeSpan( + ["x"], [buildCommon.mathrm("X", group.mode)]); + + return makeSpan( + ["katex-logo"], [k, a, t, e, x], options.getColor()); + }, + + overline: function(group, options, prev) { + // Overlines are handled in the TeXbook pg 443, Rule 9. + + // Build the inner group in the cramped style. + var innerGroup = buildGroup(group.value.body, + options.withStyle(options.style.cramp())); + + var ruleWidth = fontMetrics.metrics.defaultRuleThickness / + options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + // Create the line above the body + var line = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), Style.TEXT.cls(), "overline-line"]); + line.height = ruleWidth; + line.maxFontSize = 1.0; + + // Generate the vlist, with the appropriate kerns + var vlist = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: innerGroup}, + {type: "kern", size: 3 * ruleWidth}, + {type: "elem", elem: line}, + {type: "kern", size: ruleWidth} + ], "firstBaseline", null, options); + + return makeSpan(["overline", "mord"], [vlist], options.getColor()); + }, + + sqrt: function(group, options, prev) { + // Square roots are handled in the TeXbook pg. 443, Rule 11. + + // First, we do the same steps as in overline to build the inner group + // and line + var inner = buildGroup(group.value.body, + options.withStyle(options.style.cramp())); + + var ruleWidth = fontMetrics.metrics.defaultRuleThickness / + options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + var line = makeSpan( + [options.style.reset(), Style.TEXT.cls(), "sqrt-line"], [], + options.getColor()); + line.height = ruleWidth; + line.maxFontSize = 1.0; + + var phi = ruleWidth; + if (options.style.id < Style.TEXT.id) { + phi = fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight; + } + + // Calculate the clearance between the body and line + var lineClearance = ruleWidth + phi / 4; + + var innerHeight = + (inner.height + inner.depth) * options.style.sizeMultiplier; + var minDelimiterHeight = innerHeight + lineClearance + ruleWidth; + + // Create a \surd delimiter of the required minimum size + var delim = makeSpan(["sqrt-sign"], [ + delimiter.customSizedDelim("\\surd", minDelimiterHeight, + false, options, group.mode)], + options.getColor()); + + var delimDepth = (delim.height + delim.depth) - ruleWidth; + + // Adjust the clearance based on the delimiter size + if (delimDepth > inner.height + inner.depth + lineClearance) { + lineClearance = + (lineClearance + delimDepth - inner.height - inner.depth) / 2; + } + + // Shift the delimiter so that its top lines up with the top of the line + var delimShift = -(inner.height + lineClearance + ruleWidth) + delim.height; + delim.style.top = delimShift + "em"; + delim.height -= delimShift; + delim.depth += delimShift; + + // We add a special case here, because even when `inner` is empty, we + // still get a line. So, we use a simple heuristic to decide if we + // should omit the body entirely. (note this doesn't work for something + // like `\sqrt{\rlap{x}}`, but if someone is doing that they deserve for + // it not to work. + var body; + if (inner.height === 0 && inner.depth === 0) { + body = makeSpan(); + } else { + body = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: inner}, + {type: "kern", size: lineClearance}, + {type: "elem", elem: line}, + {type: "kern", size: ruleWidth} + ], "firstBaseline", null, options); + } + + return makeSpan(["sqrt", "mord"], [delim, body]); + }, + + sizing: function(group, options, prev) { + // Handle sizing operators like \Huge. Real TeX doesn't actually allow + // these functions inside of math expressions, so we do some special + // handling. + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.value, + options.withSize(group.value.size), prev); + + var span = makeSpan(["mord"], + [makeSpan(["sizing", "reset-" + options.size, group.value.size, + options.style.cls()], + inner)]); + + // Calculate the correct maxFontSize manually + var fontSize = buildCommon.sizingMultiplier[group.value.size]; + span.maxFontSize = fontSize * options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + return span; + }, + + styling: function(group, options, prev) { + // Style changes are handled in the TeXbook on pg. 442, Rule 3. + + // Figure out what style we're changing to. + var style = { + "display": Style.DISPLAY, + "text": Style.TEXT, + "script": Style.SCRIPT, + "scriptscript": Style.SCRIPTSCRIPT + }; + + var newStyle = style[group.value.style]; + + // Build the inner expression in the new style. + var inner = buildExpression( + group.value.value, options.withStyle(newStyle), prev); + + return makeSpan([options.style.reset(), newStyle.cls()], inner); + }, + + delimsizing: function(group, options, prev) { + var delim = group.value.value; + + if (delim === ".") { + // Empty delimiters still count as elements, even though they don't + // show anything. + return makeSpan([groupToType[group.value.delimType]]); + } + + // Use delimiter.sizedDelim to generate the delimiter. + return makeSpan( + [groupToType[group.value.delimType]], + [delimiter.sizedDelim( + delim, group.value.size, options, group.mode)]); + }, + + leftright: function(group, options, prev) { + // Build the inner expression + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.body, options.reset()); + + var innerHeight = 0; + var innerDepth = 0; + + // Calculate its height and depth + for (var i = 0; i < inner.length; i++) { + innerHeight = Math.max(inner[i].height, innerHeight); + innerDepth = Math.max(inner[i].depth, innerDepth); + } + + // The size of delimiters is the same, regardless of what style we are + // in. Thus, to correctly calculate the size of delimiter we need around + // a group, we scale down the inner size based on the size. + innerHeight *= options.style.sizeMultiplier; + innerDepth *= options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + var leftDelim; + if (group.value.left === ".") { + // Empty delimiters in \left and \right make null delimiter spaces. + leftDelim = makeSpan(["nulldelimiter"]); + } else { + // Otherwise, use leftRightDelim to generate the correct sized + // delimiter. + leftDelim = delimiter.leftRightDelim( + group.value.left, innerHeight, innerDepth, options, + group.mode); + } + // Add it to the beginning of the expression + inner.unshift(leftDelim); + + var rightDelim; + // Same for the right delimiter + if (group.value.right === ".") { + rightDelim = makeSpan(["nulldelimiter"]); + } else { + rightDelim = delimiter.leftRightDelim( + group.value.right, innerHeight, innerDepth, options, + group.mode); + } + // Add it to the end of the expression. + inner.push(rightDelim); + + return makeSpan( + ["minner", options.style.cls()], inner, options.getColor()); + }, + + rule: function(group, options, prev) { + // Make an empty span for the rule + var rule = makeSpan(["mord", "rule"], [], options.getColor()); + + // Calculate the shift, width, and height of the rule, and account for units + var shift = 0; + if (group.value.shift) { + shift = group.value.shift.number; + if (group.value.shift.unit === "ex") { + shift *= fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight; + } + } + + var width = group.value.width.number; + if (group.value.width.unit === "ex") { + width *= fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight; + } + + var height = group.value.height.number; + if (group.value.height.unit === "ex") { + height *= fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight; + } + + // The sizes of rules are absolute, so make it larger if we are in a + // smaller style. + shift /= options.style.sizeMultiplier; + width /= options.style.sizeMultiplier; + height /= options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + // Style the rule to the right size + rule.style.borderRightWidth = width + "em"; + rule.style.borderTopWidth = height + "em"; + rule.style.bottom = shift + "em"; + + // Record the height and width + rule.width = width; + rule.height = height + shift; + rule.depth = -shift; + + return rule; + }, + + accent: function(group, options, prev) { + // Accents are handled in the TeXbook pg. 443, rule 12. + var base = group.value.base; + + var supsubGroup; + if (group.type === "supsub") { + // If our base is a character box, and we have superscripts and + // subscripts, the supsub will defer to us. In particular, we want + // to attach the superscripts and subscripts to the inner body (so + // that the position of the superscripts and subscripts won't be + // affected by the height of the accent). We accomplish this by + // sticking the base of the accent into the base of the supsub, and + // rendering that, while keeping track of where the accent is. + + // The supsub group is the group that was passed in + var supsub = group; + // The real accent group is the base of the supsub group + group = supsub.value.base; + // The character box is the base of the accent group + base = group.value.base; + // Stick the character box into the base of the supsub group + supsub.value.base = base; + + // Rerender the supsub group with its new base, and store that + // result. + supsubGroup = buildGroup( + supsub, options.reset(), prev); + } + + // Build the base group + var body = buildGroup( + base, options.withStyle(options.style.cramp())); + + // Calculate the skew of the accent. This is based on the line "If the + // nucleus is not a single character, let s = 0; otherwise set s to the + // kern amount for the nucleus followed by the \skewchar of its font." + // Note that our skew metrics are just the kern between each character + // and the skewchar. + var skew; + if (isCharacterBox(base)) { + // If the base is a character box, then we want the skew of the + // innermost character. To do that, we find the innermost character: + var baseChar = getBaseElem(base); + // Then, we render its group to get the symbol inside it + var baseGroup = buildGroup( + baseChar, options.withStyle(options.style.cramp())); + // Finally, we pull the skew off of the symbol. + skew = baseGroup.skew; + // Note that we now throw away baseGroup, because the layers we + // removed with getBaseElem might contain things like \color which + // we can't get rid of. + // TODO(emily): Find a better way to get the skew + } else { + skew = 0; + } + + // calculate the amount of space between the body and the accent + var clearance = Math.min(body.height, fontMetrics.metrics.xHeight); + + // Build the accent + var accent = buildCommon.makeSymbol( + group.value.accent, "Main-Regular", "math", options.getColor()); + // Remove the italic correction of the accent, because it only serves to + // shift the accent over to a place we don't want. + accent.italic = 0; + + // The \vec character that the fonts use is a combining character, and + // thus shows up much too far to the left. To account for this, we add a + // specific class which shifts the accent over to where we want it. + // TODO(emily): Fix this in a better way, like by changing the font + var vecClass = group.value.accent === "\\vec" ? "accent-vec" : null; + + var accentBody = makeSpan(["accent-body", vecClass], [ + makeSpan([], [accent])]); + + accentBody = buildCommon.makeVList([ + {type: "elem", elem: body}, + {type: "kern", size: -clearance}, + {type: "elem", elem: accentBody} + ], "firstBaseline", null, options); + + // Shift the accent over by the skew. Note we shift by twice the skew + // because we are centering the accent, so by adding 2*skew to the left, + // we shift it to the right by 1*skew. + accentBody.children[1].style.marginLeft = 2 * skew + "em"; + + var accentWrap = makeSpan(["mord", "accent"], [accentBody]); + + if (supsubGroup) { + // Here, we replace the "base" child of the supsub with our newly + // generated accent. + supsubGroup.children[0] = accentWrap; + + // Since we don't rerun the height calculation after replacing the + // accent, we manually recalculate height. + supsubGroup.height = Math.max(accentWrap.height, supsubGroup.height); + + // Accents should always be ords, even when their innards are not. + supsubGroup.classes[0] = "mord"; + + return supsubGroup; + } else { + return accentWrap; + } + } +}; + +/** + * buildGroup is the function that takes a group and calls the correct groupType + * function for it. It also handles the interaction of size and style changes + * between parents and children. + */ +var buildGroup = function(group, options, prev) { + if (!group) { + return makeSpan(); + } + + if (groupTypes[group.type]) { + // Call the groupTypes function + var groupNode = groupTypes[group.type](group, options, prev); + var multiplier; + + // If the style changed between the parent and the current group, + // account for the size difference + if (options.style !== options.parentStyle) { + multiplier = options.style.sizeMultiplier / + options.parentStyle.sizeMultiplier; + + groupNode.height *= multiplier; + groupNode.depth *= multiplier; + } + + // If the size changed between the parent and the current group, account + // for that size difference. + if (options.size !== options.parentSize) { + multiplier = buildCommon.sizingMultiplier[options.size] / + buildCommon.sizingMultiplier[options.parentSize]; + + groupNode.height *= multiplier; + groupNode.depth *= multiplier; + } + + return groupNode; + } else { + throw new ParseError( + "Got group of unknown type: '" + group.type + "'"); + } +}; + +/** + * Take an entire parse tree, and build it into an appropriate set of HTML + * nodes. + */ +var buildHTML = function(tree, settings) { + var startStyle = Style.TEXT; + if (settings.displayMode) { + startStyle = Style.DISPLAY; + } + + // Setup the default options + var options = new Options(startStyle, "size5", ""); + + // Build the expression contained in the tree + var expression = buildExpression(tree, options); + var body = makeSpan(["base", options.style.cls()], expression); + + // Add struts, which ensure that the top of the HTML element falls at the + // height of the expression, and the bottom of the HTML element falls at the + // depth of the expression. + var topStrut = makeSpan(["strut"]); + var bottomStrut = makeSpan(["strut", "bottom"]); + + topStrut.style.height = body.height + "em"; + bottomStrut.style.height = (body.height + body.depth) + "em"; + // We'd like to use `vertical-align: top` but in IE 9 this lowers the + // baseline of the box to the bottom of this strut (instead staying in the + // normal place) so we use an absolute value for vertical-align instead + bottomStrut.style.verticalAlign = -body.depth + "em"; + + // Wrap the struts and body together + var htmlNode = makeSpan(["katex-html"], [topStrut, bottomStrut, body]); + + htmlNode.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true"); + + return htmlNode; +}; + +module.exports = buildHTML; + +},{"./Options":3,"./ParseError":4,"./Style":7,"./buildCommon":8,"./delimiter":12,"./domTree":13,"./fontMetrics":14,"./utils":19}],10:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file converts a parse tree into a cooresponding MathML tree. The main + * entry point is the `buildMathML` function, which takes a parse tree from the + * parser. + */ + +var buildCommon = require("./buildCommon"); +var mathMLTree = require("./mathMLTree"); +var ParseError = require("./ParseError"); +var symbols = require("./symbols"); + +var makeSpan = buildCommon.makeSpan; + +/** + * Takes a symbol and converts it into a MathML text node after performing + * optional replacement from symbols.js. + */ +var makeText = function(text, mode) { + if (symbols[mode][text] && symbols[mode][text].replace) { + text = symbols[mode][text].replace; + } + + return new mathMLTree.TextNode(text); +}; + +/** + * Functions for handling the different types of groups found in the parse + * tree. Each function should take a parse group and return a MathML node. + */ +var groupTypes = { + mathord: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mi", + [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + return node; + }, + + textord: function(group) { + var text = makeText(group.value, group.mode); + + var node; + if (/[0-9]/.test(group.value)) { + node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mn", [text]); + } else { + node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mi", [text]); + node.setAttribute("mathvariant", "normal"); + } + + return node; + }, + + bin: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + return node; + }, + + rel: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + return node; + }, + + open: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + return node; + }, + + close: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + return node; + }, + + inner: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + return node; + }, + + punct: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value, group.mode)]); + + node.setAttribute("separator", "true"); + + return node; + }, + + ordgroup: function(group) { + var inner = buildExpression(group.value); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mrow", inner); + + return node; + }, + + text: function(group) { + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.body); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mtext", inner); + + return node; + }, + + color: function(group) { + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.value); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mstyle", inner); + + node.setAttribute("mathcolor", group.value.color); + + return node; + }, + + supsub: function(group) { + var children = [buildGroup(group.value.base)]; + + if (group.value.sub) { + children.push(buildGroup(group.value.sub)); + } + + if (group.value.sup) { + children.push(buildGroup(group.value.sup)); + } + + var nodeType; + if (!group.value.sub) { + nodeType = "msup"; + } else if (!group.value.sup) { + nodeType = "msub"; + } else { + nodeType = "msubsup"; + } + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode(nodeType, children); + + return node; + }, + + genfrac: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mfrac", + [buildGroup(group.value.numer), + buildGroup(group.value.denom)]); + + if (!group.value.hasBarLine) { + node.setAttribute("linethickness", "0px"); + } + + if (group.value.leftDelim != null || group.value.rightDelim != null) { + var withDelims = []; + + if (group.value.leftDelim != null) { + var leftOp = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [new mathMLTree.TextNode(group.value.leftDelim)]); + + leftOp.setAttribute("fence", "true"); + + withDelims.push(leftOp); + } + + withDelims.push(node); + + if (group.value.rightDelim != null) { + var rightOp = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [new mathMLTree.TextNode(group.value.rightDelim)]); + + rightOp.setAttribute("fence", "true"); + + withDelims.push(rightOp); + } + + var outerNode = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mrow", withDelims); + + return outerNode; + } + + return node; + }, + + sqrt: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "msqrt", [buildGroup(group.value.body)]); + + return node; + }, + + leftright: function(group) { + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.body); + + if (group.value.left !== ".") { + var leftNode = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value.left, group.mode)]); + + leftNode.setAttribute("fence", "true"); + + inner.unshift(leftNode); + } + + if (group.value.right !== ".") { + var rightNode = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value.right, group.mode)]); + + rightNode.setAttribute("fence", "true"); + + inner.push(rightNode); + } + + var outerNode = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mrow", inner); + + return outerNode; + }, + + accent: function(group) { + var accentNode = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value.accent, group.mode)]); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mover", + [buildGroup(group.value.base), + accentNode]); + + node.setAttribute("accent", "true"); + + return node; + }, + + spacing: function(group) { + var node; + + if (group.value === "\\ " || group.value === "\\space" || + group.value === " " || group.value === "~") { + node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mtext", [new mathMLTree.TextNode("\u00a0")]); + } else { + node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mspace"); + + node.setAttribute( + "width", buildCommon.spacingFunctions[group.value].size); + } + + return node; + }, + + op: function(group) { + var node; + + // TODO(emily): handle big operators using the `largeop` attribute + + if (group.value.symbol) { + // This is a symbol. Just add the symbol. + node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [makeText(group.value.body, group.mode)]); + } else { + // This is a text operator. Add all of the characters from the + // operator's name. + // TODO(emily): Add a space in the middle of some of these + // operators, like \limsup. + node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [new mathMLTree.TextNode(group.value.body.slice(1))]); + } + + return node; + }, + + katex: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mtext", [new mathMLTree.TextNode("KaTeX")]); + + return node; + }, + + delimsizing: function(group) { + var children = []; + + if (group.value.value !== ".") { + children.push(makeText(group.value.value, group.mode)); + } + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mo", children); + + if (group.value.delimType === "open" || + group.value.delimType === "close") { + // Only some of the delimsizing functions act as fences, and they + // return "open" or "close" delimTypes. + node.setAttribute("fence", "true"); + } else { + // Explicitly disable fencing if it's not a fence, to override the + // defaults. + node.setAttribute("fence", "false"); + } + + return node; + }, + + styling: function(group) { + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.value, inner); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mstyle", inner); + + var styleAttributes = { + "display": ["0", "true"], + "text": ["0", "false"], + "script": ["1", "false"], + "scriptscript": ["2", "false"] + }; + + var attr = styleAttributes[group.value.style]; + + node.setAttribute("scriptlevel", attr[0]); + node.setAttribute("displaystyle", attr[1]); + + return node; + }, + + sizing: function(group) { + var inner = buildExpression(group.value.value); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mstyle", inner); + + // TODO(emily): This doesn't produce the correct size for nested size + // changes, because we don't keep state of what style we're currently + // in, so we can't reset the size to normal before changing it. + node.setAttribute( + "mathsize", buildCommon.sizingMultiplier[group.value.size] + "em"); + + return node; + }, + + overline: function(group) { + var operator = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mo", [new mathMLTree.TextNode("\u203e")]); + operator.setAttribute("stretchy", "true"); + + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mover", + [buildGroup(group.value.body), + operator]); + node.setAttribute("accent", "true"); + + return node; + }, + + rule: function(group) { + // TODO(emily): Figure out if there's an actual way to draw black boxes + // in MathML. + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mrow"); + + return node; + }, + + llap: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mpadded", [buildGroup(group.value.body)]); + + node.setAttribute("lspace", "-1width"); + node.setAttribute("width", "0px"); + + return node; + }, + + rlap: function(group) { + var node = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "mpadded", [buildGroup(group.value.body)]); + + node.setAttribute("width", "0px"); + + return node; + } +}; + +/** + * Takes a list of nodes, builds them, and returns a list of the generated + * MathML nodes. A little simpler than the HTML version because we don't do any + * previous-node handling. + */ +var buildExpression = function(expression) { + var groups = []; + for (var i = 0; i < expression.length; i++) { + var group = expression[i]; + groups.push(buildGroup(group)); + } + return groups; +}; + +/** + * Takes a group from the parser and calls the appropriate groupTypes function + * on it to produce a MathML node. + */ +var buildGroup = function(group) { + if (!group) { + return new mathMLTree.MathNode("mrow"); + } + + if (groupTypes[group.type]) { + // Call the groupTypes function + return groupTypes[group.type](group); + } else { + throw new ParseError( + "Got group of unknown type: '" + group.type + "'"); + } +}; + +/** + * Takes a full parse tree and settings and builds a MathML representation of + * it. In particular, we put the elements from building the parse tree into a + * tag so we can also include that TeX source as an annotation. + * + * Note that we actually return a domTree element with a `` inside it so + * we can do appropriate styling. + */ +var buildMathML = function(tree, texExpression, settings) { + var expression = buildExpression(tree); + + // Wrap up the expression in an mrow so it is presented in the semantics + // tag correctly. + var wrapper = new mathMLTree.MathNode("mrow", expression); + + // Build a TeX annotation of the source + var annotation = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "annotation", [new mathMLTree.TextNode(texExpression)]); + + annotation.setAttribute("encoding", "application/x-tex"); + + var semantics = new mathMLTree.MathNode( + "semantics", [wrapper, annotation]); + + var math = new mathMLTree.MathNode("math", [semantics]); + + // You can't style nodes, so we wrap the node in a span. + return makeSpan(["katex-mathml"], [math]); +}; + +module.exports = buildMathML; + +},{"./ParseError":4,"./buildCommon":8,"./mathMLTree":16,"./symbols":18}],11:[function(require,module,exports){ + +var buildHTML = require("./buildHTML"); +var buildMathML = require("./buildMathML"); +var buildCommon = require("./buildCommon"); + +var makeSpan = buildCommon.makeSpan; + +var buildTree = function(tree, expression, settings) { + // `buildHTML` sometimes messes with the parse tree (like turning bins -> + // ords), so we build the MathML version first. + var mathMLNode = buildMathML(tree, expression, settings); + var htmlNode = buildHTML(tree, settings); + + var katexNode = makeSpan(["katex"], [ + mathMLNode, htmlNode + ]); + + if (settings.displayMode) { + return makeSpan(["katex-display"], [katexNode]); + } else { + return katexNode; + } +}; + +module.exports = buildTree; + +},{"./buildCommon":8,"./buildHTML":9,"./buildMathML":10}],12:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file deals with creating delimiters of various sizes. The TeXbook + * discusses these routines on page 441-442, in the "Another subroutine sets box + * x to a specified variable delimiter" paragraph. + * + * There are three main routines here. `makeSmallDelim` makes a delimiter in the + * normal font, but in either text, script, or scriptscript style. + * `makeLargeDelim` makes a delimiter in textstyle, but in one of the Size1, + * Size2, Size3, or Size4 fonts. `makeStackedDelim` makes a delimiter out of + * smaller pieces that are stacked on top of one another. + * + * The functions take a parameter `center`, which determines if the delimiter + * should be centered around the axis. + * + * Then, there are three exposed functions. `sizedDelim` makes a delimiter in + * one of the given sizes. This is used for things like `\bigl`. + * `customSizedDelim` makes a delimiter with a given total height+depth. It is + * called in places like `\sqrt`. `leftRightDelim` makes an appropriate + * delimiter which surrounds an expression of a given height an depth. It is + * used in `\left` and `\right`. + */ + +var ParseError = require("./ParseError"); +var Style = require("./Style"); + +var buildCommon = require("./buildCommon"); +var fontMetrics = require("./fontMetrics"); +var symbols = require("./symbols"); +var utils = require("./utils"); + +var makeSpan = buildCommon.makeSpan; + +/** + * Get the metrics for a given symbol and font, after transformation (i.e. + * after following replacement from symbols.js) + */ +var getMetrics = function(symbol, font) { + if (symbols.math[symbol] && symbols.math[symbol].replace) { + return fontMetrics.getCharacterMetrics( + symbols.math[symbol].replace, font); + } else { + return fontMetrics.getCharacterMetrics( + symbol, font); + } +}; + +/** + * Builds a symbol in the given font size (note size is an integer) + */ +var mathrmSize = function(value, size, mode) { + return buildCommon.makeSymbol(value, "Size" + size + "-Regular", mode); +}; + +/** + * Puts a delimiter span in a given style, and adds appropriate height, depth, + * and maxFontSizes. + */ +var styleWrap = function(delim, toStyle, options) { + var span = makeSpan( + ["style-wrap", options.style.reset(), toStyle.cls()], [delim]); + + var multiplier = toStyle.sizeMultiplier / options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + span.height *= multiplier; + span.depth *= multiplier; + span.maxFontSize = toStyle.sizeMultiplier; + + return span; +}; + +/** + * Makes a small delimiter. This is a delimiter that comes in the Main-Regular + * font, but is restyled to either be in textstyle, scriptstyle, or + * scriptscriptstyle. + */ +var makeSmallDelim = function(delim, style, center, options, mode) { + var text = buildCommon.makeSymbol(delim, "Main-Regular", mode); + + var span = styleWrap(text, style, options); + + if (center) { + var shift = + (1 - options.style.sizeMultiplier / style.sizeMultiplier) * + fontMetrics.metrics.axisHeight; + + span.style.top = shift + "em"; + span.height -= shift; + span.depth += shift; + } + + return span; +}; + +/** + * Makes a large delimiter. This is a delimiter that comes in the Size1, Size2, + * Size3, or Size4 fonts. It is always rendered in textstyle. + */ +var makeLargeDelim = function(delim, size, center, options, mode) { + var inner = mathrmSize(delim, size, mode); + + var span = styleWrap( + makeSpan(["delimsizing", "size" + size], + [inner], options.getColor()), + Style.TEXT, options); + + if (center) { + var shift = (1 - options.style.sizeMultiplier) * + fontMetrics.metrics.axisHeight; + + span.style.top = shift + "em"; + span.height -= shift; + span.depth += shift; + } + + return span; +}; + +/** + * Make an inner span with the given offset and in the given font. This is used + * in `makeStackedDelim` to make the stacking pieces for the delimiter. + */ +var makeInner = function(symbol, font, mode) { + var sizeClass; + // Apply the correct CSS class to choose the right font. + if (font === "Size1-Regular") { + sizeClass = "delim-size1"; + } else if (font === "Size4-Regular") { + sizeClass = "delim-size4"; + } + + var inner = makeSpan( + ["delimsizinginner", sizeClass], + [makeSpan([], [buildCommon.makeSymbol(symbol, font, mode)])]); + + // Since this will be passed into `makeVList` in the end, wrap the element + // in the appropriate tag that VList uses. + return {type: "elem", elem: inner}; +}; + +/** + * Make a stacked delimiter out of a given delimiter, with the total height at + * least `heightTotal`. This routine is mentioned on page 442 of the TeXbook. + */ +var makeStackedDelim = function(delim, heightTotal, center, options, mode) { + // There are four parts, the top, an optional middle, a repeated part, and a + // bottom. + var top, middle, repeat, bottom; + top = repeat = bottom = delim; + middle = null; + // Also keep track of what font the delimiters are in + var font = "Size1-Regular"; + + // We set the parts and font based on the symbol. Note that we use + // '\u23d0' instead of '|' and '\u2016' instead of '\\|' for the + // repeats of the arrows + if (delim === "\\uparrow") { + repeat = bottom = "\u23d0"; + } else if (delim === "\\Uparrow") { + repeat = bottom = "\u2016"; + } else if (delim === "\\downarrow") { + top = repeat = "\u23d0"; + } else if (delim === "\\Downarrow") { + top = repeat = "\u2016"; + } else if (delim === "\\updownarrow") { + top = "\\uparrow"; + repeat = "\u23d0"; + bottom = "\\downarrow"; + } else if (delim === "\\Updownarrow") { + top = "\\Uparrow"; + repeat = "\u2016"; + bottom = "\\Downarrow"; + } else if (delim === "[" || delim === "\\lbrack") { + top = "\u23a1"; + repeat = "\u23a2"; + bottom = "\u23a3"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "]" || delim === "\\rbrack") { + top = "\u23a4"; + repeat = "\u23a5"; + bottom = "\u23a6"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\lfloor") { + repeat = top = "\u23a2"; + bottom = "\u23a3"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\lceil") { + top = "\u23a1"; + repeat = bottom = "\u23a2"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\rfloor") { + repeat = top = "\u23a5"; + bottom = "\u23a6"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\rceil") { + top = "\u23a4"; + repeat = bottom = "\u23a5"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "(") { + top = "\u239b"; + repeat = "\u239c"; + bottom = "\u239d"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === ")") { + top = "\u239e"; + repeat = "\u239f"; + bottom = "\u23a0"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\{" || delim === "\\lbrace") { + top = "\u23a7"; + middle = "\u23a8"; + bottom = "\u23a9"; + repeat = "\u23aa"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\}" || delim === "\\rbrace") { + top = "\u23ab"; + middle = "\u23ac"; + bottom = "\u23ad"; + repeat = "\u23aa"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } else if (delim === "\\surd") { + top = "\ue001"; + bottom = "\u23b7"; + repeat = "\ue000"; + font = "Size4-Regular"; + } + + // Get the metrics of the four sections + var topMetrics = getMetrics(top, font); + var topHeightTotal = topMetrics.height + topMetrics.depth; + var repeatMetrics = getMetrics(repeat, font); + var repeatHeightTotal = repeatMetrics.height + repeatMetrics.depth; + var bottomMetrics = getMetrics(bottom, font); + var bottomHeightTotal = bottomMetrics.height + bottomMetrics.depth; + var middleMetrics, middleHeightTotal; + if (middle !== null) { + middleMetrics = getMetrics(middle, font); + middleHeightTotal = middleMetrics.height + middleMetrics.depth; + } + + // Calcuate the real height that the delimiter will have. It is at least the + // size of the top, bottom, and optional middle combined. + var realHeightTotal = topHeightTotal + bottomHeightTotal; + if (middle !== null) { + realHeightTotal += middleHeightTotal; + } + + // Then add repeated pieces until we reach the specified height. + while (realHeightTotal < heightTotal) { + realHeightTotal += repeatHeightTotal; + if (middle !== null) { + // If there is a middle section, we need an equal number of pieces + // on the top and bottom. + realHeightTotal += repeatHeightTotal; + } + } + + // The center of the delimiter is placed at the center of the axis. Note + // that in this context, "center" means that the delimiter should be + // centered around the axis in the current style, while normally it is + // centered around the axis in textstyle. + var axisHeight = fontMetrics.metrics.axisHeight; + if (center) { + axisHeight *= options.style.sizeMultiplier; + } + // Calculate the depth + var depth = realHeightTotal / 2 - axisHeight; + + // Now, we start building the pieces that will go into the vlist + + // Keep a list of the inner pieces + var inners = []; + + // Add the bottom symbol + inners.push(makeInner(bottom, font, mode)); + + var i; + if (middle === null) { + // Calculate the number of repeated symbols we need + var repeatHeight = realHeightTotal - topHeightTotal - bottomHeightTotal; + var symbolCount = Math.ceil(repeatHeight / repeatHeightTotal); + + // Add that many symbols + for (i = 0; i < symbolCount; i++) { + inners.push(makeInner(repeat, font, mode)); + } + } else { + // When there is a middle bit, we need the middle part and two repeated + // sections + + // Calculate the number of symbols needed for the top and bottom + // repeated parts + var topRepeatHeight = + realHeightTotal / 2 - topHeightTotal - middleHeightTotal / 2; + var topSymbolCount = Math.ceil(topRepeatHeight / repeatHeightTotal); + + var bottomRepeatHeight = + realHeightTotal / 2 - topHeightTotal - middleHeightTotal / 2; + var bottomSymbolCount = + Math.ceil(bottomRepeatHeight / repeatHeightTotal); + + // Add the top repeated part + for (i = 0; i < topSymbolCount; i++) { + inners.push(makeInner(repeat, font, mode)); + } + + // Add the middle piece + inners.push(makeInner(middle, font, mode)); + + // Add the bottom repeated part + for (i = 0; i < bottomSymbolCount; i++) { + inners.push(makeInner(repeat, font, mode)); + } + } + + // Add the top symbol + inners.push(makeInner(top, font, mode)); + + // Finally, build the vlist + var inner = buildCommon.makeVList(inners, "bottom", depth, options); + + return styleWrap( + makeSpan(["delimsizing", "mult"], [inner], options.getColor()), + Style.TEXT, options); +}; + +// There are three kinds of delimiters, delimiters that stack when they become +// too large +var stackLargeDelimiters = [ + "(", ")", "[", "\\lbrack", "]", "\\rbrack", + "\\{", "\\lbrace", "\\}", "\\rbrace", + "\\lfloor", "\\rfloor", "\\lceil", "\\rceil", + "\\surd" +]; + +// delimiters that always stack +var stackAlwaysDelimiters = [ + "\\uparrow", "\\downarrow", "\\updownarrow", + "\\Uparrow", "\\Downarrow", "\\Updownarrow", + "|", "\\|", "\\vert", "\\Vert" +]; + +// and delimiters that never stack +var stackNeverDelimiters = [ + "<", ">", "\\langle", "\\rangle", "/", "\\backslash" +]; + +// Metrics of the different sizes. Found by looking at TeX's output of +// $\bigl| // \Bigl| \biggl| \Biggl| \showlists$ +// Used to create stacked delimiters of appropriate sizes in makeSizedDelim. +var sizeToMaxHeight = [0, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0]; + +/** + * Used to create a delimiter of a specific size, where `size` is 1, 2, 3, or 4. + */ +var makeSizedDelim = function(delim, size, options, mode) { + // < and > turn into \langle and \rangle in delimiters + if (delim === "<") { + delim = "\\langle"; + } else if (delim === ">") { + delim = "\\rangle"; + } + + // Sized delimiters are never centered. + if (utils.contains(stackLargeDelimiters, delim) || + utils.contains(stackNeverDelimiters, delim)) { + return makeLargeDelim(delim, size, false, options, mode); + } else if (utils.contains(stackAlwaysDelimiters, delim)) { + return makeStackedDelim( + delim, sizeToMaxHeight[size], false, options, mode); + } else { + throw new ParseError("Illegal delimiter: '" + delim + "'"); + } +}; + +/** + * There are three different sequences of delimiter sizes that the delimiters + * follow depending on the kind of delimiter. This is used when creating custom + * sized delimiters to decide whether to create a small, large, or stacked + * delimiter. + * + * In real TeX, these sequences aren't explicitly defined, but are instead + * defined inside the font metrics. Since there are only three sequences that + * are possible for the delimiters that TeX defines, it is easier to just encode + * them explicitly here. + */ + +// Delimiters that never stack try small delimiters and large delimiters only +var stackNeverDelimiterSequence = [ + {type: "small", style: Style.SCRIPTSCRIPT}, + {type: "small", style: Style.SCRIPT}, + {type: "small", style: Style.TEXT}, + {type: "large", size: 1}, + {type: "large", size: 2}, + {type: "large", size: 3}, + {type: "large", size: 4} +]; + +// Delimiters that always stack try the small delimiters first, then stack +var stackAlwaysDelimiterSequence = [ + {type: "small", style: Style.SCRIPTSCRIPT}, + {type: "small", style: Style.SCRIPT}, + {type: "small", style: Style.TEXT}, + {type: "stack"} +]; + +// Delimiters that stack when large try the small and then large delimiters, and +// stack afterwards +var stackLargeDelimiterSequence = [ + {type: "small", style: Style.SCRIPTSCRIPT}, + {type: "small", style: Style.SCRIPT}, + {type: "small", style: Style.TEXT}, + {type: "large", size: 1}, + {type: "large", size: 2}, + {type: "large", size: 3}, + {type: "large", size: 4}, + {type: "stack"} +]; + +/** + * Get the font used in a delimiter based on what kind of delimiter it is. + */ +var delimTypeToFont = function(type) { + if (type.type === "small") { + return "Main-Regular"; + } else if (type.type === "large") { + return "Size" + type.size + "-Regular"; + } else if (type.type === "stack") { + return "Size4-Regular"; + } +}; + +/** + * Traverse a sequence of types of delimiters to decide what kind of delimiter + * should be used to create a delimiter of the given height+depth. + */ +var traverseSequence = function(delim, height, sequence, options) { + // Here, we choose the index we should start at in the sequences. In smaller + // sizes (which correspond to larger numbers in style.size) we start earlier + // in the sequence. Thus, scriptscript starts at index 3-3=0, script starts + // at index 3-2=1, text starts at 3-1=2, and display starts at min(2,3-0)=2 + var start = Math.min(2, 3 - options.style.size); + for (var i = start; i < sequence.length; i++) { + if (sequence[i].type === "stack") { + // This is always the last delimiter, so we just break the loop now. + break; + } + + var metrics = getMetrics(delim, delimTypeToFont(sequence[i])); + var heightDepth = metrics.height + metrics.depth; + + // Small delimiters are scaled down versions of the same font, so we + // account for the style change size. + + if (sequence[i].type === "small") { + heightDepth *= sequence[i].style.sizeMultiplier; + } + + // Check if the delimiter at this size works for the given height. + if (heightDepth > height) { + return sequence[i]; + } + } + + // If we reached the end of the sequence, return the last sequence element. + return sequence[sequence.length - 1]; +}; + +/** + * Make a delimiter of a given height+depth, with optional centering. Here, we + * traverse the sequences, and create a delimiter that the sequence tells us to. + */ +var makeCustomSizedDelim = function(delim, height, center, options, mode) { + if (delim === "<") { + delim = "\\langle"; + } else if (delim === ">") { + delim = "\\rangle"; + } + + // Decide what sequence to use + var sequence; + if (utils.contains(stackNeverDelimiters, delim)) { + sequence = stackNeverDelimiterSequence; + } else if (utils.contains(stackLargeDelimiters, delim)) { + sequence = stackLargeDelimiterSequence; + } else { + sequence = stackAlwaysDelimiterSequence; + } + + // Look through the sequence + var delimType = traverseSequence(delim, height, sequence, options); + + // Depending on the sequence element we decided on, call the appropriate + // function. + if (delimType.type === "small") { + return makeSmallDelim(delim, delimType.style, center, options, mode); + } else if (delimType.type === "large") { + return makeLargeDelim(delim, delimType.size, center, options, mode); + } else if (delimType.type === "stack") { + return makeStackedDelim(delim, height, center, options, mode); + } +}; + +/** + * Make a delimiter for use with `\left` and `\right`, given a height and depth + * of an expression that the delimiters surround. + */ +var makeLeftRightDelim = function(delim, height, depth, options, mode) { + // We always center \left/\right delimiters, so the axis is always shifted + var axisHeight = + fontMetrics.metrics.axisHeight * options.style.sizeMultiplier; + + // Taken from TeX source, tex.web, function make_left_right + var delimiterFactor = 901; + var delimiterExtend = 5.0 / fontMetrics.metrics.ptPerEm; + + var maxDistFromAxis = Math.max( + height - axisHeight, depth + axisHeight); + + var totalHeight = Math.max( + // In real TeX, calculations are done using integral values which are + // 65536 per pt, or 655360 per em. So, the division here truncates in + // TeX but doesn't here, producing different results. If we wanted to + // exactly match TeX's calculation, we could do + // Math.floor(655360 * maxDistFromAxis / 500) * + // delimiterFactor / 655360 + // (To see the difference, compare + // x^{x^{\left(\rule{0.1em}{0.68em}\right)}} + // in TeX and KaTeX) + maxDistFromAxis / 500 * delimiterFactor, + 2 * maxDistFromAxis - delimiterExtend); + + // Finally, we defer to `makeCustomSizedDelim` with our calculated total + // height + return makeCustomSizedDelim(delim, totalHeight, true, options, mode); +}; + +module.exports = { + sizedDelim: makeSizedDelim, + customSizedDelim: makeCustomSizedDelim, + leftRightDelim: makeLeftRightDelim +}; + +},{"./ParseError":4,"./Style":7,"./buildCommon":8,"./fontMetrics":14,"./symbols":18,"./utils":19}],13:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * These objects store the data about the DOM nodes we create, as well as some + * extra data. They can then be transformed into real DOM nodes with the + * `toNode` function or HTML markup using `toMarkup`. They are useful for both + * storing extra properties on the nodes, as well as providing a way to easily + * work with the DOM. + * + * Similar functions for working with MathML nodes exist in mathMLTree.js. + */ + +var utils = require("./utils"); + +/** + * Create an HTML className based on a list of classes. In addition to joining + * with spaces, we also remove null or empty classes. + */ +var createClass = function(classes) { + classes = classes.slice(); + for (var i = classes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { + if (!classes[i]) { + classes.splice(i, 1); + } + } + + return classes.join(" "); +}; + +/** + * This node represents a span node, with a className, a list of children, and + * an inline style. It also contains information about its height, depth, and + * maxFontSize. + */ +function span(classes, children, height, depth, maxFontSize, style) { + this.classes = classes || []; + this.children = children || []; + this.height = height || 0; + this.depth = depth || 0; + this.maxFontSize = maxFontSize || 0; + this.style = style || {}; + this.attributes = {}; +} + +/** + * Sets an arbitrary attribute on the span. Warning: use this wisely. Not all + * browsers support attributes the same, and having too many custom attributes + * is probably bad. + */ +span.prototype.setAttribute = function(attribute, value) { + this.attributes[attribute] = value; +}; + +/** + * Convert the span into an HTML node + */ +span.prototype.toNode = function() { + var span = document.createElement("span"); + + // Apply the class + span.className = createClass(this.classes); + + // Apply inline styles + for (var style in this.style) { + if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.style, style)) { + span.style[style] = this.style[style]; + } + } + + // Apply attributes + for (var attr in this.attributes) { + if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.attributes, attr)) { + span.setAttribute(attr, this.attributes[attr]); + } + } + + // Append the children, also as HTML nodes + for (var i = 0; i < this.children.length; i++) { + span.appendChild(this.children[i].toNode()); + } + + return span; +}; + +/** + * Convert the span into an HTML markup string + */ +span.prototype.toMarkup = function() { + var markup = " 0) { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.style.marginRight = this.italic + "em"; + } + + if (this.classes.length > 0) { + span = span || document.createElement("span"); + span.className = createClass(this.classes); + } + + for (var style in this.style) { + if (this.style.hasOwnProperty(style)) { + span = span || document.createElement("span"); + span.style[style] = this.style[style]; + } + } + + if (span) { + span.appendChild(node); + return span; + } else { + return node; + } +}; + +/** + * Creates markup for a symbol node. + */ +symbolNode.prototype.toMarkup = function() { + // TODO(alpert): More duplication than I'd like from + // span.prototype.toMarkup and symbolNode.prototype.toNode... + var needsSpan = false; + + var markup = " 0) { + styles += "margin-right:" + this.italic + "em;"; + } + for (var style in this.style) { + if (this.style.hasOwnProperty(style)) { + styles += utils.hyphenate(style) + ":" + this.style[style] + ";"; + } + } + + if (styles) { + needsSpan = true; + markup += " style=\"" + utils.escape(styles) + "\""; + } + + var escaped = utils.escape(this.value); + if (needsSpan) { + markup += ">"; + markup += escaped; + markup += ""; + return markup; + } else { + return escaped; + } +}; + +module.exports = { + span: span, + documentFragment: documentFragment, + symbolNode: symbolNode +}; + +},{"./utils":19}],14:[function(require,module,exports){ +/* jshint unused:false */ + +var Style = require("./Style"); + +/** + * This file contains metrics regarding fonts and individual symbols. The sigma + * and xi variables, as well as the metricMap map contain data extracted from + * TeX, TeX font metrics, and the TTF files. These data are then exposed via the + * `metrics` variable and the getCharacterMetrics function. + */ + +// These font metrics are extracted from TeX by using +// \font\a=cmmi10 +// \showthe\fontdimenX\a +// where X is the corresponding variable number. These correspond to the font +// parameters of the symbol fonts. In TeX, there are actually three sets of +// dimensions, one for each of textstyle, scriptstyle, and scriptscriptstyle, +// but we only use the textstyle ones, and scale certain dimensions accordingly. +// See the TeXbook, page 441. +var sigma1 = 0.025; +var sigma2 = 0; +var sigma3 = 0; +var sigma4 = 0; +var sigma5 = 0.431; +var sigma6 = 1; +var sigma7 = 0; +var sigma8 = 0.677; +var sigma9 = 0.394; +var sigma10 = 0.444; +var sigma11 = 0.686; +var sigma12 = 0.345; +var sigma13 = 0.413; +var sigma14 = 0.363; +var sigma15 = 0.289; +var sigma16 = 0.150; +var sigma17 = 0.247; +var sigma18 = 0.386; +var sigma19 = 0.050; +var sigma20 = 2.390; +var sigma21 = 1.01; +var sigma21Script = 0.81; +var sigma21ScriptScript = 0.71; +var sigma22 = 0.250; + +// These font metrics are extracted from TeX by using +// \font\a=cmex10 +// \showthe\fontdimenX\a +// where X is the corresponding variable number. These correspond to the font +// parameters of the extension fonts (family 3). See the TeXbook, page 441. +var xi1 = 0; +var xi2 = 0; +var xi3 = 0; +var xi4 = 0; +var xi5 = 0.431; +var xi6 = 1; +var xi7 = 0; +var xi8 = 0.04; +var xi9 = 0.111; +var xi10 = 0.166; +var xi11 = 0.2; +var xi12 = 0.6; +var xi13 = 0.1; + +// This value determines how large a pt is, for metrics which are defined in +// terms of pts. +// This value is also used in katex.less; if you change it make sure the values +// match. +var ptPerEm = 10.0; + +/** + * This is just a mapping from common names to real metrics + */ +var metrics = { + xHeight: sigma5, + quad: sigma6, + num1: sigma8, + num2: sigma9, + num3: sigma10, + denom1: sigma11, + denom2: sigma12, + sup1: sigma13, + sup2: sigma14, + sup3: sigma15, + sub1: sigma16, + sub2: sigma17, + supDrop: sigma18, + subDrop: sigma19, + axisHeight: sigma22, + defaultRuleThickness: xi8, + bigOpSpacing1: xi9, + bigOpSpacing2: xi10, + bigOpSpacing3: xi11, + bigOpSpacing4: xi12, + bigOpSpacing5: xi13, + ptPerEm: ptPerEm, + + // TODO(alpert): Missing parallel structure here. We should probably add + // style-specific metrics for all of these. + delim1: sigma20, + getDelim2: function(style) { + if (style.size === Style.TEXT.size) { + return sigma21; + } else if (style.size === Style.SCRIPT.size) { + return sigma21Script; + } else if (style.size === Style.SCRIPTSCRIPT.size) { + return sigma21ScriptScript; + } + throw new Error("Unexpected style size: " + style.size); + } +}; + +// This map contains a mapping from font name and character code to character +// metrics, including height, depth, italic correction, and skew (kern from the +// character to the corresponding \skewchar) +// This map is generated via `make metrics`. It should not be changed manually. +var metricMap = 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+ +/** + * This function is a convience function for looking up information in the + * metricMap table. It takes a character as a string, and a style + */ +var getCharacterMetrics = function(character, style) { + return metricMap[style][character.charCodeAt(0)]; +}; + +module.exports = { + metrics: metrics, + getCharacterMetrics: getCharacterMetrics +}; + +},{"./Style":7}],15:[function(require,module,exports){ +var utils = require("./utils"); +var ParseError = require("./ParseError"); + +// This file contains a list of functions that we parse. The functions map +// contains the following data: + +/* + * Keys are the name of the functions to parse + * The data contains the following keys: + * - numArgs: The number of arguments the function takes. + * - argTypes: (optional) An array corresponding to each argument of the + * function, giving the type of argument that should be parsed. Its + * length should be equal to `numArgs + numOptionalArgs`. Valid + * types: + * - "size": A size-like thing, such as "1em" or "5ex" + * - "color": An html color, like "#abc" or "blue" + * - "original": The same type as the environment that the + * function being parsed is in (e.g. used for the + * bodies of functions like \color where the first + * argument is special and the second argument is + * parsed normally) + * Other possible types (probably shouldn't be used) + * - "text": Text-like (e.g. \text) + * - "math": Normal math + * If undefined, this will be treated as an appropriate length + * array of "original" strings + * - greediness: (optional) The greediness of the function to use ungrouped + * arguments. + * + * E.g. if you have an expression + * \sqrt \frac 1 2 + * since \frac has greediness=2 vs \sqrt's greediness=1, \frac + * will use the two arguments '1' and '2' as its two arguments, + * then that whole function will be used as the argument to + * \sqrt. On the other hand, the expressions + * \frac \frac 1 2 3 + * and + * \frac \sqrt 1 2 + * will fail because \frac and \frac have equal greediness + * and \sqrt has a lower greediness than \frac respectively. To + * make these parse, we would have to change them to: + * \frac {\frac 1 2} 3 + * and + * \frac {\sqrt 1} 2 + * + * The default value is `1` + * - allowedInText: (optional) Whether or not the function is allowed inside + * text mode (default false) + * - numOptionalArgs: (optional) The number of optional arguments the function + * should parse. If the optional arguments aren't found, + * `null` will be passed to the handler in their place. + * (default 0) + * - handler: The function that is called to handle this function and its + * arguments. The arguments are: + * - func: the text of the function + * - [args]: the next arguments are the arguments to the function, + * of which there are numArgs of them + * - positions: the positions in the overall string of the function + * and the arguments. Should only be used to produce + * error messages + * The function should return an object with the following keys: + * - type: The type of element that this is. This is then used in + * buildHTML/buildMathML to determine which function + * should be called to build this node into a DOM node + * Any other data can be added to the object, which will be passed + * in to the function in buildHTML/buildMathML as `group.value`. + */ + +var functions = { + // A normal square root + "\\sqrt": { + numArgs: 1, + numOptionalArgs: 1, + handler: function(func, optional, body, positions) { + if (optional != null) { + throw new ParseError( + "Optional arguments to \\sqrt aren't supported yet", + this.lexer, positions[1] - 1); + } + + return { + type: "sqrt", + body: body + }; + } + }, + + // Some non-mathy text + "\\text": { + numArgs: 1, + argTypes: ["text"], + greediness: 2, + handler: function(func, body) { + // Since the corresponding buildHTML/buildMathML function expects a + // list of elements, we normalize for different kinds of arguments + // TODO(emily): maybe this should be done somewhere else + var inner; + if (body.type === "ordgroup") { + inner = body.value; + } else { + inner = [body]; + } + + return { + type: "text", + body: inner + }; + } + }, + + // A two-argument custom color + "\\color": { + numArgs: 2, + allowedInText: true, + argTypes: ["color", "original"], + handler: function(func, color, body) { + // Normalize the different kinds of bodies (see \text above) + var inner; + if (body.type === "ordgroup") { + inner = body.value; + } else { + inner = [body]; + } + + return { + type: "color", + color: color.value, + value: inner + }; + } + }, + + // An overline + "\\overline": { + numArgs: 1, + handler: function(func, body) { + return { + type: "overline", + body: body + }; + } + }, + + // A box of the width and height + "\\rule": { + numArgs: 2, + numOptionalArgs: 1, + argTypes: ["size", "size", "size"], + handler: function(func, shift, width, height) { + return { + type: "rule", + shift: shift && shift.value, + width: width.value, + height: height.value + }; + } + }, + + // A KaTeX logo + "\\KaTeX": { + numArgs: 0, + handler: function(func) { + return { + type: "katex" + }; + } + } +}; + +// Extra data needed for the delimiter handler down below +var delimiterSizes = { + "\\bigl" : {type: "open", size: 1}, + "\\Bigl" : {type: "open", size: 2}, + "\\biggl": {type: "open", size: 3}, + "\\Biggl": {type: "open", size: 4}, + "\\bigr" : {type: "close", size: 1}, + "\\Bigr" : {type: "close", size: 2}, + "\\biggr": {type: "close", size: 3}, + "\\Biggr": {type: "close", size: 4}, + "\\bigm" : {type: "rel", size: 1}, + "\\Bigm" : {type: "rel", size: 2}, + "\\biggm": {type: "rel", size: 3}, + "\\Biggm": {type: "rel", size: 4}, + "\\big" : {type: "textord", size: 1}, + "\\Big" : {type: "textord", size: 2}, + "\\bigg" : {type: "textord", size: 3}, + "\\Bigg" : {type: "textord", size: 4} +}; + +var delimiters = [ + "(", ")", "[", "\\lbrack", "]", "\\rbrack", + "\\{", "\\lbrace", "\\}", "\\rbrace", + "\\lfloor", "\\rfloor", "\\lceil", "\\rceil", + "<", ">", "\\langle", "\\rangle", + "/", "\\backslash", + "|", "\\vert", "\\|", "\\Vert", + "\\uparrow", "\\Uparrow", + "\\downarrow", "\\Downarrow", + "\\updownarrow", "\\Updownarrow", + "." +]; + +/* + * This is a list of functions which each have the same function but have + * different names so that we don't have to duplicate the data a bunch of times. + * Each element in the list is an object with the following keys: + * - funcs: A list of function names to be associated with the data + * - data: An objecty with the same data as in each value of the `function` + * table above + */ +var duplicatedFunctions = [ + // Single-argument color functions + { + funcs: [ + "\\blue", "\\orange", "\\pink", "\\red", + "\\green", "\\gray", "\\purple" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 1, + allowedInText: true, + handler: function(func, body) { + var atoms; + if (body.type === "ordgroup") { + atoms = body.value; + } else { + atoms = [body]; + } + + return { + type: "color", + color: "katex-" + func.slice(1), + value: atoms + }; + } + } + }, + + // There are 2 flags for operators; whether they produce limits in + // displaystyle, and whether they are symbols and should grow in + // displaystyle. These four groups cover the four possible choices. + + // No limits, not symbols + { + funcs: [ + "\\arcsin", "\\arccos", "\\arctan", "\\arg", "\\cos", "\\cosh", + "\\cot", "\\coth", "\\csc", "\\deg", "\\dim", "\\exp", "\\hom", + "\\ker", "\\lg", "\\ln", "\\log", "\\sec", "\\sin", "\\sinh", + "\\tan","\\tanh" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 0, + handler: function(func) { + return { + type: "op", + limits: false, + symbol: false, + body: func + }; + } + } + }, + + // Limits, not symbols + { + funcs: [ + "\\det", "\\gcd", "\\inf", "\\lim", "\\liminf", "\\limsup", "\\max", + "\\min", "\\Pr", "\\sup" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 0, + handler: function(func) { + return { + type: "op", + limits: true, + symbol: false, + body: func + }; + } + } + }, + + // No limits, symbols + { + funcs: [ + "\\int", "\\iint", "\\iiint", "\\oint" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 0, + handler: function(func) { + return { + type: "op", + limits: false, + symbol: true, + body: func + }; + } + } + }, + + // Limits, symbols + { + funcs: [ + "\\coprod", "\\bigvee", "\\bigwedge", "\\biguplus", "\\bigcap", + "\\bigcup", "\\intop", "\\prod", "\\sum", "\\bigotimes", + "\\bigoplus", "\\bigodot", "\\bigsqcup", "\\smallint" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 0, + handler: function(func) { + return { + type: "op", + limits: true, + symbol: true, + body: func + }; + } + } + }, + + // Fractions + { + funcs: [ + "\\dfrac", "\\frac", "\\tfrac", + "\\dbinom", "\\binom", "\\tbinom" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 2, + greediness: 2, + handler: function(func, numer, denom) { + var hasBarLine; + var leftDelim = null; + var rightDelim = null; + var size = "auto"; + + switch (func) { + case "\\dfrac": + case "\\frac": + case "\\tfrac": + hasBarLine = true; + break; + case "\\dbinom": + case "\\binom": + case "\\tbinom": + hasBarLine = false; + leftDelim = "("; + rightDelim = ")"; + break; + default: + throw new Error("Unrecognized genfrac command"); + } + + switch (func) { + case "\\dfrac": + case "\\dbinom": + size = "display"; + break; + case "\\tfrac": + case "\\tbinom": + size = "text"; + break; + } + + return { + type: "genfrac", + numer: numer, + denom: denom, + hasBarLine: hasBarLine, + leftDelim: leftDelim, + rightDelim: rightDelim, + size: size + }; + } + } + }, + + // Left and right overlap functions + { + funcs: ["\\llap", "\\rlap"], + data: { + numArgs: 1, + allowedInText: true, + handler: function(func, body) { + return { + type: func.slice(1), + body: body + }; + } + } + }, + + // Delimiter functions + { + funcs: [ + "\\bigl", "\\Bigl", "\\biggl", "\\Biggl", + "\\bigr", "\\Bigr", "\\biggr", "\\Biggr", + "\\bigm", "\\Bigm", "\\biggm", "\\Biggm", + "\\big", "\\Big", "\\bigg", "\\Bigg", + "\\left", "\\right" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 1, + handler: function(func, delim, positions) { + if (!utils.contains(delimiters, delim.value)) { + throw new ParseError( + "Invalid delimiter: '" + delim.value + "' after '" + + func + "'", + this.lexer, positions[1]); + } + + // \left and \right are caught somewhere in Parser.js, which is + // why this data doesn't match what is in buildHTML. + if (func === "\\left" || func === "\\right") { + return { + type: "leftright", + value: delim.value + }; + } else { + return { + type: "delimsizing", + size: delimiterSizes[func].size, + delimType: delimiterSizes[func].type, + value: delim.value + }; + } + } + } + }, + + // Sizing functions (handled in Parser.js explicitly, hence no handler) + { + funcs: [ + "\\tiny", "\\scriptsize", "\\footnotesize", "\\small", + "\\normalsize", "\\large", "\\Large", "\\LARGE", "\\huge", "\\Huge" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 0 + } + }, + + // Style changing functions (handled in Parser.js explicitly, hence no + // handler) + { + funcs: [ + "\\displaystyle", "\\textstyle", "\\scriptstyle", + "\\scriptscriptstyle" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 0 + } + }, + + // Accents + { + funcs: [ + "\\acute", "\\grave", "\\ddot", "\\tilde", "\\bar", "\\breve", + "\\check", "\\hat", "\\vec", "\\dot" + // We don't support expanding accents yet + // "\\widetilde", "\\widehat" + ], + data: { + numArgs: 1, + handler: function(func, base) { + return { + type: "accent", + accent: func, + base: base + }; + } + } + }, + + // Infix generalized fractions + { + funcs: ["\\over", "\\choose"], + data: { + numArgs: 0, + handler: function (func) { + var replaceWith; + switch (func) { + case "\\over": + replaceWith = "\\frac"; + break; + case "\\choose": + replaceWith = "\\binom"; + break; + default: + throw new Error("Unrecognized infix genfrac command"); + } + return { + type: "infix", + replaceWith: replaceWith + }; + } + } + } +]; + +var addFuncsWithData = function(funcs, data) { + for (var i = 0; i < funcs.length; i++) { + functions[funcs[i]] = data; + } +}; + +// Add all of the functions in duplicatedFunctions to the functions map +for (var i = 0; i < duplicatedFunctions.length; i++) { + addFuncsWithData(duplicatedFunctions[i].funcs, duplicatedFunctions[i].data); +} + +// Set default values of functions +for (var f in functions) { + if (functions.hasOwnProperty(f)) { + var func = functions[f]; + + functions[f] = { + numArgs: func.numArgs, + argTypes: func.argTypes, + greediness: (func.greediness === undefined) ? 1 : func.greediness, + allowedInText: func.allowedInText ? func.allowedInText : false, + numOptionalArgs: (func.numOptionalArgs === undefined) ? 0 : + func.numOptionalArgs, + handler: func.handler + }; + } +} + +module.exports = { + funcs: functions +}; + +},{"./ParseError":4,"./utils":19}],16:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * These objects store data about MathML nodes. This is the MathML equivalent + * of the types in domTree.js. Since MathML handles its own rendering, and + * since we're mainly using MathML to improve accessibility, we don't manage + * any of the styling state that the plain DOM nodes do. + * + * The `toNode` and `toMarkup` functions work simlarly to how they do in + * domTree.js, creating namespaced DOM nodes and HTML text markup respectively. + */ + +var utils = require("./utils"); + +/** + * This node represents a general purpose MathML node of any type. The + * constructor requires the type of node to create (for example, `"mo"` or + * `"mspace"`, corresponding to `` and `` tags). + */ +function MathNode(type, children) { + this.type = type; + this.attributes = {}; + this.children = children || []; +} + +/** + * Sets an attribute on a MathML node. MathML depends on attributes to convey a + * semantic content, so this is used heavily. + */ +MathNode.prototype.setAttribute = function(name, value) { + this.attributes[name] = value; +}; + +/** + * Converts the math node into a MathML-namespaced DOM element. + */ +MathNode.prototype.toNode = function() { + var node = document.createElementNS( + "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML", this.type); + + for (var attr in this.attributes) { + if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.attributes, attr)) { + node.setAttribute(attr, this.attributes[attr]); + } + } + + for (var i = 0; i < this.children.length; i++) { + node.appendChild(this.children[i].toNode()); + } + + return node; +}; + +/** + * Converts the math node into an HTML markup string. + */ +MathNode.prototype.toMarkup = function() { + var markup = "<" + this.type; + + // Add the attributes + for (var attr in this.attributes) { + if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.attributes, attr)) { + markup += " " + attr + "=\""; + markup += utils.escape(this.attributes[attr]); + markup += "\""; + } + } + + markup += ">"; + + for (var i = 0; i < this.children.length; i++) { + markup += this.children[i].toMarkup(); + } + + markup += ""; + + return markup; +}; + +/** + * This node represents a piece of text. + */ +function TextNode(text) { + this.text = text; +} + +/** + * Converts the text node into a DOM text node. + */ +TextNode.prototype.toNode = function() { + return document.createTextNode(this.text); +}; + +/** + * Converts the text node into HTML markup (which is just the text itself). + */ +TextNode.prototype.toMarkup = function() { + return utils.escape(this.text); +}; + +module.exports = { + MathNode: MathNode, + TextNode: TextNode +}; + +},{"./utils":19}],17:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * Provides a single function for parsing an expression using a Parser + * TODO(emily): Remove this + */ + +var Parser = require("./Parser"); + +/** + * Parses an expression using a Parser, then returns the parsed result. + */ +var parseTree = function(toParse, settings) { + var parser = new Parser(toParse, settings); + + return parser.parse(); +}; + +module.exports = parseTree; + +},{"./Parser":5}],18:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file holds a list of all no-argument functions and single-character + * symbols (like 'a' or ';'). + * + * For each of the symbols, there are three properties they can have: + * - font (required): the font to be used for this symbol. Either "main" (the + normal font), or "ams" (the ams fonts). + * - group (required): the ParseNode group type the symbol should have (i.e. + "textord", "mathord", etc). + * - replace (optional): the character that this symbol or function should be + * replaced with (i.e. "\phi" has a replace value of "\u03d5", the phi + * character in the main font). + * + * The outermost map in the table indicates what mode the symbols should be + * accepted in (e.g. "math" or "text"). + */ + +var symbols = { + "math": { + // Relation Symbols + "\\equiv": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2261" + }, + "\\prec": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u227a" + }, + "\\succ": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u227b" + }, + "\\sim": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u223c" + }, + "\\perp": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22a5" + }, + "\\preceq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2aaf" + }, + "\\succeq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ab0" + }, + "\\simeq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2243" + }, + "\\mid": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2223" + }, + "\\ll": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u226a" + }, + "\\gg": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u226b" + }, + "\\asymp": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u224d" + }, + "\\parallel": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2225" + }, + "\\bowtie": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22c8" + }, + "\\smile": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2323" + }, + "\\sqsubseteq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2291" + }, + "\\sqsupseteq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2292" + }, + "\\doteq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2250" + }, + "\\frown": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2322" + }, + "\\ni": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u220b" + }, + "\\propto": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u221d" + }, + "\\vdash": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22a2" + }, + "\\dashv": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22a3" + }, + "\\owns": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u220b" + }, + + // Punctuation + "\\ldotp": { + font: "main", + group: "punct", + replace: "\u002e" + }, + "\\cdotp": { + font: "main", + group: "punct", + replace: "\u22c5" + }, + + // Misc Symbols + "\\aleph": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2135" + }, + "\\forall": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2200" + }, + "\\hbar": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u210f" + }, + "\\exists": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2203" + }, + "\\nabla": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2207" + }, + "\\flat": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u266d" + }, + "\\ell": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2113" + }, + "\\natural": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u266e" + }, + "\\clubsuit": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2663" + }, + "\\wp": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2118" + }, + "\\sharp": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u266f" + }, + "\\diamondsuit": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2662" + }, + "\\Re": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u211c" + }, + "\\heartsuit": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2661" + }, + "\\Im": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2111" + }, + "\\spadesuit": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2660" + }, + + // Math and Text + "\\dag": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2020" + }, + "\\ddag": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2021" + }, + + // Large Delimiters + "\\rmoustache": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "\u23b1" + }, + "\\lmoustache": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "\u23b0" + }, + "\\rgroup": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "\u27ef" + }, + "\\lgroup": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "\u27ee" + }, + + // Binary Operators + "\\mp": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2213" + }, + "\\ominus": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2296" + }, + "\\uplus": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u228e" + }, + "\\sqcap": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2293" + }, + "\\ast": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2217" + }, + "\\sqcup": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2294" + }, + "\\bigcirc": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u25ef" + }, + "\\bullet": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2219" + }, + "\\ddagger": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2021" + }, + "\\wr": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2240" + }, + "\\amalg": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2a3f" + }, + + // Arrow Symbols + "\\longleftarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27f5" + }, + "\\Leftarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21d0" + }, + "\\Longleftarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27f8" + }, + "\\longrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27f6" + }, + "\\Rightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21d2" + }, + "\\Longrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27f9" + }, + "\\leftrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2194" + }, + "\\longleftrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27f7" + }, + "\\Leftrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21d4" + }, + "\\Longleftrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27fa" + }, + "\\mapsto": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21a6" + }, + "\\longmapsto": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u27fc" + }, + "\\nearrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2197" + }, + "\\hookleftarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21a9" + }, + "\\hookrightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21aa" + }, + "\\searrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2198" + }, + "\\leftharpoonup": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21bc" + }, + "\\rightharpoonup": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c0" + }, + "\\swarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2199" + }, + "\\leftharpoondown": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21bd" + }, + "\\rightharpoondown": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c1" + }, + "\\nwarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2196" + }, + "\\rightleftharpoons": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21cc" + }, + + // AMS Negated Binary Relations + "\\nless": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u226e" + }, + "\\nleqslant": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue010" + }, + "\\nleqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue011" + }, + "\\lneq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a87" + }, + "\\lneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2268" + }, + "\\lvertneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue00c" + }, + "\\lnsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22e6" + }, + "\\lnapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a89" + }, + "\\nprec": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2280" + }, + "\\npreceq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22e0" + }, + "\\precnsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22e8" + }, + "\\precnapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ab9" + }, + "\\nsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2241" + }, + "\\nshortmid": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue006" + }, + "\\nmid": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2224" + }, + "\\nvdash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22ac" + }, + "\\nvDash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22ad" + }, + "\\ntriangleleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22ea" + }, + "\\ntrianglelefteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22ec" + }, + "\\subsetneq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u228a" + }, + "\\varsubsetneq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue01a" + }, + "\\subsetneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2acb" + }, + "\\varsubsetneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue017" + }, + "\\ngtr": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u226f" + }, + "\\ngeqslant": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue00f" + }, + "\\ngeqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue00e" + }, + "\\gneq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a88" + }, + "\\gneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2269" + }, + "\\gvertneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue00d" + }, + "\\gnsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22e7" + }, + "\\gnapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a8a" + }, + "\\nsucc": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2281" + }, + "\\nsucceq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22e1" + }, + "\\succnsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22e9" + }, + "\\succnapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2aba" + }, + "\\ncong": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2246" + }, + "\\nshortparallel": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue007" + }, + "\\nparallel": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2226" + }, + "\\nVDash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22af" + }, + "\\ntriangleright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22eb" + }, + "\\ntrianglerighteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22ed" + }, + "\\nsupseteqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue018" + }, + "\\supsetneq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u228b" + }, + "\\varsupsetneq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue01b" + }, + "\\supsetneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2acc" + }, + "\\varsupsetneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue019" + }, + "\\nVdash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22ae" + }, + "\\precneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ab5" + }, + "\\succneqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ab6" + }, + "\\nsubseteqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\ue016" + }, + "\\unlhd": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22b4" + }, + "\\unrhd": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22b5" + }, + + // AMS Negated Arrows + "\\nleftarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u219a" + }, + "\\nrightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u219b" + }, + "\\nLeftarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21cd" + }, + "\\nRightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21cf" + }, + "\\nleftrightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ae" + }, + "\\nLeftrightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ce" + }, + + // AMS Misc + "\\vartriangle": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u25b3" + }, + "\\hslash": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u210f" + }, + "\\triangledown": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25bd" + }, + "\\lozenge": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25ca" + }, + "\\circledS": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u24c8" + }, + "\\measuredangle": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2221" + }, + "\\nexists": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2204" + }, + "\\mho": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2127" + }, + "\\Finv": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2132" + }, + "\\Game": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2141" + }, + "\\Bbbk": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u006b" + }, + "\\backprime": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2035" + }, + "\\blacktriangle": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25b2" + }, + "\\blacktriangledown": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25bc" + }, + "\\blacksquare": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25a0" + }, + "\\blacklozenge": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u29eb" + }, + "\\bigstar": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2605" + }, + "\\sphericalangle": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2222" + }, + "\\complement": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2201" + }, + "\\eth": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u00f0" + }, + "\\diagup": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2571" + }, + "\\diagdown": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2572" + }, + "\\square": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25a1" + }, + "\\Box": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25a1" + }, + "\\Diamond": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25ca" + }, + "\\yen": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u00a5" + }, + + // AMS Hebrew + "\\beth": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2136" + }, + "\\daleth": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2138" + }, + "\\gimel": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2137" + }, + + // AMS Greek + "\\digamma": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03dd" + }, + "\\varkappa": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03f0" + }, + + // AMS Delimiters + "\\ulcorner": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u250c" + }, + "\\urcorner": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2510" + }, + "\\llcorner": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2514" + }, + "\\lrcorner": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2518" + }, + + // AMS Binary Relations + "\\leqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2266" + }, + "\\leqslant": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a7d" + }, + "\\eqslantless": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a95" + }, + "\\lesssim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2272" + }, + "\\lessapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a85" + }, + "\\approxeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u224a" + }, + "\\lessdot": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22d6" + }, + "\\lll": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d8" + }, + "\\lessgtr": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2276" + }, + "\\lesseqgtr": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22da" + }, + "\\lesseqqgtr": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a8b" + }, + "\\doteqdot": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2251" + }, + "\\risingdotseq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2253" + }, + "\\fallingdotseq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2252" + }, + "\\backsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u223d" + }, + "\\backsimeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22cd" + }, + "\\subseteqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ac5" + }, + "\\Subset": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d0" + }, + "\\sqsubset": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u228f" + }, + "\\preccurlyeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u227c" + }, + "\\curlyeqprec": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22de" + }, + "\\precsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u227e" + }, + "\\precapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ab7" + }, + "\\vartriangleleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22b2" + }, + "\\trianglelefteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22b4" + }, + "\\vDash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22a8" + }, + "\\Vvdash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22aa" + }, + "\\smallsmile": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2323" + }, + "\\smallfrown": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2322" + }, + "\\bumpeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u224f" + }, + "\\Bumpeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u224e" + }, + "\\geqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2267" + }, + "\\geqslant": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a7e" + }, + "\\eqslantgtr": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a96" + }, + "\\gtrsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2273" + }, + "\\gtrapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a86" + }, + "\\gtrdot": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22d7" + }, + "\\ggg": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d9" + }, + "\\gtrless": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2277" + }, + "\\gtreqless": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22db" + }, + "\\gtreqqless": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2a8c" + }, + "\\eqcirc": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2256" + }, + "\\circeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2257" + }, + "\\triangleq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u225c" + }, + "\\thicksim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u223c" + }, + "\\thickapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2248" + }, + "\\supseteqq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ac6" + }, + "\\Supset": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d1" + }, + "\\sqsupset": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2290" + }, + "\\succcurlyeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u227d" + }, + "\\curlyeqsucc": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22df" + }, + "\\succsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u227f" + }, + "\\succapprox": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2ab8" + }, + "\\vartriangleright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22b3" + }, + "\\trianglerighteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22b5" + }, + "\\Vdash": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22a9" + }, + "\\shortmid": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2223" + }, + "\\shortparallel": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2225" + }, + "\\between": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u226c" + }, + "\\pitchfork": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d4" + }, + "\\varpropto": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u221d" + }, + "\\blacktriangleleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u25c0" + }, + "\\therefore": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2234" + }, + "\\backepsilon": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u220d" + }, + "\\blacktriangleright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u25b6" + }, + "\\because": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2235" + }, + "\\llless": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d8" + }, + "\\gggtr": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22d9" + }, + "\\lhd": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22b2" + }, + "\\rhd": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22b3" + }, + "\\eqsim": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2242" + }, + "\\Join": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22c8" + }, + "\\Doteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2251" + }, + + // AMS Binary Operators + "\\dotplus": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2214" + }, + "\\smallsetminus": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2216" + }, + "\\Cap": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22d2" + }, + "\\Cup": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22d3" + }, + "\\doublebarwedge": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2a5e" + }, + "\\boxminus": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u229f" + }, + "\\boxplus": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u229e" + }, + "\\divideontimes": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22c7" + }, + "\\ltimes": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22c9" + }, + "\\rtimes": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22ca" + }, + "\\leftthreetimes": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22cb" + }, + "\\rightthreetimes": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22cc" + }, + "\\curlywedge": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22cf" + }, + "\\curlyvee": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22ce" + }, + "\\circleddash": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u229d" + }, + "\\circledast": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u229b" + }, + "\\centerdot": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22c5" + }, + "\\intercal": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22ba" + }, + "\\doublecap": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22d2" + }, + "\\doublecup": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22d3" + }, + "\\boxtimes": { + font: "ams", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22a0" + }, + + // AMS Arrows + "\\dashrightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21e2" + }, + "\\dashleftarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21e0" + }, + "\\leftleftarrows": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c7" + }, + "\\leftrightarrows": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c6" + }, + "\\Lleftarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21da" + }, + "\\twoheadleftarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u219e" + }, + "\\leftarrowtail": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21a2" + }, + "\\looparrowleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ab" + }, + "\\leftrightharpoons": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21cb" + }, + "\\curvearrowleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21b6" + }, + "\\circlearrowleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ba" + }, + "\\Lsh": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21b0" + }, + "\\upuparrows": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c8" + }, + "\\upharpoonleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21bf" + }, + "\\downharpoonleft": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c3" + }, + "\\multimap": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22b8" + }, + "\\leftrightsquigarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ad" + }, + "\\rightrightarrows": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c9" + }, + "\\rightleftarrows": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c4" + }, + "\\twoheadrightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21a0" + }, + "\\rightarrowtail": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21a3" + }, + "\\looparrowright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ac" + }, + "\\curvearrowright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21b7" + }, + "\\circlearrowright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21bb" + }, + "\\Rsh": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21b1" + }, + "\\downdownarrows": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21ca" + }, + "\\upharpoonright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21be" + }, + "\\downharpoonright": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21c2" + }, + "\\rightsquigarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21dd" + }, + "\\leadsto": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21dd" + }, + "\\Rrightarrow": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21db" + }, + "\\restriction": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u21be" + }, + + "`": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2018" + }, + "\\$": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "$" + }, + "\\%": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "%" + }, + "\\_": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "_" + }, + "\\angle": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2220" + }, + "\\infty": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u221e" + }, + "\\prime": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2032" + }, + "\\triangle": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25b3" + }, + "\\Gamma": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u0393" + }, + "\\Delta": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u0394" + }, + "\\Theta": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u0398" + }, + "\\Lambda": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u039b" + }, + "\\Xi": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u039e" + }, + "\\Pi": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03a0" + }, + "\\Sigma": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03a3" + }, + "\\Upsilon": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03a5" + }, + "\\Phi": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03a6" + }, + "\\Psi": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03a8" + }, + "\\Omega": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u03a9" + }, + "\\neg": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u00ac" + }, + "\\lnot": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u00ac" + }, + "\\top": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22a4" + }, + "\\bot": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22a5" + }, + "\\emptyset": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2205" + }, + "\\varnothing": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2205" + }, + "\\alpha": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b1" + }, + "\\beta": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b2" + }, + "\\gamma": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b3" + }, + "\\delta": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b4" + }, + "\\epsilon": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03f5" + }, + "\\zeta": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b6" + }, + "\\eta": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b7" + }, + "\\theta": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b8" + }, + "\\iota": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b9" + }, + "\\kappa": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03ba" + }, + "\\lambda": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03bb" + }, + "\\mu": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03bc" + }, + "\\nu": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03bd" + }, + "\\xi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03be" + }, + "\\omicron": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "o" + }, + "\\pi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c0" + }, + "\\rho": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c1" + }, + "\\sigma": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c3" + }, + "\\tau": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c4" + }, + "\\upsilon": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c5" + }, + "\\phi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03d5" + }, + "\\chi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c7" + }, + "\\psi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c8" + }, + "\\omega": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c9" + }, + "\\varepsilon": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03b5" + }, + "\\vartheta": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03d1" + }, + "\\varpi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03d6" + }, + "\\varrho": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03f1" + }, + "\\varsigma": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c2" + }, + "\\varphi": { + font: "main", + group: "mathord", + replace: "\u03c6" + }, + "*": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2217" + }, + "+": { + font: "main", + group: "bin" + }, + "-": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2212" + }, + "\\cdot": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u22c5" + }, + "\\circ": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2218" + }, + "\\div": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u00f7" + }, + "\\pm": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u00b1" + }, + "\\times": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u00d7" + }, + "\\cap": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2229" + }, + "\\cup": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u222a" + }, + "\\setminus": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2216" + }, + "\\land": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2227" + }, + "\\lor": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2228" + }, + "\\wedge": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2227" + }, + "\\vee": { + font: "main", + group: "bin", + replace: "\u2228" + }, + "\\surd": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u221a" + }, + "(": { + font: "main", + group: "open" + }, + "[": { + font: "main", + group: "open" + }, + "\\langle": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "\u27e8" + }, + "\\lvert": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "\u2223" + }, + ")": { + font: "main", + group: "close" + }, + "]": { + font: "main", + group: "close" + }, + "?": { + font: "main", + group: "close" + }, + "!": { + font: "main", + group: "close" + }, + "\\rangle": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "\u27e9" + }, + "\\rvert": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "\u2223" + }, + "=": { + font: "main", + group: "rel" + }, + "<": { + font: "main", + group: "rel" + }, + ">": { + font: "main", + group: "rel" + }, + ":": { + font: "main", + group: "rel" + }, + "\\approx": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2248" + }, + "\\cong": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2245" + }, + "\\ge": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2265" + }, + "\\geq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2265" + }, + "\\gets": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2190" + }, + "\\in": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2208" + }, + "\\notin": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2209" + }, + "\\subset": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2282" + }, + "\\supset": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2283" + }, + "\\subseteq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2286" + }, + "\\supseteq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2287" + }, + "\\nsubseteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2288" + }, + "\\nsupseteq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2289" + }, + "\\models": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u22a8" + }, + "\\leftarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2190" + }, + "\\le": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2264" + }, + "\\leq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2264" + }, + "\\ne": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2260" + }, + "\\neq": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2260" + }, + "\\rightarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2192" + }, + "\\to": { + font: "main", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2192" + }, + "\\ngeq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2271" + }, + "\\nleq": { + font: "ams", + group: "rel", + replace: "\u2270" + }, + "\\!": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\ ": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing", + replace: "\u00a0" + }, + "~": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing", + replace: "\u00a0" + }, + "\\,": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\:": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\;": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\enspace": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\qquad": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\quad": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing" + }, + "\\space": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing", + replace: "\u00a0" + }, + ",": { + font: "main", + group: "punct" + }, + ";": { + font: "main", + group: "punct" + }, + "\\colon": { + font: "main", + group: "punct", + replace: ":" + }, + "\\barwedge": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22bc" + }, + "\\veebar": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22bb" + }, + "\\odot": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2299" + }, + "\\oplus": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2295" + }, + "\\otimes": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2297" + }, + "\\partial":{ + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2202" + }, + "\\oslash": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2298" + }, + "\\circledcirc": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u229a" + }, + "\\boxdot": { + font: "ams", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22a1" + }, + "\\bigtriangleup": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25b3" + }, + "\\bigtriangledown": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25bd" + }, + "\\dagger": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2020" + }, + "\\diamond": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22c4" + }, + "\\star": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22c6" + }, + "\\triangleleft": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25c3" + }, + "\\triangleright": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u25b9" + }, + "\\{": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "{" + }, + "\\}": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "}" + }, + "\\lbrace": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "{" + }, + "\\rbrace": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "}" + }, + "\\lbrack": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "[" + }, + "\\rbrack": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "]" + }, + "\\lfloor": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "\u230a" + }, + "\\rfloor": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "\u230b" + }, + "\\lceil": { + font: "main", + group: "open", + replace: "\u2308" + }, + "\\rceil": { + font: "main", + group: "close", + replace: "\u2309" + }, + "\\backslash": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\\" + }, + "|": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2223" + }, + "\\vert": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2223" + }, + "\\|": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2225" + }, + "\\Vert": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2225" + }, + "\\uparrow": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2191" + }, + "\\Uparrow": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u21d1" + }, + "\\downarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2193" + }, + "\\Downarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u21d3" + }, + "\\updownarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u2195" + }, + "\\Updownarrow": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u21d5" + }, + "\\coprod": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2210" + }, + "\\bigvee": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u22c1" + }, + "\\bigwedge": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u22c0" + }, + "\\biguplus": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2a04" + }, + "\\bigcap": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u22c2" + }, + "\\bigcup": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u22c3" + }, + "\\int": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u222b" + }, + "\\intop": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u222b" + }, + "\\iint": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u222c" + }, + "\\iiint": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u222d" + }, + "\\prod": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u220f" + }, + "\\sum": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2211" + }, + "\\bigotimes": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2a02" + }, + "\\bigoplus": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2a01" + }, + "\\bigodot": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2a00" + }, + "\\oint": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u222e" + }, + "\\bigsqcup": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u2a06" + }, + "\\smallint": { + font: "math", + group: "op", + replace: "\u222b" + }, + "\\ldots": { + font: "main", + group: "punct", + replace: "\u2026" + }, + "\\cdots": { + font: "main", + group: "inner", + replace: "\u22ef" + }, + "\\ddots": { + font: "main", + group: "inner", + replace: "\u22f1" + }, + "\\vdots": { + font: "main", + group: "textord", + replace: "\u22ee" + }, + "\\acute": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u00b4" + }, + "\\grave": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u0060" + }, + "\\ddot": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u00a8" + }, + "\\tilde": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u007e" + }, + "\\bar": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u00af" + }, + "\\breve": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u02d8" + }, + "\\check": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u02c7" + }, + "\\hat": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u005e" + }, + "\\vec": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u20d7" + }, + "\\dot": { + font: "main", + group: "accent", + replace: "\u02d9" + } + }, + "text": { + "\\ ": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing", + replace: "\u00a0" + }, + " ": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing", + replace: "\u00a0" + }, + "~": { + font: "main", + group: "spacing", + replace: "\u00a0" + } + } +}; + +// There are lots of symbols which are the same, so we add them in afterwards. + +// All of these are textords in math mode +var mathTextSymbols = "0123456789/@.\""; +for (var i = 0; i < mathTextSymbols.length; i++) { + var ch = mathTextSymbols.charAt(i); + symbols.math[ch] = { + font: "main", + group: "textord" + }; +} + +// All of these are textords in text mode +var textSymbols = "0123456789`!@*()-=+[]'\";:?/.,"; +for (var i = 0; i < textSymbols.length; i++) { + var ch = textSymbols.charAt(i); + symbols.text[ch] = { + font: "main", + group: "textord" + }; +} + +// All of these are textords in text mode, and mathords in math mode +var letters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; +for (var i = 0; i < letters.length; i++) { + var ch = letters.charAt(i); + symbols.math[ch] = { + font: "main", + group: "mathord" + }; + symbols.text[ch] = { + font: "main", + group: "textord" + }; +} + +module.exports = symbols; + +},{}],19:[function(require,module,exports){ +/** + * This file contains a list of utility functions which are useful in other + * files. + */ + +/** + * Provide an `indexOf` function which works in IE8, but defers to native if + * possible. + */ +var nativeIndexOf = Array.prototype.indexOf; +var indexOf = function(list, elem) { + if (list == null) { + return -1; + } + if (nativeIndexOf && list.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) { + return list.indexOf(elem); + } + var i = 0, l = list.length; + for (; i < l; i++) { + if (list[i] === elem) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; +}; + +/** + * Return whether an element is contained in a list + */ +var contains = function(list, elem) { + return indexOf(list, elem) !== -1; +}; + +// hyphenate and escape adapted from Facebook's React under Apache 2 license + +var uppercase = /([A-Z])/g; +var hyphenate = function(str) { + return str.replace(uppercase, "-$1").toLowerCase(); +}; + +var ESCAPE_LOOKUP = { + "&": "&", + ">": ">", + "<": "<", + "\"": """, + "'": "'" +}; + +var ESCAPE_REGEX = /[&><"']/g; + +function escaper(match) { + return ESCAPE_LOOKUP[match]; +} + +/** + * Escapes text to prevent scripting attacks. + * + * @param {*} text Text value to escape. + * @return {string} An escaped string. + */ +function escape(text) { + return ("" + text).replace(ESCAPE_REGEX, escaper); +} + +/** + * A function to set the text content of a DOM element in all supported + * browsers. Note that we don't define this if there is no document. + */ +var setTextContent; +if (typeof document !== "undefined") { + var testNode = document.createElement("span"); + if ("textContent" in testNode) { + setTextContent = function(node, text) { + node.textContent = text; + }; + } else { + setTextContent = function(node, text) { + node.innerText = text; + }; + } +} + +/** + * A function to clear a node. + */ +function clearNode(node) { + setTextContent(node, ""); +} + +module.exports = { + contains: contains, + escape: escape, + hyphenate: hyphenate, + indexOf: indexOf, + setTextContent: setTextContent, + clearNode: clearNode +}; + +},{}]},{},[1]) +(1) +}); +; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.aa-DJ.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.aa-DJ.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.aa-DJ.js rename to 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a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-MO.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-MO.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-MO.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-MO.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-SG.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-SG.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-SG.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans-SG.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-Hans.js similarity index 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b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-MO.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-MO.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-MO.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-SG.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-SG.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-SG.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-SG.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-TW.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-TW.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-TW.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh-TW.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zh.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu-ZA.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu-ZA.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu-ZA.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu-ZA.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/localeplanet/icu.zu.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/main.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/main.js similarity index 92% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/main.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/main.js index 3a685bc16a..0983afb280 100644 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/main.js +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/main.js @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ requirejs([ "../local-only/katex/katex.js", "../local-only/underscore.js", "../local-only/jed.js", - "../local-only/localeplanet/icu." + getLang() + ".js" + "../local-only/localeplanet/icu." + getLang() + ".js", + "../local-only/moment.js" ], function($, katex) { // Only 'jquery' and 'katex' have amd wrappers (and jQuery sets the global // regardless); the other files export globally directly and we don't use diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/moment.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/moment.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9ff57aace1 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/moment.js @@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@ +// moment.js +// version : 2.0.0 +// author : Tim Wood +// license : MIT +// momentjs.com + +(function (undefined) { + + /************************************ + Constants + ************************************/ + + var moment, + VERSION = "2.0.0", + round = Math.round, i, + // internal storage for language config files + languages = {}, + + // check for nodeJS + hasModule = (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports), + + // ASP.NET json date format regex + aspNetJsonRegex = /^\/?Date\((\-?\d+)/i, + + // format tokens + formattingTokens = /(\[[^\[]*\])|(\\)?(Mo|MM?M?M?|Do|DDDo|DD?D?D?|ddd?d?|do?|w[o|w]?|W[o|W]?|YYYYY|YYYY|YY|a|A|hh?|HH?|mm?|ss?|SS?S?|X|zz?|ZZ?|.)/g, + localFormattingTokens = /(\[[^\[]*\])|(\\)?(LT|LL?L?L?|l{1,4})/g, + + // parsing tokens + parseMultipleFormatChunker = /([0-9a-zA-Z\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF]+)/gi, + + // parsing token regexes + parseTokenOneOrTwoDigits = /\d\d?/, // 0 - 99 + parseTokenOneToThreeDigits = /\d{1,3}/, // 0 - 999 + parseTokenThreeDigits = /\d{3}/, // 000 - 999 + parseTokenFourDigits = /\d{1,4}/, // 0 - 9999 + parseTokenSixDigits = /[+\-]?\d{1,6}/, // -999,999 - 999,999 + parseTokenWord = /[0-9]*[a-z\u00A0-\u05FF\u0700-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF]+|[\u0600-\u06FF]+\s*?[\u0600-\u06FF]+/i, // any word (or two) characters or numbers including two word month in arabic. + parseTokenTimezone = /Z|[\+\-]\d\d:?\d\d/i, // +00:00 -00:00 +0000 -0000 or Z + parseTokenT = /T/i, // T (ISO seperator) + parseTokenTimestampMs = /[\+\-]?\d+(\.\d{1,3})?/, // 123456789 123456789.123 + + // preliminary iso regex + // 0000-00-00 + T + 00 or 00:00 or 00:00:00 or 00:00:00.000 + +00:00 or +0000 + isoRegex = /^\s*\d{4}-\d\d-\d\d((T| )(\d\d(:\d\d(:\d\d(\.\d\d?\d?)?)?)?)?([\+\-]\d\d:?\d\d)?)?/, + isoFormat = 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ', + + // iso time formats and regexes + isoTimes = [ + ['HH:mm:ss.S', /(T| )\d\d:\d\d:\d\d\.\d{1,3}/], + ['HH:mm:ss', /(T| )\d\d:\d\d:\d\d/], + ['HH:mm', /(T| )\d\d:\d\d/], + ['HH', /(T| )\d\d/] + ], + + // timezone chunker "+10:00" > ["10", "00"] or "-1530" > ["-15", "30"] + parseTimezoneChunker = /([\+\-]|\d\d)/gi, + + // getter and setter names + proxyGettersAndSetters = 'Month|Date|Hours|Minutes|Seconds|Milliseconds'.split('|'), + unitMillisecondFactors = { + 'Milliseconds' : 1, + 'Seconds' : 1e3, + 'Minutes' : 6e4, + 'Hours' : 36e5, + 'Days' : 864e5, + 'Months' : 2592e6, + 'Years' : 31536e6 + }, + + // format function strings + formatFunctions = {}, + + // tokens to ordinalize and pad + ordinalizeTokens = 'DDD w W M D d'.split(' '), + paddedTokens = 'M D H h m s w W'.split(' '), + + formatTokenFunctions = { + M : function () { + return this.month() + 1; + }, + MMM : function (format) { + return this.lang().monthsShort(this, format); + }, + MMMM : function (format) { + return this.lang().months(this, format); + }, + D : function () { + return this.date(); + }, + DDD : function () { + return this.dayOfYear(); + }, + d : function () { + return this.day(); + }, + dd : function (format) { + return this.lang().weekdaysMin(this, format); + }, + ddd : function (format) { + return this.lang().weekdaysShort(this, format); + }, + dddd : function (format) { + return this.lang().weekdays(this, format); + }, + w : function () { + return this.week(); + }, + W : function () { + return this.isoWeek(); + }, + YY : function () { + return leftZeroFill(this.year() % 100, 2); + }, + YYYY : function () { + return leftZeroFill(this.year(), 4); + }, + YYYYY : function () { + return leftZeroFill(this.year(), 5); + }, + a : function () { + return this.lang().meridiem(this.hours(), this.minutes(), true); + }, + A : function () { + return this.lang().meridiem(this.hours(), this.minutes(), false); + }, + H : function () { + return this.hours(); + }, + h : function () { + return this.hours() % 12 || 12; + }, + m : function () { + return this.minutes(); + }, + s : function () { + return this.seconds(); + }, + S : function () { + return ~~(this.milliseconds() / 100); + }, + SS : function () { + return leftZeroFill(~~(this.milliseconds() / 10), 2); + }, + SSS : function () { + return leftZeroFill(this.milliseconds(), 3); + }, + Z : function () { + var a = -this.zone(), + b = "+"; + if (a < 0) { + a = -a; + b = "-"; + } + return b + leftZeroFill(~~(a / 60), 2) + ":" + leftZeroFill(~~a % 60, 2); + }, + ZZ : function () { + var a = -this.zone(), + b = "+"; + if (a < 0) { + a = -a; + b = "-"; + } + return b + leftZeroFill(~~(10 * a / 6), 4); + }, + X : function () { + return this.unix(); + } + }; + + function padToken(func, count) { + return function (a) { + return leftZeroFill(func.call(this, a), count); + }; + } + function ordinalizeToken(func) { + return function (a) { + return this.lang().ordinal(func.call(this, a)); + }; + } + + while (ordinalizeTokens.length) { + i = ordinalizeTokens.pop(); + formatTokenFunctions[i + 'o'] = ordinalizeToken(formatTokenFunctions[i]); + } + while (paddedTokens.length) { + i = paddedTokens.pop(); + formatTokenFunctions[i + i] = padToken(formatTokenFunctions[i], 2); + } + formatTokenFunctions.DDDD = padToken(formatTokenFunctions.DDD, 3); + + + /************************************ + Constructors + ************************************/ + + function Language() { + + } + + // Moment prototype object + function Moment(config) { + extend(this, config); + } + + // Duration Constructor + function Duration(duration) { + var data = this._data = {}, + years = duration.years || duration.year || duration.y || 0, + months = duration.months || duration.month || duration.M || 0, + weeks = duration.weeks || duration.week || duration.w || 0, + days = duration.days || duration.day || duration.d || 0, + hours = duration.hours || duration.hour || duration.h || 0, + minutes = duration.minutes || duration.minute || duration.m || 0, + seconds = duration.seconds || duration.second || duration.s || 0, + milliseconds = duration.milliseconds || duration.millisecond || duration.ms || 0; + + // representation for dateAddRemove + this._milliseconds = milliseconds + + seconds * 1e3 + // 1000 + minutes * 6e4 + // 1000 * 60 + hours * 36e5; // 1000 * 60 * 60 + // Because of dateAddRemove treats 24 hours as different from a + // day when working around DST, we need to store them separately + this._days = days + + weeks * 7; + // It is impossible translate months into days without knowing + // which months you are are talking about, so we have to store + // it separately. + this._months = months + + years * 12; + + // The following code bubbles up values, see the tests for + // examples of what that means. + data.milliseconds = milliseconds % 1000; + seconds += absRound(milliseconds / 1000); + + data.seconds = seconds % 60; + minutes += absRound(seconds / 60); + + data.minutes = minutes % 60; + hours += absRound(minutes / 60); + + data.hours = hours % 24; + days += absRound(hours / 24); + + days += weeks * 7; + data.days = days % 30; + + months += absRound(days / 30); + + data.months = months % 12; + years += absRound(months / 12); + + data.years = years; + } + + + /************************************ + Helpers + ************************************/ + + + function extend(a, b) { + for (var i in b) { + if (b.hasOwnProperty(i)) { + a[i] = b[i]; + } + } + return a; + } + + function absRound(number) { + if (number < 0) { + return Math.ceil(number); + } else { + return Math.floor(number); + } + } + + // left zero fill a number + // see http://jsperf.com/left-zero-filling for performance comparison + function leftZeroFill(number, targetLength) { + var output = number + ''; + while (output.length < targetLength) { + output = '0' + output; + } + return output; + } + + // helper function for _.addTime and _.subtractTime + function addOrSubtractDurationFromMoment(mom, duration, isAdding) { + var ms = duration._milliseconds, + d = duration._days, + M = duration._months, + currentDate; + + if (ms) { + mom._d.setTime(+mom + ms * isAdding); + } + if (d) { + mom.date(mom.date() + d * isAdding); + } + if (M) { + currentDate = mom.date(); + mom.date(1) + .month(mom.month() + M * isAdding) + .date(Math.min(currentDate, mom.daysInMonth())); + } + } + + // check if is an array + function isArray(input) { + return Object.prototype.toString.call(input) === '[object Array]'; + } + + // compare two arrays, return the number of differences + function compareArrays(array1, array2) { + var len = Math.min(array1.length, array2.length), + lengthDiff = Math.abs(array1.length - array2.length), + diffs = 0, + i; + for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { + if (~~array1[i] !== ~~array2[i]) { + diffs++; + } + } + return diffs + lengthDiff; + } + + + /************************************ + Languages + ************************************/ + + + Language.prototype = { + set : function (config) { + var prop, i; + for (i in config) { + prop = config[i]; + if (typeof prop === 'function') { + this[i] = prop; + } else { + this['_' + i] = prop; + } + } + }, + + _months : "January_February_March_April_May_June_July_August_September_October_November_December".split("_"), + months : function (m) { + return this._months[m.month()]; + }, + + _monthsShort : "Jan_Feb_Mar_Apr_May_Jun_Jul_Aug_Sep_Oct_Nov_Dec".split("_"), + monthsShort : function (m) { + return this._monthsShort[m.month()]; + }, + + monthsParse : function (monthName) { + var i, mom, regex, output; + + if (!this._monthsParse) { + this._monthsParse = []; + } + + for (i = 0; i < 12; i++) { + // make the regex if we don't have it already + if (!this._monthsParse[i]) { + mom = moment([2000, i]); + regex = '^' + this.months(mom, '') + '|^' + this.monthsShort(mom, ''); + this._monthsParse[i] = new RegExp(regex.replace('.', ''), 'i'); + } + // test the regex + if (this._monthsParse[i].test(monthName)) { + return i; + } + } + }, + + _weekdays : "Sunday_Monday_Tuesday_Wednesday_Thursday_Friday_Saturday".split("_"), + weekdays : function (m) { + return this._weekdays[m.day()]; + }, + + _weekdaysShort : "Sun_Mon_Tue_Wed_Thu_Fri_Sat".split("_"), + weekdaysShort : function (m) { + return this._weekdaysShort[m.day()]; + }, + + _weekdaysMin : "Su_Mo_Tu_We_Th_Fr_Sa".split("_"), + weekdaysMin : function (m) { + return this._weekdaysMin[m.day()]; + }, + + _longDateFormat : { + LT : "h:mm A", + L : "MM/DD/YYYY", + LL : "MMMM D YYYY", + LLL : "MMMM D YYYY LT", + LLLL : "dddd, MMMM D YYYY LT" + }, + longDateFormat : function (key) { + var output = this._longDateFormat[key]; + if (!output && this._longDateFormat[key.toUpperCase()]) { + output = this._longDateFormat[key.toUpperCase()].replace(/MMMM|MM|DD|dddd/g, function (val) { + return val.slice(1); + }); + this._longDateFormat[key] = output; + } + return output; + }, + + meridiem : function (hours, minutes, isLower) { + if (hours > 11) { + return isLower ? 'pm' : 'PM'; + } else { + return isLower ? 'am' : 'AM'; + } + }, + + _calendar : { + sameDay : '[Today at] LT', + nextDay : '[Tomorrow at] LT', + nextWeek : 'dddd [at] LT', + lastDay : '[Yesterday at] LT', + lastWeek : '[last] dddd [at] LT', + sameElse : 'L' + }, + calendar : function (key, mom) { + var output = this._calendar[key]; + return typeof output === 'function' ? output.apply(mom) : output; + }, + + _relativeTime : { + future : "in %s", + past : "%s ago", + s : "a few seconds", + m : "a minute", + mm : "%d minutes", + h : "an hour", + hh : "%d hours", + d : "a day", + dd : "%d days", + M : "a month", + MM : "%d months", + y : "a year", + yy : "%d years" + }, + relativeTime : function (number, withoutSuffix, string, isFuture) { + var output = this._relativeTime[string]; + return (typeof output === 'function') ? + output(number, withoutSuffix, string, isFuture) : + output.replace(/%d/i, number); + }, + pastFuture : function (diff, output) { + var format = this._relativeTime[diff > 0 ? 'future' : 'past']; + return typeof format === 'function' ? format(output) : format.replace(/%s/i, output); + }, + + ordinal : function (number) { + return this._ordinal.replace("%d", number); + }, + _ordinal : "%d", + + preparse : function (string) { + return string; + }, + + postformat : function (string) { + return string; + }, + + week : function (mom) { + return weekOfYear(mom, this._week.dow, this._week.doy); + }, + _week : { + dow : 0, // Sunday is the first day of the week. + doy : 6 // The week that contains Jan 1st is the first week of the year. + } + }; + + // Loads a language definition into the `languages` cache. The function + // takes a key and optionally values. If not in the browser and no values + // are provided, it will load the language file module. As a convenience, + // this function also returns the language values. + function loadLang(key, values) { + values.abbr = key; + if (!languages[key]) { + languages[key] = new Language(); + } + languages[key].set(values); + return languages[key]; + } + + // Determines which language definition to use and returns it. + // + // With no parameters, it will return the global language. If you + // pass in a language key, such as 'en', it will return the + // definition for 'en', so long as 'en' has already been loaded using + // moment.lang. + function getLangDefinition(key) { + if (!key) { + return moment.fn._lang; + } + if (!languages[key] && hasModule) { + require('./lang/' + key); + } + return languages[key]; + } + + + /************************************ + Formatting + ************************************/ + + + function removeFormattingTokens(input) { + if (input.match(/\[.*\]/)) { + return input.replace(/^\[|\]$/g, ""); + } + return input.replace(/\\/g, ""); + } + + function makeFormatFunction(format) { + var array = format.match(formattingTokens), i, length; + + for (i = 0, length = array.length; i < length; i++) { + if (formatTokenFunctions[array[i]]) { + array[i] = formatTokenFunctions[array[i]]; + } else { + array[i] = removeFormattingTokens(array[i]); + } + } + + return function (mom) { + var output = ""; + for (i = 0; i < length; i++) { + output += typeof array[i].call === 'function' ? array[i].call(mom, format) : array[i]; + } + return output; + }; + } + + // format date using native date object + function formatMoment(m, format) { + var i = 5; + + function replaceLongDateFormatTokens(input) { + return m.lang().longDateFormat(input) || input; + } + + while (i-- && localFormattingTokens.test(format)) { + format = format.replace(localFormattingTokens, replaceLongDateFormatTokens); + } + + if (!formatFunctions[format]) { + formatFunctions[format] = makeFormatFunction(format); + } + + return formatFunctions[format](m); + } + + + /************************************ + Parsing + ************************************/ + + + // get the regex to find the next token + function getParseRegexForToken(token) { + switch (token) { + case 'DDDD': + return parseTokenThreeDigits; + case 'YYYY': + return parseTokenFourDigits; + case 'YYYYY': + return parseTokenSixDigits; + case 'S': + case 'SS': + case 'SSS': + case 'DDD': + return parseTokenOneToThreeDigits; + case 'MMM': + case 'MMMM': + case 'dd': + case 'ddd': + case 'dddd': + case 'a': + case 'A': + return parseTokenWord; + case 'X': + return parseTokenTimestampMs; + case 'Z': + case 'ZZ': + return parseTokenTimezone; + case 'T': + return parseTokenT; + case 'MM': + case 'DD': + case 'YY': + case 'HH': + case 'hh': + case 'mm': + case 'ss': + case 'M': + case 'D': + case 'd': + case 'H': + case 'h': + case 'm': + case 's': + return parseTokenOneOrTwoDigits; + default : + return new RegExp(token.replace('\\', '')); + } + } + + // function to convert string input to date + function addTimeToArrayFromToken(token, input, config) { + var a, b, + datePartArray = config._a; + + switch (token) { + // MONTH + case 'M' : // fall through to MM + case 'MM' : + datePartArray[1] = (input == null) ? 0 : ~~input - 1; + break; + case 'MMM' : // fall through to MMMM + case 'MMMM' : + a = getLangDefinition(config._l).monthsParse(input); + // if we didn't find a month name, mark the date as invalid. + if (a != null) { + datePartArray[1] = a; + } else { + config._isValid = false; + } + break; + // DAY OF MONTH + case 'D' : // fall through to DDDD + case 'DD' : // fall through to DDDD + case 'DDD' : // fall through to DDDD + case 'DDDD' : + if (input != null) { + datePartArray[2] = ~~input; + } + break; + // YEAR + case 'YY' : + datePartArray[0] = ~~input + (~~input > 68 ? 1900 : 2000); + break; + case 'YYYY' : + case 'YYYYY' : + datePartArray[0] = ~~input; + break; + // AM / PM + case 'a' : // fall through to A + case 'A' : + config._isPm = ((input + '').toLowerCase() === 'pm'); + break; + // 24 HOUR + case 'H' : // fall through to hh + case 'HH' : // fall through to hh + case 'h' : // fall through to hh + case 'hh' : + datePartArray[3] = ~~input; + break; + // MINUTE + case 'm' : // fall through to mm + case 'mm' : + datePartArray[4] = ~~input; + break; + // SECOND + case 's' : // fall through to ss + case 'ss' : + datePartArray[5] = ~~input; + break; + // MILLISECOND + case 'S' : + case 'SS' : + case 'SSS' : + datePartArray[6] = ~~ (('0.' + input) * 1000); + break; + // UNIX TIMESTAMP WITH MS + case 'X': + config._d = new Date(parseFloat(input) * 1000); + break; + // TIMEZONE + case 'Z' : // fall through to ZZ + case 'ZZ' : + config._useUTC = true; + a = (input + '').match(parseTimezoneChunker); + if (a && a[1]) { + config._tzh = ~~a[1]; + } + if (a && a[2]) { + config._tzm = ~~a[2]; + } + // reverse offsets + if (a && a[0] === '+') { + config._tzh = -config._tzh; + config._tzm = -config._tzm; + } + break; + } + + // if the input is null, the date is not valid + if (input == null) { + config._isValid = false; + } + } + + // convert an array to a date. + // the array should mirror the parameters below + // note: all values past the year are optional and will default to the lowest possible value. + // [year, month, day , hour, minute, second, millisecond] + function dateFromArray(config) { + var i, date, input = []; + + if (config._d) { + return; + } + + for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) { + config._a[i] = input[i] = (config._a[i] == null) ? (i === 2 ? 1 : 0) : config._a[i]; + } + + // add the offsets to the time to be parsed so that we can have a clean array for checking isValid + input[3] += config._tzh || 0; + input[4] += config._tzm || 0; + + date = new Date(0); + + if (config._useUTC) { + date.setUTCFullYear(input[0], input[1], input[2]); + date.setUTCHours(input[3], input[4], input[5], input[6]); + } else { + date.setFullYear(input[0], input[1], input[2]); + date.setHours(input[3], input[4], input[5], input[6]); + } + + config._d = date; + } + + // date from string and format string + function makeDateFromStringAndFormat(config) { + // This array is used to make a Date, either with `new Date` or `Date.UTC` + var tokens = config._f.match(formattingTokens), + string = config._i, + i, parsedInput; + + config._a = []; + + for (i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) { + parsedInput = (getParseRegexForToken(tokens[i]).exec(string) || [])[0]; + if (parsedInput) { + string = string.slice(string.indexOf(parsedInput) + parsedInput.length); + } + // don't parse if its not a known token + if (formatTokenFunctions[tokens[i]]) { + addTimeToArrayFromToken(tokens[i], parsedInput, config); + } + } + // handle am pm + if (config._isPm && config._a[3] < 12) { + config._a[3] += 12; + } + // if is 12 am, change hours to 0 + if (config._isPm === false && config._a[3] === 12) { + config._a[3] = 0; + } + // return + dateFromArray(config); + } + + // date from string and array of format strings + function makeDateFromStringAndArray(config) { + var tempConfig, + tempMoment, + bestMoment, + + scoreToBeat = 99, + i, + currentDate, + currentScore; + + while (config._f.length) { + tempConfig = extend({}, config); + tempConfig._f = config._f.pop(); + makeDateFromStringAndFormat(tempConfig); + tempMoment = new Moment(tempConfig); + + if (tempMoment.isValid()) { + bestMoment = tempMoment; + break; + } + + currentScore = compareArrays(tempConfig._a, tempMoment.toArray()); + + if (currentScore < scoreToBeat) { + scoreToBeat = currentScore; + bestMoment = tempMoment; + } + } + + extend(config, bestMoment); + } + + // date from iso format + function makeDateFromString(config) { + var i, + string = config._i; + if (isoRegex.exec(string)) { + config._f = 'YYYY-MM-DDT'; + for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { + if (isoTimes[i][1].exec(string)) { + config._f += isoTimes[i][0]; + break; + } + } + if (parseTokenTimezone.exec(string)) { + config._f += " Z"; + } + makeDateFromStringAndFormat(config); + } else { + config._d = new Date(string); + } + } + + function makeDateFromInput(config) { + var input = config._i, + matched = aspNetJsonRegex.exec(input); + + if (input === undefined) { + config._d = new Date(); + } else if (matched) { + config._d = new Date(+matched[1]); + } else if (typeof input === 'string') { + makeDateFromString(config); + } else if (isArray(input)) { + config._a = input.slice(0); + dateFromArray(config); + } else { + config._d = input instanceof Date ? new Date(+input) : new Date(input); + } + } + + + /************************************ + Relative Time + ************************************/ + + + // helper function for moment.fn.from, moment.fn.fromNow, and moment.duration.fn.humanize + function substituteTimeAgo(string, number, withoutSuffix, isFuture, lang) { + return lang.relativeTime(number || 1, !!withoutSuffix, string, isFuture); + } + + function relativeTime(milliseconds, withoutSuffix, lang) { + var seconds = round(Math.abs(milliseconds) / 1000), + minutes = round(seconds / 60), + hours = round(minutes / 60), + days = round(hours / 24), + years = round(days / 365), + args = seconds < 45 && ['s', seconds] || + minutes === 1 && ['m'] || + minutes < 45 && ['mm', minutes] || + hours === 1 && ['h'] || + hours < 22 && ['hh', hours] || + days === 1 && ['d'] || + days <= 25 && ['dd', days] || + days <= 45 && ['M'] || + days < 345 && ['MM', round(days / 30)] || + years === 1 && ['y'] || ['yy', years]; + args[2] = withoutSuffix; + args[3] = milliseconds > 0; + args[4] = lang; + return substituteTimeAgo.apply({}, args); + } + + + /************************************ + Week of Year + ************************************/ + + + // firstDayOfWeek 0 = sun, 6 = sat + // the day of the week that starts the week + // (usually sunday or monday) + // firstDayOfWeekOfYear 0 = sun, 6 = sat + // the first week is the week that contains the first + // of this day of the week + // (eg. ISO weeks use thursday (4)) + function weekOfYear(mom, firstDayOfWeek, firstDayOfWeekOfYear) { + var end = firstDayOfWeekOfYear - firstDayOfWeek, + daysToDayOfWeek = firstDayOfWeekOfYear - mom.day(); + + + if (daysToDayOfWeek > end) { + daysToDayOfWeek -= 7; + } + + if (daysToDayOfWeek < end - 7) { + daysToDayOfWeek += 7; + } + + return Math.ceil(moment(mom).add('d', daysToDayOfWeek).dayOfYear() / 7); + } + + + /************************************ + Top Level Functions + ************************************/ + + function makeMoment(config) { + var input = config._i, + format = config._f; + + if (input === null || input === '') { + return null; + } + + if (typeof input === 'string') { + config._i = input = getLangDefinition().preparse(input); + } + + if (moment.isMoment(input)) { + config = extend({}, input); + config._d = new Date(+input._d); + } else if (format) { + if (isArray(format)) { + makeDateFromStringAndArray(config); + } else { + makeDateFromStringAndFormat(config); + } + } else { + makeDateFromInput(config); + } + + return new Moment(config); + } + + moment = function (input, format, lang) { + return makeMoment({ + _i : input, + _f : format, + _l : lang, + _isUTC : false + }); + }; + + // creating with utc + moment.utc = function (input, format, lang) { + return makeMoment({ + _useUTC : true, + _isUTC : true, + _l : lang, + _i : input, + _f : format + }); + }; + + // creating with unix timestamp (in seconds) + moment.unix = function (input) { + return moment(input * 1000); + }; + + // duration + moment.duration = function (input, key) { + var isDuration = moment.isDuration(input), + isNumber = (typeof input === 'number'), + duration = (isDuration ? input._data : (isNumber ? {} : input)), + ret; + + if (isNumber) { + if (key) { + duration[key] = input; + } else { + duration.milliseconds = input; + } + } + + ret = new Duration(duration); + + if (isDuration && input.hasOwnProperty('_lang')) { + ret._lang = input._lang; + } + + return ret; + }; + + // version number + moment.version = VERSION; + + // default format + moment.defaultFormat = isoFormat; + + // This function will load languages and then set the global language. If + // no arguments are passed in, it will simply return the current global + // language key. + moment.lang = function (key, values) { + var i; + + if (!key) { + return moment.fn._lang._abbr; + } + if (values) { + loadLang(key, values); + } else if (!languages[key]) { + getLangDefinition(key); + } + moment.duration.fn._lang = moment.fn._lang = getLangDefinition(key); + }; + + // returns language data + moment.langData = function (key) { + if (key && key._lang && key._lang._abbr) { + key = key._lang._abbr; + } + return getLangDefinition(key); + }; + + // compare moment object + moment.isMoment = function (obj) { + return obj instanceof Moment; + }; + + // for typechecking Duration objects + moment.isDuration = function (obj) { + return obj instanceof Duration; + }; + + + /************************************ + Moment Prototype + ************************************/ + + + moment.fn = Moment.prototype = { + + clone : function () { + return moment(this); + }, + + valueOf : function () { + return +this._d; + }, + + unix : function () { + return Math.floor(+this._d / 1000); + }, + + toString : function () { + return this.format("ddd MMM DD YYYY HH:mm:ss [GMT]ZZ"); + }, + + toDate : function () { + return this._d; + }, + + toJSON : function () { + return moment.utc(this).format('YYYY-MM-DD[T]HH:mm:ss.SSS[Z]'); + }, + + toArray : function () { + var m = this; + return [ + m.year(), + m.month(), + m.date(), + m.hours(), + m.minutes(), + m.seconds(), + m.milliseconds() + ]; + }, + + isValid : function () { + if (this._isValid == null) { + if (this._a) { + this._isValid = !compareArrays(this._a, (this._isUTC ? moment.utc(this._a) : moment(this._a)).toArray()); + } else { + this._isValid = !isNaN(this._d.getTime()); + } + } + return !!this._isValid; + }, + + utc : function () { + this._isUTC = true; + return this; + }, + + local : function () { + this._isUTC = false; + return this; + }, + + format : function (inputString) { + var output = formatMoment(this, inputString || moment.defaultFormat); + return this.lang().postformat(output); + }, + + add : function (input, val) { + var dur; + // switch args to support add('s', 1) and add(1, 's') + if (typeof input === 'string') { + dur = moment.duration(+val, input); + } else { + dur = moment.duration(input, val); + } + addOrSubtractDurationFromMoment(this, dur, 1); + return this; + }, + + subtract : function (input, val) { + var dur; + // switch args to support subtract('s', 1) and subtract(1, 's') + if (typeof input === 'string') { + dur = moment.duration(+val, input); + } else { + dur = moment.duration(input, val); + } + addOrSubtractDurationFromMoment(this, dur, -1); + return this; + }, + + diff : function (input, units, asFloat) { + var that = this._isUTC ? moment(input).utc() : moment(input).local(), + zoneDiff = (this.zone() - that.zone()) * 6e4, + diff, output; + + if (units) { + // standardize on singular form + units = units.replace(/s$/, ''); + } + + if (units === 'year' || units === 'month') { + diff = (this.daysInMonth() + that.daysInMonth()) * 432e5; // 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 / 2 + output = ((this.year() - that.year()) * 12) + (this.month() - that.month()); + output += ((this - moment(this).startOf('month')) - (that - moment(that).startOf('month'))) / diff; + if (units === 'year') { + output = output / 12; + } + } else { + diff = (this - that) - zoneDiff; + output = units === 'second' ? diff / 1e3 : // 1000 + units === 'minute' ? diff / 6e4 : // 1000 * 60 + units === 'hour' ? diff / 36e5 : // 1000 * 60 * 60 + units === 'day' ? diff / 864e5 : // 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 + units === 'week' ? diff / 6048e5 : // 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 + diff; + } + return asFloat ? output : absRound(output); + }, + + from : function (time, withoutSuffix) { + return moment.duration(this.diff(time)).lang(this.lang()._abbr).humanize(!withoutSuffix); + }, + + fromNow : function (withoutSuffix) { + return this.from(moment(), withoutSuffix); + }, + + calendar : function () { + var diff = this.diff(moment().startOf('day'), 'days', true), + format = diff < -6 ? 'sameElse' : + diff < -1 ? 'lastWeek' : + diff < 0 ? 'lastDay' : + diff < 1 ? 'sameDay' : + diff < 2 ? 'nextDay' : + diff < 7 ? 'nextWeek' : 'sameElse'; + return this.format(this.lang().calendar(format, this)); + }, + + isLeapYear : function () { + var year = this.year(); + return (year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0) || year % 400 === 0; + }, + + isDST : function () { + return (this.zone() < moment([this.year()]).zone() || + this.zone() < moment([this.year(), 5]).zone()); + }, + + day : function (input) { + var day = this._isUTC ? this._d.getUTCDay() : this._d.getDay(); + return input == null ? day : + this.add({ d : input - day }); + }, + + startOf: function (units) { + units = units.replace(/s$/, ''); + // the following switch intentionally omits break keywords + // to utilize falling through the cases. + switch (units) { + case 'year': + this.month(0); + /* falls through */ + case 'month': + this.date(1); + /* falls through */ + case 'week': + case 'day': + this.hours(0); + /* falls through */ + case 'hour': + this.minutes(0); + /* falls through */ + case 'minute': + this.seconds(0); + /* falls through */ + case 'second': + this.milliseconds(0); + /* falls through */ + } + + // weeks are a special case + if (units === 'week') { + this.day(0); + } + + return this; + }, + + endOf: function (units) { + return this.startOf(units).add(units.replace(/s?$/, 's'), 1).subtract('ms', 1); + }, + + isAfter: function (input, units) { + units = typeof units !== 'undefined' ? units : 'millisecond'; + return +this.clone().startOf(units) > +moment(input).startOf(units); + }, + + isBefore: function (input, units) { + units = typeof units !== 'undefined' ? units : 'millisecond'; + return +this.clone().startOf(units) < +moment(input).startOf(units); + }, + + isSame: function (input, units) { + units = typeof units !== 'undefined' ? units : 'millisecond'; + return +this.clone().startOf(units) === +moment(input).startOf(units); + }, + + zone : function () { + return this._isUTC ? 0 : this._d.getTimezoneOffset(); + }, + + daysInMonth : function () { + return moment.utc([this.year(), this.month() + 1, 0]).date(); + }, + + dayOfYear : function (input) { + var dayOfYear = round((moment(this).startOf('day') - moment(this).startOf('year')) / 864e5) + 1; + return input == null ? dayOfYear : this.add("d", (input - dayOfYear)); + }, + + isoWeek : function (input) { + var week = weekOfYear(this, 1, 4); + return input == null ? week : this.add("d", (input - week) * 7); + }, + + week : function (input) { + var week = this.lang().week(this); + return input == null ? week : this.add("d", (input - week) * 7); + }, + + // If passed a language key, it will set the language for this + // instance. Otherwise, it will return the language configuration + // variables for this instance. + lang : function (key) { + if (key === undefined) { + return this._lang; + } else { + this._lang = getLangDefinition(key); + return this; + } + } + }; + + // helper for adding shortcuts + function makeGetterAndSetter(name, key) { + moment.fn[name] = moment.fn[name + 's'] = function (input) { + var utc = this._isUTC ? 'UTC' : ''; + if (input != null) { + this._d['set' + utc + key](input); + return this; + } else { + return this._d['get' + utc + key](); + } + }; + } + + // loop through and add shortcuts (Month, Date, Hours, Minutes, Seconds, Milliseconds) + for (i = 0; i < proxyGettersAndSetters.length; i ++) { + makeGetterAndSetter(proxyGettersAndSetters[i].toLowerCase().replace(/s$/, ''), proxyGettersAndSetters[i]); + } + + // add shortcut for year (uses different syntax than the getter/setter 'year' == 'FullYear') + makeGetterAndSetter('year', 'FullYear'); + + // add plural methods + moment.fn.days = moment.fn.day; + moment.fn.weeks = moment.fn.week; + moment.fn.isoWeeks = moment.fn.isoWeek; + + /************************************ + Duration Prototype + ************************************/ + + + moment.duration.fn = Duration.prototype = { + weeks : function () { + return absRound(this.days() / 7); + }, + + valueOf : function () { + return this._milliseconds + + this._days * 864e5 + + this._months * 2592e6; + }, + + humanize : function (withSuffix) { + var difference = +this, + output = relativeTime(difference, !withSuffix, this.lang()); + + if (withSuffix) { + output = this.lang().pastFuture(difference, output); + } + + return this.lang().postformat(output); + }, + + lang : moment.fn.lang + }; + + function makeDurationGetter(name) { + moment.duration.fn[name] = function () { + return this._data[name]; + }; + } + + function makeDurationAsGetter(name, factor) { + moment.duration.fn['as' + name] = function () { + return +this / factor; + }; + } + + for (i in unitMillisecondFactors) { + if (unitMillisecondFactors.hasOwnProperty(i)) { + makeDurationAsGetter(i, unitMillisecondFactors[i]); + makeDurationGetter(i.toLowerCase()); + } + } + + makeDurationAsGetter('Weeks', 6048e5); + + + /************************************ + Default Lang + ************************************/ + + + // Set default language, other languages will inherit from English. + moment.lang('en', { + ordinal : function (number) { + var b = number % 10, + output = (~~ (number % 100 / 10) === 1) ? 'th' : + (b === 1) ? 'st' : + (b === 2) ? 'nd' : + (b === 3) ? 'rd' : 'th'; + return number + output; + } + }); + + + /************************************ + Exposing Moment + ************************************/ + + + // CommonJS module is defined + if (hasModule) { + module.exports = moment; + } + /*global ender:false */ + if (typeof ender === 'undefined') { + // here, `this` means `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server + // add `moment` as a global object via a string identifier, + // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode + this['moment'] = moment; + } + /*global define:false */ + if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) { + define("moment", [], function () { + return moment; + }); + } +}).call(this); diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/require.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/require.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/require.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/require.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/underscore.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/underscore.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/underscore.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/underscore.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/update_local.sh b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/update_local.sh similarity index 98% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/update_local.sh rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/update_local.sh index e3c07ba420..58b0d0a327 100755 --- a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/local-only/update_local.sh +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/local-only/update_local.sh @@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ cp -f "$srcdir"/jquery-migrate/jquery-migrate-1.1.1.js "$destdir" cp -f "$srcdir"/jquery/jquery.js "$destdir" cp -f "$srcdir"/qTip2/jquery.qtip.js "$destdir" cp -f "$srcdir"/underscore/underscore.js "$destdir" +cp -f "$srcdir"/moment-khansrc/moment.js "$destdir" cp -f "$webapp_root"/javascript/shared-package/i18n.js "$destdir" diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/main.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/main.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/main.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/main.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/package.json b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/package.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1ad124de01 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/package.json @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +{ + "name": "khan-exercises", + "version": "1.0.0", + "author": "Khan Academy", + "keywords": "education exercises khanacademy khan math exercises", + "description": "(Some) exercises for Khan Academy", + "licenses": [ + { + "type": "MIT", + "url": "http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php" + }, + { + "type": "CC Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike", + "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" + } + ], + + "repository": { + "type": "git", + "url": "http://github.com/Khan/khan-exercises/" + }, + + "devDependencies": { + "jison" : "0.4.13", + "cheerio": "0.19.0", + "uglify-js": "2.4.20", + "jshint": "2.7.0" + } +} diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/requirements.txt b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/requirements.txt similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/requirements.txt rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/requirements.txt diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/answer-types.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/answer-types.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/answer-types.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/answer-types.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/calculator.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/calculator.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/calculator.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/calculator.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/expressions.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/expressions.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/expressions.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/expressions.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/index.html b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/index.html similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/index.html rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/index.html diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kline.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kline.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kline.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kline.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kmatrix.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kmatrix.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kmatrix.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kmatrix.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/knumber.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/knumber.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/knumber.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/knumber.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kpoint.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kpoint.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kpoint.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kpoint.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kray.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kray.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kray.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kray.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kvector.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kvector.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/kvector.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/kvector.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/math.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/math.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/math.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/math.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/polynomials.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/polynomials.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/polynomials.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/polynomials.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/qunit b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/qunit new file mode 160000 index 0000000000..515de778ca --- /dev/null +++ b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/qunit @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Subproject commit 515de778ca756e181cc56c23b0c2841ef4eda8fa diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/rational-expressions.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/rational-expressions.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/rational-expressions.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/rational-expressions.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/runner.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/runner.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/runner.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/runner.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/tmpl.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/tmpl.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/test/tmpl.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/test/tmpl.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/MathJax.js 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i=a.CombineConfig("MathZoom",{styles:{"#MathJax_Zoom":{position:"absolute","background-color":"#F0F0F0",overflow:"auto",display:"block","z-index":301,padding:".5em",border:"1px solid black",margin:0,"font-weight":"normal","font-style":"normal","text-align":"left","text-indent":0,"text-transform":"none","line-height":"normal","letter-spacing":"normal","word-spacing":"normal","word-wrap":"normal","white-space":"nowrap","float":"none","box-shadow":"5px 5px 15px #AAAAAA","-webkit-box-shadow":"5px 5px 15px #AAAAAA","-moz-box-shadow":"5px 5px 15px #AAAAAA","-khtml-box-shadow":"5px 5px 15px #AAAAAA",filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.dropshadow(OffX=2, OffY=2, Color='gray', Positive='true')"},"#MathJax_ZoomOverlay":{position:"absolute",left:0,top:0,"z-index":300,display:"inline-block",width:"100%",height:"100%",border:0,padding:0,margin:0,"background-color":"white",opacity:0,filter:"alpha(opacity=0)"},"#MathJax_ZoomEventTrap":{position:"absolute",left:0,top:0,"z-index":302,display:"inline-block",border:0,padding:0,margin:0,"background-color":"white",opacity:0,filter:"alpha(opacity=0)"}}});var e,b,g;MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("MathEvents Ready",function(){g=MathJax.Extension.MathEvents.Event;e=MathJax.Extension.MathEvents.Event.False;b=MathJax.Extension.MathEvents.Hover});var h=MathJax.Extension.MathZoom={version:k,settings:a.config.menuSettings,scrollSize:18,HandleEvent:function(n,l,m){if(h.settings.CTRL&&!n.ctrlKey){return true}if(h.settings.ALT&&!n.altKey){return true}if(h.settings.CMD&&!n.metaKey){return true}if(h.settings.Shift&&!n.shiftKey){return true}if(!h[l]){return true}return h[l](n,m)},Click:function(m,l){if(this.settings.zoom==="Click"){return this.Zoom(m,l)}},DblClick:function(m,l){if(this.settings.zoom==="Double-Click"){return this.Zoom(m,l)}},Hover:function(m,l){if(this.settings.zoom==="Hover"){this.Zoom(m,l);return true}return false},Zoom:function(n,s){this.Remove();b.ClearHoverTimer();g.ClearSelection();var q=MathJax.OutputJax[s.jaxID];var o=q.getJaxFromMath(s);if(o.hover){b.UnHover(o)}var l=Math.floor(0.85*document.body.clientWidth),r=Math.floor(0.85*Math.max(document.body.clientHeight,document.documentElement.clientHeight));var m=d.Element("span",{style:{position:"relative",display:"inline-block",height:0,width:0},id:"MathJax_ZoomFrame"},[["span",{id:"MathJax_ZoomOverlay",onmousedown:this.Remove}],["span",{id:"MathJax_Zoom",onclick:this.Remove,style:{visibility:"hidden",fontSize:this.settings.zscale,"max-width":l+"px","max-height":r+"px"}},[["span",{style:{display:"inline-block","white-space":"nowrap"}}]]]]);var 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kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/WinIE6/Regular/Main.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata-extra.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata-extra.js similarity index 100% rename from kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata-extra.js rename to kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata-extra.js diff --git a/kalite/distributed/static/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata.js b/kalite/distributed/static/js/distributed/perseus/ke/third_party/MathJax/2.1/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata.js similarity index 100% rename from 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